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Columbus I, Ghindes-Azaria L, Herzog IM, Blum E, Parvari G, Eichen Y, Cohen Y, Gershonov E, Drug E, Saphier S, Elias S, Smolkin B, Zafrani Y. Species-specific lipophilicities of fluorinated diketones in complex equilibria systems and their potential as multifaceted reversible covalent warheads. Commun Chem 2023; 6:197. [PMID: 37715018 PMCID: PMC10504258 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined molecular, physicochemical and chemical properties of electrophilic warheads can be applied to create covalent drugs with diverse facets. Here we study these properties in fluorinated diketones (FDKs) and their multicomponent equilibrium systems in the presence of protic nucleophiles, revealing the potential of the CF2(CO)2 group to act as a multifaceted warhead for reversible covalent drugs. The equilibria compositions of various FDKs in water/octanol contain up to nine species. A simultaneous direct species-specific 19F-NMR-based log P determination of these complex equilibria systems was achieved and revealed in some cases lipophilic to hydrophilic shifts, indicating possible adaptation to different environments. This was also demonstrated in 19F-MAS-NMR-based water-membrane partitioning measurements. An interpretation of the results is suggested by the aid of a DFT study and 19F-DOSY-NMR spectroscopy. In dilute solutions, a model FDK reacted with protected cysteine to form two hemi-thioketal regioisomers, indicating possible flexible regio-reactivity of CF2(CO)2 warheads toward cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishay Columbus
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Lee Ghindes-Azaria
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Ido Michael Herzog
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eliav Blum
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Galit Parvari
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoav Eichen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yoram Cohen
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Eytan Gershonov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Eyal Drug
- Department of Analytic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Sigal Saphier
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
| | - Shlomi Elias
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Boris Smolkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel
| | - Yossi Zafrani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona, Israel.
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Blum E, Margalit R, Levy L, Getter T, Lahav R, Zilber S, Bradfield P, Imhof BA, Alpert E, Gruzman A. A Potent Leukocyte Transmigration Blocker: GT-73 Showed a Protective Effect against LPS-Induced ARDS in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:4583. [PMID: 34361736 PMCID: PMC8348436 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently developed a molecule (GT-73) that blocked leukocyte transendothelial migration from blood to the peripheral tissues, supposedly by affecting the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM-1) function. GT-73 was tested in an LPS-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) mouse model. The rationale for this is based on the finding that the mortality of COVID-19 patients is partly caused by ARDS induced by a massive migration of leukocytes to the lungs. In addition, the role of tert-butyl and methyl ester moieties in the biological effect of GT-73 was investigated. A human leukocyte, transendothelial migration assay was applied to validate the blocking effect of GT-73 derivatives. Finally, a mouse model of LPS-induced ARDS was used to evaluate the histological and biochemical effects of GT-73. The obtained results showed that GT-73 has a unique structure that is responsible for its biological activity; two of its chemical moieties (tert-butyl and a methyl ester) are critical for this effect. GT-73 is a prodrug, and its lipophilic tail covalently binds to PECAM-1 via Lys536. GT-73 significantly decreased the number of infiltrating leukocytes in the lungs and reduced the inflammation level. Finally, GT-73 reduced the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In summary, we concluded that GT-73, a blocker of white blood cell transendothelial migration, has a favorable profile as a drug candidate for the treatment of ARDS in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliav Blum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Campus Ramat-Gan, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (E.B.); (L.L.); (T.G.)
| | - Raanan Margalit
- Science in Action, 3 Pinchas Sapir Street, Weizmann Science Park, Ness-Ziona 7403650, Israel;
| | - Laura Levy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Campus Ramat-Gan, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (E.B.); (L.L.); (T.G.)
| | - Tamar Getter
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Campus Ramat-Gan, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (E.B.); (L.L.); (T.G.)
| | - Ron Lahav
- AltA-ZuZ Therapeutics, 3 Pinchas Sapir Street, Weizmann Science Park, Ness-Ziona 7403650, Israel;
| | - Sofia Zilber
- Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, 12 Shmuel Bait Street, Jerusalem 9103102, Israel;
| | - Paul Bradfield
- MesenFlow Technologies, Chemin des Aulx, 14, CH-1228 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Beat A. Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Evgenia Alpert
- AltA-ZuZ Therapeutics, 3 Pinchas Sapir Street, Weizmann Science Park, Ness-Ziona 7403650, Israel;
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Campus Ramat-Gan, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; (E.B.); (L.L.); (T.G.)
