1
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Samuel Metibemu D. vHTS and 3D-QSAR for the Identification of Novel Phyto-inhibitors of Farnesyltransferase: Validation of Ascorbic Acid inhibition of Farnesyltransferase in an Animal Model of Breast Cancer. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021; 71:341-347. [PMID: 33862663 DOI: 10.1055/a-1422-1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Farnesyltransferase (FTase) is a zinc enzyme that has been the subject of attention in anti-cancer research over the past. In this study, phytochemicals from Curcuma longa L., Taraxacum officinale, and Spondias mombin plants were screened for their inhibitory potentials on the human farnesyltransferase. A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model for the inhibition of farnesyltransferase was generated and the inhibition of farnesyltransferase by the hit, ascorbic acid was validated in an animal model of breast cancer. The lead compound, ascorbic acid makes extensive hydrogen bond interactions with key residues, lys-353, tyr-300, gly-290, leu-290 within the active site of farnesyltransferase. It downregulated the expression of FNTA mRNA in an animal model of breast cancer. The 3D-QSAR generated herein is robust, thoroughly validated, and should be employed in the pipelining of novel farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Ascorbic acid demonstrates its anticancer potentials through the inhibition of farnesyltransferase.
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2
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Bukhtiyarova M, Cook EM, Hancock PJ, Hruza AW, Shaw AW, Adam GC, Barnard RJO, McKenna PM, Holloway MK, Bell IM, Carroll S, Cornella-Taracido I, Cox CD, Kutchukian PS, Powell DA, Strickland C, Trotter BW, Tudor M, Wolkenberg S, Li J, Tellers DM. Discovery of an Anion-Dependent Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor from a Phenotypic Screen. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:99-106. [PMID: 33488970 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
By employing a phenotypic screen, a set of compounds, exemplified by 1, were identified which potentiate the ability of histone deacetylase inhibitor vorinostat to reverse HIV latency. Proteome enrichment followed by quantitative mass spectrometric analysis employing a modified analogue of 1 as affinity bait identified farnesyl transferase (FTase) as the primary interacting protein in cell lysates. This ligand-FTase binding interaction was confirmed via X-ray crystallography and temperature dependent fluorescence studies, despite 1 lacking structural and binding similarity to known FTase inhibitors. Although multiple lines of evidence established the binding interaction, these ligands exhibited minimal inhibitory activity in a cell-free biochemical FTase inhibition assay. Subsequent modification of the biochemical assay by increasing anion concentration demonstrated FTase inhibitory activity in this novel class. We propose 1 binds together with the anion in the active site to inhibit farnesyl transferase. Implications for phenotypic screening deconvolution and HIV reactivation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica M. Cook
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paula J. Hancock
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Alan W. Hruza
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033, United States
| | - Anthony W. Shaw
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Gregory C. Adam
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Philip M. McKenna
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | - Ian M. Bell
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steve Carroll
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | | | | | | | - David A. Powell
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Corey Strickland
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, 07033, United States
| | | | - Matthew Tudor
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Scott Wolkenberg
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jing Li
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - David M. Tellers
- MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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3
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Aguiar AC, de Sousa LR, Garcia CR, Oliva G, Guido RV. New Molecular Targets and Strategies for Antimalarial Discovery. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4380-4402. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170830103003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major health problem, especially because of the emergence
of resistant P. falciparum strains to artemisinin derivatives. In this context, safe and affordable
antimalarial drugs are desperately needed. New proteins have been investigated
as molecular targets for research and development of innovative compounds with welldefined
mechanism of action. In this review, we highlight genetically and clinically validated
plasmodial proteins as drug targets for the next generation of therapeutics. The enzymes
described herein are involved in hemoglobin hydrolysis, the invasion process,
elongation factors for protein synthesis, pyrimidine biosynthesis, post-translational modifications
such as prenylation, phosphorylation and histone acetylation, generation of ATP
in mitochondrial metabolism and aminoacylation of RNAs. Significant advances on proteomics,
genetics, structural biology, computational and biophysical methods provided
invaluable molecular and structural information about these drug targets. Based on this,
several strategies and models have been applied to identify and improve lead compounds.
