1
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Xue C, Yu W, Song H, Huang X, Ren J. A study of protein–drug interaction based on solvent-induced protein aggregation by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Analyst 2022; 147:1357-1366. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00031h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the inhibition of protein aggregation by drugs in organic solvent systems, we developed an effective method to study protein–drug interaction by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caining Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Haohan Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyi Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jicun Ren
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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2
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Man Y, Liu B. Progress in Total Syntheses of Anti-malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Compounds. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Man
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610064 China
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3
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Raghavendra NM, Pingili D, Kadasi S, Mettu A, Prasad SVUM. Dual or multi-targeting inhibitors: The next generation anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:1277-1300. [PMID: 29126724 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dual-targeting/Multi-targeting of oncoproteins by a single drug molecule represents an efficient, logical and alternative approach to drug combinations. An increasing interest in this approach is indicated by a steady upsurge in the number of articles on targeting dual/multi proteins published in the last 5 years. Combining different inhibitors that destiny specific single target is the standard treatment for cancer. A new generation of dual or multi-targeting drugs is emerging, where a single chemical entity can act on multiple molecular targets. Dual/Multi-targeting agents are beneficial for solving limited efficiencies, poor safety and resistant profiles of an individual target. Designing dual/multi-target inhibitors with predefined biological profiles present a challenge. The latest advances in bioinformatic tools and the availability of detailed structural information of target proteins have shown a way of discovering multi-targeting molecules. This neoteric artifice that amalgamates the molecular docking of small molecules with protein-based common pharmacophore to design multi-targeting inhibitors is gaining great importance in anticancer drug discovery. Current review focus on the discoveries of dual targeting agents in cancer therapy using rational, computational, proteomic, bioinformatics and polypharmacological approach that enables the discovery and rational design of effective and safe multi-target anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nulgumnalli Manjunathaiah Raghavendra
- Center for Technological Development in Health, National Institute of Science and Technology on Innovation on Neglected Diseases, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Divya Pingili
- Sri Venkateshwara College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India; Department of Pharmacy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, India
| | - Sundeep Kadasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - Akhila Mettu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gokaraju Rangaraju College of Pharmacy, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
| | - S V U M Prasad
- Department of Pharmacy, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, India
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4
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Designing multi-targeted agents: An emerging anticancer drug discovery paradigm. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 136:195-211. [PMID: 28494256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dominant paradigm in drug discovery is to design ligands with maximum selectivity to act on individual drug targets. With the target-based approach, many new chemical entities have been discovered, developed, and further approved as drugs. However, there are a large number of complex diseases such as cancer that cannot be effectively treated or cured only with one medicine to modulate the biological function of a single target. As simultaneous intervention of two (or multiple) cancer progression relevant targets has shown improved therapeutic efficacy, the innovation of multi-targeted drugs has become a promising and prevailing research topic and numerous multi-targeted anticancer agents are currently at various developmental stages. However, most multi-pharmacophore scaffolds are usually discovered by serendipity or screening, while rational design by combining existing pharmacophore scaffolds remains an enormous challenge. In this review, four types of multi-pharmacophore modes are discussed, and the examples from literature will be used to introduce attractive lead compounds with the capability of simultaneously interfering with different enzyme or signaling pathway of cancer progression, which will reveal the trends and insights to help the design of the next generation multi-targeted anticancer agents.
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Selvakumar B, Elango KP. Synthesis of Non-Glutamate-Type Pyrrolo[2,3-d]Pyrimidines via Direct Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Halides Using Solid Co 2(CO) 8 as a CO Source and Their Antibacterial Activity. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x14894997017658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivatives by direct aminocarbonylation was demonstrated using solid Co2(CO)8 as a CO source in an autoclave at elevated temperature by reacting an aryl halide scaffold with a variety of amines. Using this method, 12 non-glutamate-type pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues were prepared. Some compounds exhibited antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaraman Selvakumar
- Anthem Biosciences Private Limited, Bangalore 560 099, India
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Gandhigram 624 302, India
| | - Kuppanagounder P. Elango
- Department of Chemistry, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Gandhigram 624 302, India
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6
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EL-Mahdy AFM, EL-Sherief HAH. An efficient and rapid intramolecular cyclization of a quadruple Mannich reaction for one-pot synthesis of pentaazaphenalenes and their antimicrobial activities. RSC Adv 2016; 6:92134-92143. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20689a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient, regioselective and one-pot synthesis of pentaazaphenalenes has been developed via a quadruple Mannich reaction. Most of the synthesized compounds showed significant antimicrobial activities.
