1
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Zhu Z, Tang W, Qiu X, Xin X, Zhang J. Advances in targeting Phosphodiesterase 1: From mechanisms to potential therapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115967. [PMID: 38000211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1) is an enzyme entrusted with the hydrolysis of the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, thereby governing a plethora of metabolic processes, encompassing ion channel modulation and cellular apoptosis. Recent advancements in the realm of small molecule structural variations have greatly facilitated the exploration of innovative applications for PDE1. Remarkably, a recent series of PDE1 inhibitors (PDE1i) have been meticulously formulated and devised, showcasing enhanced selectivity and potency. Among them, ITI-214 has entered Phase II clinical trials, holding promise for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and heart failure. Nevertheless, the majority of current PDE1 inhibitors have encountered substantial side effects in clinical trials attributable to their limited selectivity, this predicament presents a formidable obstacle in the development of specific small molecule inhibitors targeting PDE1. This Perspective endeavors to illuminate the potential design approaches, structure-activity relationships, and biological activities of current PDE1i, aiming to offer support and insights for clinical practice and the development of novel PDE1i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentao Tang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Abstract
The purine alkaloid caffeine is the most widely consumed psychostimulant drug in the world and has multiple beneficial pharmacological activities, for example, in neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite being an extensively studied bioactive natural product, the mechanistic understanding of caffeine's pharmacological effects is incomplete. While several molecular targets of caffeine such as adenosine receptors and phosphodiesterases have been known for decades and inspired numerous medicinal chemistry programs, new protein interactions of the xanthine are continuously discovered providing potentially improved pharmacological understanding and a molecular basis for future medicinal chemistry. In this Perspective, we gather knowledge on the confirmed protein interactions, structure activity relationship, and chemical biology of caffeine on well-known and upcoming targets. The diversity of caffeine's molecular activities on receptors and enzymes, many of which are abundant in the CNS, indicates a complex interplay of several mechanisms contributing to neuroprotective effects and highlights new targets as attractive subjects for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Faudone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Silvia Arifi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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3
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Rohilla S, Bansal R, Kachler S, Klotz KN. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling studies of 1,3,7,8-tetrasubstituted xanthines as potent and selective A 2A AR ligands with in vivo efficacy against animal model of Parkinson's disease. Bioorg Chem 2019; 87:601-612. [PMID: 30933785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an attempt has been made to develop a new series of 1,3,7,8-tetrasubstituted xanthine based potent and selective AR ligands for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Antagonistic interactions between dopamine and A2A adenosine receptors serve as the basis for the development of AR antagonists as potential drug candidates for PD. All the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for their affinity toward AR subtypes using in vitro radioligand binding assays. 1,3-Dipropylxanthine 7a with a methyl substituent at N-7 position represents the most potent compound of the series and displayed highest affinity (A2A, Ki = 0.108 µM), however incorporation of a propargyl group at 7-positon of the xanthine nucleus seems to be the most appropriate substitution to improve selectivity towards the A2A subtype along with reasonable potency. Antiparkinsonian activity has been evaluated using perphenazine induced catatonia in rats. Most of the synthesized xanthines significantly lowered the catatonic score as compared to control and displayed antiparkinsonian effects comparable to standard drug. All the synthesized compounds were subjected to grid-based molecular docking studies to understand the key structural requirements for the development of new molecules well-endowed with intrinsic efficacy and selectivity as adenosine receptor ligands. In silico studies carried out on newly synthesized xanthines provided further support to the pharmacological results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Rohilla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh
| | - Ranju Bansal
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh.