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Blum E, Zhang J, Zaluski J, Einstein DE, Korshin EE, Kubas A, Gruzman A, Tochtrop GP, Kiser PD, Palczewski K. Rational Alteration of Pharmacokinetics of Chiral Fluorinated and Deuterated Derivatives of Emixustat for Retinal Therapy. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8287-8302. [PMID: 34081480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recycling of all-trans-retinal to 11-cis-retinal through the visual cycle is a fundamental metabolic pathway in the eye. A potent retinoid isomerase (RPE65) inhibitor, (R)-emixustat, has been developed and tested in several clinical trials; however, it has not received regulatory approval for use in any specific retinopathy. Rapid clearance of this drug presents challenges to maintaining concentrations in eyes within a therapeutic window. To address this pharmacokinetic inadequacy, we rationally designed and synthesized a series of emixustat derivatives with strategically placed fluorine and deuterium atoms to slow down the key metabolic transformations known for emixustat. Crystal structures and quantum chemical analysis of RPE65 in complex with the most potent emixustat derivatives revealed the structural and electronic bases for how fluoro substituents can be favorably accommodated within the active site pocket of RPE65. We found a close (∼3.0 Å) F-π interaction that is predicted to contribute ∼2.4 kcal/mol to the overall binding energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliav Blum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Jordan Zaluski
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - David E Einstein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California 90822, United States
| | - Edward E Korshin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, Warsaw 01-224, Poland
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Gregory P Tochtrop
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Philip D Kiser
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Research Service, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California 90822, United States
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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Blum E, Zhang J, Korshin E, Palczewski K, Gruzman A. Development of chiral fluorinated alkyl derivatives of emixustat as drug candidates for the treatment of retinal degenerative diseases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127421. [PMID: 32717613 PMCID: PMC7494577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of how a photon is converted into a chemical signal is one of the most important achievements in the field of vision. A key molecule in this process is the visual chromophore retinal. Several eye diseases are attributed to the abnormal metabolism of retinal in the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. Also, the accumulation of two toxic retinal derivatives, N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine and the retinal dimer, can damage the retina leading to blindness. RPE65 (Retinal pigment epithelium-specific 65 kDa protein) is one of the central enzymes that regulates the metabolism of retinal and the formation of its toxic metabolites. Its inhibition might decrease the rate of the retina's degeneration by limiting the amount of retinal and its toxic byproducts. Two RPE65 inhibitors, (R)-emixustat and (R)-MB001, were recently developed for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliav Blum
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Jianye Zhang
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edward Korshin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
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Getter T, Margalit R, Kahremany S, Levy L, Blum E, Khazanov N, Keshet-Levy NY, Tamir TY, Ben Major M, Lahav R, Zilber S, Senderowitz H, Bradfield P, Imhof BA, Alpert E, Gruzman A. Novel inhibitors of leukocyte transendothelial migration. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103250. [PMID: 31580982 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte transendothelial migration is one of the most important step in launching an inflammatory immune response and chronic inflammation can lead to devastating diseases. Leukocyte migration inhibitors are considered as promising and potentially effective therapeutic agents to treat inflammatory and auto-immune disorders. In this study, based on previous trioxotetrahydropyrimidin based integrin inhibitors that suboptimally blocked leukocyte adhesion, twelve molecules with a modified scaffold were designed, synthesized, and tested in vitro for their capacity to block the transendothelial migration of immune cells. One of the molecules, namely, methyl 4-((2-(tert-butyl)-6-((2,4,6-trioxotetrahydropyrimidin-5(2H)-ylidene) methyl) phenoxy) methyl) benzoate, (compound 12), completely blocked leukocyte transendothelial migration, without any toxic effects on immune or endothelial cells (IC50 = 2.4 µM). In vivo, compound 12 exhibited significant therapeutic effects in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)/Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, fatty liver disease, and rheumatoid arthritis models. A detailed acute and chronic toxicity profile of the lead compound in vivo did not reveal any toxic effects. Such a type of molecule might therefore provide a unique starting point for designing a novel class of leukocyte transmigration blocking agents with broad therapeutic applications in inflammatory and auto-immune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Getter
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Raanan Margalit
- "Science in Action", Ness-Ziona, Israel; "AltA-ZuZ Therapeutics", Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Shirin Kahremany
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Laura Levy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Eliav Blum
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Netaly Khazanov
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Nimrod Y Keshet-Levy
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tigist Y Tamir
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - M Ben Major
- Department of Pharmacology and the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Ron Lahav
