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Schoepp DD. mGlu2/3 receptor agonist (LY354740) in anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 242:173826. [PMID: 39025335 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
mGlu2/3 Receptors (LY354740) in Anxiety mGlu2/3 receptors when activated decrease glutamate excitation on limbic synapses involved in anxiety. The orally active agonist compound LY354740 (or prodrug LY544344) was active in animal and human models of stress/anxiety. Later clinical studies showed efficacy in generalized anxiety in patients, validating this mechanism clinically. However, the compound was terminated due to rodent seizures in long-term toxicology studies.
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2
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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031151. [PMID: 36770817 PMCID: PMC9919865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.
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Singhal R, Choudhary SP, Malik B, Pilania M. Emerging Trends in
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‐Tosylhydrazone Mediated Transition‐Metal‐Free Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202200134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rakshanda Singhal
- Department of Chemistry Manipal University Jaipur Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way Jaipur Rajasthan India 303007
| | - Satya Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry Manipal University Jaipur Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way Jaipur Rajasthan India 303007
| | - Babita Malik
- Department of Chemistry Manipal University Jaipur Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way Jaipur Rajasthan India 303007
| | - Meenakshi Pilania
- Department of Chemistry Manipal University Jaipur Off Jaipur-Ajmer Express Way Jaipur Rajasthan India 303007
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Liao LL, Wang ZH, Cao KG, Sun GQ, Zhang W, Ran CK, Li Y, Chen L, Cao GM, Yu DG. Electrochemical Ring-Opening Dicarboxylation of Strained Carbon-Carbon Single Bonds with CO 2: Facile Synthesis of Diacids and Derivatization into Polyesters. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2062-2068. [PMID: 35084189 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diacids are important monomers in the polymer industry to construct valuable materials. Dicarboxylation of unsaturated bonds, such as alkenes and alkynes, with CO2 has been demonstrated as a promising synthetic method. However, dicarboxylation of C─C single bonds with CO2 has rarely been investigated. Herein we report a novel electrochemical ring-opening dicarboxylation of C─C single bonds in strained rings with CO2. Structurally diverse glutaric acid and adipic acid derivatives were synthesized from substituted cyclopropanes and cyclobutanes in moderate to high yields. In contrast to oxidative ring openings, this is also the first realization of an electroreductive ring-opening reaction of strained rings, including commercialized ones. Control experiments suggested that radical anions and carbanions might be the key intermediates in this reaction. Moreover, this process features high step and atom economy, mild reaction conditions (1 atm, room temperature), good chemoselectivity and functional group tolerance, low electrolyte concentration, and easy derivatization of the products. Furthermore, we conducted polymerization of the corresponding diesters with diols to obtain a potential UV-shielding material with a self-healing function and a fluorine-containing polyester, whose performance tests showed promising applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Liao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe-Hao Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Gong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Quan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Kun Ran
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwen Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials, National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Mei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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Cieślik P, Wierońska JM. Regulation of Glutamatergic Activity via Bidirectional Activation of Two Select Receptors as a Novel Approach in Antipsychotic Drug Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228811. [PMID: 33233865 PMCID: PMC7699963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that affects approximately 1-2% of the population and develops in early adulthood. The disease is characterized by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms. A large percentage of patients with schizophrenia have a treatment-resistant disease, and the risk of developing adverse effects is high. Many researchers have attempted to introduce new antipsychotic drugs to the clinic, but most of these treatments failed, and the diversity of schizophrenic symptoms is one of the causes of disappointing results. The present review summarizes the results of our latest papers, showing that the simultaneous activation of two receptors with sub-effective doses of their ligands induces similar effects as the highest dose of each compound alone. The treatments were focused on inhibiting the increased glutamate release responsible for schizophrenia arousal, without interacting with dopamine (D2) receptors. Ligands activating metabotropic receptors for glutamate, GABAB or muscarinic receptors were used, and the compounds were administered in several different combinations. Some combinations reversed all schizophrenia-related deficits in animal models, but others were active only in select models of schizophrenia symptoms (i.e., cognitive or negative symptoms).
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Urabe H, Miyakoshi N, Ohtake N, Nozoe A, Ochi M, Fukasawa M, Kinoshita K, Yamaguchi JI, Marumo T, Hikichi H, Chaki S, Hashihayata T. Discovery of MGS0274, an ester prodrug of a metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 agonist with improved oral bioavailability. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 203:112521. [PMID: 32698110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that MGS0008 is a selective group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGlu2/3 receptor) agonist that is effective in animal models of schizophrenia. MGS0008 is a highly hydrophilic glutamate analog and is therefore expected to show low oral bioavailability in humans. To improve the oral bioavailability of MGS0008, ester prodrugs of MGS0008 were synthesized and their usefulness was evaluated. Among the prodrugs, the l-menthol-ester prodrug 4h demonstrated preferable lipophilicity, good chemical stability, and a high conversion rate to MGS0008 in human and monkey liver microsomes. A pharmacokinetic study in monkeys revealed that the oral bioavailability of MGS0008 after oral dosing of compound 4h was approximately 15-fold higher than that after oral dosing of MGS0008. Based on these findings, a diastereomer of compound 4h (compound 4j, or MGS0274), was selected as a candidate for clinical drug development, and its besylate is currently under development for the treatment of schizophrenia (Development code: TS-134).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Urabe
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan.