This review presents the recent progresses in the discovery of antimalarial drug candidates,
highlighting the approaches, challenges, and perspectives to deliver affordable, safe
and low single-dose medicines to treat malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Caroline Aguiar
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Lorena R.F. de Sousa
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Celia R.S. Garcia
- Physiology Department, Bioscience Institute, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Glaucius Oliva
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael V.C. Guido
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, PO Box 369, 13560-970, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil
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4
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Ho MH, De Vivo M, Peraro MD, Klein ML. Unraveling the Catalytic Pathway of Metalloenzyme Farnesyltransferase through QM/MM Computation. J Chem Theory Comput 2015; 5:1657-66. [PMID: 26609858 DOI: 10.1021/ct8004722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) is a Zn(2+)-metalloenzyme that catalyzes the farnesylation reaction, i.e., the transfer of the 15-carbon atom farnesyl group from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to a specific cysteine of protein substrates. Oncogenic Ras proteins, which are among the FTase substrates, are observed in about 20-30% of human cancer cells. Thus, FTase represents a target for anticancer drug design. Herein, we present a classical force-field-based and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) computational study of the FTase reaction mechanism. Our findings offer a detailed picture of the FTase catalytic pathway, describing structural features and the energetics of its saddle points. A moderate dissociation of the diphosphate group from the FPP is observed during the nucleophilic attack of the zinc-bound thiolate. At the transition state, a resonance structure is observed, which indicates the formation of a metastable carbocation. However, no stable intermediate is found along the reaction pathway. Thus, the reaction occurs via an associative mechanism with dissociative character, in agreement with the mechanism proposed by Fierke et al. ( Biochemistry 2000, 39, 2593-2602 and Biochemistry 2003, 42, 9741-9748 ). Moreover, a fluorine-substituted FPP analogue (CF3-FPP) is used to investigate the inhibitory effect of fluorine, which in turn provides additional agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsun Ho
- Center for Molecular Modeling and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy, and Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marco De Vivo
- Center for Molecular Modeling and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy, and Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Center for Molecular Modeling and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy, and Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael L Klein
- Center for Molecular Modeling and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy, and Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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5
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Peptide chemistry applied to a new family of phenothiazine-containing inhibitors of human farnesyltransferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3180-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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6
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Zhu HY, Desai J, Cooper AB, Wang J, Rane DF, Kirschmeier P, Strickland C, Liu M, Nomeir AA, Girijavallabhan VM. New class of azaheptapyridine FPT inhibitors as potential cancer therapy agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1228-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Activated Ras as a Therapeutic Target: Constraints on Directly Targeting Ras Isoforms and Wild-Type versus Mutated Proteins. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:536529. [PMID: 24294527 PMCID: PMC3833460 DOI: 10.1155/2013/536529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ability to selectively and directly target activated Ras would provide immense utility for treatment of the numerous cancers that are driven by oncogenic Ras mutations. Patients with disorders driven by overactivated wild-type Ras proteins, such as type 1 neurofibromatosis, might also benefit from progress made in that context. Activated Ras is an extremely challenging direct drug target due to the inherent difficulties in disrupting the protein:protein interactions that underlie its activation and function. Major investments have been made to target Ras through indirect routes. Inhibition of farnesyl transferase to block Ras maturation has failed in large clinical trials. Likely reasons for this disappointing outcome include the significant and underappreciated differences in the isoforms of Ras. It is still plausible that inhibition of farnesyl transferase will prove effective for disease that is driven by activated H-Ras. The principal current focus of drugs entering clinic trial is inhibition of pathways downstream of activated Ras, for example, trametinib, a first-in-class MEK inhibitor. The complexity of signaling that is driven by activated Ras indicates that effective inhibition of oncogenic transduction through this approach will be difficult, with resistance being likely to emerge through switch to parallel pathways. Durable disease responses will probably require combinatorial block of several downstream targets.
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8
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Yu X, Zhao X, Zhu L, Zou C, Liu X, Zhao Z, Huang J, Li H. Discovery of novel inhibitors for human farnesyltransferase (hFTase) via structure-based virtual screening. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00058c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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9
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Bellesia F, Choi SR, Felluga F, Fiscaletti G, Ghelfi F, Menziani MC, Parsons AF, Poulter CD, Roncaglia F, Sabbatini M, Spinelli D. Novel route to chaetomellic acid A and analogues: serendipitous discovery of a more competent FTase inhibitor. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:348-58. [PMID: 23182215 PMCID: PMC3761967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new practical route to chaetomellic acid A (ACA), based on the copper catalysed radical cyclization (RC) of (Z)-3-(2,2-dichloropropanoyl)-2-pentadecylidene-1,3-thiazinane, is described. Remarkably, the process entailed: (i) a one-pot preparation of the intermediate N-α-perchloroacyl-2-(Z)-alkyliden-1,3-thiazinanes starting from N-(3-hydroxypropyl)palmitamide, (ii) a two step smooth transformation of the RC products into ACA and (iii) only one intermediate chromatographic purification step. The method offers a versatile approach to the preparation of ACA analogues, through the synthesis of an intermediate maleic anhydride with a vinylic group at the end of the aliphatic tail, a function that can be transformed through a thiol-ene coupling. Serendipitously, the disodium salt of 2-(9-(butylthio)nonyl)-3-methylmaleic acid, that we prepared as a representative sulfurated ACA analogue, was a more competent FTase inhibitor than ACA. This behaviour was analysed by a molecular docking study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Bellesia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Seoung-ryoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fulvia Felluga
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via L. Giorgeri 1, I-34127 Trieste, Italia
| | - Giuliano Fiscaletti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Franco Ghelfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Maria Cristina Menziani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Andrew F. Parsons
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - C. Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Fabrizio Roncaglia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Modena, Via Campi 183, I-40125 Modena, Italia
| | - Massimo Sabbatini
- Dipartimento di Patologia Sistematica, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Via S. Pansini 5, I-80131 Napoli, Italia
| | - Domenico Spinelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italia
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10