- "AltA-ZuZ Therapeutics", Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Sofia Zilber
- Department of Pathology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hanoch Senderowitz
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | | | - Beat A Imhof
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Arie Gruzman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
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Jackson KG, Malphrus EL, Blum E, Kalloo NB, Finkel JC. Pupillometric assessment of dysautonomia in pediatric bowel and bladder dysfunction: a pilot study. J Pediatr Urol 2019; 15:226.e1-226.e5. [PMID: 31014982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bowel and bladder dysfunction (BBD) refers to a heterogeneous group of voiding disorders, accounting for an estimated 40% of pediatric urology visits. Symptoms of BBD include enuresis, urgency, and urinary retention, often accompanied by constipation. The aim of this pilot study was to explore whether a pupillary response can be characterized for BBD, by examining the pupillary light reflex (PLR) before and after voiding among patients with BBD. A total of 28 patients aged from 7 to 21 years were recruited from the Wetting, Infections, and Stooling Help clinic at Children's National Medical Center. An infrared pupilometer was used to assess the PLR. Both baseline static and dynamic pupillometry assessments were obtained before and after voiding. Measurements were also taken after 5 min in the supine position, followed by 5 min standing to induce an orthostatic stressor. Visual inspection of the graphed data revealed a characteristic shape in 11 of 28 patients with voiding symptoms. In these 11 patients, the redilation arm of the PLR shows a 'notch,' or a brief reconstriction of the pupil before resting pupil size is reestablished (figure). This feature of the PLR has not been seen in previous and parallel studies using pupillometry to evaluate other populations. The results of this study suggest that a subset of patients with BBD may have a significant perturbation of autonomic regulation, identifiable through analysis of the PLR. To our knowledge, this 'notch' during redilation has not been previously described or seen in other patient populations and may represent a distinctive and readily identifiable physiologic marker of disease. These results are broadly aligned with results of other studies that have examined ANS activity in patients with BBD, although further study is needed to confirm the results of this pilot study and to assess relative contributions of sympathetic and parasympathetic function in producing pupillary abnormalities. This study has several limitations, including the small sample size, the absence of data on severity and duration of symptoms, and the absence of a control group of patients without any voiding symptoms. A simple tool for diagnosing BBD and for monitoring response to treatment could significantly improve the quality of treatment for one of the most common pediatric urologic complaints. Given the heterogeneity of symptoms under the BBD umbrella, pupillometric data could guide selection of treatment options, as well as assess adequacy of response to pharmacologic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Jackson
- Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - E L Malphrus
- Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - E Blum
- Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - N B Kalloo
- Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - J C Finkel
- Children's National Health System, 111 Michigan Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
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Blum E, Procacci P, Conte V, Sartori P, Hanani M. Long term effects of lipopolysaccharide on satellite glial cells in mouse dorsal root ganglia. Exp Cell Res 2017; 350:236-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Sayer AH, Blum E, Major DT, Vardi-Kilshtain A, Levi Hevroni B, Fischer B. Adenosine/guanosine-3',5'-bis-phosphates as biocompatible and selective Zn2+-ion chelators. Characterization and comparison with adenosine/guanosine-5'-di-phosphate. Dalton Trans 2016; 44:7305-17. [PMID: 25797179 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt00080g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although involved in various physiological functions, nucleoside bis-phosphate analogues and their metal-ion complexes have been scarcely studied. Hence, here, we explored the solution conformation of 2′-deoxyadenosine- and 2′-deoxyguanosine-3′,5′-bisphosphates, 3 and 4, d(pNp), as well as their Zn(2+)/Mg(2+) binding sites and binding-modes (i.e. inner- vs. outer-sphere coordination), acidity constants, stability constants of their Zn(2+)/Mg(2+) complexes, and their species distribution. Analogues 3 and 4, in solution, adopted a predominant Southern ribose conformer (ca. 84%), gg conformation around C4'-C5' and C5'-O5' bonds, and glycosidic angle in the anti-region (213-270°). (1)H- and (31)P-NMR experiments indicated that Zn(2+)/Mg(2+) ions coordinated to P5' and P3' groups of 3 and 4 but not to N7 nitrogen atom. Analogues 3 and 4 formed ca. 100-fold more stable complexes with Zn(2+)vs. Mg(2+)-ions. Complexes of 3 and 4 with Mg(2+) at physiological pH were formed in minute amounts (11% and 8%, respectively) vs. Zn(2+) complexes (46% and 44%). Stability constants of Zn(2+)/Mg(2+) complexes of analogues 3 and 4 (log KML(M) = 4.65-4.75/2.63-2.79, respectively) were similar to those of the corresponding complexes of ADP and GDP (log KML(M) = 4.72-5.10/2.95-3.16, respectively). Based on the above findings, we hypothesized that the unexpectedly low log K values of Zn(2+)-d(pNp) as compared to Zn(2+)-NDP complexes, are possibly due to formation of outer-sphere coordination in the Zn(2+)-d(pNp) complex vs. inner-sphere in the NDP-Zn(2+) complex, in addition to loss of chelation to N7 nitrogen atom in Zn(2+)-d(pNp). Indeed, explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations of 1 and 3 for 100 ns supported this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alon Haim Sayer
- Department of Chemistry and the Lise Meitner-Minerva Center of Computational Quantum Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel.