| | - Sonja Kachler
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Norbert Klotz
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Shelke RU, Degani MS, Raju A, Ray MK, Rajan MGR. Fragment Discovery for the Design of Nitrogen Heterocycles asMycobacterium tuberculosisDihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2016; 349:602-13. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201600066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh U. Shelke
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga; Mumbai India
| | - Mariam S. Degani
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga; Mumbai India
| | - Archana Raju
- Institute of Chemical Technology; Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga; Mumbai India
| | - Mukti Kanta Ray
- Radiation Medicine Centre; Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel; Mumbai India
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5
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Sigalov MV, Pylaeva SA, Tolstoy PM. Hydrogen Bonding in Bis(6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil-5-yl)-methane Derivatives: Dynamic NMR and DFT Evaluation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2737-48. [PMID: 27070193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Three bis(6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil-5-yl)-methane derivatives were studied experimentally by variable-temperature (1)H NMR in polar aprotic solutions (CD2Cl2, C5D5N, C2D2Cl4) and computationally by DFT. The unusual for diarylmethanes coplanar conformation of dimethyluracil rings of each molecule is held by a pair of unequal intramolecular N-H···O hydrogen bonds. We show the presence of two dynamic processes involving breakage/formation of these bonds. First, it is two independent NH2 group rotations, each coupled to nitrogen inversion. Second, it is uracil ring rotations (ring flips). The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH(‡), ΔS(‡), and ΔG(‡)) of both processes were estimated by the full line shape analysis of NMR signals and also by DFT calculations. We demonstrate that, though the ring flips exchange pairs of NH protons, the two processes are not coupled: during the ring flip NH2 groups do not rotate, and during the NH2 rotation the rings do not necessarily rotate. Unlike in many other diarylmethanes, the ring flips in the studied compounds are happening stepwise; i.e., the configuration when both rings are "in flight" at the same time is energetically unfavorable (small degree of "cog wheel effect"). The signs of the ΔS(‡) values indicate that the molecular flexibility increases during the NH2 rotations, but decreases during the ring flips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark V Sigalov
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev , Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Svetlana A Pylaeva
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, Saint Petersburg State University , Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.,Institute of Chemistry, Martin-Luther Universität Halle-Wittenberg 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Peter M Tolstoy
- Center for Magnetic Resonance, Saint Petersburg State University , Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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6
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Francis SH, Sekhar KR, Ke H, Corbin JD. Inhibition of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases by methylxanthines and related compounds. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2011:93-133. [PMID: 20859794 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring methylxanthines were the first inhibitors of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) to be discovered. To improve potency and specificity for inhibition of various PDEs in research and for treatment of diseases, thousands of compounds with related structures have now been synthesized. All known PDE inhibitors contain one or more rings that mimic the purine in the cN substrate and directly compete with cN for access to the catalytic site; this review focuses on inhibitors that contain a nucleus that is closely related to the xanthine ring of theophylline and caffeine and the purine ring of cNs. The specificity and potency of these compounds for blocking PDE action have been improved by appending groups at positions on the rings as well as by modification of the number and distribution of nitrogens and carbons in those rings. Several of these inhibitors are highly selective for particular PDEs; potent and largely selective PDE5 inhibitors are used clinically for treatment of erectile dysfunction [sildenafil (Viagra™), tadalafil (Cialis™) and vardenafil (Levitra™)] and pulmonary hypertension [sildenafil (Revatio™) and tadalafil (Adenocirca)]. Related compounds target other PDEs and show therapeutic promise for a number of maladies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharron H Francis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-0615, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Purines are critical cofactors in the enzymatic reactions that create and maintain living organisms. In humans, there are approximately 3,266 proteins that utilize purine cofactors and these proteins constitute the so-called purinome. The human purinome encompasses a wide-ranging functional repertoire and many of these proteins are attractive drug targets. For example, it is estimated that 30% of modern drug discovery projects target protein kinases and that modulators of small G-proteins comprise more than 50% of currently marketed drugs. Given the importance of purine-binding proteins to drug discovery, the following review will discuss the forces that mediate protein:purine recognition, the factors that determine druggability of a protein target, and the process of structure-based drug design. A review of purine recognition in representatives of the various purine-binding protein families, as well as the challenges faced in targeting members of the purinome in drug discovery campaigns will also be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Murray