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Abuhaie CM, Ghinet A, Farce A, Dubois J, Gautret P, Rigo B, Belei D, Bîcu E. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of phenothiazine-containing protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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11
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Belei D, Dumea C, Samson A, Farce A, Dubois J, Bîcu E, Ghinet A. New farnesyltransferase inhibitors in the phenothiazine series. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4517-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Ghinet A, Rigo B, Dubois J, Farce A, Hénichart JP, Gautret P. Discovery of ferrocene-containing farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Investigation of bulky lipophilic groups for the A2 binding site of farnesyltransferase. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20138k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Narayana Moorthy NSH, Sousa SF, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. In Silico–Based Structural Analysis of Arylthiophene Derivatives for FTase Inhibitory Activity, hERG, and Other Toxic Effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:1037-46. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057111414899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present investigation, the authors have performed an in silico–based analysis on a series of arylthiophene derivatives for the determination of their structural features responsible for farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitory activity, hERG blocking activity, and toxicity by quantitative structure–activity relationship and pharmacophore analysis techniques. The statistically significant models derived through multiple linear regression analysis were validated by different validation methods. The applicability of the descriptors contributed in the selected models show that the polar and polarizable properties on the van der Waals (vdW) surface area of the molecules are important for the FTase inhibitory and hERG blocking activities, while being detrimental for the toxicity of the molecules. It is interesting to note that the topological properties, molecular flexibility, and connectivity of the molecules are positively correlated to all the activities (FTase inhibition, hERG blocking, and toxicity). This implies that the flexibility of the molecules is the common feature for interaction in all targets, whereas the presence of polar groups on the molecular surface (vdW) is a determinant for the favorable (FTase inhibition) or unwanted effect (hERG blocking and toxicity) of the molecules. The pharmacophore analysis of the molecules demonstrated that the aromatic/hydrophobicity and polarizability features are important pharmacophore contours favorable for these activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio F. Sousa
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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14
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Qiao Y, Gao J, Qiu Y, Wu L, Guo F, Kam-Wing Lo K, Li D. Design, synthesis, and characterization of piperazinedione-based dual protein inhibitors for both farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferase-I. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:2264-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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15
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Lethu S, Dubois J. SNAr and Palladium-Catalyzed Reactions of Deactivated Thiophene: Application to the Synthesis of Protein Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Hari Narayana Moorthy NS, Sousa SF, Ramos MJ, Fernandes PA. Structural feature study of benzofuran derivatives as farnesyltransferase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 26:777-91. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.552885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. S. Hari Narayana Moorthy
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sergio F. Sousa
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto, Portugal
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17
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Wlodarczyk N, Le Broc-Ryckewaert D, Gilleron P, Lemoine A, Farce A, Chavatte P, Dubois J, Pommery N, Hénichart JP, Furman C, Millet R. Potent Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors with 1,4-Diazepane Scaffolds as Novel Destabilizing Microtubule Agents in Hormone-Resistant Prostate Cancer. J Med Chem 2011; 54:1178-90. [DOI: 10.1021/jm101067y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Wlodarczyk
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA4481, IFR114, 3 Rue du Pr Laguesse, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Le Broc-Ryckewaert
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA4483, IFR114, 3 Rue du Pr Laguesse, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Pauline Gilleron
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA4481, IFR114, 3 Rue du Pr Laguesse, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Amélie Lemoine
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA4481, IFR114, 3 Rue du Pr Laguesse, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Amaury Farce
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA4481, IFR114, 3 Rue du Pr Laguesse, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA4481, IFR114, 3 Rue du Pr Laguesse, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Joëlle Dubois
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR2301 CNRS, Centre de Recherche de Gif, Avenue de la Terrasse, F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Nicole Pommery
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA4483, IFR114, 3 Rue du Pr Laguesse, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hénichart
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA4481, IFR114, 3 Rue du Pr Laguesse, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Christophe Furman
- Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques de Lille, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA4483, IFR114, 3 Rue du Pr Laguesse, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille, France
| | - Régis Millet
- Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol, Université Lille-Nord de France, EA4481, IFR114, 3 Rue du Pr Laguesse, B.P. 83, F-59006 Lille, France
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18
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Yap JL, Worlikar S, MacKerell AD, Shapiro P, Fletcher S. Small-molecule inhibitors of the ERK signaling pathway: Towards novel anticancer therapeutics. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:38-48. [PMID: 21110380 PMCID: PMC3477473 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander D. MacKerell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, Fax: (+) 1 410 706 5017
| | - Paul Shapiro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, Fax: (+) 1 410 706 5017
| | - Steven Fletcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, Fax: (+) 1 410 706 5017
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19
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Placzek AT, Krzysiak AJ, Gibbs RA. Chemical Probes of Protein Prenylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415922-8.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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20
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Ashworth IW, Cox BG, Meyrick B. Kinetics and Mechanism of N-Boc Cleavage: Evidence of a Second-Order Dependence upon Acid Concentration. J Org Chem 2010; 75:8117-25. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101767h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian W. Ashworth
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, S41/18 PR&D Building, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Brian G. Cox
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, S41/18 PR&D Building, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Meyrick
- Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, S41/18 PR&D Building, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
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21