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7
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Rabie ST, Abdel-Monem RA, Mohamed NR, Hashem AI, Nada AA. Utility of 6-Amino-2-thiouracils as a Core of Biologically Potent Polynitrogen-Sulfur Fused Heterocycles. J Heterocycl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samira T. Rabie
- Photochemistry Department; National Research Center; Dokki Giza Egypt
| | | | - Nadia R. Mohamed
- Photochemistry Department; National Research Center; Dokki Giza Egypt
- Chemistry Department, El-Aflaj Science and Humanity Studies College; Salman Bin Abdul Aziz University; Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed I. Hashem
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Afaf A. Nada
- Photochemistry Department; National Research Center; Dokki Giza Egypt
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8
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Effect of protonation and hydrogen bonding on 2, 4, 6-substituted pyrimidine and its salt complex-experimental and theoretical evidence. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2139. [PMID: 24567157 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Quantum molecular simulations of chemical systems can provide detailed information that is often inaccessible to direct experimental measurement. Pyrimidine is an interesting π-electron heterocyclic aromatic system which acts as the building block of many nucleic acid bases. The hydrogen bonds associated with the 2, 4, and 6-substituted pyrimidine and its hydrogen sulfate anion are considered for this current work. The experimental and computational evidence for the strength of these intra and intermolecular hydrogen are determined using vibrational spectra and quantum chemical calculations. Thus the effect of hydrogen bonding on the title compound is studied using its geometrical parameters, interaction energies, and vibrational spectra. Aromaticity and charge transfer studies have been performed to ascertain the aromatic behavior of the molecule. The PES scan studies have been done by varying the bond length to ascertain the protonation process of the compound. The IR spectral red shift (∼100 cm⁻¹), blue shift (∼97 cm⁻¹) and broadening of the polar stretching peaks shows the inter and intramolecular hydrogen bonding strength. Bond length alternation of proton donors along with the enormous interaction energies (∼0.5-150 kJ mol⁻¹) between the lone pair and proton donors provides clear evidence for this hydrogen bonding. The charge transfer due to the methyl substitutions which enhances the possibility of hydrogen bonding has been discussed. The main scope of this work is to study the protonation and hydrogen bonding associated with charge transfer which has great effect on the 2-amino-4, 6-dimethyl pyrimidinium hydrogen sulfate (ADHS) molecule.
