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Felber JG, Kitowski A, Zeisel L, Maier MS, Heise C, Thorn-Seshold J, Thorn-Seshold O. Cyclic Dichalcogenides Extend the Reach of Bioreductive Prodrugs to Harness Thiol/Disulfide Oxidoreductases: Applications to seco-Duocarmycins Targeting the Thioredoxin System. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:763-776. [PMID: 37122469 PMCID: PMC10141580 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule prodrug approaches that can activate cancer therapeutics selectively in tumors are urgently needed. Here, we developed the first antitumor prodrugs designed for activation by thiol-manifold oxidoreductases, targeting the thioredoxin (Trx) system. The Trx system is a critical cellular redox axis that is tightly linked to dysregulated redox/metabolic states in cancer, yet it cannot be addressed by current bioreductive prodrugs, which mainly cluster around oxidized nitrogen species. We instead harnessed Trx/TrxR-specific artificial dichalcogenides to gate the bioactivity of 10 "off-to-on" reduction-activated duocarmycin prodrugs. The prodrugs were tested for cell-free and cellular reductase-dependent activity in 177 cell lines, establishing broad trends for redox-based cellular bioactivity of the dichalcogenides. They were well tolerated in vivo in mice, indicating low systemic release of their duocarmycin cargo, and in vivo anti-tumor efficacy trials in mouse models of breast and pancreatic cancer gave promising indications of effective tumoral drug release, presumably by in situ bioreductive activation. This work therefore presents a chemically novel class of bioreductive prodrugs against a previously unaddressed reductase chemotype, validates its ability to access in vivo-compatible small-molecule prodrugs even of potently cumulative toxins, and so introduces carefully tuned dichalcogenides as a platform strategy for specific bioreduction-based release.
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Felber JG, Thorn-Seshold O. 40 Years of Duocarmycins: A Graphical Structure/Function Review of Their Chemical Evolution, from SAR to Prodrugs and ADCs. JACS AU 2022; 2:2636-2644. [PMID: 36590260 PMCID: PMC9795467 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic analogues of the DNA-alkylating cytotoxins of the duocarmycin class have been extensively investigated in the past 40 years, driven by their high potency, their unusual mechanism of bioactivity, and the beautiful modularity of their structure-activity relationship (SAR). This Perspective analyzes how the molecular designs of synthetic duocarmycins have evolved: from (1) early SAR studies, through to modern applications for directed cancer therapy as (2) prodrugs and (3) antibody-drug conjugates in late-stage clinical development. Analyzing 583 primary research articles and patents from 1978 to 2022, we distill out a searchable A0-format "Minard map" poster of ca. 200 key structure/function-tuning steps tracing chemical developments across these three key areas. This structure-based overview showcases the ingenious approaches to tune and target bioactivity, that continue to drive development of the elegant and powerful duocarmycin platform.
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Jaijyan DK, Govindasamy K, Lee M, Zhu H. A chemical method for generating live-attenuated, replication-defective DNA viruses for vaccine development. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100287. [PMID: 36160049 PMCID: PMC9499982 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of a chemically attenuated, replication-incompetent virus vaccine can provide protection against diseases caused by DNA viruses. In this study, we have developed a method to produce live-attenuated, replication-defective viruses using centanamycin (CM), a chemical compound that alkylates the A-T-rich minor groove of the DNA and thereby blocks DNA replication. We tested the efficacy of CM to produce live-attenuated, replication-defective human cytomegalovirus, mouse cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), suggesting a broad application for generating live-attenuated, replication-defective DNA viruses. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that CM alkylate viral DNA at the adenine-N3 position. Moreover, mice immunization with CM-attenuated mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) produced a robust immune response and reduced the viral load in immunized animals against challenges with live, wild-type MCMV. Our study offers a unifying and attractive therapeutic opportunity that chemically attenuated live DNA viruses can be readily developed as new frontline vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dabbu Kumar Jaijyan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers – New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Kavitha Govindasamy
- New Jersey Center for Science, Technology and Mathematics, Kean University, Union, NJ, USA
| | - Moses Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers – New Jersey Medical School, 225 Warren Street, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Stanisic DI, Fink J, Mayer J, Coghill S, Gore L, Liu XQ, El-Deeb I, Rodriguez IB, Powell J, Willemsen NM, De SL, Ho MF, Hoffman SL, Gerrard J, Good MF. Vaccination with chemically attenuated Plasmodium falciparum asexual blood-stage parasites induces parasite-specific cellular immune responses in malaria-naïve volunteers: a pilot study. BMC Med 2018; 16:184. [PMID: 30293531 PMCID: PMC6174572 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-018-1173-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continuing morbidity and mortality associated with infection with malaria parasites highlights the urgent need for a vaccine. The efficacy of sub-unit vaccines tested in clinical trials in malaria-endemic areas has thus far been disappointing, sparking renewed