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Fletcher S, Keaney EP, Cummings CG, Blaskovich MA, Hast MA, Glenn MP, Chang SY, Bucher CJ, Floyd RJ, Katt WP, Gelb MH, Van Voorhis WC, Beese LS, Sebti SM, Hamilton AD. Structure-based design and synthesis of potent, ethylenediamine-based, mammalian farnesyltransferase inhibitors as anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2010; 53:6867-88. [PMID: 20822181 DOI: 10.1021/jm1001748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A potent class of anticancer, human farnesyltransferase (hFTase) inhibitors has been identified by "piggy-backing" on potent, antimalarial inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum farnesyltransferase (PfFTase). On the basis of a 4-fold substituted ethylenediamine scaffold, the inhibitors are structurally simple and readily derivatized, facilitating the extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) study reported herein. Our most potent inhibitor is compound 1f, which exhibited an in vitro hFTase IC(50) value of 25 nM and a whole cell H-Ras processing IC(50) value of 90 nM. Moreover, it is noteworthy that several of our inhibitors proved highly selective for hFTase (up to 333-fold) over the related prenyltransferase enzyme geranylgeranyltransferase-I (GGTase-I). A crystal structure of inhibitor 1a co-crystallized with farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) in the active site of rat FTase illustrates that the para-benzonitrile moiety of 1a is stabilized by a π-π stacking interaction with the Y361β residue, suggesting a structural explanation for the observed importance of this component of our inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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22
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TLN-4601, a novel anticancer agent, inhibits Ras signaling post Ras prenylation and before MEK activation. Anticancer Drugs 2010; 21:543-52. [PMID: 20220516 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e328337f373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
TLN-4601 is a structurally novel farnesylated dibenzodiazepinone discovered through DECIPHER, Thallion's proprietary drug discovery platform. The compound was shown to have a broad cytotoxic activity (low micromol/l) when tested in the NCI 60 tumor cell line panel and has shown in-vivo antitumor activity in several xenograft models. Related to its farnesylated moiety, the effect of TLN-4601 on Ras mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling was assessed. Downstream Ras signaling events, Raf-1, MEK, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in MCF7 cells were evaluated by western blot analysis. TLN-4601 prevented epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of Raf-1, MEK, and ERK1/2. This effect was time-dependent and dose-dependent with complete inhibition of protein phosphorylation within 4-6 h at 10 micromol/l. The inhibition of Ras signaling was not mediated by the inhibition of protein prenylation, documented by the lack of effect TLN-4601 on the prenylation of HDJ2 (specific substrate of farnesyltransferase), RAP1A (specific substrate of geranylgeranyl transferase-1), or Ras. As TLN-4601 did not inhibit EGFR, Raf-1, MEK or ERK1/2 kinase activities, the inhibitory effect of TLN-4601 on Ras signaling is not mediated by direct kinase inhibition. Using an Elk-1 trans-activation reporter assay, we found that TLN-4601 inhibits the MEK/ERK pathway at the level of Raf-1. Interestingly, TLN-4601 induces Raf-1 proteasomal-dependent degradation. These data indicate that TLN-4601 may inhibit the Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase-signaling pathway by depleting the Raf-1 protein.
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23
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DeGraw AJ, Keiser MJ, Ochocki JD, Shoichet BK, Distefano MD. Prediction and evaluation of protein farnesyltransferase inhibition by commercial drugs. J Med Chem 2010; 53:2464-71. [PMID: 20180535 DOI: 10.1021/jm901613f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The similarity ensemble approach (SEA) relates proteins based on the set-wise chemical similarity among their ligands. It can be used to rapidly search large compound databases and to build cross-target similarity maps. The emerging maps relate targets in ways that reveal relationships one might not recognize based on sequence or structural similarities alone. SEA has previously revealed cross talk between drugs acting primarily on G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Here we used SEA to look for potential off-target inhibition of the enzyme protein farnesyltransferase (PFTase) by commercially available drugs. The inhibition of PFTase has profound consequences for oncogenesis, as well as a number of other diseases. In the present study, two commercial drugs, Loratadine and Miconazole, were identified as potential ligands for PFTase and subsequently confirmed as such experimentally. These results point toward the applicability of SEA for the prediction of not only GPCR-GPCR drug cross talk but also GPCR-enzyme and enzyme-enzyme drug cross talk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J DeGraw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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24
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Zhu HY, Cooper AB, Desai J, Njoroge G, Kirschmeier P, Bishop WR, Strickland C, Hruza A, Doll RJ, Girijavallabhan VM. Discovery of C-imidazole azaheptapyridine FPT inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:1134-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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25
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Duez S, Coudray L, Mouray E, Grellier P, Dubois J. Towards the synthesis of bisubstrate inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase: Synthesis and biological evaluation of new farnesylpyrophosphate analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:543-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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26
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Tan KT, Guiu-Rozas E, Bon RS, Guo Z, Delon C, Wetzel S, Arndt S, Alexandrov K, Waldmann H, Goody RS, Wu YW, Blankenfeldt W. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Peptide-Based Rab Geranylgeranyl Transferase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 52:8025-37. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901117d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kirill Alexandrov
- Department of Physical Biochemistry
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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27
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Tardibono LP, Miller MJ. Synthesis and anticancer activity of new hydroxamic acid containing 1,4-benzodiazepines. Org Lett 2009; 11:1575-8. [PMID: 19320504 DOI: 10.1021/ol900210h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By employing an intramolecular Pd(0)-mediated ring opening of an acylnitroso-derived cycloadduct, new hydroxamic acid containing benzodiazepines have been synthesized and have demonstrated biological activity in MCF-7 and PC-3 tumor cell lines. Subsequent N-O bond reduction of the hydroxamate has provided access to amide analogues for SAR studies. During the course of our syntheses, an intermediate oxazoline N-oxide was isolated and gave insight into the mechanism of the key Pd(0)-mediated reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence P Tardibono
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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28
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Wojtkowiak JW, Gibbs RA, Mattingly RR. Working together: Farnesyl transferase inhibitors and statins block protein prenylation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:1-6. [PMID: 20419048 DOI: 10.4255/mcpharmacol.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) have so far proved to have limited value as single agents in clinical trials. This PharmSight will focus on the use of a novel group of FTIs that are most effective in vitro when used in combination with the "statin" class of anti-hypercholesterolemic agents, which also block protein prenylation. We recently showed that these novel FTIs in combination with lovastatin reduce Ras prenylation and induce an apoptotic response in malignant peripheral nerve sheath cells. The combination of statins with these new FTIs may produce profound synergistic cytostatic and cytotoxic effects against a variety of tumors and other proliferative disorders. Since statins are well tolerated in the clinic, we suggest that this combination approach should be tested in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Wojtkowiak