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9
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Shi J, Van de Water R, Hong K, Lamer RB, Weichert KW, Sandoval CM, Kasibhatla SR, Boehm MF, Chao J, Lundgren K, Timple N, Lough R, Ibanez G, Boykin C, Burrows FJ, Kehry MR, Yun TJ, Harning EK, Ambrose C, Thompson J, Bixler SA, Dunah A, Snodgrass-Belt P, Arndt J, Enyedy IJ, Li P, Hong VS, McKenzie A, Biamonte MA. EC144 Is a Potent Inhibitor of the Heat Shock Protein 90. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7786-95. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300810x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Shi
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Ryan Van de Water
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Kevin Hong
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Ryan B. Lamer
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Kenneth W. Weichert
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | | | | | - Marcus F. Boehm
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Jianhua Chao
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Karen Lundgren
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Noelito Timple
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Rachel Lough
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Gerardo Ibanez
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Christina Boykin
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Francis J. Burrows
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Marilyn R. Kehry
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Theodore J. Yun
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Erin K. Harning
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Christine Ambrose
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jeffrey Thompson
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Sarah A. Bixler
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Anthone Dunah
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Joseph Arndt
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Istvan J. Enyedy
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Ping Li
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Victor S. Hong
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Andres McKenzie
- Biogen Idec, 14 Cambridge
Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Marco A. Biamonte
- Biogen Idec, 5200 Research Place, San
Diego, California 92122, United States
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10
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Functionalization of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (review). Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-012-0986-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Beena
- Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi; 110007; India
| | - Diwan S. Rawat
- Department of Chemistry; University of Delhi; Delhi; 110007; India
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12
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Azam M, Warad I, Al-Resayes S, Zahin M, Ahmad I, Shakir M. Syntheses, Physico-Chemical Studies and Antioxidant Activities of Transition Metal Complexes with a Perimidine Ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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13
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Hayat F, Salahuddin A, Azam A. Synthesis, characterization, antiamoebic activity and cytotoxicity of new pyrazolo[3, 4-d]pyrimidine-6-one derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 26:472-9. [PMID: 21054147 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2010.528414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-6-one derivatives (2a-2j) were prepared by using the Biginelli multicomponent cyclocondensation of 3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one (1a), different aromatic aldehydes, and urea with a catalytic amount of HCl at reflux temperature. These compounds were characterized by IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and Mass spectral data. In vitro antiamoebic activity was performed against HM1:IMSS strain of Entamoeba histolytica. The results showed that the compounds 2b, 2i, and 2j with IC(50) values of 0.37 µM, 0.04 µM, and 0.06 µM, respectively, exhibited better antiamoebic activity than the standard drug metronidazole (IC(50) = 1.33 µM). The toxicological studies of these compounds on human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line showed that the compounds 2b, 2i, and 2j exhibited >80% viability at the concentration range of 1.56-50 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Hayat
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
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14
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Crawley ML, Phipps KM, Goljer I, Mehlmann JF, Lundquist JT, Ullrich JW, Yang C, Mahaney PE. Efficient, regioselective palladium-catalyzed tandem Heck-isomerization reaction of aryl bromides and non-allylic benzyl alcohols. Org Lett 2010; 11:1183-5. [PMID: 19209924 DOI: 10.1021/ol900036y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and mild method to couple aryl bromides and activated non-allylic alcohols in a Heck reaction with tandem isomerization to selectively afford high yields of 1,5-diarylalkan-1-ones has been developed. Mechanistic insight was gained through NMR studies of products derived from deuterium-labeled intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Crawley
- Discovery Medicinal Chemistry, Chemical Sciences, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, USA.
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15
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McGuire JJ, Haile WH. Metabolism-blocked antifolates as potential anti-rheumatoid arthritis agents: 4-Amino-4-deoxy-5,8,10-trideazapteroyl-d,l-4′-methyleneglutamic acid (CH-1504) and its analogs. Biochem Pharmacol 2009; 77:1161-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Revised: 12/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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16
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Tomsho JW, Moran RG, Coward JK. Concentration-dependent processivity of multiple glutamate ligations catalyzed by folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase. Biochemistry 2008; 47:9040-50. [PMID: 18672898 DOI: 10.1021/bi800406w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS, EC 6.3.2.17) is an ATP-dependent ligase that catalyzes formation of poly-gamma-glutamate derivatives of reduced folates and antifolates such as methotrexate and 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (DDAH 4PteGlu 1). While the chemical mechanism of the reaction catalyzed by FPGS is known, it is unknown whether single or multiple glutamate residues are added following each folate binding event. A very sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography method has been used to analyze the multiple ligation reactions onto radiolabeled DDAH 4PteGlu 1 catalyzed by FPGS to distinguish between distributive or processive mechanisms of catalysis. Reaction time courses, substrate trapping, and pulse-chase experiments were used to assess folate release during multiple glutamate additions. Together, the results of these experiments indicate that hFPGS can catalyze the processive addition of approximately four glutamate residues to DDAH 4PteGlu 1. The degree of processivity was determined to be dependent on the concentration of the folate substrate, thus suggesting a mechanism for the regulation of folate polyglutamate synthesis in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Tomsho
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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17
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Synthesis and evaluation of the biological activities of some 3-{[5-(6-methyl-4-aryl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-one derivatives. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA 2008; 58:119-29. [PMID: 18337213 DOI: 10.2478/v10007-007-0050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of ethyl-6-methyl-2-oxo-4-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-carboxylates (1a-i) with hydrazine hydrate yielded 6-methyl-2-oxo-4-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-carbohydrazides (2a-i). These products, on reaction with cyanogen bromide, gave 5-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-6-methyl-4-aryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2 (1H)-ones (3a-i). The resultant aminooxadiazolylpyrimidinones were condensed with isatin to obtain various 3-{[5-(6-methyl-4-aryl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-imino}-1,3-dihydro-2H-indol-2-ones (4a-i). These products were characterized by IR, 1H NMR, mass spectra and elemental analysis. Products (4a-i) revealed promising antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activity.