interest in the whole parasite vaccine approach. We previously showed that a chemically attenuated whole parasite asexual blood-stage vaccine induced CD4+ T cell-dependent protection against challenge with homologous and heterologous parasites in rodent models of malaria. METHODS In this current study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of chemically attenuated asexual blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasites in eight malaria-naïve human volunteers. Study participants received a single dose of 3 × 107 Pf pRBC that had been treated in vitro with the cyclopropylpyrolloindole analogue, tafuramycin-A. RESULTS We demonstrate that Pf asexual blood-stage parasites that are completely attenuated are immunogenic, safe and well tolerated in malaria-naïve volunteers. Following vaccination with a single dose, species and strain transcending Plasmodium-specific T cell responses were induced in recipients. This included induction of Plasmodium-specific lymphoproliferative responses, T cells secreting the parasiticidal cytokines, IFN-γ and TNF, and CD3+CD45RO+ memory T cells. Pf-specific IgG was not detected. CONCLUSIONS This is the first clinical study evaluating a whole parasite blood-stage malaria vaccine. Following administration of a single dose of completely attenuated Pf asexual blood-stage parasites, Plasmodium-specific T cell responses were induced while Pf-specific antibodies were not detected. These results support further evaluation of this chemically attenuated vaccine in humans. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration: ACTRN12614000228684 . Registered 4 March 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle I Stanisic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - James Fink
- Gold Coast University Hospital, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Johanna Mayer
- Gold Coast University Hospital, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Coghill
- Gold Coast University Hospital, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Letitia Gore
- Gold Coast University Hospital, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xue Q Liu
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ibrahim El-Deeb
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ingrid B Rodriguez
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Powell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicole M Willemsen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sai Lata De
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mei-Fong Ho
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - John Gerrard
- Gold Coast University Hospital, 1 Hospital Blvd, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
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Kiakos K, Englinger B, Yanow SK, Wernitznig D, Jakupec MA, Berger W, Keppler BK, Hartley JA, Lee M, Patil PC. Design, synthesis, nuclear localization, and biological activity of a fluorescent duocarmycin analog, HxTfA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1342-1347. [PMID: 29548574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
HxTfA 4 is a fluorescent analog of a potent cytotoxic and antimalarial agent, TfA 3, which is currently being investigated for the development of an antimalarial vaccine, PlasProtect®. HxTfA contains a p-anisylbenzimidazole or Hx moiety, which is endowed with a blue emission upon excitation at 318 nm; thus enabling it to be used as a surrogate for probing the cellular fate of TfA using confocal microscopy, and addressing the question of nuclear localization. HxTfA exhibits similar selectivity to TfA for A-tract sequences of DNA, alkylating adenine-N3, albeit at 10-fold higher concentrations. It also possesses in vitro cytotoxicity against A549 human lung carcinoma cells and Plasmodium falciparum. Confocal microscopy studies showed for the first time that HxTfA, and by inference TfA, entered A549 cells and localized in the nucleus to exert its biological activity. At biologically relevant concentrations, HxTfA elicits DNA damage response as evidenced by a marked increase in the levels of γH2AX observed by confocal microscopy and immunoblotting studies, and ultimately induces apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Englinger
- Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Debora Wernitznig
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Jakupec
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Berger
- Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Institute of Cancer Research and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard K Keppler
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Research Cluster "Translational Cancer Therapy Research", University of Vienna, Waehringer Str. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - John A Hartley
- Cancer Research UK Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, UCL Cancer Institute, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Moses Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
| | - Pravin C Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Hope College, Holland, MI 49423, United States
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Abstract
Malaria vaccine development has been dominated by the subunit approach; however, many subunit vaccine candidates have had limited efficacy in settings of malaria endemicity. As our search for an efficacious malaria vaccine continues, the development of a whole-organism vaccine is now receiving much scrutiny. One strategy currently being explored in the development of a whole-organism vaccine involves chemical attenuation of the malaria parasite. In vivo and in vitro chemical attenuation of both liver-stage and blood-stage Plasmodium parasites has been investigated. Here, we discuss both approaches of chemical attenuation in the development of a whole-organism vaccine against malaria.