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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29
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DeGraw AJ, Hast MA, Xu J, Mullen D, Beese LS, Barany G, Distefano MD. Caged protein prenyltransferase substrates: tools for understanding protein prenylation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2008; 72:171-81. [PMID: 18844669 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2008.00698.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Originally designed to block the prenylation of oncogenic Ras, inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase currently in preclinical and clinical trials are showing efficacy in cancers with normal Ras. Blocking protein prenylation has also shown promise in the treatment of malaria, Chagas disease and progeria syndrome. A better understanding of the mechanism, targets and in vivo consequences of protein prenylation are needed to elucidate the mode of action of current PFTase (Protein Farnesyltransferase) inhibitors and to create more potent and selective compounds. Caged enzyme substrates are useful tools for understanding enzyme mechanism and biological function. Reported here is the synthesis and characterization of caged substrates of PFTase. The caged isoprenoid diphosphates are poor substrates prior to photolysis. The caged CAAX peptide is a true catalytically caged substrate of PFTase in that it is to not a substrate, yet is able to bind to the enzyme as established by inhibition studies and X-ray crystallography. Irradiation of the caged molecules with 350 nm light readily releases their cognate substrate and their photolysis products are benign. These properties highlight the utility of those analogs towards a variety of in vitro and in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J DeGraw
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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30
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Kohring K, Wiesner J, Altenkämper M, Sakowski J, Silber K, Hillebrecht A, Haebel P, Dahse HM, Ortmann R, Jomaa H, Klebe G, Schlitzer M. Development of Benzophenone-Based Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors as Novel Antimalarials. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:1217-31. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Fletcher S, Cummings CG, Rivas K, Katt WP, Hornéy C, Buckner FS, Chakrabarti D, Sebti SM, Gelb MH, Van Voorhis WC, Hamilton AD. Potent, Plasmodium-selective farnesyltransferase inhibitors that arrest the growth of malaria parasites: structure-activity relationships of ethylenediamine-analogue scaffolds and homology model validation. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5176-97. [PMID: 18686940 DOI: 10.1021/jm800113p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New chemotherapeutics are urgently needed to combat malaria. We previously reported on a novel series of antimalarial, ethylenediamine-based inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase (PFT). In the current study, we designed and synthesized a series of second generation inhibitors, wherein the core ethylenediamine scaffold was varied in order to examine both the homology model of Plasmodium falciparum PFT (PfPFT) and our predicted inhibitor binding mode. We identified several PfPFT inhibitors (PfPFTIs) that are selective for PfPFT versus the mammalian isoform of the enzyme (up to 136-fold selectivity), that inhibit the malarial enzyme with IC50 values down to 1 nM, and that block the growth of P. falciparum in infected whole cells (erythrocytes) with ED50 values down to 55 nM. The structure-activity data for these second generation, ethylenediamine-inspired PFT inhibitors were rationalized by consideration of the X-ray crystal structure of mammalian PFT and the homology model of the malarial enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Fletcher
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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32
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33
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Abbas S, Ferris L, Norton AK, Powell L, Robinson GE, Siedlecki P, Southworth RJ, Stark A, Williams EG. Application of an Enantiomerically Pure Bicyclic Thiolactone in the Synthesis of a Farnesyl Transferase Inhibitor. Org Process Res Dev 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/op700218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Abbas
- Process R&D, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Leigh Ferris
- Process R&D, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Alison K. Norton
- Process R&D, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Lyn Powell
- Process R&D, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Graham E. Robinson
- Process R&D, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Paul Siedlecki
- Process R&D, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Rebecca J. Southworth
- Process R&D, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Andrew Stark
- Process R&D, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
| | - Emyr G. Williams
- Process R&D, AstraZeneca, Silk Road Business Park, Charter Way, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 2NA, U.K
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34
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Puntambekar DS, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. Insights into the structural requirements of farnesyltransferase inhibitors as potential anti-tumor agents based on 3D-QSAR CoMFA and CoMSIA models. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:142-54. [PMID: 17448576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) study was performed on three different chemical series reported as selective farnesyltransferase (FTase) inhibitors employing comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices (CoMSIA) techniques to investigate the structural requirements for substrates and derive a predictive model that may be used for the design of novel FTase inhibitors. Removal of outliers improved the predictive power of models developed for all three structurally diverse classes of compounds. 3D-QSAR models were derived for 3-aminopyrrolidinone derivatives (training set N=38, test set N=7), 2-amino-nicotinonitriles (training set N=46, test set N=13) and 1-aryl-1'-imidazolyl methyl ethers (training set N=35, test set N=5). The CoMFA models with steric and electrostatic fields exhibited r(2)(cv) 0.479-0.803, r(2)(ncv) 0.945-0.993, r(2)(pred) 0.686-0.811. The CoMSIA models displayed r(2)(cv) 0.411-0.814, r(2)(ncv) 0.923-0.984, r(2)(pred) 0.399-0.787. 3D contour maps generated from these models were analyzed individually, which provide the regions in space where interactive fields may influence the activity. The superimposition of contour maps on the active site of farnesyltransferase additionally helps in understanding the structural requirements of these inhibitors. 3D-QSAR models developed may guide our efforts in designing and predicting the FTase inhibitory activity of novel molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra S Puntambekar
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M.S. University of Baroda, Kalabhavan, PO Box 51, Baroda 390 001, Gujarat, India
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35
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Labadie GR, Viswanathan R, Poulter CD. Farnesyl diphosphate analogues with omega-bioorthogonal azide and alkyne functional groups for protein farnesyl transferase-catalyzed ligation reactions. J Org Chem 2007; 72:9291-7. [PMID: 17979291 DOI: 10.1021/jo7017747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eleven farnesyl diphosphate analogues, which contained omega-azide or alkyne substituents suitable for bioorthogonal Staudinger and Huisgen [3 + 2] cycloaddition coupling reactions, were synthesized. The analogues were evaluated as substrates for the alkylation of peptide cosubstrates by yeast protein farnesyl transferase. Five of the diphosphates were good alternative substrates for farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). Steady-state kinetic constants were measured for the active compounds, and the products were characterized by HPLC and LC-MS. Two of the analogues gave steady-state kinetic parameters (kcat and Km) very similar to those of the natural substrate.
