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Wei W, Xu Q, Wu L, Gong G, Tian Y, Huang H, Li Z. Drug development and potential targets for Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116333. [PMID: 38569434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a complex disorder characterized by the excessive secretion of cortisol, with Cushing's disease (CD), particularly associated with pituitary tumors, exhibiting heightened morbidity and mortality. Although transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) stands as the primary treatment for CD, there is a crucial need to optimize patient prognosis. Current medical therapy serves as an adjunctive measure due to its unsatisfactory efficacy and unpredictable side effects. In this comprehensive review, we delve into recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of CS and explore therapeutic options by conducting a critical analysis of potential drug targets and candidates. Additionally, we provide an overview of the design strategy employed in previously reported candidates, along with a summary of structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses and their biological efficacy. This review aims to contribute valuable insights to the evolving landscape of CS research, shedding light on potential avenues for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Liuyi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Guangyue Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yucheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Huidan Huang
- Center of Drug Screening & Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, PR China.
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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Tang J, Ouyang H, Chen X, Jiang D, Tian Y, Huang Y, Shen X. Comparative Transcriptome Analyses of Leg Muscle during Early Growth between Geese ( Anser cygnoides) Breeds Differing in Body Size Characteristics. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051048. [PMID: 37239409 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Goose is an important poultry commonly raised for meat. The early growth performance of geese significantly influences their market weight and slaughter weight, affecting the poultry industry's economic benefits. To identify the growth surge between the Shitou goose and the Wuzong goose, we collected the early growth body traits from 0 to 12 weeks. In addition, we investigated the transcriptomic changes in leg muscles at the high growth speed period to reveal the difference between the two geese breeds. We also estimated the growth curve parameters under three models, including the logistic, von Bertalanffy, and Gompertz models. The results showed that except for body length and keel length, the best-fitting model between the body weight and body size of the Shitou and Wuzong was the logistic model. The growth turning points of Shitou and Wuzong were 5.954 and 4.944 weeks, respectively, and the turning point of their body weight was 1459.01 g and 478.54 g, respectively. Growth surge occurred at 2-9 weeks in Shitou goose and at 1-7 weeks in Wuzong goose. The body size traits of the Shitou goose and Wuzong goose showed a trend of rapid growth in the early stage and slow growth in the later stage, and the Shitou goose growth was higher than the Wuzong goose. For transcriptome sequencing, a total of 87 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with a fold change ≥ 2 and a false discovery rate < 0.05. Many DEGs have a potential function for growth, such as CXCL12, SSTR4, FABP5, SLC2A1, MYLK4, and EIF4E3. KEGG pathway analysis identified that some DEGs were significantly enriched in the calcium signaling pathway, which may promote muscle growth. The gene-gene interaction network of DEGs was mainly related to the transmission of cell signals and substances, hematological system development, and functions. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the production and breeding management of the Shitou goose and Wuzong goose and help reveal the genetic mechanisms underlying diverse body sizes between two goose breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Hongjia Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Danli Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yunbo Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Yunmao Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xu Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China
- Waterfowl Healthy Breeding Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou 510225, China
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Evaluation of a New 177Lu-Labeled Somatostatin Analog for the Treatment of Tumors Expressing Somatostatin Receptor Subtypes 2 and 5. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184155. [PMID: 32932783 PMCID: PMC7570871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy of somatostatin receptor (SST)-expressing tumors is only partially addressed by the established somatostatin analogs having an affinity for the SST subtype 2 (SST2). Aiming to target a broader spectrum of tumors, we evaluated the bis-iodo-substituted somatostatin analog ST8950 ((4-amino-3-iodo)-d-Phe-c[Cys-(3-iodo)-Tyr-d-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys]-Thr-NH2), having subnanomolar affinity for SST2 and SST5, labeled with [177Lu]Lu3+ via the chelator DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid). Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) cells stably transfected with the human SST2 (HEK-SST2) and SST5 (HEK-SST5) were used for in vitro and in vivo evaluation on a dual SST2- and SST5-expressing xenografted mouse model. natLu-DOTA-ST8950 showed nanomolar affinity for both subtypes (IC50 (95% confidence interval): 0.37 (0.22-0.65) nM for SST2 and 3.4 (2.3-5.2) for SST5). The biodistribution of [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-ST8950 was influenced by the injected mass, with 100 pmol demonstrating lower background activity than 10 pmol. [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-ST8950 reached its maximal uptake on SST2- and SST5-tumors at 1 h p.i. (14.17 ± 1.78 and 1.78 ± 0.35%IA/g, respectively), remaining unchanged 4 h p.i., with a mean residence time of 8.6 and 0.79 h, respectively. Overall, [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-ST8950 targets SST2-, SST5-expressing tumors in vivo to a lower extent, and has an effective dose similar to clinically used radiolabeled somatostatin analogs. Its main drawbacks are the low uptake in SST5-tumors and the persistent kidney uptake.