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Mhetre AB, Lee H, Yang H, Lee K, Nam DH, Lim D. Synthesis and anticancer activity of benzoselenophene and heteroaromatic derivatives of 1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benzo[e]indol-4-one (CBI). Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:1198-1208. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02729f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel benzoselenophene analogs of duocarmycin were prepared. The anticancer activity of the butyramide analog of benzoselenophene was 120 times more potent than the corresponding indole analog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol B. Mhetre
- Department of Chemistry
- Sejong University
- Seoul 143-747
- Republic of Korea
| | - Hangeun Lee
- Department of Chemistry
- Sejong University
- Seoul 143-747
- Republic of Korea
| | - Heekyoung Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Samsung Medical Center
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungmin Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Samsung Medical Center
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Samsung Medical Center
- Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine
- Seoul
- Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyeol Lim
- Department of Chemistry
- Sejong University
- Seoul 143-747
- Republic of Korea
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8
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Persistence and immunogenicity of chemically attenuated blood stage Plasmodium falciparum in Aotus monkeys. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:581-91. [PMID: 27238088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan of the Plasmodium genus and results in 0.5-0.7million deaths per year. Increasing drug resistance of the parasite and insecticide resistance of mosquitoes necessitate alternative control measures. Numerous vaccine candidates have been identified but none have been able to induce robust, long-lived protection when evaluated in malaria endemic regions. Rodent studies have demonstrated that chemically attenuated blood stage parasites can persist at sub-patent levels and induce homologous and heterologous protection against malaria. Parasite-specific cellular responses were detected, with protection dependent on CD4+ T cells. To investigate this vaccine approach for Plasmodium falciparum, we characterised the persistence and immunogenicity of chemically attenuated P. falciparum FVO strain parasites (CAPs) in non-splenectomised Aotus nancymaae monkeys following administration of a single dose. Control monkeys received either normal red blood cells or wild-type parasites followed by drug treatment. Chemical attenuation was performed using tafuramycin A, which irreversibly binds to DNA. CAPs were detected in the peripheral blood for up to 2days following inoculation as determined by thick blood smears, and for up to 8days as determined by quantitative PCR. Parasite-specific IgG was not detected in monkeys that received CAPs; however, in vitro parasite-specific T cell proliferation was observed. Following challenge, the CAP monkeys developed an infection; however, one CAP monkey and the infection and drug-cure monkeys showed partial or complete resistance. These experiments lay the groundwork for further assessment of CAPs as a potential vaccine against malaria.
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Liu Z, Tang L, Zhu H, Xu T, Qiu C, Zheng S, Gu Y, Feng J, Zhang Y, Liang G. Design, Synthesis, and Structure–Activity Relationship Study of Novel Indole-2-carboxamide Derivatives as Anti-inflammatory Agents for the Treatment of Sepsis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:4637-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Liu
- Chemical
Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Longguang Tang
- Chemical
Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
- Center
for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory
of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public
Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Heping Zhu
- Chemical
Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- The
Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Chenyu Qiu
- Chemical
Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Suqing Zheng
- Chemical
Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yugui Gu
- Chemical
Biology Section in WMU−WU Joint Research Centre, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Jianpeng Feng
- Chemical
Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- Chemical
Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical
Biology Research Center at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 1210 University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
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El-Deeb IM, Rose FJ, Healy PC, von Itzstein M. A versatile synthesis of "tafuramycin A": a potent anticancer and parasite attenuating agent. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 12:4260-4. [PMID: 24838868 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An improved and versatile synthesis of tafuramycin A, a potent anticancer and parasite-attenuating agent, is reported. The three major improvements that optimized yield, simplified purification and allowed the synthesis of more versatile duocarmycin analogues are: a first-time reported regioselective bromination using DMAP as catalyst; the control of the aryl radical alkene cyclization step to prevent the dechlorination side reaction; and the design of a new protection/deprotection method to avoid furan double bond reduction during the classical O-benzyl deprotection in the final step. This alternative protection/deprotection strategy provides ready access to duocarmycin seco-analogues that carry labile functionalities under reducing reaction conditions. Tafuramycin A (3) was prepared in either 8 steps from intermediate 6 or 7 steps from intermediate 17 in 52% or 37% yield respectively. Our strategy provides a significant improvement on the original procedure (11% overall yield) and greater versatility for analogue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M El-Deeb
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, 4222, Australia.