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18
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CoMFA analysis of dual/multiple PPAR activators. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:2784-91. [PMID: 18321611 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2007] [Revised: 12/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dual or multiple activators are agents which act at more than one biological target and produce synergistic therapeutic effect. Computational methods can be successfully employed in designing dual activators. 'Additivity of molecular fields' concept was recently introduced to help design new dual activators. This concept is employed in this work to explore the scope and limitations of the concept, with the help of reported PPARalpha/gamma/delta multiple activators. Three individual CoMFA models were first generated, followed by dual and multiple models. Dual PPARalpha/gamma CoMFA model could be developed successfully. However, dual PPARgamma/delta, dual PPARalpha/delta and multiple PPARalpha/gamma/delta CoMFA models could not be very well developed. This follows from the poor correlation observed in the PPARdelta CoMFA model.
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19
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Ni-Komatsu L, Orlow SJ. Identification of Novel Pigmentation Modulators by Chemical Genetic Screening. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1585-92. [PMID: 17568802 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
There is a continual need for compounds that effectively modulate melanin synthesis. To identify novel pigmentation modulators and their cellular targets, chemical genetic screenings were performed with triazine-based combinatorial libraries that include various linkers as intrinsic components of the small molecules in the library. The linker provides a ready means of attachment to beads, eliminating several common time-consuming downstream steps in the isolation of cellular targets for the small molecules of interest. Twelve compounds were identified as novel pigmentation modulators from various screenings performed in normal and albino murine melanocytes and zebrafish. Target identification by affinity chromatography revealed unexpected roles for prohibitin and mitochondrial F1F0-adenotriphosphatase in the regulation of mammalian pigmentation. The identification of prohibitin, a "scaffold protein", as a propigmentation effector represents a novel mechanism by which propigmentary signals are transduced. Results from our screenings provide potential active agents and targets for the medical and aesthetic treatment of disorders of pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ni-Komatsu
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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20
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Siddiqui AA, Rajesh R, Alagarsamy V, De Clercq E. Synthesis, Antiviral, Antituberculostic, and Antibacterial Activities of Some Novel, 4-(4-substituted phenyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-(substituted imino)pyrimidines. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:95-102. [PMID: 17294402 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200600121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A variety of novel 4-(4-substituted phenyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-substituted imino) pyrimidines were synthesized by reacting 4-(4-substituted phenyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-amino pyrimidines with different substituted aromatic aldehydes, coumarin chloroisatin. The 4-(4-substituted phenyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-amino pyrimidines were synthesized by reacting 3-(4'-substituted phenyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propen-1-ones with guanine hydrochloride. 3-(4-Substituted phenyl)-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-propen-1-ones were synthesized by reacting 4-nitroacetophenone with different para-substituted aromatic aldehydes. Spectral data (IR, NMR, and mass spectra) confirmed the structures of the synthesized compounds. The synthesized compounds were investigated for their antiviral, antituberculostic, and antibacterial activities. The results of antiviral, antituberculostic, and antibacterial activities indicated that the synthesized compounds exhibited mild to potent activities compared to the respective reference standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees A Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hamdard University, New Delhi, India
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21