| | - Naoki Miyakoshi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Norikazu Ohtake
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiko Nozoe
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Motoki Ochi
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Misako Fukasawa
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Kohnosuke Kinoshita
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Yamaguchi
- Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Marumo
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Hikichi
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Chaki
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Hashihayata
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Research Headquarters, Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan
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7
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Watanabe M, Marcy B, Kinoshita K, Fukasawa M, Hikichi H, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Gevorkyan H, Yoshida S. Safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of MGS0274 besylate (TS-134), a novel metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist prodrug, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:2286-2301. [PMID: 32353162 PMCID: PMC7576618 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The safety and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of a novel mGlu2/3 receptor agonist prodrug, MGS0274 besylate (TS‐134), were investigated in healthy subjects. Methods Phase 1 single‐ascending dose (5–20 mg) and multiple‐ascending dose titration (5–80 mg) studies were conducted in healthy male and female subjects. Both studies were randomized, double‐blinded and placebo‐controlled. In one cohort of single‐ascending dose study (10 mg), concentrations of MGS0008, the active compound, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured for up to 24 hours postdose. Results Following single and multiple oral administrations, MGS0274 was rapidly absorbed and extensively converted into MGS0008, which reached a maximum concentration (Cmax) in plasma within 4 hours postdose and declined with a terminal half‐life (t1/2) of around 10 hours. Plasma exposure to MGS0274 was minimal, accounting for approximately 3% of the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) of MGS0008. Plasma Cmax and AUC of MGS0008 at steady state increased dose proportionally (5–80 mg). MGS0008 penetrated into CSF, with a CSF‐to‐plasma Cmax ratio of 3.66%, and was eliminated with a t1/2 of approximately 16 hours. The most frequent treatment‐emergent adverse events observed following single and multiple oral administration included headache, nausea, somnolence, dizziness and vomiting. Conclusion TS‐134 is orally bioavailable in humans and converts rapidly and extensively to MGS0008, which exhibits good CSF penetration. Orally administered TS‐134 was safe and generally well‐tolerated; hence, TS‐134 is a promising candidate for further clinical development for the treatment of disorders in which glutamatergic abnormalities are involved, such as schizophrenia.
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Hao J, Chen Q. Insights into the Structural Aspects of the mGlu Receptor Orthosteric Binding Site. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2421-2446. [PMID: 31660833 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191011094935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The amino terminal domain (ATD) of the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors contains the orthosteric glutamate recognition site, which is highly conserved across the eight mGlu receptor subtypes. In total, 29 X-ray crystal structures of the mGlu ATD proteins have been reported to date. These structures span across 3 subgroups and 6 subtypes, and include apo, agonist- and antagonist-bound structures. We will discuss the insights gained from the analysis of these structures with the focus on the interactions contributing to the observed group and subtype selectivity for select agonists. Furthermore, we will define the full expanded orthosteric ligand binding pocket (LBP) of the mGlu receptors, and discuss the macroscopic features of the mGlu ATD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Hao
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
| | - Qi Chen
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratory, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States
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Kinoshita K, Ochi M, Iwata K, Fukasawa M, Yamaguchi J. Preclinical disposition of MGS0274 besylate, a prodrug of a potent group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist MGS0008 for the treatment of schizophrenia. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2019; 7:e00520. [PMID: 31523433 PMCID: PMC6743422 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MGS0274 besylate is an ester-based lipophilic prodrug of a metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2 and mGlu3 receptor agonist MGS0008 and being developed for the treatment of schizophrenia. We investigated the disposition of these compounds in rats and monkeys and in vitro metabolism in humans to evaluate whether MGS0274 besylate could be useful as a prodrug in humans. After the oral administration of MGS0274 besylate to monkeys (2.89 mg/kg), MGS0008 was immediately found in plasma, reached a maximum concentration at 4 hours postdose, and decreased with a terminal half-life of 16.7 hours; MGS0274 was barely detectable. The oral bioavailability as MGS0008 was 83.7%, which was approximately 20-fold greater than that after oral dosing of MGS0008 (3.8%). In rats, MGS0008 penetrated the cerebrospinal fluid and was eliminated slower than from plasma. The in vitro metabolism study indicated that MGS0274 was rapidly hydrolyzed to MGS0008, which was not further metabolized. After the intravenous administration of MGS0008 to rats and monkeys, almost all the dose was excreted unchanged in urine. These results suggested that MGS0274 was, as expected, presystemically hydrolyzed to MGS0008 after gastrointestinal absorption and that MGS0008 was distributed throughout the body without further metabolism and ultimately excreted in urine in the animals. Furthermore, the hydrolytic activity against MGS0274 in the human liver S9 fraction was comparable to that in monkeys, suggesting the possibility of the rapid presystemic hydrolysis of MGS0274 to MGS0008 in humans, as it is in monkeys. Consequently, MGS0274 besylate is expected to function as a preferable prodrug in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohnosuke Kinoshita
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Motoki Ochi
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Katsuya Iwata
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Misako Fukasawa
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
| | - Jun‐ichi Yamaguchi
- Drug Metabolism and PharmacokineticsDrug Safety and Pharmacokinetics LaboratoriesResearch HeadquartersTaisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.SaitamaJapan
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Sun Y, Gan W, Lei M, Jiang W, Cheng M, He J, Sun Q, Liu W, Hu L, Jin Y. PEPT1-mediated prodrug strategy for oral delivery of peramivir. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 13:555-565. [PMID: 32104429 PMCID: PMC7032255 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peramivir was a novel and highly potent neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor for the treatment of influenza A and B. However, it exhibited a very low oral bioavailability (only 3%) due to the high polarity (log P of -1.4) and the low membrane permeability across the intestine. To utilize the PEPT1-mediated prodrug strategy to improve the oral absorption and develop the oral alternative, seven amino acid ester prodrugs and seven amino acid amide prodrugs have been synthesized. The permeability of these prodrugs across Caco-2 cells were screened. Peramivr-(CH2)2-l-Val and Peramivir-l-Ile were of the highest permeability in ester prodrugs and amide prodrugs, respectively, and then they were selected for further studies. Glycylsarcosine (gly-sar) uptake by Caco-2 could be inbihited by Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val and Peramivir-l-Ile in a concentration-dependent manner, and the IC50 was 1.34 ± 0.31 mM and 1.78 ± 0.48 mM, respectively. The direct uptake of Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val and Peramivir-l-Ile in MDCK-PEPT1 cells were significantly higher than in MDCK mock cells, and could be markedly inhibited by gly-sar. The uptake of Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val and Peramivir-l-Ile (0.01 to 50 mM) in MDCK-hPEPT1 cells conformed to Michaelis-Menten Equation. The oral bioavailability of peramivir was 65.3% and 37.3% after the oral administration of Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val and Peramivir-l-Ile to rats, respectively. The oral absorption and bioactivation of Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val was rapid and extensive, and no Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val was found in plasma. Because the amide bond was relatively stable, Peramivir-l-Ile could not be totally converted to the parent drug in vivo. Peramivir-(CH2)2-l-Val with good oral profiles and rapid bioactivation might be a promising prodrug for the further clinic development. The present study also corroborated the idea that the PEPT1-mediated prodrug approach has enormous promise for improving the oral absorption of poorly absorbed drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Sun
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wei Gan
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Mingdao Lei
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, NO 318 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330001, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Meng Cheng
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Junwei He