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11
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A novel and green synthesis of indolone-N-amino acid derivatives via the Passerini three-component reactions in water. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Bukšnaitienė R, Urbanaitė A, Čikotienė I. Formation of Condensed 1H-Pyrrol-2-ylphosphonates and 1,2-Dihydropyridin-2-ylphosphonates via Kabachnik–Fields Reaction of Acetylenic Aldehydes and Subsequent 5-exo-dig or 6-endo-dig Cyclizations. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6532-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501011u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rita Bukšnaitienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Urbanaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Inga Čikotienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry,
Faculty of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Good MF, Reiman JM, Rodriguez IB, Ito K, Yanow SK, El-Deeb IM, Batzloff MR, Stanisic DI, Engwerda C, Spithill T, Hoffman SL, Lee M, McPhun V. Cross-species malaria immunity induced by chemically attenuated parasites. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:66634. [PMID: 23863622 PMCID: PMC4011145 DOI: 10.1172/jci66634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development for the blood stages of malaria has focused on the induction of antibodies to parasite surface antigens, most of which are highly polymorphic. An alternate strategy has evolved from observations that low-density infections can induce antibody-independent immunity to different strains. To test this strategy, we treated parasitized red blood cells from the rodent parasite Plasmodium chabaudi with seco-cyclopropyl pyrrolo indole analogs. These drugs irreversibly alkylate parasite DNA, blocking their ability to replicate. After administration in mice, DNA from the vaccine could be detected in the blood for over 110 days and a single vaccination induced profound immunity to different malaria parasite species. Immunity was mediated by CD4+ T cells and was dependent on the red blood cell membrane remaining intact. The human parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, could also be attenuated by treatment with seco-cyclopropyl pyrrolo indole analogs. These data demonstrate that vaccination with chemically attenuated parasites induces protective immunity and provide a compelling rationale for testing a blood-stage parasite-based vaccine targeting human Plasmodium species.
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14
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Rayburn E, Wang W, Li M, Zhang X, Xu H, Li H, Qin JJ, Jia L, Covey J, Lee M, Zhang R. Preclinical pharmacology of novel indolecarboxamide ML-970, an investigative anticancer agent. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2012; 69:1423-31. [PMID: 22367116 PMCID: PMC6690187 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-012-1851-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE ML-970 (AS-I-145; NSC 716970) is an indolecarboxamide synthesized as a less toxic analog of CC-1065 and duocarmycin, a natural product that binds the A-T-rich DNA minor groove and alkylates DNA. The NCI60 screening showed that ML-970 had potent cytotoxic activity, with an average GI(50) of 34 nM. The aim of this study is to define the pharmacological properties of this novel anticancer agent. METHODS We established an HPLC method for the compound, examined its stability, protein binding, and metabolism by S9 enzymes, and conducted pharmacokinetic studies of the compound in two strains of mice using two different formulations. RESULTS ML-970 was relatively stable in plasma, being largely intact after an 8-h incubation in mouse plasma at 37°C. The compound was extensively bound to plasma proteins. ML-970 was only minimally metabolized by the enzymes present in S9 preparation and was not appreciably excreted in the urine or feces. The solution formulation provided higher C(max), AUC, F values, and greater bioavailability, although the suspension formulation resulted in a later T(max) and a slightly longer T(1/2). To determine the fate of the compound, we accomplished in-depth studies of tissue distribution; the results indicated that the compound undergoes extensive enterohepatic circulation. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained from this study will be relevant to the further development of the compound and may explain the lower myelotoxicity of this analog compared to CC-1065.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rayburn
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cancer Pharmacology Laboratory, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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15
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Alves D, Lara RG, Contreira ME, Radatz CS, Duarte LF, Perin G. Copper-catalyzed sulfenylation of pyrroles with disulfides or thiols: directly synthesis of sulfenyl pyrroles. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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From multiply active natural product to candidate drug? Antibacterial (and other) minor groove binders for DNA. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:971-89. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products that bind to DNA in the minor groove are valuable templates for drug design. Examples include distamycin, netropsin, duocarmycin and anthramycin. Anticancer and anti-infective drugs feature strongly amongst their derivatives. The structures and activities of chemotypes with various therapeutic actions are discussed in the context of the broader field of therapeutically active minor groove binders. The evolution of a series of exceptionally potent and nontoxic antibacterial compounds is discussed using the general design principle of introducing additional hydrophobicity into the distamycin template to increase the strength of binding to DNA. As well as potent antibacterial compounds, antifungal and antiparasitic compounds with exceptional cellular activity against trypanosomes have been identified. Possible mechanisms of action including gene regulation and topoisomerase inhibition are discussed with the need in mind to understand selective toxicity in the series to support future drug discovery.