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36
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37
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Bendale P, Olepu S, Suryadevara PK, Bulbule V, Rivas K, Nallan L, Smart B, Yokoyama K, Ankala S, Pendyala PR, Floyd D, Lombardo LJ, Williams DK, Buckner FS, Chakrabarti D, Verlinde CLMJ, Van Voorhis WC, Gelb MH. Second generation tetrahydroquinoline-based protein farnesyltransferase inhibitors as antimalarials. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4585-605. [PMID: 17722901 PMCID: PMC2894570 DOI: 10.1021/jm0703340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Substituted tetrahydroquinolines (THQs) have been previously identified as inhibitors of mammalian protein farnesyltransferase (PFT). Previously we showed that blocking PFT in the malaria parasite led to cell death and that THQ-based inhibitors are the most potent among several structural classes of PFT inhibitors (PFTIs). We have prepared 266 THQ-based PFTIs and discovered several compounds that inhibit the malarial enzyme in the sub- to low-nanomolar range and that block the growth of the parasite (P. falciparum) in the low-nanomolar range. This body of structure-activity data can be rationalized in most cases by consideration of the X-ray structure of one of the THQs bound to mammalian PFT together with a homology structural model of the malarial enzyme. The results of this study provide the basis for selection of antimalarial PFTIs for further evaluation in preclinical drug discovery assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Bendale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Srinivas Olepu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | | | - Vivek Bulbule
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Kasey Rivas
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Laxman Nallan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Brian Smart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Kohei Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Sudha Ankala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Prakash Rao Pendyala
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826
| | - David Floyd
- Pharmacopeia Drug Discovery, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Louis J. Lombardo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - David K. Williams
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000
| | - Frederick S. Buckner
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Debopam Chakrabarti
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32826
| | | | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Michael H. Gelb
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 206-543-7142. Fax: 206-685-8665.
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38
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Suzuki T, Hisakawa S, Itoh Y, Suzuki N, Takahashi K, Kawahata M, Yamaguchi K, Nakagawa H, Miyata N. Design, synthesis, and biological activity of folate receptor-targeted prodrugs of thiolate histone deacetylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4208-12. [PMID: 17532630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Revised: 05/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to develop selective anticancer drugs, we designed and synthesized three disulfides bearing a folic acid moiety as candidate folate receptor (FR)-targeted prodrugs of thiolate histone deacetylase inhibitors. Among them, compound 1 displayed growth-inhibitory activity toward folate receptor-positive MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The activity of 1 was significantly reduced by free folic acid, suggesting that cellular uptake of 1 is mediated by FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Suzuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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39
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Angibaud P, Mevellec L, Meyer C, Bourdrez X, Lezouret P, Pilatte I, Poncelet V, Roux B, Merillon S, End DW, Van Dun J, Wouters W, Venet M. Impact on farnesyltransferase inhibition of 4-chlorophenyl moiety replacement in the Zarnestra® series. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:702-14. [PMID: 17316920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on the structure of R115777 (tipifarnib, Zarnestra), a series of farnesyltransferase inhibitors have been synthesized by modification of the 2-quinolinone motif and transposition of the 4-chlorophenyl ring to the imidazole or its replacement by 5-membered rings. This has yielded a novel series of potent farnesyltransferase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Angibaud
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development (J&JPRD), Campus de Maigremont BP615, Val de Reuil, France.