- Research Center of Natural Resources of Chinese Medicinal Materials and Ethnic Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1688 Meiling Road, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Wan Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lvjiang Hu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO 445 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Division of Pharmaceutics, National Pharmaceutical Engineering Center for Solid Preparation in Chinese Herbal Medicine, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 56 Yangming Road, Nanchang 330006, China
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11
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Hou G, Chen X, Li J, Ye Z, Zong S, Ye M. Physicochemical properties, immunostimulatory activity of the Lachnum polysaccharide and polysaccharide-dipeptide conjugates. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 206:446-454. [PMID: 30553344 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The physicochemical properties and the immunoregulatory actions in vitro of an exopolysaccharide from Lachnum (LEP) and its conjugation with a dipeptide (LEP-RH) were investigated aiming to improve their functional characteristics. The structure characteristic of the LEP and LEP-RH were determined via FT-IR and NMR. The physicochemical properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), rheometer, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). SEM results showed that LEP-RH had a rough surface and relatively loose distribution that different from LEP. Rheological studies of LEP and LEP-RH at the same concentration indicated that LEP and LEP-RH have similar shear-thinning behaviors and gel-like structures, while LEP-RH has a better thermal stability than LEP. Bioassay results showed that treatment with the higher dosage (200 μg/mL) of LEP and LEP-RH stimulated the proliferation, cytokine secretion (IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α) of RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Hou
- Microbial Resources and Application Laboratory, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Microbial Resources and Application Laboratory, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jinglei Li
- Microbial Resources and Application Laboratory, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ziyang Ye
- Microbial Resources and Application Laboratory, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shuai Zong
- Microbial Resources and Application Laboratory, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Microbial Resources and Application Laboratory, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
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12
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Rautio J, Meanwell NA, Di L, Hageman MJ. The expanding role of prodrugs in contemporary drug design and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2018; 17:559-587. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2018.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Zhou H, Wu B, Ma JA, Dang Y. Mechanistic understanding of [Rh(NHC)]-catalyzed intramolecular [5 + 2] cycloadditions of vinyloxiranes and vinylcyclopropanes with alkynes. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:4295-4303. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rh-catalyzed hetero-[5 + 2] cycloaddition of vinyloxirane with alkyne occurs via oxidative alkyne–alkene cyclization, oxirane cleavage and reductive elimination, the first example where oxidative alkyne–alkene cyclization mechanism is preferred within Rh-catalyzed [5 + 2] cycloadditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Botao Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tianjin 300072
| | - Yanfeng Dang
- Department of Chemistry
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences
- Tianjin University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
- Tianjin 300072
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14
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Johnson MP, Muhlhauser MA, Nisenbaum ES, Simmons RMA, Forster BM, Knopp KL, Yang L, Morrow D, Li DL, Kennedy JD, Swanson S, Monn JA. Broad spectrum efficacy with LY2969822, an oral prodrug of metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist LY2934747, in rodent pain models. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:822-835. [PMID: 28177520 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A body of evidence suggests activation of metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3 ) receptors would be an effective analgesic in chronic pain conditions. Thus, the analgesic properties of a novel mGlu2/3 receptor agonist prodrug were investigated. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH After oral absorption, the prodrug LY2969822 rapidly converts to the brain penetrant, potent and subtype-selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY2934747. Behavioural assessments of allodynia, hyperalgesia and nocifensive behaviours were determined in preclinical pain models after administration of LY2969822 0.3-10 mg·kg-1 . In addition, the ability of i.v. LY2934747 to modulate dorsal horn spinal cord wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in spinal nerve ligated (SNL) rats was assessed. KEY RESULTS Following treatment with LY2934747, the spontaneous activity and electrically-evoked wind-up of WDR neurons in rats that had undergone spinal nerve ligation and developed mechanical allodynia were suppressed. In a model of sensitization, orally administered LY2969822 prevented the nociceptive behaviours induced by an intraplantar injection of formalin. The on-target nature of this effect was confirmed by blockade with an mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist. LY2969822 prevented capsaicin-induced tactile hypersensitivity, reversed the SNL-induced tactile hypersensitivity and reversed complete Freund's adjuvant - induced mechanical hyperalgesia. The mGlu2/3 receptor agonist prodrug demonstrated efficacy in visceral pain models, including a colorectal distension model and partially prevented the nocifensive behaviours in the mouse acetic acid writhing model. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Following oral administration of the prodrug LY2969822, the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY2934747 was formed and this attenuated pain behaviours across a broad range of preclinical pain models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Johnson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark A Muhlhauser
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eric S Nisenbaum
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rosa M A Simmons
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Beth M Forster
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kelly L Knopp
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Lijuan Yang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Denise Morrow
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Dominic L Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Kennedy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Steven Swanson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James A Monn
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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15
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Chen P, Zhu C, Zhu R, Lin Z, Wu W, Jiang H. Synthesis of 3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives via palladium-catalyzed cyclopropanation of maleimides with N-tosylhydrazones: practical and facile access to CP-866,087. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:1228-1235. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02137a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cylcopropanation of maleimides and N-tosylhydrazones is developed, providing a practical route to the mu opioid receptor antagonist CP-866,087.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengquan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Chuanle Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Lin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- South China University of Technology
- Guangzhou 510640
- P. R. China
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16
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Feng D, Liu J, Liang S, Wang Y, Xu Y. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Synthesis and biological evaluation of entecavir 4′-ester derivatives. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-4183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Witkin JM, Ornstein PL, Mitch CH, Li R, Smith SC, Heinz BA, Wang XS, Xiang C, Carter JH, Anderson WH, Li X, Broad LM, Pasqui F, Fitzjohn SM, Sanger HE, Smith JL, Catlow J, Swanson S, Monn JA. In vitro pharmacological and rat pharmacokinetic characterization of LY3020371, a potent and selective mGlu 2/3 receptor antagonist. Neuropharmacology 2015; 115:100-114. [PMID: 26748052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate 2/3 (mGlu2/3) receptors are of considerable interest owing to their role in modulating glutamate transmission via presynaptic, postsynaptic and glial mechanisms. As part of our ongoing efforts to identify novel ligands for these receptors, we have discovered (1S,2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-amino-3-[(3,4-difluorophenyl)sulfanylmethyl]-4-hydroxy-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid; (LY3020371), a potent and selective orthosteric mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist. In this account, we characterize the effects of LY3020371 in membranes and cells expressing human recombinant mGlu receptor subtypes as well as in native rodent and human brain tissue preparations, providing important translational information for this molecule. In membranes from cells expressing recombinant human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor subtypes, LY3020371.HCl competitively displaced binding of the mGlu2/3 agonist ligand [3H]-459477 with high affinity (hmGlu2 Ki = 5.26 nM; hmGlu3 Ki = 2.50 nM). In cells expressing hmGlu2 receptors, LY3020371.HCl potently blocked mGlu2/3 agonist (DCG-IV)-inhibited, forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation (IC50 = 16.2 nM), an effect that was similarly observed in hmGlu3-expressing cells (IC50 = 6.21 nM). Evaluation of LY3020371 in cells expressing the other human mGlu receptor subtypes revealed high mGlu2/3 receptor selectivity. In rat native tissue assays, LY3020371 demonstrated effective displacement of [3H]-459477 from frontal cortical membranes (Ki = 33 nM), and functional antagonist activity in cortical synaptosomes measuring both the reversal of agonist-suppressed second messenger production (IC50 = 29 nM) and agonist-inhibited, K+-evoked glutamate release (IC50 = 86 nM). Antagonism was fully recapitulated in both primary cultured cortical neurons where LY3020371 blocked agonist-suppressed spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations (IC50 = 34 nM) and in an intact hippocampal slice preparation (IC50 = 46 nM). Functional antagonist activity was similarly demonstrated in synaptosomes prepared from epileptic human cortical or hippocampal tissues, suggesting a translation of the mGlu2/3 antagonist pharmacology from rat to human. Intravenous dosing of LY3020371 in rats led to cerebrospinal fluid drug levels that are expected to effectively block mGlu2/3 receptors in vivo. Taken together, these results establish LY3020371 as an important new pharmacological tool for studying mGlu2/3 receptors in vitro and in vivo. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Paul L Ornstein