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Gangjee A, Yang J, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL. Synthesis and evaluation of a classical 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as antifolates. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8590-8. [PMID: 16990006 PMCID: PMC3850758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two classical antifolates, a 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, were synthesized as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS). The syntheses were accomplished by condensation of 2,6-diamino-3(H)-4-oxo-pyrimidine with alpha-chloro-ketone 21 to afford two key intermediates 23 and 24, followed by hydrolysis, coupling with l-glutamate diethyl ester and saponification of the diethyl ester to afford the classical antifolates 13 and 14. Compounds 13 and 14 with a single carbon atom bridge are both substrates for folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS), the enzyme responsible for forming critical poly-gamma-glutamate antifolate metabolites with increased potency and/or increased cell retention. Compound 14 is a highly efficient FPGS substrate demonstrating that 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are important lead structures for the design of antifolates with FPGS substrate activity. It retains inhibitory potency for DHFR and TS compared to the two atom bridged analog 5. Compound 13 is a poor inhibitor of purified DHFR and TS, and both 13 and 14 are poor inhibitors of the growth of CCRF-CEM human leukemia cells in culture, indicating that single carbon bridged compounds in these series though conducive to FPGS substrate activity were not potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 600 Forbes Avenue, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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22
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Hilmy KMH. Synthesis of Non-Nucleosides: 7- and 1,3-Substituents of New Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones on Antiviral Activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:174-81. [PMID: 16586425 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of non-nucleosides 9-47 were synthesized. Compounds 1-4 were reacted with formic acid (85%) to afford compounds 5-8. Then, the latter compounds were reacted with alkyl halides a-f (2-bromopropane, 2-bromobutane, benzyl bromide, benzyl chloromethyl ether, chloromethyl ethyl ether, phenacyl bromide) in the presence of NaH in dry DMF to give the desired compounds 9-47, which were evaluated for activity against herpes simplex virus type-II (HSV-II).
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23
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Gangjee A, Jain HD, Phan J, Lin X, Song X, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL. Dual inhibitors of thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase as antitumor agents: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of classical and nonclassical pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates(1). J Med Chem 2006; 49:1055-65. [PMID: 16451071 PMCID: PMC2547132 DOI: 10.1021/jm058276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We designed and synthesized a classical analogue N-[4-[(2-amino-6-ethyl-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)thio]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid (4) and thirteen nonclassical analogues 5-17 as potential dual thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors and as antitumor agents. The key intermediate in their synthesis was 2-amino-6-ethyl-3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, 22, to which various aryl thiols were conveniently attached at the 5-position via an oxidative addition reaction using iodine. For the classical analogue 4, the ester obtained from the reaction was deprotected and coupled with diethyl L-glutamate followed by saponification. Compound 4 was a potent dual inhibitor of human TS (IC(50) = 90 nM) and human DHFR (IC(50) = 420 nM). Compound 4 was not a substrate for human FPGS. Metabolite protection studies established TS as its principal target. Most of the nonclassical analogues were only inhibitors of human TS with IC(50) values of 0.23-26 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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24
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Tomsho JW, McGuire JJ, Coward JK. Synthesis of (6R)- and (6S)-5,10-dideazatetrahydrofolate oligo-gamma-glutamates: kinetics of multiple glutamate ligations catalyzed by folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase. Org Biomol Chem 2005; 3:3388-98. [PMID: 16132101 PMCID: PMC1989673 DOI: 10.1039/b505907k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS, EC 6.3.2.17) catalyzes the ATP-dependent ligation of glutamic acid to reduced folates including (6S)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (H4PteGlu), as well as to anticancer drugs such as 5,10-dideaza-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate ((6R)-DDAH4PteGlu1, (6R)-DDATHF, Lometrexol). Synthesis of unlabeled mono- and polyglutamates, DDAH4PteGlu(n) (6R, n = 1-6; 6S, n = 1-2), as well as (6R)-DDAH4Pte[14C]Glu1, was effected from (6R)- or (6S)-5,10-dideazatetrahydropteroyl azide and glutamic acid, H-Glu-gamma-Glu(n)-gamma-Glu-OH (n = 0-4), or [14C]glutamic acid, respectively. These compounds were evaluated as FPGS substrates to determine steady-state kinetic constants. Michaelis-Menten kinetics were observed for (6R)-DDAH4PteGlu1, the isomer corresponding to H(4)PteGlu, whereas marked substrate inhibition was observed for (6S)-DDAH4PteGlu(n) (n = 1-2) and (6R)-DDAH4PteGlu(n) (n = 2-5), but not (6R)-DDAH4PteGlu6. Multiple ligation of glutamate renders a quantitative analysis of these data difficult. However, approximate values of K(M) = 0.65-1.6 microM and K(I) = 144-417 microM for DDAH4PteGlu(n) were obtained using a simple kinetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W. Tomsho