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18
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Babu B, Lee M, Lee L, Strobel R, Brockway O, Nickols A, Sjoholm R, Tzou S, Chavda S, Desta D, Fraley G, Siegfried A, Pennington W, Hartley RM, Westbrook C, Mooberry SL, Kiakos K, Hartley JA, Lee M. Acetyl analogs of combretastatin A-4: synthesis and biological studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2359-67. [PMID: 21382720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The combretastatins have received significant attention because of their simple chemical structures, excellent antitumor efficacy and novel antivascular mechanisms of action. Herein, we report the synthesis of 20 novel acetyl analogs of CA-4 (1), synthesized from 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenylacetone that comprises the A ring of CA-4 with different aromatic aldehydes as the B ring. Molecular modeling studies indicate that these new compounds possess a 'twisted' conformation similar to CA-4. The new analogs effectively inhibit the growth of human and murine cancer cells. The most potent compounds 6k, 6s and 6t, have IC(50) values in the sub-μM range. Analog 6t has an IC(50) of 182 nM in MDA-MB-435 cells and has advantages over earlier analogs due to its enhanced water solubility (456 μM). This compound initiates microtubule depolymerization with an EC(50) value of 1.8 μM in A-10 cells. In a murine L1210 syngeneic tumor model 6t had antitumor activity and no apparent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Babu
- Department of Chemistry and the Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College 49423, USA
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19
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Lee M, Brockway O, Dandavati A, Tzou S, Sjoholm R, Nickols A, Babu B, Chavda S, Satam V, Hartley RM, Westbrook C, Mooberry SL, Fraley G, Lee M. Design and synthesis of novel enhanced water soluble hydroxyethyl analogs of combretastatin A-4. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:2087-91. [PMID: 21345671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen hydroxyethyl- analogs of combretastatin A-4 (CA-4) that contain the 1-(1'-hydroxyethyl)-1-(3",4",5"-trimethoxyphenyl)-2-(substituted phenyl)ethene framework were synthesized. Molecular modeling studies at the DFT level showed that compound 3j adopts a 'twisted' conformation mimicking CA-4. The cytotoxicity of the novel compounds against the growth of murine B16 melanoma and L1210 lymphoma cells in culture was measured using an MTT assay. Three analogs 3f, 3h, and 3j were active. Of these, 3j, which has the same substituents as CA-4 and IC(50) values of 16.1 and 4.1 μM against B16 and L1210 cells, respectively, was selected for further biological evaluation. The activity of 3j was verified by the NCI 60 cell line screen. Compound 3j causes microtubule depolymerization in A-10 cells with an EC(50) of 21.2 μM. Analog 3j, which has excellent water solubility of 479 μM, had antitumor activity in a syngeneic L1210 murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Hope College, Holland, MI 49422, USA
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20
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A novel achiral seco-cyclopropylpyrido[e]indolone (CPyI) analog of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins: Synthesis, DNA interactions, in vivo anticancer and anti-parasitic evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:5016-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Babu B, Forrest L, Weisbruch P, Chavda S, Pati H, Lee M. Synthesis and cytotoxicity of 1-phenylethanolamine carboxamide derivatives: effects on the cell cycle. Med Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-009-9258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Deblander J, Van Aeken S, Jacobs J, De Kimpe N, Abbaspour Tehrani K. A New Synthesis of Benzo[f]isoindole-4,9-diones by Radical Alkylation and Bromomethylation of 1,4-Naphthoquinones. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Sáez Díaz R, Bennett S, Thompson A. Amido-Functionalised Prodigiosenes: Synthesis and Anticancer Properties. ChemMedChem 2009; 4:742-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200900003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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24
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Purcell LA, Wong KA, Yanow SK, Lee M, Spithill TW, Rodriguez A. Chemically attenuated Plasmodium sporozoites induce specific immune responses, sterile immunity and cross-protection against heterologous challenge. Vaccine 2008; 26:4880-4. [PMID: 18672017 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 07/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with Plasmodium sporozoites attenuated by irradiation or genetic manipulation induces a protective immune response in rodent malaria models. Recently, vaccination with chemically attenuated P. berghei sporozoites (CAS) has also been shown to elicit sterile immunity in mice. Here we show that vaccination with CAS of P. yoelii also protects against homologous infection and that a P. berghei CAS vaccine cross protects against heterologous challenge with P. yoelii sporozoites. Vaccination with P. yoelii or P. berghei CAS induced parasite-specific antibodies and IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells at levels not significantly different from radiation-attenuated sporozoites. Our findings provide an initial characterization of the immune response generated by CAS vaccination and suggest that this attenuation process could be used in the production of an effective cross-protective liver stage vaccine for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Purcell