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Charles H Mitch
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Renhua Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Stephon C Smith
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Beverly A Heinz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xu-Shan Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Chuanxi Xiang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Joan H Carter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Wesley H Anderson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John Catlow
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Steven Swanson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - James A Monn
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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18
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Nielsen DS, Lohman RJ, Hoang HN, Hill TA, Jones A, Lucke AJ, Fairlie DP. Flexibility versus Rigidity for Orally Bioavailable Cyclic Hexapeptides. Chembiochem 2015; 16:2289-93. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S. Nielsen
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Rink-Jan Lohman
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Huy N. Hoang
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Timothy A. Hill
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Alun Jones
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Andrew J. Lucke
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology; University of Queensland; Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
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19
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Pathways and progress in improving drug delivery through the intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barriers. Ther Deliv 2015; 5:1143-63. [PMID: 25418271 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major hurdles in developing therapeutic agents is the difficulty in delivering drugs through the intestinal mucosa and blood-brain barriers (BBB). The goal here is to describe the general structures of the biological barriers and the strategies to enhance drug delivery across these barriers. Prodrug methods used to improve drug penetration via the transcellular pathway have been successfully developed, and some prodrugs have been used to treat patients. The use of transporters to improve absorption of some drugs (e.g., antiviral agents) has also been successful in treating patients. Other methods, including blocking the efflux pumps to improve transcellular delivery, and modulation of cell-cell adhesion in the intercellular junctions to improve paracellular delivery across biological barriers, are still in the investigational stage.
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20
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Pomierny-Chamioło L, Rup K, Pomierny B, Niedzielska E, Kalivas PW, Filip M. Metabotropic glutamatergic receptors and their ligands in drug addiction. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 142:281-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Qian D, Zhang J. Gold-Catalyzed Cascade Reactions for Synthesis of Carbo- and Heterocycles: Selectivity and Diversity. CHEM REC 2014; 14:280-302. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201300039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyun Qian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; Department of Chemistry; East China Normal University; 3663 N. Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes; Department of Chemistry; East China Normal University; 3663 N. Zhongshan Road Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Road Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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22
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23
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Saaby L, Nielsen C, Steffansen B, Larsen S, Brodin B. Current status of rational design of prodrugs targeting the intestinal di/tri-peptide transporter hPEPT1 (SLC15A1). J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(13)50047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Intramolecular photo-cyclization and consecutive rearrangement reactions of diazo-functionalized olefin-esters. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Miege F, Meyer C, Cossy J. Gold(I)-catalysed cycloisomerisation of 1,6-cyclopropene-enes. Chemistry 2012; 18:7810-22. [PMID: 22588697 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The gold(I)-catalysed cycloisomerisation of appropriately substituted 1,6-cyclopropene-enes proceeds through regioselective electrophilic ring opening of the three-membered ring to generate an alkenyl gold carbenoid that achieves the intramolecular cyclopropanation of the remote olefin. This strategy allows straightforward, highly efficient and diastereoselective access to a variety of substituted 3-oxa- and 3-azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes, as well as to bicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-3-ol derivatives. Since the isopropylidene group in the resulting cycloisomerisation products can be subjected to ozonolysis, 3,3-dimethylcyclopropenes behave as interesting surrogates for α-diazoketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Miege
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS (UMR 7084), 10 rue Vauquelin 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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26
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Espada A, Molina-Martin M. Capillary electrophoresis and small molecule drug discovery: a perfect match? Drug Discov Today 2012; 17:396-404. [PMID: 22387356 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) is an analytical technique based on the separation of the analytes within a capillary owing to their different electrophoretic mobilities. It is widely used in pharmaceutical analyses owing to its versatility and high separation power. However, its penetration into the drug discovery scene has been relatively limited until recent years. Several factors have contributed to this low implementation, including the maturity of liquid chromatography, the scarcity of experienced CE practitioners, and certain limitations intrinsic to the technique. Recently, instrumental improvements and the growing demand for analytical information have lead to a continuously expanding range of routine electrophoretic applications throughout pharmaceutical discovery and development. In this article we review CE fundamentals, review well-established CE methodologies in drug discovery of small molecules and discuss trends that, in our opinion, might emerge in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Espada
- Analytical Technologies Department, Centro de Investigación Lilly SA, Avda de la Industria 30, 28108-Alcobendas, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Harvey BH, Shahid M. Metabotropic and ionotropic glutamate receptors as neurobiological targets in anxiety and stress-related disorders: Focus on pharmacology and preclinical translational models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 100:775-800. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Riaza Bermudo-Soriano C, Perez-Rodriguez MM, Vaquero-Lorenzo C, Baca-Garcia E. New perspectives in glutamate and anxiety. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 100:752-74. [PMID: 21569789 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Anxiety and stress-related disorders, namely posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (ODC), social and specific phobias, and panic disorder, are a major public health issue. A growing body of evidence suggests that glutamatergic neurotransmission may be involved in the biological mechanisms underlying stress response and anxiety-related disorders. The glutamatergic system mediates the acquisition and extinction of fear-conditioning. Thus, new drugs targeting glutamatergic neurotransmission may be promising candidates for new pharmacological treatments. In particular, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) antagonists (AP5, AP7, CGP37849, CGP39551, LY235959, NPC17742, and MK-801), NMDAR partial agonists (DCS, ACPC), α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptors (AMPARs) antagonists (topiramate), and several allosteric modulators targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) mGluR1, mGluR2/3, and mGluR5, have shown anxiolytic-like effects in several animal and human studies. Several studies have suggested that polyamines (agmatine, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine) may be involved in the neurobiological mechanisms underlying stress-response and anxiety-related disorders. This could mainly be attributed to their ability to modulate ionotropic glutamate receptors, especially NR2B subunits. The aim of this review is to establish that glutamate neurotransmission and polyaminergic system play a fundamental role in the onset of anxiety-related disorders. This may open the way for new drugs that may help to treat these conditions.