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A new 68Ga-labeled somatostatin analog containing two iodo-amino acids for dual somatostatin receptor subtype 2 and 5 targeting. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:90. [PMID: 32757150 PMCID: PMC7406630 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00677-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Somatostatin receptor (SST) targeting, specifically of the subtype 2 (SST2), with radiolabeled somatostatin analogs, is established for imaging and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Owing to the concomitant and heterogeneous expression of several subtypes on the same tumor, analogs targeting more subtypes than SST2 potentially target a broader spectrum of tumors and/or increase the uptake of a given tumor. The analog ST8950 ((4-amino-3-iodo)-d-Phe-c[Cys-(3-iodo)-Tyr-d-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys]-Thr-NH2), bearing 2 iodo-amino acids, exhibits sub-nanomolar affinity to SST2 and SST5. We report herein the development and preclinical evaluation of DOTA-ST8950 labeled with 68Ga, for imaging SST2- and SST5-expressing tumors. Comparative in vitro and in vivo studies were performed with the de-iodinated DOTA-ST8951 ((4-amino)-d-Phe-c[Cys-Tyr-d-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys]-Thr-NH2) and with the reference compounds DOTA-TATE (SST2 selective) and DOTA-NOC (for SST2 and SST5). Results Compared with natGa-DOTA-NOC, natGa-DOTA-ST8950 exhibited higher affinity to SST2 and SST5 (IC50 (95%CI), nM = 0.32 (0.20–0.50) and 1.9 (1.1–3.1) vs 0.70 (0.50-0.96) and 3.4 (1.8-6.2), respectively), while natGa-DOTA-ST8951 lost affinity for both subtypes. natGa-DOTA-ST8950 had the same potency for inducing SST2-mediated cAMP accumulation as natGa-DOTA-TATE and slightly better than natGa-DOTA-NOC (EC50, nM = 0.46 (0.23–0.92) vs 0.47 (0.15–1.5) vs 0.59 (0.18–1.9), respectively). [67Ga]Ga-DOTA-ST8950 had a similar internalization rate as [67Ga]Ga-DOTA-NOC in SST2-expressing cells (12.4 ± 1.6% vs 16.6 ± 2.2%, at 4 h, p = 0.0586). In vivo, [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-ST8950 showed high and specific accumulation in SST2- and SST5-expressing tumors, comparable with [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NOC (26 ± 8 vs 30 ± 8 %IA/g, p = 0.4630 for SST2 and 15 ± 6 vs 12 ± 5 %IA/g, p = 0.3282, for SST5, 1 h p.i.) and accumulation in the SST-positive tissues, the kidneys and the liver. PET/CT images of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-ST8950, performed in a dual HEK-SST2 and HEK-SST5 tumor xenografted model, clearly visualized both tumors and illustrated high tumor-to-background contrast. Conclusions [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-ST8950 reveals its potential for PET imaging SST2- and SST5-expressing tumors. It compares favorably with the clinically used [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-NOC in terms of tumor uptake; however, its uptake in the liver remains a challenge for clinical translation. In addition, this study reveals the essential role of the iodo-substitutions in positions 1 and 3 of [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-ST8950 for maintaining affinity to SST2 and SST5, as the de-iodinated [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-ST8951 lost affinity for both receptor subtypes.