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Weber C, Losand B, Tuchscherer A, Rehbock F, Blum E, Yang W, Bruckmaier RM, Sanftleben P, Hammon HM. Effects of dry period length on milk production, body condition, metabolites, and hepatic glucose metabolism in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 98:1772-85. [PMID: 25547307 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dry period (DP) length affects energy metabolism around calving in dairy cows as well as milk production in the subsequent lactation. The aim of the study was to investigate milk production, body condition, metabolic adaptation, and hepatic gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in Holstein cows (>10,000 kg milk/305 d) with 28- (n=18), 56- (n=18), and 90-d DP (n=22) length (treatment groups) in a commercial farm. Cows were fed total mixed rations ad libitum adjusted for far-off (not for 28-d DP) and close-up DP and lactation. Milk yield was recorded daily and body condition score (BCS), back fat thickness (BFT), and body weight (BW) were determined at dry off, 1 wk before expected and after calving, and on wk 2, 4, and 8 postpartum (pp). Blood samples were taken on d -56, -28, -7, 1, 7, 14, 28, and 56 relative to calving to measure plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones. Liver biopsies (n=11 per treatment) were taken on d -10 and 10 relative to calving to determine glycogen and total liver fat concentration (LFC) and to quantify mRNA levels of pyruvate carboxylase (PC), cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and glucose-6-phosphatase. Time course of milk yield during first 8 wk in lactation differed among treatment. Milk protein content was higher in 28-d than in 90-d DP cows. Milk fat to protein ratio was highest and milk urea was lowest in 90-d DP cows. Differences in BW, BFT, and BCS were predominantly seen before calving with greatest BW, BFT, and BCS in 90-d DP cows. Plasma concentrations of NEFA and BHBA were elevated during the transition period in all cows, and the greatest increase pp was seen in 90-d DP cows. Plasma glucose concentration decreased around calving and was greater in 28-d than in 90-d DP cows. Dry period length also affected plasma concentrations of urea, cholesterol, aspartate transaminase, and glutamate dehydrogenase. Plasma insulin concentration decreased around calving in all cows, but insulin concentration pp was greater in 28-d than in 56-d DP cows. Hepatic glycogen concentration decreased and LFC increased after calving in all cows, and LFC was greater pp in 90-d DP than in 28-d DP cows. Hepatic PC mRNA abundance pp tended to increase most in 90-d DP cows. Changes on glucose metabolism were more balanced in cows with a reduced DP, whereas cows with extended DP and elevated body condition indicated greatest metabolic changes according to lipid and glucose metabolism during the transition period.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Weber
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - B Losand
- State Institute of Animal Production, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - A Tuchscherer
- Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - F Rehbock
- State Institute of Animal Production, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - E Blum
- State Institute of Animal Production, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - W Yang
- Nanjing Agricultural University, 210095 Nanjing, China
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Sanftleben
- State Institute of Animal Production, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - H M Hammon
- Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Blum E, Procacci P, Conte V, Hanani M. Systemic inflammation alters satellite glial cell function and structure. A possible contribution to pain. Neuroscience 2014; 274:209-17. [PMID: 24875177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Local peripheral injury activates satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia, which may contribute to chronic pain. We hypothesized that systemic inflammation affects sensory ganglia like local injury. We induced systemic inflammation in mice by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally, and characterized SGCs and neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), using dye injection, calcium imaging, electron microscopy (EM), immunohistochemistry, and electrical recordings. Several days post-LPS, SGCs were activated, and dye coupling among SGCs increased 3-4.5-fold. EM showed abnormal growth of SGC processes and the formation of new gap junctions. Sensitivity of SGCs to ATP increased twofold, and neuronal excitability was augmented. Blocking gap junctions reduced pain behavior in LPS-treated mice. Thus, changes in DRG due to systemic inflammation are similar to those due to local injury, which may explain the pain in sickness behavior and in other systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Blum
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
| | - P Procacci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 14, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - V Conte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, University of Milan, via Mangiagalli 14, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - M Hanani
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel.