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Feng JJ, Zhang J. An Atom-Economic Synthesis of Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes by Rhodium N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Tandem Hetero-[5 + 2] Cycloaddition/Claisen Rearrangement Reaction of Vinylic Oxiranes with Alkynes. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:7304-7. [PMID: 21524076 DOI: 10.1021/ja2014604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Jun Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Junliang Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
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30
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Warren MS, Rautio J. Prodrugs Designed to Target Transporters for Oral Drug Delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527633166.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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31
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Yan Z, Sun J, Chang Y, Liu Y, Fu Q, Xu Y, Sun Y, Pu X, Zhang Y, Jing Y, Yin S, Zhu M, Wang Y, He Z. Bifunctional Peptidomimetic Prodrugs of Didanosine for Improved Intestinal Permeability and Enhanced Acidic Stability: Synthesis, Transepithelial Transport, Chemical Stability and Pharmacokinetics. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:319-29. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100376q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtian Yan
- Beijing Winsunny Pharmaceutical Co., LTD, Beijing, 101113, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongkui Jing
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, United States
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32
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Qian D, Zhang J. A gold(i)-catalyzed intramolecular oxidation–cyclopropanation sequence of 1,6-enynes: a convenient access to [n.1.0]bicycloalkanes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:11152-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc14788a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Krystal JH, Mathew SJ, D'Souza DC, Garakani A, Gunduz-Bruce H, Charney DS. Potential psychiatric applications of metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists and antagonists. CNS Drugs 2010; 24:669-93. [PMID: 20658799 DOI: 10.2165/11533230-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drugs acting at metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are among the most promising agents under development for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The research in this area is at a relatively early stage, as there are no drugs acting at mGluRs that have been approved for the treatment of any psychiatric disorder. However, in the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety disorders and mood disorders, research conducted in animal models appears to translate well into efficacy in human laboratory-based models of psychopathology and in preliminary clinical trials. Further, the genes coding for mGluRs are implicated in the risk for a growing number of psychiatric disorders. This review highlights the best studied mGluR strategies for psychiatry, based on human molecular genetics, studies in animal models and preliminary clinical trials. It describes the potential value of mGluR2 and mGluR5 agonists and positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of schizophrenia. It also reviews evidence that group II mGluR agonists and positive allosteric modulators as well as group I mGluR antagonists might also treat anxiety disorders and some forms of depression, while mGluR2 and group I mGluR antagonists (particularly mGluR5 antagonists) might have antidepressant properties. This review also links growing insights into the role of glutamate in the pathophysiology of these disorders to hypothesized mGluR-related treatment mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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34
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Eriksson AH, Varma MVS, Perkins EJ, Zimmerman CL. The intestinal absorption of a prodrug of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 is mediated by PEPT1: in situ rat intestinal perfusion studies. J Pharm Sci 2010; 99:1574-81. [PMID: 19780137 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
LY354740 is a potent mGlu2/3 agonist with a limited oral bioavailability. Its alanyl prodrug, LY544344, showed high affinity to the intestinal peptide transporter PEPT1, and improved the oral bioavailability of LY354740 in various animal models. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of in vivo absorption of the dipeptidic prodrug LY544344. The permeabilities of LY544344 and LY354740 were examined in the rat in situ single-pass intestinal perfusion model. The intestinal absorptive flux of LY354740 was shown to be very low in comparison with LY544344. The absorptive flux of LY544344 could best be described by a Michaelis-Menten process in parallel with a linear process. The estimated parameters were: J(max) = 26.7 x 10(-5) micromol/(cm(2)-s), K(m) = 2.6 mM. The absorptive permeability of LY544344 was reduced to approximately 5% of control in the presence of excess Gly-Sar, a known PEPT1 substrate. Intracellular accumulation of LY354740 and LY544344, estimated postperfusion, showed high levels of LY354740 over LY544344 at all perfusate concentrations studied. However, there was a decline in the intracellular ratio of LY354740 to LY544344 at higher concentrations, suggesting that the metabolic activation to release LY354740 is saturable.