- McGill University, Institute of Parasitology and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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25
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Gucký T, Frysová I, Slouka J, Hajdúch M, Dzubák P. Cyclocondensation reaction of heterocyclic carbonyl compounds. Part XIII: synthesis and cytotoxic activity of some 3,7-diaryl-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazines. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 44:891-900. [PMID: 18632190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of the 3,7-diaryl-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazines have been synthesized in five steps. The cytotoxic activity of all of the newly synthesized compounds has been tested in vitro against five cancer cell lines. Several compounds demonstrated significant broad cytotoxic activity in low micromolar range, while others were selectively active against lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Gucký
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Tr. Svobody 8, 77146 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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26
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Yanow SK, Purcell LA, Lee M, Spithill TW. Genomics-based drug design targets the AT-rich malaria parasite: implications for antiparasite chemotherapy. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 8:1267-72. [PMID: 17924840 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.8.9.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of: Woynarowski JM, Krugliak M, Ginsburg H: Pharmacogenomic analyses of targeting the AT-rich malaria parasite genome with AT-specific alkylating drugs. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 154(1), 70-81 (2007) [1] . The sequencing of the malaria genome sought to expose the parasite's ability to cause disease and identify new targets for antimalarial drugs and vaccines. In this study, the authors discovered how malaria genomic DNA, which is unusually rich in adenine and thymine nucleotides, is intrinsically a target for a selective class of compounds. AT-specific DNA-binding agents have previously been shown to have potent antimalarial activity in vitro. The authors used high-resolution bioinformatic tools to explore the genomic basis for this drug susceptibility, first at the level of individual DNA-binding sites, then expanding to the entire genomic context of each malaria chromosome. Their findings revealed a nonrandom distribution and organization of drug-binding sites that can be further exploited to target these AT sequences. Based on these findings, comparative bioinformatics analyses with other parasite genomes may lead to the identification of new target organisms for these AT-specific drugs and have wide implications for the treatment of human and animal parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Yanow
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, WMC Rm 2B4.59, 8440 112th Street, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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27
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Yanow SK, Purcell LA, Pradel G, Sato A, Rodriguez A, Lee M, Spithill TW. Potent antimalarial and transmission-blocking activities of centanamycin, a novel DNA-binding agent. J Infect Dis 2008; 197:527-34. [PMID: 18275274 DOI: 10.1086/526788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most treatments for malaria target the blood stage of infection in the human host, although few can also block transmission of the parasite to the mosquito. We show here that the compound centanamycin is very effective against blood-stage malarial infections in vitro and in vivo and has profound effects on sexual differentiation of the parasites in mosquitoes. After drug treatment, parasite development is arrested within the midguts of mosquitoes, failing to produce the infective forms that migrate to the salivary glands. The mechanism of parasite death is associated with modification of Plasmodium genomic DNA. We detected DNA damage in parasites isolated from mice 24 h after treatment with centanamycin, and, importantly, we also detected this DNA damage in parasites within mosquitoes that had fed on these mice 10 days earlier. This demonstrates that damage to parasite DNA during blood-stage infection persists from the vertebrate to the mosquito host and provides a novel biochemical strategy to block malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K Yanow
- Institute of Parasitology and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, Ste. Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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28