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Hevroni BL, Sayer AH, Blum E, Fischer B. Nucleoside-2',3'/3',5'-bis(thio)phosphate analogues are promising antioxidants acting mainly via Cu+/Fe2+ ion chelation. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:1594-605. [PMID: 24410662 DOI: 10.1021/ic402671q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized a series of adenine/guanine 2',3'- or 3',5'-bisphosphate and -bisphosphorothioate analogues, 1-6, as potential Cu(+)/Fe(2+) chelators, with a view to apply them as biocompatible and water-soluble antioxidants. We found that electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-monitored inhibition of OH radicals production from H2O2, in an Fe(2+)-H2O2 system, by bisphosphate derivatives 1, 3, and 5 (IC50 = 36, 24, and 40 μM, respectively), was more effective than it was by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), by a factor of 1.5, 2, and 1.4, respectively. Moreover, 2'-deoxyadenosine-3',5'-bisphosphate, 1, was 1.8- and 4.7-times more potent than adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), respectively. The bisphosphorothioate derivatives 2, 4, and 6 (IC50 = 92, 50, and 80 μM, respectively), exhibited a dual antioxidant activity, acting as both metal-ion chelators and radical scavengers [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assay data indicates IC50 = 50, 70, and 108 μM vs 27 μM for Trolox]. Only 2'-deoxyadenosine-3',5'-bisphosphorothioate, 2, exhibited good inhibition of Cu(+)-induced H2O2 decomposition (IC50 = 78 vs 224 μM for EDTA). Nucleoside-bisphosphorothioate analogues (2, 4, and 6) were weaker inhibitors than the corresponding bisphosphate analogues (1, 3, and 5), due to intramolecular oxidation under Fenton reaction conditions. (1)H- and (31)P NMR monitored Cu(+) titration of 2, showed that Cu(+) was coordinated by both 3',5'-bisphosphorothioate groups, as well as N7-nitrogen atom, while adenosine-2',3'-bisphosphorothioate, 6, coordinated Cu(+) only by 2',3'-bisphosphorothioate groups. In conclusion, an additional terminal phosphate group on AMP/guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) resulted in Fe(2+)-selective chelators highly potent as Fenton reaction inhibitors.
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Blum E, Blum-Sapas E. Vom Sinn und Unsinn der Reinlichkeitsgewöhnung; pp. 212–227. Eur Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1159/000148312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Blum E, Blum-Sapas E. Vom Sinn und Unsinn der Reinlichkeitsgewöhnung; pp. 195–211. Eur Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1159/000148311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Losand B, Czerniawska-Piątkowska E, Szewczuk M, Blum E, Blaszczyk P. Auswirkungen der Weidehaltung tragender Jungrinder in einer auf ein Erstkalbealter von 24 Monaten ausgerichteten intensiven Aufzucht auf Körperentwicklung, Abkalbung und Milchleistung. Arch Anim Breed 2007. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-50-427-2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Title of the paper: Effect of grazing intensively reared pregnant replacement German Holstein heifers on body development, calving and milk performance The influence of grazing intensively reared pregnant Holstein heifers on body development; calving and milk performance was tested in a farm experiment. 51 heifers were kept on pasture after insemination (VGW) and 70 heifers were continuously reared in a barn (VGS) aimed at an age at first calving of 24 month. Grazing was realized at a periodically renewed low moor pasture. Insemination began when animals reached life weight of 400 kg. Included were only heifers pregnant before 530th day of life. Life weight gain from birth to 15th month was about 850 g/day in both groups. In contrast to the continuously gaining barn reared heifers the heifers of VG pasture suffered a decrease of life weight up to 1300 g/day after starting pasture. At the same time body condition score and heart girth decreased but increased hip height. Later on pasture life weight gain as well as heart girth turned to increase up to 800 g/day and 3.5 cm/month respectively whereas body condition score tended to be constant at about 3.5. The initially decrease in life weight gain is not discussed as depression of body development but as reduction of an excessive obesity. Statistically calving problems (score 1…4) were positively related with body condition score. Furthermore calving problems influenced milk yield in first 100 days of lactation negatively. Therefore the milk yield of VGW was significant higher than VGS.
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Abstract
The genetic structure and evolution of a novel exchangeable meningococcal genomic island was defined for the important human pathogen Neisseria meningitidis. In 125 meningococcal strains tested, one of three unrelated nucleotide sequences, designated exl (exchangeable locus), was found between a gene required for heme utilization, hemO, and col, encoding a putative Escherichia coli collagenase homologue. The 5' boundary of each exl cassette was the stop codon of hemO, whereas the 3' boundary was delineated by a 33-bp repeat containing neisserial uptake sequences located downstream of col. One of the three alternative exl cassettes contained the meningococcal hemoglobin receptor gene, hmbR (exl3). In other meningococcal strains, hmbR was absent from the genome and was replaced by either a nucleotide sequence containing a novel open reading frame, exl2, or a cassette containing exl3. The proteins encoded by exl2 and exl3 had no significant amino acid homology to HmbR but contained six motifs that are also present in the lipoprotein components of the lactoferrin (LbpB), transferrin (TbpB), and hemoglobin-haptoglobin (HpuA) uptake systems. To determine the evolutionary relationships among meningococci carrying hmbR, exl2, or exl3, isolates representing 92 electrophoretic types were examined. hmbR was found throughout the population structure of N. meningitidis (genetic distance, >0.425), whereas exl2 and exl3 were found in clonal groups at genetic distances of <0.2. The commensal neisserial species were identified as reservoirs for all of the exl cassettes found in meningococci. The structure of these cassettes and their correlation with clonal groups emphasize the extensive gene pool and frequent horizontal DNA transfer events that contribute to the evolution and virulence of N. meningitidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kahler
- Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Abstract
Samples were obtained from 65 unmedicated adult dogs, processed for isolation of Staphylococcus species and tested for susceptibility to penicillin G, gentamicin, oxacillin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, streptomycin, ampicillin and rifampin. Forty-four isolates were obtained, which represents 67.7% of samples. Coagulase-negative species were most commonly found, and the most frequently isolated staphylococcus species were Staph. epidermidis and Staph. aureus. Other species, such as Staph. simulans, Staph. haemolyticus, Staph. saprophyticus and Staph. intermedius were also isolated. Resistance to antibiotics was frequently observed, with 90.9% of the isolates showing resistance to at least one drug. The most active antimicrobial agents against staphylococci isolated from otitis externa of dogs were rifampin and oxacillin. Multidrug resistance was a common finding, and one strain of Staph. haemolyticus species, was resistant to all tested antimicrobial agents. Resistance to three or more different drugs was a common finding, observed in 16 strains (36.4%) of both coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci. This study highlights the emergence of cases of otitis externa determined by coagulase-negative staphylococcus strains and once more emphasizes the need for bacterial culture with species identification and susceptibility testing of swab specimens from the ear canal in order to choose appropriate antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Lilenbaum
- Laboratorio de Bacteriologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.