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Affiliation(s)
- André H Eriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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35
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Pang KS, Morris ME, Sun H. Formed and preformed metabolites: facts and comparisons. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:1247-75. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.10.0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The administration of metabolites arising from new drug entities is often employed in drug discovery to investigate their associated toxicity. It is expected that administration of metabolites can predict the exposure of metabolites originating from the administration of precursor drug. Whether exact and meaningful information can be obtained from this has been a topic of debate. This communication summarizes observations and theoretical relationships based on physiological modelling for the liver, kidney and intestine, three major eliminating organs/tissues. Theoretical solutions based on physiological modelling of organs were solved, and the results suggest that deviations are expected. Here, examples of metabolite kinetics observed mostly in perfused organs that did not match predictions are provided. For the liver, discrepancies in fate between formed and preformed metabolites may be explained by the heterogeneity of enzymes, the presence of membrane barriers and whether transporters are involved. For the kidney, differences have been attributed to glomerular filtration of the preformed but not the formed metabolite. For the intestine, the complexity of segregated flows to the enterocyte and serosal layers and differences in metabolism due to the route of administration are addressed. Administration of the metabolite may or may not directly reflect the toxicity associated with drug use. However, kinetic data on the preformed metabolite will be extremely useful to develop a sound model for modelling and simulations; in-vitro evidence on metabolite handling at the target organ is also paramount. Subsequent modelling and simulation of metabolite data arising from a combined model based on both drug and preformed metabolite data are needed to improve predictions on the behaviours of formed metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sandy Pang
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Marilyn E Morris
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Amherst, NY 14260, USA
| | - Huadong Sun
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada
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Brandsch M, Knütter I, Bosse-Doenecke E. Pharmaceutical and pharmacological importance of peptide transporters. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:543-85. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.5.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPeptide transport is currently a prominent topic in membrane research. The transport proteins involved are under intense investigation because of their physiological importance in protein absorption and also because peptide transporters are possible vehicles for drug delivery. Moreover, in many tissues peptide carriers transduce peptidic signals across membranes that are relevant in information processing. The focus of this review is on the pharmaceutical relevance of the human peptide transporters PEPT1 and PEPT2. In addition to their physiological substrates, both carriers transport many β-lactam antibiotics, valaciclovir and other drugs and prodrugs because of their sterical resemblance to di- and tripeptides. The primary structure, tissue distribution and substrate specificity of PEPT1 and PEPT2 have been well characterized. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on the substrate binding sites and the three-dimensional structure of these proteins. Until this pivotal information becomes available by X-ray crystallography, the development of new drug substrates relies on classical transport studies combined with molecular modelling. In more than thirty years of research, data on the interaction of well over 700 di- and tripeptides, amino acid and peptide derivatives, drugs and prodrugs with peptide transporters have been gathered. The aim of this review is to put the reports on peptide transporter-mediated drug uptake into perspective. We also review the current knowledge on pharmacogenomics and clinical relevance of human peptide transporters. Finally, the reader's attention is drawn to other known or proposed human peptide-transporting proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brandsch
- Membrane Transport Group, Biozentrum of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ilka Knütter
- Membrane Transport Group, Biozentrum of the Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Eva Bosse-Doenecke
- Institute of Biochemistry/Biotechnology, Faculty of Science I, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120 Halle, Germany
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Cativiela C, Ordóñez M. Recent Progress on the Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Quaternary alpha-Amino Acids. TETRAHEDRON, ASYMMETRY 2009; 20:1-63. [PMID: 20300486 PMCID: PMC2839256 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2009.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The most recent papers describing the stereoselective synthesis of cyclic quaternary alpha-amino acids are collected in this review. The diverse synthetic approaches are classified according to the size of the ring and taking into account the bond that is formed to complete the quaternary skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cativiela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, ICMA, Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza (Spain)
| | - Mario Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos (México)
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Sun Y, Sun J, Shi S, Jing Y, Yin S, Chen Y, Li G, Xu Y, He Z. Synthesis, Transport and Pharmacokinetics of 5′-Amino Acid Ester Prodrugs of 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosylcytosine. Mol Pharm 2008; 6:315-25. [DOI: 10.1021/mp800200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongbing Sun
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shiliang Shi
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yongkui Jing
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shiliang Yin
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Gang Li
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Youjun Xu
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Departments of Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacology, and Medicinal Chemistry, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029-6547, and Institute of Pharmacology Toxicology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
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Varma MVS, Eriksson AH, Sawada G, Pak YA, Perkins EJ, Zimmerman CL. Transepithelial Transport of the Group II Metabotropic Glutamate 2/3 Receptor Agonist (1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-Aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate (LY354740) and Its Prodrug (1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-[(2′S)-(2′-Amino)propionyl]aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate (LY544344). Drug Metab Dispos 2008; 37:211-20. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.108.022012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulation, translational methods, and biomarkers: relationships with anxiety. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 199:389-402. [PMID: 18322676 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The increasing awareness of the need to align clinical and preclinical research to facilitate rapid development of new drug therapies is reflected in the recent introduction of the term "translational medicine". This review examines the implications of translational medicine for psychiatric disorders, focusing on metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor biology in anxiety disorders and on anxiety-related biomarkers. OBJECTIVES This review aims to (1) examine recent progress in translational medicine, emphasizing the role that translational research has played in understanding of the potential of mGlu receptor agonists and antagonists as anxiolytics, (2) identify lacunas where animal and human research have yet to be connected, and (3) suggest areas where translational research can be further developed. RESULTS Current data show that animal and human mGlu(5) binding can be directly compared in experiments using the PET ligand (11)C-ABP688. Testing of the mGlu(2/3) receptor agonist LY354740 in the fear-potentiated startle paradigm allows direct functional comparisons between animals and humans. LY354740 has been tested in panic models, but in different models in rats and humans, hindering efforts at translation. Other potentially translatable methods, such as stress-induced hyperthermia and HPA-axis measures, either have been underexploited or are associated with technical difficulties. New techniques such as quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis may be useful for generating novel biomarkers of anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Translational medicine approaches can be valuable to the development of anxiolytics, but the amount of cross-fertilization between clinical and pre-clinical departments will need to be expanded to realize the full potential of these approaches.