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan, 3813 Chemistry, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA. E-mail: ; Fax: 734-647-4865
| | - John J. McGuire
- Grace Cancer Drug Center, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, 14263
| | - James K. Coward
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemistry, University of Michigan, 3813 Chemistry, 930 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1055, USA. E-mail: ; Fax: 734-647-4865
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kompis
- ARPIDA Ltd, Dammstrasse 36, 4142 Münchenstein, Switzerland
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26
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Jung DW, Williams D, Khersonsky SM, Kang TW, Heidary N, Chang YT, Orlow SJ. Identification of the F1F0 mitochondrial ATPase as a target for modulating skin pigmentation by screening a tagged triazine library in zebrafish. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2005; 1:85-92. [PMID: 16880968 DOI: 10.1039/b417765g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A triazine-based combinatorial library of small molecules was screened in zebrafish to identify compounds that produced interesting phenotypes. One compound (of 1536 screened) induced a dramatic increase in the pigmentation of early stage zebrafish embryos. This compound, PPA, was also found to increase pigmentation in cultured mammalian melanocytes. The cellular target was identified as the mitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase (ATPase) by affinity chromatography. Oligomycin, a small molecule known to inhibit the mitochondrial ATPase, competed with PPA for its cellular target in melanocytes. In addition, PPA was shown to alter the membrane potential of mitochondria, consistent with inhibition of the mitochondrial ATPase. Thus, PPA has been successfully used as a chemical probe in a forward chemical genetic approach to establish a link between the phenotype and the protein. The results attest to the power of screening small molecule libraries in zebrafish as a means of identifying mammalian targets and suggest the mitochondrial ATPase as a target for modulating pigmentation in both melanocytes and melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Jung
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
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27
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Chapter 6.2 Six-membered ring systems: Diazines and benzo derivatives. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(05)80055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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28
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Chapter 6.3 Triazines, tetrazines and fused ring polyaza systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-6380(05)80056-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Williams D, Jung DW, Khersonsky SM, Heidary N, Chang YT, Orlow SJ. Identification of Compounds that Bind Mitochondrial F1F0 ATPase by Screening a Triazine Library for Correction of Albinism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 11:1251-9. [PMID: 15380185 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2004] [Revised: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A triazine-based combinatorial library of small molecules was screened in albino murine melanocytes to identify compounds that induce pigmentation. Six compounds (of 1536 screened) produced at least 3-fold increases in pigmentation. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that the compounds conferred correct routing of the mistrafficked enzyme tyrosinase, which is critical to normal melanogenesis. Affinity matrices of the immobilized compounds allowed the cellular target to be identified as the mitochondrial F1F0-ATP synthase. Oligomycin and aurovertin B, small molecules known to inhibit the mitochondrial ATP synthase, were shown to compete with the triazine-based compounds for their cellular target in albino melanocytes and confer similar effects on pigmentation and tyrosinase rerouting. This is the first demonstration of the mitochondrial ATP synthase as a potential therapeutic target for restoring pigmentation in albino melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Williams
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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