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Ren Z, Sun Z, Li Y, Fan X, Dai M, Wang Y, Hu X. Total Synthesis of (+)-3-Deoxyfortalpinoid F, (+)-Fortalpinoid A, and (+)-Cephinoid H. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18572-18576. [PMID: 34164892 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3-Deoxyfortalpinoid F, fortalpinoid A, and cephinoid H are members of the Cephalotaxus diterpenoids class of natural products, which feature diverse chemical structures and valuable biological activities. We report herein the development of a diastereoselective Pauson-Khand reaction as an effective pathway to access the core tetracyclic skeleton, which is found widely in Cephalotaxus diterpenoids. Furthermore, we enabled the construction of the tropone moiety through a ring-closing metathesis/elimination protocol. Based on the developed strategy, asymmetric synthesis of the title compounds has been achieved for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Zhongliu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Mingda Dai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Xiangdong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China
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2
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Ren Z, Sun Z, Li Y, Fan X, Dai M, Wang Y, Hu X. Total Synthesis of (+)‐3‐Deoxyfortalpinoid F, (+)‐Fortalpinoid A, and (+)‐Cephinoid H. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Zhongliu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Yifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Xin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Mingda Dai
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Yunxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
| | - Xiangdong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of the Ministry of Education College of Chemistry & Materials Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
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3
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Huang B, Elleraas J, Ewanicki J, Sutton SC. A short asymmetric synthesis of methyl 2-((1S,3R)-3-((tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)oxy)cyclopentyl)acetate from norbornene. Tetrahedron Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2020.152057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Mairhofer E, Fuchs E, Micura R. Facile synthesis of a 3-deazaadenosine phosphoramidite for RNA solid-phase synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2556-2562. [PMID: 28144324 PMCID: PMC5238537 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Access to 3-deazaadenosine (c3A) building blocks for RNA solid-phase synthesis represents a severe bottleneck in modern RNA research, in particular for atomic mutagenesis experiments to explore mechanistic aspects of ribozyme catalysis. Here, we report the 5-step synthesis of a c3A phosphoramidite from cost-affordable starting materials. The key reaction is a silyl-Hilbert-Johnson nucleosidation using unprotected 6-amino-3-deazapurine and benzoyl-protected 1-O-acetylribose. The novel path is superior to previously described syntheses in terms of efficacy and ease of laboratory handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Mairhofer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Fuchs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Micura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Austria
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5
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Ho D, Yan L, Iwatsubo K, Vatner DE, Vatner SF. Modulation of beta-adrenergic receptor signaling in heart failure and longevity: targeting adenylyl cyclase type 5. Heart Fail Rev 2011; 15:495-512. [PMID: 20658186 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-010-9183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite remarkable advances in therapy, heart failure remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Although enhanced beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation is part of normal physiologic adaptation to either the increase in physiologic demand or decrease in cardiac function, chronic beta-adrenergic stimulation has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity in both animal models and humans. For example, overexpression of cardiac Gsalpha or beta-adrenergic receptors in transgenic mice results in enhanced cardiac function in young animals, but with prolonged overstimulation of this pathway, cardiomyopathy develops in these mice as they age. Similarly, chronic sympathomimetic amine therapy increases morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure. Conversely, the use of beta-blockade has proven to be of benefit and is currently part of the standard of care for heart failure. It is conceivable that interrupting distal mechanisms in the beta-adrenergic receptor-G protein-adenylyl cyclase pathway may also provide targets for future therapeutic modalities for heart failure. Interestingly, there are two major isoforms of adenylyl cyclase (AC) in the heart (type 5 and type 6), which may exert opposite effects on the heart, i.e., cardiac overexpression of AC6 appears to be protective, whereas disruption of type 5 AC prolongs longevity and protects against cardiac stress. The goal of this review is to summarize the paradigm shift in the treatment of heart failure over the past 50 years from administering sympathomimetic amine agonists to administering beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, and to explore the basis for a novel therapy of inhibiting type 5 AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ho
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine and The Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Avenue, MSB G609, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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6
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Pavan B, Paganetto G, Dalpiaz A. Dopamine-sensitive adenylyl cyclases in neuronal development: physiopathological and pharmacological implications. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:520-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Pavan B, Biondi C, Dalpiaz A. Adenylyl cyclases as innovative therapeutic goals. Drug Discov Today 2009; 14:982-91. [PMID: 19638320 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacological modulation of intracellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) signalling could provide new therapeutic and experimental tools. Although drugs interfering with this pathway have traditionally targeted membrane receptors, the effector enzyme adenylyl cyclase (AC), which functions as a signalling catalyst, also presents an interesting target. Thus, development of isoform-selective stimulator and/or inhibitor compounds for AC could lead to organ-specific pharmacotherapeutics for treating heart failure, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the potential of AC as the object of drug therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Pavan