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Dunayevich E, Erickson J, Levine L, Landbloom R, Schoepp DD, Tollefson GD. Efficacy and tolerability of an mGlu2/3 agonist in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2008; 33:1603-10. [PMID: 17712352 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
LY354740, a potent and selective mGlu (metabotropic glutamate receptor)2/3 agonist, has shown efficacy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). LY544344 is a LY354740 prodrug that increases LY354740 bioavailability. This 8-week study was designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of LY544344 in the treatment of GAD. Participants had a diagnoses of GAD, baseline Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety subscale scores > or = 10, and moderate illness severity. Patients were randomized to double-blind treatment with LY544344 16 mg b.i.d. (n = 28), LY544344 8 mg b.i.d. (n = 36), or placebo (n = 44). LY544344 16 mg b.i.d.-treated patients showed significantly greater improvement from baseline in Hamilton Anxiety and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scores, as well as response and remission rates compared with placebo-treated patients. LY544344 was well tolerated and there were no significant differences in the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events among the three treatment groups. However, the trial was discontinued early based on findings of convulsions in preclinical studies. In conclusion, the findings of this study support the potential efficacy of mGlu2/3 receptor agonist agents in the treatment of GAD. Additional studies will be needed to further assess the toxicological and clinical profile of LY354740/LY544344.
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Perkins EJ, Abraham T. Pharmacokinetics, Metabolism, and Excretion of the Intestinal Peptide Transporter 1 (SLC15A1)-Targeted Prodrug (1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-[(2′S)-(2-Amino)propionyl]aminobicyclo[3.1.0.]hexen-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY544344) in Rats and Dogs: Assessment of First-Pass Bioactivation and Dose Linearity. Drug Metab Dispos 2007; 35:1903-9. [PMID: 17646281 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.107.016154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidyl prodrug (1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-[(2'S)-(2-Amino)propionyl]a-minobicyclo[3.1.0.]hexen-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, also known as LY544344, was discovered to improve the oral bioavailability of the parent drug (+)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY354740), a potent group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist. This prodrug has been shown to deliver high plasma concentrations of the active drug via intestinal peptide transporter 1 (SLC15A1) (PepT1)-mediated intestinal transport and presystemic hydrolysis in preclinical species. The current data describe the pharmacokinetic behavior of LY544344 and LY354740, with a specific focus on the first-pass activation processes and dose linearity in rats and dogs. The PepT1 transporter makes an attractive prodrug target because of its high capacity and relatively broad substrate specificity. This was demonstrated by the wide dose proportionality observed in both species (up to 1000 mg/kg in rats and 140 mg/kg in dogs). After oral administration of LY544344, absorption and bioactivation were extensive and rapid, with greater than 97% of prodrug hydrolysis occurring before its appearance in the hepatic portal vein. Systemic activation was likewise extensive, with 100% conversion of a 7-mg/kg intravenous dose in dogs. Radiolabeled studies confirmed that hydrolysis to LY354740 was the only metabolic pathway and that the excretion pattern of the active drug was not altered by administration of the prodrug. These results demonstrate the nearly ideal prodrug properties of LY544344 and further validate the utility of the peptide transporter-directed approach to prodrug design.
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Rorick-Kehn LM, Johnson BG, Knitowski KM, Salhoff CR, Witkin JM, Perry KW, Griffey KI, Tizzano JP, Monn JA, McKinzie DL, Schoepp DD. In vivo pharmacological characterization of the structurally novel, potent, selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY404039 in animal models of psychiatric disorders. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 193:121-36. [PMID: 17384937 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Data from both preclinical and clinical studies have provided proof of concept that modulation of limbic and forebrain glutamate, via mGlu2/3 receptor agonists, might provide therapeutic benefits in many psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and anxiety. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of a structurally novel, potent, selective mGlu2/3 receptor agonist with improved bioavailability (LY404039) in animal models predictive of antipsychotic and anxiolytic efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS LY404039 was assessed in amphetamine- and phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion, conditioned avoidance responding, fear-potentiated startle, marble burying, and rotarod behavioral tests. Monoamine release and turnover were assessed using microdialysis and ex vivo tissue levels. RESULTS LY404039 attenuated amphetamine- and phencyclidine-induced hyperlocomotion (3-30 and 10 mg/kg, respectively). LY404039 (3-10 mg/kg) inhibited conditioned avoidance responding. LY404039 also reduced fear-potentiated startle in rats (3-30 microg/kg) and marble burying in mice (3-10 mg/kg), indicating anxiolytic-like effects. Importantly, LY404039 did not produce sedative effects or motor impairment as measured by rotarod performance and lack of escape failures in the conditioned avoidance task (at doses up to 30 and 10 mg/kg, respectively). LY404039 (10 mg/kg) also increased dopamine and serotonin release/turnover in the prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the broad preclinical efficacy of LY404039 across multiple animal models of antipsychotic and anxiolytic efficacy. Additionally, this compound modulates mesocortical neurotransmission and provides a novel mechanism for the treatment of psychiatric disorders that may be associated with improved efficacy and reduced incidence of undesirable side effects. As glutamatergic dysfunction has been linked to the etiology of schizophrenia, clinical studies with more potent mGlu2/3 agonists, such as LY404039, may be useful to explore the validity of this hypothesis.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acids/pharmacology
- Amphetamine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/chemistry
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Bridged Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic/therapeutic use
- Cyclic S-Oxides/chemistry
- Cyclic S-Oxides/pharmacology
- Cyclic S-Oxides/therapeutic use
- Diazepam/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Male
- Mental Disorders/drug therapy
- Mental Disorders/psychology
- Mice
- Molecular Structure
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Phencyclidine/pharmacology
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/agonists
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Xanthenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Rorick-Kehn
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, DC0510, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Palucha A, Pilc A. Metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands as possible anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 115:116-47. [PMID: 17582504 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety represent a major problem. However, the current treatment of both groups of diseases is not satisfactory. As the glutamatergic system may play an important role in pathophysiology of both depression and anxiety, we decided to discuss the recent data on possible anxiolytic and/or antidepressant effects of metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor ligands. Preclinical data indicated that antagonists of group I mGlu receptors, particularly antagonists of mGlu5 receptors, produced both anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like effects. Clinical data also demonstrated that mGlu5 receptor antagonist, fenobam, was an active anxiolytic drug. The anxiolytic effects exerted by mGlu5 receptor antagonists are profound, comparable with or stronger than those of benzodiazepines. However, the problem with the psychotomimetic activity of mGlu5 receptor antagonists and their possible influence on memory has to be further investigated. Among all mGlu receptor ligands, group II mGlu receptor agonists seem to be the drugs with the most promising therapeutic potential and a good safety profile. Animal studies showed anxiolytic-like effects of group II mGlu receptor agonists. Currently, group II mGlu receptor agonists are in phase III clinical trials for potential treatment of anxiety disorders. On the other hand, data has been accumulated, indicating that antagonists of group II mGlu receptors have an antidepressant potential. Group III mGlu receptor ligands represent the least investigated group of mGlu receptors. However, preclinical data also indicates that ligands of these receptors, both agonists and antagonists, may have an anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Palucha