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40
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Equbal T, Silakari O, Rambabu G, Ravikumar M. Pharmacophore mapping of diverse classes of farnesyltransferase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1594-600. [PMID: 17236767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Revised: 12/10/2006] [Accepted: 12/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) is a zinc-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the attachment of a farnesyl lipid group to the sulfur atom of a cysteine residue of numerous proteins involved in cell signaling including the oncogenic H-Ras protein. Pharmacophore models were developed by using Catalyst HypoGen program with a training set of 22 farnesyltransferase inhibitors (FTIs), which were carefully selected with great diversity in both molecular structure and bioactivity for discovering new potent FTIs. The best pharmacophore hypothesis (Hypo 1), consisting of four features, namely, one hydrogen-bond acceptor (HBA), one hydrophobic point (HY), and two ring aromatics (RA), has a correlation coefficient of 0.961, a root mean square deviation (RMSD) of 0.885, and a cost difference of 62.436, suggesting that a highly predictive pharmacophore model was successfully obtained. For the test series, a classification scheme was used to distinguish highly active from moderately active and inactive compounds on the basis of activity ranges. Hypo 1 was validated with 181 test set compounds, which has a correlation coefficient of 0.713 between estimated activity and experimentally measured activity. The model was further validated by screening a database spiked with 25 known inhibitors. The model picked up all 25 known inhibitors giving an enrichment factor of 10.892. The results demonstrate that the hypothesis derived in this study can be considered to be a useful and reliable tool in identifying structurally diverse compounds with desired biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabish Equbal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala 147-002, India
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41
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de Figueiredo RM, Coudray L, Dubois J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of potential bisubstrate inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase. Design and synthesis of functionalized imidazoles. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3299-309. [PMID: 17912382 DOI: 10.1039/b709854e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of compounds, derived from 2,5-functionalized imidazoles, have been synthesized as potential bisubstrate inhibitors of protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) using structure-based design. These compounds have a 1,4-diacid chain and a tripeptide connected by an imidazole ring. The synthetic strategy relies on the functionalization at the C-2 position of the heterocycle with the diacid side chain and peptide coupling at the C-5 position. Several new compounds were synthesized in good yields. Kinetic experiments on the most active compounds revealed different binding modes depending on the diacid chain length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Marcia de Figueiredo
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
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Eastman RT, White J, Hucke O, Yokoyama K, Verlinde CLMJ, Hast MA, Beese LS, Gelb MH, Rathod PK, Van Voorhis WC. Resistance mutations at the lipid substrate binding site of Plasmodium falciparum protein farnesyltransferase. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2006; 152:66-71. [PMID: 17208314 PMCID: PMC2875941 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The post-translational farnesylation of proteins serves to anchor a subset of intracellular proteins to membranes in eukaryotic organisms and also promotes protein-protein interactions. This enzymatic reaction is carried out by protein farnesyltransferase (PFT), which catalyzes the transfer of a 15-carbon isoprenoid lipid unit, a farnesyl group, from farnesyl pyrophosphate to the C-termini of proteins containing a CaaX motif. Inhibition of PFT is lethal to the pathogenic protozoa Plasmodium falciparum. Previously, we have shown that parasites resistant to a tetrahydroquinoline (THQ)-based PFT inhibitor BMS-388891 have mutations leading to amino acid substitutions in PFT that map to the peptide substrate binding domain. We now report the selection of parasites resistant to another THQ PFT inhibitor BMS-339941. In whole cell assays sensitivity to BMS-339941 was reduced by 33-fold in a resistant clone, and biochemical analysis demonstrated a corresponding 33-fold increase in the BMS-339941 K(i) for the mutant PFT enzyme. More detailed kinetic analysis revealed that the mutant enzyme required higher concentration of peptide and farnesyl pyrophosphate substrates for optimum catalysis. Unlike previously characterized parasites resistant to BMS-388891, the resistant parasites have a mutation which is predicted to be in a distinct location of the enzymatic pocket, near the farnesyl pyrophosphate binding pocket. This is the first description of a mutation from any species affecting the farnesyl pyrophosphate binding pocket with reduced efficacy of PFT inhibitors. These data provide further support that PFT is the target of THQ inhibitors in P. falciparum and suggest that PFT inhibitors should be combined with other antimalarial agents to minimize the development of resistant parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John White
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Oliver Hucke
- Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Michael A. Hast
- Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lorena S. Beese
- Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Pradipsinh K. Rathod
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Wesley C. Van Voorhis
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Corresponding author: Wesley C. Van Voorhis, Dept. of Medicine, University of Washington, Box 357185, 1959 N.E. Pacific, Seattle, WA 98195-7185, Tel.: + 1-206-543-2447; fax: + 1-206-685-8681, E. mail addresses:
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Dilworth JT, Kraniak JM, Wojtkowiak JW, Gibbs RA, Borch RF, Tainsky MA, Reiners JJ, Mattingly RR. Molecular targets for emerging anti-tumor therapies for neurofibromatosis type 1. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:1485-92. [PMID: 16797490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common cancer predisposition syndrome. NF1 patients present with a constellation of clinical manifestations and have an increased risk of developing certain benign and malignant tumors. This disease results from mutation within the gene encoding neurofibromin, a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Ras. Functional loss of this protein compromises Ras inactivation, which leads to the aberrant growth and proliferation of neural crest-derived cells and, ultimately, tumor formation. Current management of NF1-associated malignancy involves radiation, surgical excision, and cytotoxic drugs. The limited success of these strategies has fueled researchers to further elucidate the molecular changes that drive tumor formation and progression. This discussion will highlight how intracellular signaling molecules, cell-surface receptors, and the tumor microenvironment constitute potential therapeutic targets, which may be relevant not only to NF1-related malignancy but also to other human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Dilworth