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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9
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Bansal R, Kumar RS, Kumar G, Thota S, Thamotharan S, Parthasarathi V, Linden A. Formation of aryl-bis (6-amino-1,3-dimethyluracil-5-yl) methanes by reaction of 6-amino-1, 3-dimethyluracil with aromatic aldehydes. J Heterocycl Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570450636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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cAMP-dependent phosphodiesterase inhibition and SAR studies on novel 6,8-disubstituted 2-phenyl-3-(substituted benzothiazole-2-yl)-4[3H]-quinazolinone. Med Chem Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-008-9125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Balssa F, Bonnaire Y. Easy preparative scale syntheses of labelled xanthines: caffeine, theophylline and theobromine. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Pissarnitski D. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE 5) inhibitors for the treatment of male erectile disorder: Attaining selectivity versus PDE6. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:369-95. [PMID: 16388517 DOI: 10.1002/med.20053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The role of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) in the mechanism of male erection has been well understood, and several drugs inhibiting this enzyme are being used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Discovery of inhibitors with improved selectivity versus other PDE isozymes could lead to drugs with improved safety profile. Achievement of selectivity versus PDE6, co-inhibition of which results in disturbances of color perception, remains the most challenging aspect of current drug discovery programs. The present review describes several case studies, where significant (>100 fold) selectivity versus PDE6 has been attained via investigation of structure-activity relationships (SAR). Special attention is given to the chemical routes leading to novel chemotypes and allowing efficient exploration of their SAR's. Strategies for attaining inhibitor selectivity discussed below may be applicable for other drug discovery programs.
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13
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Hartz RA, Nanda KK, Ingalls CL, Ahuja VT, Molski TF, Zhang G, Wong H, Peng Y, Kelley M, Lodge NJ, Zaczek R, Gilligan PJ, Trainor GL. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6h-purin-6-one and 3,7-dihydro-1h-purine-2,6-dione derivatives as corticotropin-releasing factor(1) receptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2004; 47:4741-54. [PMID: 15341489 DOI: 10.1021/jm049787k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that CRF(1) receptor antagonism offers considerable therapeutic potential in the treatment of diseases resulting from elevated levels of CRF, such as anxiety and depression. A series of novel 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one and 3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as corticotropin releasing factor-1 (CRF(1)) receptor antagonists. Compounds within this series, represented by compound 12d (IC(50) = 5.4 nM), were found to be highly potent CRF(1) receptor antagonists. In addition, compounds 12d and 12j were determined to be selective CRF(1) antagonists. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships and pharmacokinetic properties of compounds within this series is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hartz
- Discovery Chemistry, Neuroscience Biology, and Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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14
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Haning H, Niewöhner U, Bischoff E. Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2003; 41:249-306. [PMID: 12774696 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(02)41007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Haning
- BAYER AG Pharmaceutical Business Group, Medicinal Chemistry, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany
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15
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Cavallaro RA, Filocamo L, Galuppi A, Galione A, Brufani M, Genazzani AA. Potentiation of cADPR-induced Ca(2+)-release by methylxanthine analogues. J Med Chem 1999; 42:2527-34. [PMID: 10411473 DOI: 10.1021/jm980469t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine and other methylxanthines are known to induce Ca(2+)-release from intracellular stores via the ryanodine receptor. In the present work, a range of caffeine analogues, in which methyl groups at the 1 and 7 positions were replaced with alkyl chains containing different functional groups (oxo, hydroxyl, propargyl, ester, and acids), were synthesized. These compounds were then screened for their ability to potentiate Ca(2+)-release induced by cADPR (an endogenous modulator of ryanodine receptors) in sea urchin egg homogenates. Two of the synthesized methylxanthines, 1, 3-dimethyl-7-(7-hydroxyoctyl)xanthine (37) and 3-methyl-7-(7-oxooctyl)-1-propargylxanthine (66), were shown to be more potent than caffeine in potentiating cADPR-induced Ca(2+)-release, while 1,3-dimethyl-7-(5-ethylcarboxypentyl)xanthine (14) was shown to be more efficacious. The development of new methylxanthine analogues may lead to a better understanding of ryanodine receptor function and could possibly provide novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Cavallaro
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University La Sapienza, Via degli Apuli 9, 00185 Rome, Italy
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16