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Purcell LA, Yanow SK, Lee M, Spithill TW, Rodriguez A. Chemical attenuation of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites induces sterile immunity in mice. Infect Immun 2008; 76:1193-9. [PMID: 18174336 PMCID: PMC2258828 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01399-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation and genetic attenuation of Plasmodium sporozoites are two approaches for whole-organism vaccines that protect against malaria. We evaluated chemical attenuation of sporozoites as an alternative vaccine strategy. Sporozoites were treated with the DNA sequence-specific alkylating agent centanamycin, a compound that significantly affects blood stage parasitemia and transmission of murine malaria and also inhibits Plasmodium falciparum growth in vitro. Here we show that treatment of Plasmodium berghei sporozoites with centanamycin impaired parasite function both in vitro and in vivo. The infection of hepatocytes by sporozoites in vitro was significantly reduced, and treated parasites showed arrested liver stage development. Inoculation of mice with sporozoites that were treated in vitro with centanamycin failed to produce blood stage infections. Furthermore, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice vaccinated with treated sporozoites were protected against subsequent challenge with wild-type sporozoites. Our findings demonstrate that chemically attenuated sporozoites could be a viable alternative for the production of an effective liver stage vaccine for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Purcell
- Institute of Parasitology and Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec H9X3V9, Canada
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29
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Kiakos K, Sato A, Asao T, McHugh PJ, Lee M, Hartley JA. DNA sequence selective adenine alkylation, mechanism of adduct repair, and in vivo antitumor activity of the novel achiral seco-amino-cyclopropylbenz[e]indolone analogue of duocarmycin AS-I-145. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 6:2708-18. [PMID: 17938264 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AS-I-145 is a novel achiral seco-amino-cyclopropylbenz[e]indolone (seco-amino-CBI) analogue of duocarmycin that has evolved from an alternative strategy of designing CC-1065/duocarmycin agents lacking the characteristic chiral center of the natural agents. The sequence specificity of this compound was assessed by a Taq polymerase stop assay, identifying the sites of covalent modification on plasmid DNA. The adenine-N3 adducts were confirmed at AT-rich sequences using a thermally induced strand cleavage assay. These studies reveal that this compound retains the inherent sequence selectivity of the related natural compounds. The AS-I-145 sensitivity of yeast mutants deficient in excision and post-replication repair (PRR) pathways was assessed. The sensitivity profile suggests that the sequence-specific adenine-N3 adducts are substrates for nucleotide excision repair (NER) but not base excision repair (BER). Single-strand ligation PCR was employed to follow the induction and repair of the lesions at nucleotide resolution in yeast cells. Sequence specificity was preserved in intact cells, and adduct elimination occurred in a transcription-coupled manner and was dependent on a functional NER pathway and Rad18. The involvement of NER as the predominant excision pathway was confirmed in mammalian DNA repair mutant cells. AS-I-145 showed good in vivo antitumor activity in the National Cancer Institute standard hollow fiber assay and was active against the human breast MDA-MD-435 xenograft when administered i.v. or p.o. Its novel structure and in vivo activity renders AS-I-145 a new paradigm in the design of novel achiral analogues of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Kiakos
- Cancer Research Drug-DNA Interactions Research Group, Department of Oncology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Garabatos-Perera JR, Rotstein BH, Thompson A. Comparison of Benzene, Nitrobenzene, and Dinitrobenzene 2-Arylsulfenylpyrroles. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7382-5. [PMID: 17705533 DOI: 10.1021/jo070493r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of the 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenyl and 4-nitrobenzenesulfenyl groups as masking and directing groups at the 2-position of pyrrole has been investigated and compared to that of 2-phenylthiopyrrole. The presence of the nitro group(s) enhances stability of the corresponding pyrrole toward acid and does not significantly decrease the ability of the pyrrolic unit to undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions in the form of formylation, nitration, and condensation with aldehydes. The synthetic utility of 2-(2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfenyl)pyrrole was demonstrated through the synthesis of meso-substituted dipyrromethanes. The sulfoxides 2-(2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfinyl)pyrrole and 2-(4-nitrobenzenesulfinyl)pyrrole underwent neither formylation nor nitration, and the increasing presence of nitro groups within the moiety at the 2-position resulted in decreased stability under acidic conditions.