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Rorick-Kehn LM, Johnson BG, Burkey JL, Wright RA, Calligaro DO, Marek GJ, Nisenbaum ES, Catlow JT, Kingston AE, Giera DD, Herin MF, Monn JA, McKinzie DL, Schoepp DD. Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of a structurally novel, potent, and selective metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist: in vitro characterization of agonist (-)-(1R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-2-sulfonylbicyclo[3.1.0]-hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY404039). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:308-17. [PMID: 17204749 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.110809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor agonists, including (1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate monohydrate (LY354740) and (-)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate (LY379268), have demonstrated efficacy in animal models of anxiety and schizophrenia, and LY354740 decreased anxiety in human subjects. Herein, we report the in vitro pharmacological profile and pharmacokinetic properties of another potent, selective, and structurally novel mGlu2/3 receptor agonist, (-)-(1R,4S,5S,6S)-4-amino-2-sulfonylbicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (LY404039) and provide comparisons with LY354740. Similar to LY354740, LY404039 is a nanomolar potent agonist at recombinant human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors (K(i) = 149 and 92, respectively) and in rat neurons expressing native mGlu2/3 receptors (Ki = 88). LY404039 is highly selective for mGlu2/3 receptors, showing more than 100-fold selectivity for these receptors, versus ionotropic glutamate receptors, glutamate transporters, and other receptors targeted by known anxiolytic and antipsychotic medications. Functionally, LY404039 potently inhibited forskolin-stimulated cAMP formation in cells expressing human mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptors. Electrophysiological studies indicated that LY404039 suppressed electrically evoked excitatory activity in the striatum, and serotonin-induced l-glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex; effects reversed by LY341495. These characteristics suggest LY404039 modulates glutamatergic activity in limbic and forebrain areas relevant to psychiatric disorders; and that, similar to LY354740, it works through a mechanism that may be devoid of negative side effects associated with current antipsychotics and anxiolytics. Interestingly, despite the slightly lower potency (approximately 2-5-fold) of LY404039 versus LY354740 in binding, functional, and electrophysiological assays, LY404039 demonstrated higher plasma exposure and better oral bioavailability in pharmacokinetic experiments. Collectively, the current data indicate that LY404039 may be valuable in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Rorick-Kehn
- Neuroscience Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, DC0510, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Hodgson DM, Chung YK, Nuzzo I, Freixas G, Kulikiewicz KK, Cleator E, Paris JM. Intramolecular Cyclopropanation of Unsaturated Terminal Epoxides and Chlorohydrins. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:4456-62. [PMID: 17373790 DOI: 10.1021/ja0672932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide (LTMP)-induced intramolecular cyclopropanation of unsaturated terminal epoxides provides an efficient and completely stereoselective entry to bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ols and bicyclo[4.1.0]heptan-2-ols. Further elaboration of C-5 and C-6 stannyl-substituted bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ols via Sn-Li exchange/electrophile trapping or Stille coupling generates a range of substituted bicyclic cyclopropanes. An alternative straightforward cyclopropanation protocol using a catalytic amount of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP) allows for a convenient (1 g-7.5 kg) synthesis of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-2-ol and other bicyclic adducts. The synthetic utility of this chemistry has been demonstrated in a concise asymmetric synthesis of (+)-beta-cuparenone. The related unsaturated chlorohydrins also undergo intramolecular cyclopropanation via in situ epoxide formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Hodgson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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Recent Advances in Oral Prodrug Discovery. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(06)41027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Rorick-Kehn LM, Perkins EJ, Knitowski KM, Hart JC, Johnson BG, Schoepp DD, McKinzie DL. Improved Bioavailability of the mGlu2/3 Receptor Agonist LY354740 Using a Prodrug Strategy: In Vivo Pharmacology of LY544344. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:905-13. [PMID: 16223873 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.091926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that selective agonists of group II metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors, such as LY354740 [(1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylate monohydrate] and LY379268 [(-)-2-oxa-4-aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate], may be useful in the treatment of many psychiatric disorders, including psychosis, anxiety, and drug withdrawal. Although animal and human studies demonstrate potential therapeutic utility, poor oral bioavailability is a limiting factor in the clinical development of these compounds. Therefore, a novel prodrug approach is being pursued to increase exposure levels of active compound after oral administration. Here, we demonstrate a 10-fold increase in brain, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid levels of LY354740 after oral prodrug administration. Furthermore, we compare the oral efficacy of the mGlu2/3 receptor agonist LY354740 and its prodrug LY544344 [(1S,2S,5R,6S)-2-[(2'S)-(2'-amino)propionyl]aminobicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2,6-dicarboxylic acid hydrochloride] in rodent models of psychosis and anxiety. Phencyclidine (PCP)-induced hyperlocomotion was dose dependently inhibited in rats receiving oral administration of 30 or 100 mg/kg LY544344, whereas LY354740 did not significantly reverse PCP-mediated behaviors at doses up to 100 mg/kg. Orally administered LY544344 (30 mg/kg) and subcutaneously administered LY354740 (10 mg/kg) attenuated stress-induced hyperthermia in DBA/2 mice, with the prodrug producing anxiolytic effects at lower oral doses than the parent compound. Although oral administration of LY354740 did not significantly affect fear-induced suppression of operant responding in rats, subcutaneously administered LY354740 (10 or 20 mg/kg) and orally administered LY544344 (10 or 30 mg/kg) produced significant anxiolytic effects in this model. The present data confirm that mGlu2/3 receptor agonists produce antipsychotic and anxiolytic effects in animal behavioral models and demonstrate that oral bioavailability of LY354740 was substantially increased using a prodrug strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda M Rorick-Kehn
- Neuroscience Discovery Research Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Coffey DS, Hawk MK, Pedersen SW, Vaid RK. An efficient synthesis of LY544344·HCl: a prodrug of mGluR2 agonist LY354740. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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