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Eugster PJ, Boyle CN, Prod'hom S, Tarasco E, Buclin T, Lutz TA, Harris AG, Grouzmann E. Sensitive quantification of the somatostatin analog AP102 in plasma by ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1448-1457. [PMID: 29745052 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AP102 is a di-iodinated octapeptide somatostatin agonist (SSA) designed to treat acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors. A sensitive and selective method was validated for the quantification of AP102 in plasma following the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. Sample preparation was performed using solid-phase extraction microplates. Chromatographic separation was achieved on an ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) C18 column in 6.0 minutes. The compounds were quantified using multiple reaction monitoring on a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer with 13 C,15 N-labeled AP102 as internal standard. Calibration ranged from 50 to 10000 pg/mL. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was measured at 20 pg/mL, and robust analytical performances were obtained with trueness at 99.2%-100.0%, intra-assay imprecision at 2.5%-4.4%, and inter-assay imprecision at 8.9%-9.7%. The accuracy profiles (total error) built on the 3 concentrations levels showed accuracy within the 70%-130% range. AP102 is remarkably stable since no proteolytic fragments were detected on plasma samples analyzed by Orbitrap-MS. Pharmacokinetic studies were conducted in rats, after single dose (1, 3, and 10 μg/kg, sc) and continuous subcutaneous administration (osmotic minipumps for 28 days, 3.0 or 10.0 μg/kg/h). AP102 showed a rapid absorption by the subcutaneous route (Tmax : 15-30 minutes) and a fast elimination (t1/2 : 33-86 minutes). The PK profile of AP102 exhibited a mean clearance of 1.67 L/h and a mean distribution volume at steady state of 7.16 L/kg, about 10-fold higher than those observed with other SSA or non- and mono-iodinated AP102. LogD7.4 determination confirmed the lipophilic properties of AP102 that might influence its distribution in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J Eugster
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Christina N Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Prod'hom
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Erika Tarasco
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan G Harris
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Grouzmann
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Switzerland
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Streuli J, Harris AG, Cottiny C, Allagnat F, Daly AF, Grouzmann E, Abid K. Cellular effects of AP102, a somatostatin analog with balanced affinities for the hSSTR2 and hSSTR5 receptors. Neuropeptides 2018. [PMID: 29523357 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatostatin analogs (SSAs) are first-line medical therapy for the treatment of acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors that express somatostatin receptors (SSTR). Somatostatin suppresses secretion of a large number of hormones through the stimulation of the five SSTR. However, unbalanced inhibition of secretion as observed with the highly potent SSAs pasireotide causes hyperglycaemia mainly by inhibiting insulin secretion. In contrast, AP102 a new SSAs has neutral effect on blood glucose while suppressing GH secretion. Our objective was to establish the cellular effects of AP102 on SSTR2 and SSTR5 that may explain the differences observed between AP102 and other SSAs. METHODS We compared the binding and agonist activity of AP102 with somatostatin-14, octreotide and pasireotide in HEK293 cells transfected with human SSTR2 and SSTR5 receptors. SSAs signal transduction effects (cAMP concentrations) were measured in forskolin-treated cells in the presence of SSAs. Proliferation and apoptotic effects were determined and binding assays were performed using 125I- somatostatin-14. RESULTS AP102 has comparable affinity and agonist effect to octreotide at SSTR2 (IC50's of 112 pM and 244 pM, respectively; EC50's of 230 pM and 210 pM, respectively) in contrast to pasireotide that exhibits a 12-27 fold higher IC50 (3110 pM) and about 5-fold higher EC50 (1097 pM). At SSTR5, AP102 has much higher affinity and stimulating effect than octreotide (IC50's of 773 pM and 16,737 pM, respectively; EC50's of 8526 pM and 26,800 pM), and an intermediate affinity and agonist effect between octreotide and pasireotide. AP102, octreotide and pasireotide have variable anti-proliferative effects on HEK cells transfected with SSTR2 and SSTR5. CONCLUSION AP102 is a new SSA that better reduces signaling at SSTR2 than SSTR5 and prevents cell proliferation at both receptors. The euglycaemic effect of AP102 observed in preclinical studies may be related to this intermediate agonistic potency between pasireotide and octreotide at SSTR2 and SSTR5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Streuli
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Catecholamine and Peptides Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1001 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alan G Harris
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Cecilia Cottiny
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Catecholamine and Peptides Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1001 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Florent Allagnat
- Department of Vascular Surgery, CHUV, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Adrian F Daly
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Grouzmann
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Catecholamine and Peptides Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1001 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karim Abid