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Blum E, Carpousis AJ, Higgins CF. Polyadenylation promotes degradation of 3'-structured RNA by the Escherichia coli mRNA degradosome in vitro. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:4009-16. [PMID: 9933592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.7.4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyadenylation contributes to the destabilization of bacterial mRNA. We have investigated the role of polyadenylation in the degradation of RNA by the purified Escherichia coli degradosome in vitro. RNA molecules with 3'-ends incorporated into a stable stem-loop structure could not readily be degraded by purified polynucleotide phosphorylase or by the degradosome, even though the degradosome contains active RhlB helicase which normally facilitates degradation of structured RNA. The exoribonucleolytic activity of the degradosome was due to polynucleotide phosphorylase, rather than the recently reported exonucleolytic activity exhibited by a purified fragment of RNase E (Huang, H., Liao, J., and Cohen, S. N. (1998) Nature 391, 99-102). Addition of a 3'-poly(A) tail stimulated degradation by the degradosome. As few as 5 adenosine residues were sufficient to achieve this stimulation, and generic sequences were equally effective. The data show that the degradosome requires a single-stranded "toehold" 3' to a secondary structure to recognize and degrade the RNA molecule efficiently; polyadenylation can provide this single-stranded 3'-end. Significantly, oligo(G) and oligo(U) tails were unable to stimulate degradation; for oligo(G), at least, this is probably due to the formation of a G quartet structure which makes the 3'-end inaccessible. The inaccessibility of 3'-oligo(U) sequences is likely to have a role in stabilization of RNA molecules generated by Rho-independent terminators.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Blum
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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Vanzo NF, Li YS, Py B, Blum E, Higgins CF, Raynal LC, Krisch HM, Carpousis AJ. Ribonuclease E organizes the protein interactions in the Escherichia coli RNA degradosome. Genes Dev 1998; 12:2770-81. [PMID: 9732274 PMCID: PMC317140 DOI: 10.1101/gad.12.17.2770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/1998] [Accepted: 06/26/1998] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Escherichia coli RNA degradosome is the prototype of a recently discovered family of multiprotein machines involved in the processing and degradation of RNA. The interactions between the various protein components of the RNA degradosome were investigated by Far Western blotting, the yeast two-hybrid assay, and coimmunopurification experiments. Our results demonstrate that the carboxy-terminal half (CTH) of ribonuclease E (RNase E) contains the binding sites for the three other major degradosomal components, the DEAD-box RNA helicase RhlB, enolase, and polynucleotide phosphorylase (PNPase). The CTH of RNase E acts as the scaffold of the complex upon which the other degradosomal components are assembled. Regions for oligomerization were detected in the amino-terminal and central regions of RNase E. Furthermore, polypeptides derived from the highly charged region of RNase E, containing the RhlB binding site, stimulate RhlB activity at least 15-fold, saturating at one polypeptide per RhlB molecule. A model for the regulation of the RhlB RNA helicase activity is presented. The description of RNase E now emerging is that of a remarkably complex multidomain protein containing an amino-terminal catalytic domain, a central RNA-binding domain, and carboxy-terminal binding sites for the other major components of the RNA degradosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N F Vanzo
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire, UPR 9007, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 31062 Toulouse Cedex, France
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Blum E. [Vaccination against hepatitis A and B in HCV-infected patient?]. Internist (Berl) 1998; 39:980. [PMID: 9788121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Blum
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Abteilung Innere Medizin II, Freiburg
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Abstract
The Escherichia coli degradosome is a multienzyme complex with four major protein components: the endoribonuclease RNase E, the exoribonuclease PNPase, the RNA helicase RhlB and enolase. The first three of these proteins are known to have important functions in mRNA processing and degradation. In this work, we identify an additional component of the degradosome, polyphosphate kinase (PPK), which catalyses the reversible polymerization of the gamma-phosphate of ATP into polyphosphate (poly(P)). An E. coli strain deleted for the ppk gene showed increased stability of the ompA mRNA. Purified His-tagged PPK was shown to bind RNA, and RNA binding was prevented by hydrolysable ATP. Chemical modification of RNA by PPK, for example the addition or removal of 3' or 5' terminal phosphates, could not be detected. However, polyphosphate was found to inhibit RNA degradation by the degradosome in vitro. This inhibition was overcome by the addition of ADP, required for the degradation of polyphosphate and for the regeneration of ATP by PPK in the degradosome. Thus, PPK in the degradosome appears to maintain an appropriate microenvironment, removing inhibitory polyphosphate and NDPs and regenerating ATP.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Blum
