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Bulger AS, Turner DW, Zhou Q, Houk KN, Garg NK. Evaluation of Retro-Aldol vs Retro-Carbonyl-Ene Mechanistic Pathways in a Complexity-Generating C-C Bond Fragmentation. Org Lett 2024; 26:3602-3606. [PMID: 38648196 PMCID: PMC11068157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
We report an experimental and computational investigation of the likely mechanism of a cascade reaction. The reaction involves an intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction, followed by a C-C bond cleavage, to afford a complex bridged bicyclic product. As multiple reaction pathways could be envisioned for the latter step, the mechanism of the C-C bond cleavage step was investigated. Two reasonable reaction pathways were evaluated. Both computations and experiments indicate that the C-C bond cleavage step proceeds by a retro-carbonyl-ene pathway rather than a retro-aldol pathway. This report underscores the synergy between computational and experimental studies and establishes the mechanism of an interesting complexity-generating transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Bulger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Daniel W Turner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Qingyang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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2
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Varty GB, Canal CE, Mueller TA, Hartsel JA, Tyagi R, Avery K, Morgan ME, Reichelt AC, Pathare P, Stang E, Palfreyman MG, Nivorozhkin A. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Substituted Phenethylamines and the Discovery of CYB210010: A Potent, Orally Bioavailable and Long-Acting Serotonin 5-HT 2 Receptor Agonist. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6144-6188. [PMID: 38593423 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Structure-activity studies of 4-substituted-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamines led to the discovery of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-thiotrifluoromethylphenethylamines, including CYB210010, a potent and long-acting serotonin 5-HT2 receptor agonist. CYB210010 exhibited high agonist potency at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors, modest selectivity over 5-HT2B, 5-HT1A, 5-HT6, and adrenergic α2A receptors, and lacked activity at monoamine transporters and over 70 other proteins. CYB210010 (0.1-3 mg/kg) elicited a head-twitch response (HTR) and could be administered subchronically at threshold doses without behavioral tolerance. CYB210010 was orally bioavailable in three species, readily and preferentially crossed into the CNS, engaged frontal cortex 5-HT2A receptors, and increased the expression of genes involved in neuroplasticity in the frontal cortex. CYB210010 represents a new tool molecule for investigating the therapeutic potential of 5-HT2 receptor activation. In addition, several other compounds with high 5-HT2A receptor potency, yet with little or no HTR activity, were discovered, providing the groundwork for the development of nonpsychedelic 5-HT2A receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey B Varty
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
| | - Clinton E Canal
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Tina A Mueller
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
- BioIVT, Hicksville, New York 11803, United States
| | - Joshua A Hartsel
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
- Consultant, UPS PO Box #105-650, 25422 Trabuco Road, Lake Forest, California 92630, United States
| | - Richa Tyagi
- College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mercer University, 3001 Mercer University Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Ken Avery
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
| | - Michael E Morgan
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
- Faculty of Biomedicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Pradip Pathare
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
| | - Erik Stang
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
| | | | - Alex Nivorozhkin
- Cybin IRL Limited, North Wall Quay, 1 Spencer Dock, Dublin 1 DO1 X9R7, Ireland
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3
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Kelleghan AV, Busacca CA, Sarvestani M, Volchkov I, Medina JM, Garg NK. Safety Assessment of Benzyne Generation from a Silyl Triflate Precursor. Org Lett 2020; 22:1665-1669. [PMID: 32017583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Silyl triflate precursors to benzyne and related intermediates have emerged as valuable synthetic building blocks. However, data addressing the safety of employing these silyl triflate precursors are lacking. We report the calorimetric analysis of a typical Kobayashi procedure for forming and trapping benzyne using a silyl triflate precursor. Our findings suggest that, unlike benzenediazonium carboxylate precursors to benzyne, silyl triflates may be employed under mild conditions without severe concern for runaway reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Kelleghan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Carl A Busacca
- Chemical Development , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877-0368 , United States
| | - Max Sarvestani
- Chemical Development , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877-0368 , United States
| | - Ivan Volchkov
- Chemical Development , Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. , 900 Ridgebury Road , Ridgefield , Connecticut 06877-0368 , United States
| | - Jose M Medina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095-1569 , United States
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4
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Yamano MM, Knapp RR, Ngamnithiporn A, Ramirez M, Houk KN, Stoltz BM, Garg NK. Cycloadditions of Oxacyclic Allenes and a Catalytic Asymmetric Entryway to Enantioenriched Cyclic Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael M. Yamano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Rachel R. Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Aurapat Ngamnithiporn
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Melissa Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Kendall N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA 91125 USA
| | - Neil K. Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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5
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Yamano MM, Knapp RR, Ngamnithiporn A, Ramirez M, Houk KN, Stoltz BM, Garg NK. Cycloadditions of Oxacyclic Allenes and a Catalytic Asymmetric Entryway to Enantioenriched Cyclic Allenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5653-5657. [PMID: 30811080 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of strained cyclic alkynes has undergone a renaissance over the past two decades. However, a related species, strained cyclic allenes, especially heterocyclic derivatives, have only recently resurfaced and represent another class of valuable intermediates. We report a mild and facile means to generate the parent 3,4-oxacyclic allene from a readily accessible silyl triflate precursor, and then trap it in (4+2), (3+2), and (2+2) reactions to provide a variety of cycloadducts. In addition, we describe a catalytic, decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation performed on an α-silylated substrate, to ultimately permit access to an enantioenriched allene. Generation and trapping of the enantioenriched cyclic allene occurs with complete transfer of stereochemical information in a Diels-Alder cycloaddition through a point-chirality, axial-chirality, point-chirality transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Yamano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rachel R Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aurapat Ngamnithiporn
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Melissa Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kendall N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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6
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Chari JV, Ippoliti FM, Garg NK. Concise Approach to Cyclohexyne and 1,2-Cyclohexadiene Precursors. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3652-3655. [PMID: 30840455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Silyl triflate precursors to cyclic alkynes and allenes serve as valuable synthetic building blocks. We report a concise and scalable synthetic approach to prepare the silyl triflate precursors to cyclohexyne and 1,2-cyclohexadiene. The strategy involves a retro-Brook rearrangement of an easily accessible cyclohexanone derivative, followed by triflation protocols. This simple, yet controlled, method should enable the further study of strained alkynes and allenes in chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason V Chari
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Francesca M Ippoliti
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Neil K Garg
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
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7
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Abstract
This chapter will summarize structure-activity relationships (SAR) that are known for the classic serotonergic hallucinogens (aka psychedelics), focusing on the three chemical types: tryptamines, ergolines, and phenethylamines. In the brain, the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor plays a key role in regulation of cortical function and cognition, and also appears to be the principal target for hallucinogenic/psychedelic drugs such as LSD. It is one of the most extensively studied of the 14 known types of serotonin receptors. Important structural features will be identified for activity and, where possible, those that the psychedelics have in common will be discussed. Because activation of the 5-HT2A receptor is the principal mechanism of action for psychedelics, compounds with 5-HT2A agonist activity generally are quickly discarded by the pharmaceutical industry. Thus, most of the research on psychedelics can be related to activation of 5-HT2A receptors. Therefore, much of the discussion will include not only clinical or anecdotal studies, but also will consider data from animal models as well as a certain amount of molecular pharmacology where it is known.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Nichols
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514, USA.