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Catecholamine and Peptides Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), 1001 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Tarasco E, Seebeck P, Pfundstein S, Daly AF, Eugster PJ, Harris AG, Grouzmann E, Lutz TA, Boyle CN. Effect of AP102, a subtype 2 and 5 specific somatostatin analog, on glucose metabolism in rats. Endocrine 2017; 58:124-133. [PMID: 28822091 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-017-1386-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatostatin analogs are widely used to treat conditions associated with hormonal hypersecretion such as acromegaly and metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. First generation somatostatin analogs, such as octreotide and lanreotide, have high affinity for somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2), but have incomplete efficacy in many patients. Pasireotide targets multiple SSTRs, having the highest affinity for SSTR5, but causes hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus in preclinical and clinical studies. AP102 is a new somatostatin analogs with high affinity at both SSTR2 and SSTR5. We aimed to characterize the effects of AP102 vs. pasireotide on random and dynamic glucose levels, glucoregulatory hormone concentrations and growth axis measures in healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS Three doses of each compound were evaluated under acute conditions (1, 10, and 30 µg/kg s.c.), and two doses during a chronic (4-week) infusion (3 and 10 µg/kg/h s.c.). RESULTS Neither acute nor chronic AP102 administration altered blood glucose concentrations or dynamic responses following an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. In contrast, acute and chronic pasireotide dosing increased random and post-intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test blood glucose measures, compared to vehicle-treated controls. Both AP102 and pasireotide acutely suppressed growth hormone levels, although insulin-like growth factor-1 and somatic growth was suppressed to a greater extent with pasireotide. CONCLUSIONS AP102 is a new dual SSTR2/SSTR5-specific somatostatin analog that acutely reduces growth hormone but does not cause hyperglycemia during acute or chronic administration in a healthy rat model. Further studies in diabetic animals and in humans are necessary to determine the potential utility of AP102 in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Tarasco
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Petra Seebeck
- Zurich Integrative Rodent Physiology (ZIRP), University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Svende Pfundstein
- Zurich Integrative Rodent Physiology (ZIRP), University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adrian F Daly
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe J Eugster
- Laboratoire des Catecholamines et Peptides, Service de Biomédecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alan G Harris
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Eric Grouzmann
- Laboratoire des Catecholamines et Peptides, Service de Biomédecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina N Boyle
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Faron-Górecka A, Kuśmider M, Kolasa M, Żurawek D, Szafran-Pilch K, Gruca P, Pabian P, Solich J, Papp M, Dziedzicka-Wasylewska M. Chronic mild stress alters the somatostatin receptors in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:255-66. [PMID: 26462807 PMCID: PMC4700104 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The involvement of somatostatin (SST) and its receptors in the pathophysiology of depression and stress has been evidenced by numerous studies. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to find whether chronic mild stress (CMS), an animal model of depression, affects the SST receptors in the rat brain and pituitary, as well as the level of SST in plasma. METHODS In CMS model, rats were subjected to 2 weeks of stress and behaviorally characterized using the sucrose consumption test into differently reacting groups based on their response to stress, i.e., stress-reactive (anhedonic), stress-non-reactive (resilient), and invert-reactive rats (characterized by excessive sucrose intake). We measured specific binding of [125I]Tyr3-Octreotide, expression of mRNA encoding sst2R receptors in the rat brains, expression of SST and its receptors in rat pituitary, and the level of SST in the plasma. RESULTS The obtained results show decreases in binding of [125I]Tyr3-Octreotide in most of rat brain regions upon CMS and no significant differences between three stressed groups of animals, except for significant up-regulation of sst2 receptor in medial habenula (MHb) in the stress-reactive group. In the same group of animals, significant increase in plasma SST level was observed. CONCLUSIONS There are two particularly sensitive sites distinguishing the response to stress in CMS model. In the brain, it is MHb, while on the periphery this predictor is SST level in plasma. These changes may broaden an understanding of the mechanisms involved in the stress response and point to the intriguing role of MHb.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Faron-Górecka
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - M. Kuśmider
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - M. Kolasa
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - D. Żurawek
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - K. Szafran-Pilch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - P. Gruca
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - P. Pabian
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - J. Solich
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - M. Papp
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
| | - M. Dziedzicka-Wasylewska
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, Kraków, 31-343 Poland
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