- Department of Biology and Evolution, General Physiology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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8
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Forró E, Fülöp F. Enzymatic Method for the Synthesis of Blockbuster Drug Intermediates - Synthesis of Five-Membered Cyclic γ-Amino Acid and γ-Lactam Enantiomers. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Schlicker C, Rauch A, Hess KC, Kachholz B, Levin LR, Buck J, Steegborn C. Structure-based development of novel adenylyl cyclase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4456-64. [PMID: 18630896 DOI: 10.1021/jm800481q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the second messenger cAMP is synthesized by a family of transmembrane isoforms (tmACs) and one known cytoplasmic enzyme, "soluble" adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Understanding the individual contributions of these families to cAMP signaling requires tools which can distinguish them. Here, we describe the structure-based development of isoform discriminating AC inhibitors. Docking calculations using a library of small molecules with the crystal structure of a sAC homologue complexed with the noncompetitive inhibitor catechol estrogen identified two novel inhibitors, 3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-21-yl4-bromobenzenesulfonate (2) and 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,13,13,14,14-dodecachloro-1,4,4a,4b,5,8,8a,12b-octahydro-11-sulfo-1,4:5,8-dimethanotriphenylene-10-carboxylic acid (3). In vitro testing revealed that 3 defines a novel AC inhibitor scaffold with high affinity for human sAC and less inhibitory effect on mammalian tmACs. 2 also discriminates between sAC and tmACs, and it appears to simultaneously block the original binding pocket and a neighboring interaction site. Our results show that compounds exploiting the catechol estrogen binding site can produce potent, isoform discriminating AC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Schlicker
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitatsstrasse 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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10
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Zhang H, Schinazi RF, Chu CK. Synthesis of neplanocin F analogues as potential antiviral agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8314-22. [PMID: 16996741 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neplanocin F is a natural carbocyclic nucleoside. Herein, we describe the synthesis and antiviral activity of (+/-)-5'-deoxy-neplanocin F analogues. The key intermediate 4, synthesized from the commercially available (+/-)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]-hept-5-en-3-one (ABH), was utilized to prepare the target nucleosides. Among the target compounds, 5'-deoxyneplanocin F adenine exhibited moderate anti-HIV activity in human lymphocytes without any marked cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwang Zhang
- The University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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11
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Kamenetsky M, Middelhaufe S, Bank EM, Levin LR, Buck J, Steegborn C. Molecular details of cAMP generation in mammalian cells: a tale of two systems. J Mol Biol 2006; 362:623-39. [PMID: 16934836 PMCID: PMC3662476 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 07/15/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The second messenger cAMP has been extensively studied for half a century, but the plethora of regulatory mechanisms controlling cAMP synthesis in mammalian cells is just beginning to be revealed. In mammalian cells, cAMP is produced by two evolutionary related families of adenylyl cyclases, soluble adenylyl cyclases (sAC) and transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmAC). These two enzyme families serve distinct physiological functions. They share a conserved overall architecture in their catalytic domains and a common catalytic mechanism, but they differ in their sub-cellular localizations and responses to various regulators. The major regulators of tmACs are heterotrimeric G proteins, which transduce extracellular signals via G protein-coupled receptors. sAC enzymes, in contrast, are regulated by the intracellular signaling molecules bicarbonate and calcium. Here, we discuss and compare the biochemical, structural and regulatory characteristics of the two mammalian AC families. This comparison reveals the mechanisms underlying their different properties but also illustrates many unifying themes for these evolutionary related signaling enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Kamenetsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sabine Middelhaufe
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Universitätsstraße
| | - Erin M. Bank
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Corresponding authors: ;
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Universitätsstraße
- Corresponding authors: ;
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12
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Genetic manipulation and functional analysis of cAMP signalling in cardiac muscle: implications for a new target of pharmacotherapy. Biochem Soc Trans 2005; 33:1337-40. [PMID: 16246113 DOI: 10.1042/bst0331337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenylate cyclase is a membrane-bound enzyme that catalyses the conversion of ATP into cAMP upon activation of cell-surface G-protein-coupled receptors, such as beta-adrenergic receptors, and initiates a cascade of phosphorylation reactions within the cell. Type 5 adenylate cyclase is a major isoform in the heart as well as in the striatum of the brain. Mice with a disrupted type 5 adenylate cyclase gene exhibited normal cardiac function under basal conditions, but a decreased response to isoprenaline stimulation. When mice were subjected to pressure overload stress with aortic banding, they developed cardiac hypertrophy, but with a significant reduction in the number of apoptotic cardiac myocytes as well as preserved cardiac function. When type 5 adenylate cyclase activity was inhibited pharmacologically, by the use of a novel P-site inhibitor with enhanced selectivity for this isoform, there were no changes in cardiac myocyte contractility, but the development of cardiac myocyte apoptosis induced by isoprenaline stimulation was effectively prevented. These results indicate that type 5 adenylate cyclase may serve as a better target of pharmacotherapy to prevent the development of cardiac myocyte apoptosis and thus failure in response to various cardiac stresses.