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8
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Benjamin H, Zheng Y, Batsanov AS, Fox MA, Al-Attar HA, Monkman AP, Bryce MR. Sulfonyl-Substituted Heteroleptic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes as Blue Emitters for Solution-Processable Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Inorg Chem 2016; 55:8612-27. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Benjamin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Yonghao Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Andrei S. Batsanov
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Mark A. Fox
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Hameed A. Al-Attar
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Andrew P. Monkman
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Martin R. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of
Physics, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
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9
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Murray M, Hraiki A, Bebawy M, Pazderka C, Rawling T. Anti-tumor activities of lipids and lipid analogues and their development as potential anticancer drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:109-28. [PMID: 25603423 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lipids have the potential for development as anticancer agents. Endogenous membrane lipids, such as ceramides and certain saturated fatty acids, have been found to modulate the viability of tumor cells. In addition, many tumors over-express cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase or cytochrome P450 enzymes that mediate the biotransformation of ω-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to potent eicosanoid regulators of tumor cell proliferation and cell death. In contrast, several analogous products from the biotransformation of ω-3 PUFAs impair particular tumorigenic pathways. For example, the ω-3 17,18-epoxide of eicosapentaenoic acid activates anti-proliferative and proapoptotic signaling cascades in tumor cells and the lipoxygenase-derived resolvins are effective inhibitors of inflammatory pathways that may drive tumor expansion. However, the development of potential anti-cancer drugs based on these molecules is complex, with in vivo stability a major issue. Nevertheless, recent successes with the antitumor alkyl phospholipids, which are synthetic analogues of naturally-occurring membrane phospholipid esters, have provided the impetus for development of further molecules. The alkyl phospholipids have been tested against a range of cancers and show considerable activity against skin cancers and certain leukemias. Very recently, it has been shown that combination strategies, in which alkyl phospholipids are used in conjunction with established anticancer agents, are promising new therapeutic approaches. In future, the evaluation of new lipid-based molecules in single-agent and combination treatments may also be assessed. This could provide a range of important treatment options in the management of advanced and metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Adam Hraiki
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mary Bebawy
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Curtis Pazderka
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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11
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Blaazer A, Smid P, Kruse C. Structure-Activity Relationships of Phenylalkylamines as Agonist Ligands for 5-HT2AReceptors. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1299-309. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Barreto RDL, Nascimbem LBLR, Correia CRD. Synthesis of the 3-(3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl)-pyrrolidine: A New Conformationally Constrained Mescaline Analogue. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/00397910701356504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de L. Barreto
- a Chemistry Institute, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) , Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Mracec M, Mracec M, Kurunczi L, Nusser T, Simon Z, Náray-Szabó G. QSAR study with steric (MTD), electronic and hydrophobicity parameters on psychotomimetic phenylalkylamines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(96)04511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Kapustina MV, Kharizomenova IA, Shvedov VI. Synthesis of 6-phenylthiobenzo[b]thiophenes. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00480844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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An Evaluation of the Potential for Clandestine Manufacture of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) Analogs and Homologs. J Forensic Sci 1990. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs12874j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Darlington W, Szmuszkovicz J. Synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1H-phenalene derivative by the intramolecular diels-alder reaction of benzyne with furan. Tetrahedron Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)82068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Abstract
The nature of the stereochemistry and aromatic ring substituents and their importance to biological activity for phenethylamine-type hallucinogens is presented. The possibility of a hydrophobic site to bind to the 4-substituent and its likely geometry is described. A brief discussion of the structure-activity relationships for tryptamines such as psilocin and DMT is also given, with comments about the stereochemistry of alpha-methyltryptamines. Evaluation of a series of N(6)-alkyl-nor-LSD derivatives indicated that selected members such as N(6)-ethyl, allyl and propyl were as potent as, if not more potent than LSD, both in a two-lever drug discrimination assay in rats, and in man. N(6)-alkyl groups longer than n-propyl, such as n-butyl or 2-phenethyl, gave compounds that were greatly reduced in activity.
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18
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Synthesis and transformations of sulfides of the thiophene series. 39. Synthesis and pharmacological properties of some 2,5-disubstituted 3-thienylalkylamines. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00506388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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