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Acetylene chemistry, part 32: Alkinylation and cyclic rearrangement of theophylline with unsaturated alcohols by Mitsunobu reaction. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00811677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Structure-activity relationships in a series of xanthine derivatives with antibronchoconstrictory and bronchodilatory activities. Eur J Med Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0223-5234(90)90130-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Miot F, Keppens S, Erneux C, Wells JN, De Wulf H. Involvement of a plasma membrane phosphodiesterase in the negative control of cyclic AMP levels by vasopressin in rat hepatocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 1988; 37:3447-53. [PMID: 2844189 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(88)90695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vasopressin has been shown previously to lower the glucagon-induced increase of cyclic AMP levels in isolated rat hepatocytes by way of an enhanced phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.17) activity. Five phosphodiesterase inhibitors were tested for their ability to prevent vasopressin from lowering cyclic AMP levels in intact hepatocytes and for their inhibitory effect in vitro on soluble and particulate phosphodiesterase activities partially purified from hepatocytes. Three soluble activities have been separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography: a phosphodiesterase hydrolyzing both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP, a form stimulated by cyclic GMP and a cyclic AMP-specific activity. The absence of any statistically significant correlation between the in vivo (in intact cells) and the in vitro (on isolated phosphodiesterases) potencies of the inhibitors does not support a role for the cytosolic phosphodiesterases in mediating the vasopressin-induced decrease in cyclic AMP levels. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the inhibition of the vasopressin effect on cyclic AMP accumulation and the inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity either associated with the native plasma membranes or solubilized from these membranes with 0.4 M NaCl. In contrast, a statistically significant correlation was observed between the degree of inhibition of the vasopressin effect in the intact cells and the degree of inhibition of the intrinsic phosphodiesterase still associated with the plasma membranes after high-salt treatment. These data indicate that a phosphodiesterase activity integral to the plasma membrane is very likely involved in the negative control of cyclic AMP levels by vasopressin.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Miot
- Afdeling Biochemie, Fakulteit der Geneeskunde, Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Bridson PK, Weirich TP. Cyclic homologs of xanthines.I. Imidazo[4,5-e][1,4]diazepine-5,8-diones. J Heterocycl Chem 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570250426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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20
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Booth RF, Buckham SP, Lunt DO, Manley PW, Porter RA. Dibenzoquinazoline diones as antihypertensive cyclic guanosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 1987; 36:3517-21. [PMID: 2823824 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(87)90334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The discovery and structure-activity of a new class of renal artery phosphodiesterase inhibitors is reported, some of which are highly selective for the guanosine cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase. One of these compounds, 5,6-dihydro-8,9,11,12-tetramethoxy-1,3-dioxo-1H-benz[f]- isoquino [8,1,2- hij]quinazoline-2(3H)-carboxylic acid, ethyl ester (9), is amongst the most potent and selective compounds of this class yet identified. Furthermore, this compound demonstrates an antihypertensive effect in vivo which is presumably mediated through vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Booth
- Department of Biology, Searle & Co. Ltd., High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, U.K
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21
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22
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Nemecek GM, Chamberlain RH, Wells JN. Xanthine accumulation by normal and SV40-transformed WI-38 fibroblasts. Biochem Pharmacol 1983; 32:1134-7. [PMID: 6301509 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(83)90641-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Wells JN, Kramer GL. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors as tools in cyclic nucleotide research: a precautionary comment. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1981; 23:1-9. [PMID: 6167475 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(81)90112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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Duperray B, Nemoz G, Prigent AF, Pacheco H. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for the inhibition of heart and brain cyclic AMP phosphodiesterases by some phenylbutenolides. Biochem Pharmacol 1980; 29:115-8. [PMID: 6244825 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(80)90254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Smellie FW, Daly JW, Wells JN. 1-Isoamyl-3-isobutylxanthine: a remarkably potent agent for the potentiation of norepinephrine, histamine, and adenosine-elicited accumulations of cyclic AMP in brain slices. Life Sci 1979; 25:1917-24. [PMID: 93674 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(79)90613-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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26
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Croce MA, Kramer GL, Garbers DL. Inhibition of alkaline phosphatase by substituted xanthines. Biochem Pharmacol 1979; 28:1227-31. [PMID: 444282 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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