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13
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Steegborn C, Litvin TN, Hess KC, CapperM AB, Taussig R, Buck J, Levin LR, Wu H. A novel mechanism for adenylyl cyclase inhibition from the crystal structure of its complex with catechol estrogen. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:31754-9. [PMID: 16002394 PMCID: PMC3650720 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m507144200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Catechol estrogens are steroid metabolites that elicit physiological responses through binding to a variety of cellular targets. We show here that catechol estrogens directly inhibit soluble adenylyl cyclases and the abundant trans-membrane adenylyl cyclases. Catechol estrogen inhibition is non-competitive with respect to the substrate ATP, and we solved the crystal structure of a catechol estrogen bound to a soluble adenylyl cyclase from Spirulina platensis in complex with a substrate analog. The catechol estrogen is bound to a newly identified, conserved hydrophobic patch near the active center but distinct from the ATP-binding cleft. Inhibitor binding leads to a chelating interaction between the catechol estrogen hydroxyl groups and the catalytic magnesium ion, distorting the active site and trapping the enzyme substrate complex in a non-productive conformation. This novel inhibition mechanism likely applies to other adenylyl cyclase inhibitors, and the identified ligand-binding site has important implications for the development of specific adenylyl cyclase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Steegborn
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Tatiana N. Litvin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Kenneth C. Hess
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Austin B. CapperM
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Ronald Taussig
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
| | - Hao Wu
- ‡Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021
- A Pew Scholar of Biomedical Sciences, a Rita Allen Scholar, and to whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Biochemistry, W206, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Ave., New York, NY 10021. Tel.: 212-746-6451; Fax: 212-746-4843;
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14
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Gorzalka S, Vittori S, Volpini R, Cristalli G, von Kügelgen I, Müller CE. Evidence for the functional expression and pharmacological characterization of adenine receptors in native cells and tissues. Mol Pharmacol 2004; 67:955-64. [PMID: 15604413 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.006601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An orphan G protein-coupled receptor from rat has recently been discovered to be activated by the nucleobase adenine (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:8573-8578, 2002). In the present study, we show for the first time that the adenine receptor is expressed in membrane preparations of native tissues and cell lines in high density, including rat brain cortex, rat brain striatum, and the mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15. Saturation analysis with [3H]adenine at rat brain cortical membranes exhibited a single high-affinity binding site with a KD value of 27.2 nM, and a binding capacity of 2.28 pmol/mg of protein. Kinetic studies revealed unusual binding kinetics of [3H]adenine with rapid association and slow dissociation. A series of compounds were investigated in [3H]adenine competition experiments at rat brain cortex. Only minor substitution of the adenine structure was tolerated, the most potent compounds of the present series being 2-fluoroadenine (Ki value of 620 nM), 8-thioadenine (Ki value of 2.77 microM), N6-methyladenine (Ki value of 3.64 microM), and 7-methyladenine (Ki value of 4.13 microM), all of which were partial agonists (40-60% intrinsic activity). Adenine dose dependently inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase in membrane preparations of NG108-15 cells as well as in intact cells, showing that the receptor is functional in NG108-15 cells. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction experiments followed by sequencing indicate that the NG108-15 cells express the murine ortholog of the adenine receptor. Moreover, preliminary radioligand binding studies with [3H]adenine at membranes of human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells suggest that a human ortholog of the rat adenine receptor exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gorzalka
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Poppelsdorf, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Iwatsubo K, Minamisawa S, Tsunematsu T, Nakagome M, Toya Y, Tomlinson JE, Umemura S, Scarborough RM, Levy DE, Ishikawa Y. Direct inhibition of type 5 adenylyl cyclase prevents myocardial apoptosis without functional deterioration. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:40938-45. [PMID: 15262973 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m314238200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase, a major target enzyme of beta-adrenergic receptor signals, is potently and directly inhibited by P-site inhibitors, classic inhibitors of this enzyme, when the enzyme catalytic activity is high. Unlike beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists, this is a non- or uncompetitive inhibition with respect to ATP. We have examined whether we can utilize this enzymatic property to regulate the effects of beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation differentially. After screening multiple new and classic compounds, we found that some compounds, including 1R,4R-3-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-cyclopentanecarboxylic acid hydroxyamide, potently inhibited type 5 adenylyl cyclase, the major cardiac isoform, but not other isoforms. In normal mouse cardiac myocytes, contraction induced by low beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation was poorly inhibited with this compound, but the induction of cardiac myocyte apoptosis by high beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation was effectively prevented by type 5 adenylyl cyclase inhibitors. In contrast, when cardiac myocytes from type 5 adenylyl cyclase knock-out mice were examined, beta-adrenergic stimulation poorly induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that the inhibition of beta-adrenergic signaling at the level of the type 5 adenylyl cyclase isoform by P-site inhibitors may serve as an effective method to prevent cardiac myocyte apoptosis induced by excessive beta-adrenergic stimulation without deleterious effect on cardiac myocyte contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousaku Iwatsubo
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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