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Taxol, a microtubule-binding diterpene, mimics many effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on mouse macrophages. The LPS-mimetic effects of taxol appear to be under the same genetic control as responses to LPS itself. Thus we have postulated a role for microtubule-associated proteins (MAP) in the response of macrophages to LPS. Stimulation of macrophages by LPS quickly induces the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). MAPK are generally considered cytosolic enzymes. Herein we report that much of the LPS-activatable pool of MAPK in primary mouse peritoneal macrophages is microtubule associated. By immunofluorescence, MAPK were localized to colchicine- and nocodazole-disruptible filaments. From both mouse brain and RAW 264.7 macrophages, MAPK could be coisolated with polymerized tubulin. Fractionation of primary macrophages into cytosol-, microfilament-, microtubule-, and intermediated filament-rich extracts revealed that approximately 10% of MAPK but none of MAPK kinase (MEK1A and MEK2) was microtubule bound. Exposure of macrophages to LPS did not change the proportion of MAPK bound to microtubules, but preferentially activated the microtubule-associated pool. These findings confirm the prediction that LPS activates a kinase bound to microtubules. Together with LPS-mimetic actions of taxol and the shared genetic control of responses to LPS and taxol, these results support the hypothesis that a major LPS-signaling pathway in mouse macrophages may involve activation of one or more microtubule-associated kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ding
- Beatrice and Samuel A. Seaver Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021, USA
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Kröger M, Blum E, Deppe E, Düsterhöft A, Erdmann D, Kilz S, Meyer-Rogge S, Möstl D. Organization and gene expression within restriction-modification systems of Herpetosiphon giganteus. Gene X 1995; 157:43-7. [PMID: 7607523 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)00779-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized a family of related restriction-modification (R-M) systems from the soil bacterium Herpetosiphon giganteus (Hgi). A comparison of their genetic organization reveals two types of regulatory proteins, called controlling ORF C. While one of these small reading frames derived from RM.HgiCI seems to be an enhancer of its own promoter, evidence is provided for a silencer function of the other ORF C derived from the closely related AvaII-type systems RM.HgiBI/CII/EI. The respective silencer function is detected during our various attempts to clone three isoschizomers with unusually high differences in their specific activity. Sequencing and site-directed mutagenesis revealed just two amino acids as being responsible for a massive increase in specific activity of these endonucleases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kröger
- Institut für Mikrobiologie and Molekularbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
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Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction was used to produce His6 fusion proteins via deletion of an intervening piece of DNA. The generally applicable method was performed using a standard primer with the advantage that the fusion does not produce additional amino acids. In a single-step purification highly purified, enzymatically active restriction endonuclease was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Blum
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
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Blum E, Horst G, Kröger M. PCR directed preparation and single step purification of highly active histidine-tagged restriction endonuclease HgiBI (GGWCC). J Biochem Biophys Methods 1994; 29:113-21. [PMID: 7836656 DOI: 10.1016/0165-022x(94)90047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The polymerase-chain-reaction technique is used to produce fusion proteins via deletion of any intervening piece of DNA. Here a stretch of six histidine codons is fused to the 3'-terminus of any defined gene using a standard plasmid vector or a derivative thereof. The advantage over existing methods is that no other amino acids besides the six histidines are added to the protein terminus and only one oligonucleotide needs to be synthesized as special primer. Genes of interest must only be cloned in the correct orientation into a universal multilinker. Using just one specific primer derived from the 3'-terminus of the gene and one standard primer derived from the six histidine codons the fusion is performed by amplifying the entire vector system as described for inverse PCR. As an example, we report on the modification and purification of the restriction endonuclease HgiBI (GGWCC). Enzymatically active protein was obtained in a single step purification under nondenaturating conditions with a purity greater than 95% according to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Blum
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Molekularbiologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany
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Sánchez Garay N, Blum E, Piñeyro A. [Variables related to the academic success of the medical students at the Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Mexico]. Educ Med Salud 1990; 24:207-12. [PMID: 2226251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Sánchez Garay
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México
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Robinson R, Grimard J, Hall B, Chapman J, Sirett D, Blum E. Task force on provincial relations: proposals for the future. Can J Med Technol 1989; 51:68-73. [PMID: 10293565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Zimmermann G, Fritzsche H, Blum E, Müller G, Stoss F. 128. Synchrones Auftreten von Hyperthyreose und Schilddrüsencarcinom im Struma-Endemiegebiet. Langenbecks Arch Surg 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01836727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Langenbeck U, Blum E, Wilkert-Walter C, Hansmann I. Developmental pathogenesis of chromosome disorders: report on two newly recognized signs of Down syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1984; 18:223-30. [PMID: 6235748 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320180206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Testing the hypothesis of amplified developmental instability in autosomal trisomies as proposed by Shapiro we predicted and found an increased frequency of symphalangies in the toes of patients with Down syndrome. In our X-ray study of the feet of 71 adults with trisomy 21 we also detected a greater than normal number of sesamoid bones. A corollary to Shapiro's hypothesis is a dependence on ethnic origin of the frequency of symptoms in Down syndrome. Compared to data from Europe, toe symphalangies are more prevalent in Japan. We predict this anomaly to occur even more often in Japanese patients with trisomy 21.