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31
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Sugiyama H. Chemical Biology that Controls DNA Structure and Function: Lessons in Organic Chemistry from Nature. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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33
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Purnell B, Sato A, O'kelley A, Price C, Summerville K, Hudson S, O'hare C, Kiakos K, Asao T, Lee M, Hartley JA. DNA interstrand crosslinking agents: Synthesis, DNA interactions, and cytotoxicity of dimeric achiral seco-amino-CBI and conjugates of achiral seco-amino-CBI with pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:5677-81. [PMID: 16919946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of three novel bisalkylating agents derived from the achiral seco-duocarmycin or CC-1065 analogs and pyrrolobenzodiazepines (PBDs) are described: achiral seco-CBI (cyclopropanebenz[e]indoline)-PBD 11, achiral seco-CI-PBD 12, and achiral seco-CBI dimer 13. Compounds 11 and 12 demonstrated enhanced cytotoxicity over the monomer counterparts against the growth of P815 murine mastocytoma cells in culture. Conjugate 11 was found to covalently react with adenine-N3 positions within the minor groove at AT-rich sequences and to produce DNA interstrand crosslinks. Both compounds were found to induce apoptosis in P815 cells. Due to its poor water solubility, dimer 13 did not give any appreciable DNA binding or cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Purnell
- Department of Chemistry, Furman University, 3300 Pointsett Highway, Greenville, SC 29613, USA
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34
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Sato A, Scott A, Asao T, Lee M. Efficient Synthesis of Achiral seco-Cyclopropylbenz[2,3-e]indoline Analogues: [4-Amino-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-1-yl]ethyl Chloride and [4-Hydroxy-2-(5,6,7-trimethoxyindole-2-carboxamido)naphthalen-1-yl]ethyl Chloride. J Org Chem 2006; 71:4692-5. [PMID: 16749810 DOI: 10.1021/jo060501o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Achiral seco-aminocyclopropylbenz[2,3-e]indoline and seco-hydroxycyclopropylbenz[2,3-e]indoline (seco-CBI) analogues of the duocarmycins and CC-1065, e.g., 7 and 8, are potent anticancer agents. This paper describes significantly improved synthetic strategies for preparing these compounds. Starting from Martius acid (9), the new strategy gave a 13-fold increase in the overall yield of 7, and the use of di-tert-butyl malonate was economically beneficial. For compound 8, the new strategy employed an Emmons-Horner reaction, followed by a Stobbe condensation, and the overall yield was improved 15-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Sato
- Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-27, Misugidai Hanno-City, Saitama, 357-8527, Japan
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35
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Harrison TJ, Kozak JA, Corbella-Pané M, Dake GR. Pyrrole Synthesis Catalyzed by AgOTf or Cationic Au(I) Complexes. J Org Chem 2006; 71:4525-9. [PMID: 16749784 DOI: 10.1021/jo060382c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Either silver trifluoromethanesulfonate or a mixture of gold(I) chloride, silver trifluoromethanesulfonate, and triphenylphosphine catalyze the formation of pyrroles from substituted beta-alkynyl ketones and amines. The reactions proceed by using 5 mol % of catalyst with yields of isolated pyrroles ranging from 13% to 92%. Sixteen examples are used to compare the effectiveness of each catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Harrison
- Department of Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z1
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36
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Cimino P, Bifulco G, Riccio R, Gomez-Paloma L, Barone V. On the role of stereo-electronic effects in tuning the selectivity and rate of DNA alkylation by duocarmycins. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:1242-51. [PMID: 16557312 DOI: 10.1039/b514890a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of local geometric and stereo-electronic effects in tuning the alkylation of DNA by duocarmycins has been analyzed by an integrated computational tool rooted in the density functional theory and the polarizable continuum model. Our study points out that together with steric accessibility, different electronic delocalisations also contribute to determine the higher reactivity of adenine with respect to guanine. Also the effect of the methyl ester group on the alkylating agent has an electronic origin. Furthermore, deviations from the planarity in the drug structure (conformational catalysis) could be less important than currently accepted since, according to our computations, compounds with strongly different reactivity have nearly constant and very similar out of plane distortions before and after the reaction. Model computations suggest, instead, that specific non covalent interactions could discriminate between different drugs selectively reducing some activation energies with respect to the corresponding processes in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Cimino
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy
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