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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44
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Gilleron P, Millet R, Houssin R, Wlodarczyk N, Farce A, Lemoine A, Goossens JF, Chavatte P, Pommery N, Hénichart JP. Solid-phase synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a library of peptidomimetics as potential farnesyltransferase inhibitors: an approach to new lead compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 41:745-55. [PMID: 16647166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic Ras proteins whose activation is farnesylation by farnesyltransferase have been seen as important targets for novel anticancer drugs. Inhibitors of this enzyme have already been developed as potential anti-cancer drugs, particularly by rational design based on the structure of the CA(1)A(2)X carboxyl terminus of Ras. Synthesis of a peptidomimetics library via solid-phase synthesis using the Multipin method is described here. The most active hits on cellular assays were resynthesized and enzymatic activity was measured. Compounds A1, A5 and A7 present significant activity on the isolated enzyme (IC(50)=117, 57.3 and 28.5 nM) and their molecular docking in the active site of the enzyme provides details on key interactions with the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gilleron
- Institut de chimie pharmaceutique Albert-Lespagnol, EA 2692, université de Lille-II, rue du professeur-Laguesse, BP 83, 59006 Lille, France
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Puntambekar D, Giridhar R, Yadav MR. 3D-QSAR studies of farnesyltransferase inhibitors: A comparative molecular field analysis approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1821-7. [PMID: 16455255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 12/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
3D-QSAR analysis has been performed on a series of previously synthesized benzonitrile derivatives, which were screened as farnesyltransferase inhibitors, using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) with partial least-square fit to predict the steric and electrostatic molecular field interactions for the activity. The CoMFA study was carried out using a training set of 34 compounds. The predictive ability of the model developed was assessed using a test set of eight compounds (r(pred)(2) as high as 0.770). The analyzed 3D-QSAR CoMFA model has demonstrated a good fit, having r(2) value of 0.991 and cross-validated coefficient q(2) value as 0.619. The analysis of CoMFA contour maps provided insight into the possible modification of the molecules for better activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Puntambekar
- Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 001, India
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Cui G, Wang B, Merz KM. Computational studies of the farnesyltransferase ternary complex part I: substrate binding. Biochemistry 2006; 44:16513-23. [PMID: 16342942 PMCID: PMC2566548 DOI: 10.1021/bi051020m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the transfer of farnesyl from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to cysteine residues at or near the C-terminus of protein acceptors with a CaaX motif (a, aliphatic; X, Met). Farnesylation is a critical modification to many switch proteins involved in the extracellular signal transduction pathway, which facilitates their fixation on the cell membrane where the extracellular signal is processed. The malfunction caused by mutations in these proteins often causes uncontrolled cell reproduction and leads to tumor formation. FTase inhibitors have been extensively studied as potential anticancer agents in recent years, several of which have advanced to different phases of clinical trials. However, the mechanism of this biologically important enzyme has not been firmly established. Understanding how FTase recruits the FPP substrate is the first and foremost step toward further mechanistic investigations and the design of effective FTase inhibitors. Molecular dynamic simulations were carried out on the ternary structure of FTase complexed with the FPP substrate and an acetyl-capped tetrapeptide (acetyl-CVIM), which revealed that the FPP substrate maintains an inactive conformation and the binding of the diphosphate group can be largely attributed to residues R291beta, K164alpha, K294beta, and H248beta. The FPP substrate assumes an extended conformation in the binding site with restricted rotation of the backbone dihedral angles; however, it does not have a well-defined conformation when unbound in solution. This is evident from multinanosecond MD simulations of the FPP substrate in a vacuum and solution. Our conclusion is further supported by theoretical J coupling calculations. Our results on the FPP binding are in good agreement with previous experimental kinetic studies on FTase mutants. The hypothetical conformational activation of the FPP substrate is currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Cui
- Department of Chemistry, 104 Chemistry Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
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Belen’kii L, Gramenitskaya V, Evdokimenkova Y. The Literature of Heterocyclic Chemistry, Part IX, 2002–2004. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2725(06)92004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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49
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Saha AK, Liu L, Simoneaux R, DeCorte B, Meyer C, Skrzat S, Breslin HJ, Kukla MJ, End DW. Novel triazole based inhibitors of Ras farnesyl transferase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:5407-11. [PMID: 16216509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 08/26/2005] [Accepted: 09/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of potent inhibitors of Ras farnesyl transferase possessing a 1,2,4-triazole pharmacophore is described. These inhibitors were discovered from a parallel synthesis effort and were subsequently optimized to in vitro IC(50) value of less than 1nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Saha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Janssen Research Foundation, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
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Zhang Z, Li M, Rayburn ER, Hill DL, Zhang R, Wang H. Oncogenes as novel targets for cancer therapy (part II): Intermediate signaling molecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 5:247-57. [PMID: 16078861 DOI: 10.2165/00129785-200505040-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This is the second part of a four-part review on potential therapeutic targeting of oncogenes. The previous part introduced the new technologies responsible for the advancement of oncogene identification, target validation, and drug design. Because of such advances, new specific and more efficient therapeutic agents can be developed for cancer. This part of the review continues the exploration of various oncogenes, which we have grouped within seven categories: growth factors, tyrosine kinases, intermediate signaling molecules, transcription factors, cell cycle regulators, DNA damage repair genes, and genes involved in apoptosis. Part I included a discussion of growth factors and tyrosine kinases. This portion of the review covers intermediate signaling molecules and the various strategies used to inhibit their expression or decrease their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0019, USA
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