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Jaramillo O, Blum E, Freer E. [Costa Rica: control program of sexually transmitted diseases]. Bol Oficina Sanit Panam 1979; 86:131-40. [PMID: 154906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lerner J, Blum E, Fuchs I, Grinberg M. [Withdrawal of antiparkinson drugs in long term neuroleptic treatment]. Harefuah 1978; 95:239-41. [PMID: 33879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
9 pure bred female beagles ingested purified or crude MDA (in 70 mg doses on 3 days of the week) over periods ranging from 3 years, 11 months to 7 years, 2 months. Total quantities of MDA ingested ranged from 39.98 g to 66.92 g/dog, or from approx. 4.0 to 6.26 g/kg body wt. Purified and crude MDA in the doses administered produced similar effects: (a)occasional loss of body weight followed by rather prompt recovery while treatment was interrupted; (b) no specific effect on blood sugar, BUN, creatinine, uric acid, total protein, albumin and a questionable effect on alkaline phosphatase activity; (c) from moderate to severe gross and micropathological changes in the liver, less severe effects in the kidneys and spleen, and occassionally gross or micropathological changes in other organs. Purified and crude MDA did not produce tumors of the urinary bladder or liver.
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Blum E. [Breast neoplasm and pregnancy]. ZFA (Stuttgart) 1977; 53:1680. [PMID: 930260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Blum E. [After care of breast carcinoma]. ZFA (Stuttgart) 1976; 52:1520. [PMID: 186970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Blum E. [Problems of geriatric surgery and postoperative care]. ZFA (Stuttgart) 1976; 52:172-85. [PMID: 1266326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
The alpha-galactosidase A activity from fibroblasts of five Fabry patients and five controls has been separated from alpha-galactosidase B through small DEAE-cellulose columns and in some experiments by treatment of the fibroblast extracts with Sepharose coupled to anti-alpha-galactosidase B antibodies. By these independent methods, it has been shown that there is a residual alpha-galactosidase A in Fabry's disease, which is immunologically similar to the alpha-galactosidase A from the controls. The alpha-galactosidase A from all of the patients and controls has the same apparent Km value for the synthetic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-galactosidase A, while the fifth has a thermolabile enzyme like that from the controls. The amount of immunologically active alpha-galactosidase A seems to be decreased in the patients tested.
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Blum E. [Therapy of diffuse peritonitis]. Z Allgemeinmed 1973; 49:160-2. [PMID: 4701306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Blum E. [Current diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities in the treatment of breast carcinoma]. Z Allgemeinmed 1972; 48:1532-9. [PMID: 4649283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Blum E. [Intussusception ileus in benign small intestine tumors]. Chirurg 1972; 43:433-5. [PMID: 5080384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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47
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Blum E. [Endometriosis of the small intestine with complete obstruction of the lower ileum]. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1972; 84:380-1. [PMID: 5042753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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48
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Blum E, Stalzer M, Blecha H. [Report on 2 uncommon, open injuries of the thorax and abdomen]. Monatsschr Unfallheilkd Versicher Versorg Verkehrsmed 1972; 75:283-5. [PMID: 4263064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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49
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Blum E. [Hormone therapy in cryptorchism. (Results in 125 treated boys)]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1971; 121:912-4. [PMID: 4399965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Blum E. [2 cases of gallstone ileus]. Z Allgemeinmed 1971; 47:1759-61. [PMID: 5131393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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