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Che P, Davidson JT, Kool J, Kohler I. Electron activated dissociation - a complementary fragmentation technique to collision-induced dissociation for metabolite identification of synthetic cathinone positional isomers. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1283:341962. [PMID: 37977786 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, a remarkable number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have emerged onto the drug market, resulting in serious threats to both public health and society. Despite their abundance and potential toxicity, there is little information available on their metabolism, a crucial piece of information for clinical and forensic purposes. NPS metabolism can be studied using in vitro models, such as liver microsomes, cytosol, hepatocytes, etc. The tentative structural elucidation of metabolites of NPS formed using in vitro models is typically carried out using liquid chromatography combined with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS2) with collision-induced dissociation (CID) as a fragmentation method. However, the thermally-excited ions produced with CID may not be sufficient for unambiguous identification of metabolites or their complete characterization. Electron-activated dissociation (EAD), a relatively new fragmentation approach that can be used to fragment singly-charged ions, may provide complementary structural information that can be used to further improve the confidence in metabolite identification. The aim of this study was to compare CID and EAD as fragmentation methods for the characterization and identification of synthetic cathinone positional isomers and their metabolites. The in vitro metabolism of 2-methylethcathinone (2-MEC), 3-methylethcathinone (3-MEC) and 4-methylethcathinone (4-MEC) was investigated with both CID and EAD methods using LC-HRMS2. Four, seven and six metabolites were tentatively identified for the metabolism of 2-MEC, 3-MEC and 4-MEC, respectively. Here, the metabolism of 3-MEC and 2-MEC is reported for the first time. The EAD product ion mass spectra showed different fragmentation patterns compared to CID, where unique and abundant product ions were observed in EAD but not in CID. More importantly, certain EAD exclusive product ions play a significant role in structural elucidation of some metabolites. These results highlight the important role that EAD fragmentation can play in metabolite identification workflows, by providing additional fragmentation data compared with CID and, thus, enhancing the confidence in structural elucidation of drug metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Che
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Tyler Davidson
- Sam Houston State University, Department of Forensic Science, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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2
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Che P, Davidson JT, Still K, Kool J, Kohler I. In vitro metabolism of cathinone positional isomers: does sex matter? Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5403-5420. [PMID: 37452840 PMCID: PMC10444680 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cathinones, one of the most prevalent categories of new psychoactive substances, have been posing a serious threat to public health. Methylmethcathinones (MMCs), notably 3-MMC, have seen an alarming increase in their use in the last decade. The metabolism and toxicology of a large majority of synthetic cathinones, including 3-MMC and 2-MMC, remain unknown. Traditionally, male-derived liver materials have been used as in vitro metabolic incubations to investigate the metabolism of xenobiotics, including MMCs. Therefore, little is known about the metabolism in female-derived in vitro models and the potential sex-specific differences in biotransformation. In this study, the metabolism of 2-MMC, 3-MMC, and 4-MMC was investigated using female rat and human liver microsomal incubations, as well as male rat and human liver microsomal incubations. A total of 25 phase I metabolites of MMCs were detected and tentatively identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Seven sex-specific metabolites were detected exclusively using pooled male rat liver microsomal incubations. In addition, the metabolites generated from the sex-dependent in vitro metabolic incubations that were present in both male and female rat liver microsomal incubations showed differences in relative abundance. Yet, neither sex-specific metabolites nor significant differences in relative abundance were observed from pooled human liver microsomal incubations. This is the first study to report the phase I metabolic pathways of MMCs using in vitro metabolic incubations for both male and female liver microsomes, and the relative abundance of the metabolites observed from each sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Che
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Tyler Davidson
- Department of Forensic Science, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Kristina Still
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Kohler
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Center for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Co van Ledden Hulsebosch Center (CLHC), Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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van Vugt-Lussenburg BMA, Capinha L, Reinen J, Rooseboom M, Kranendonk M, Onderwater RCA, Jennings P. " Commandeuring" Xenobiotic Metabolism: Advances in Understanding Xenobiotic Metabolism. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:1184-1201. [PMID: 35768066 PMCID: PMC9297329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The understanding
of how exogenous chemicals (xenobiotics) are
metabolized, distributed, and eliminated is critical to determine
the impact of the chemical and its metabolites to the (human) organism.
This is part of the research and educational discipline ADMET (absorption,
distribution, metabolism, elimination, and toxicity). Here, we review
the work of Jan Commandeur and colleagues who have not only made a
significant impact in understanding of phase I and phase II metabolism
of several important compounds but also contributed greatly to the
development of experimental techniques for the study of xenobiotic
metabolism. Jan Commandeur’s work has covered a broad area
of research, such as the development of online screening methodologies,
the use of a combination of enzyme mutagenesis and molecular modeling
for structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies, and the
development of novel probe substrates. This work is the bedrock of
current activities and brings the field closer to personalized (cohort-based)
pharmacology, toxicology, and hazard/risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liliana Capinha
- Division of Computational and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMs), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle Reinen
- Charles River Den Bosch, Hambakenwetering 7, 5203 DL Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rooseboom
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., 1030 BN The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School/Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Paul Jennings
- Division of Computational and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMs), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Zietek BM, Mladic M, Bruyneel B, Niessen WMA, Honing M, Somsen GW, Kool J. Nanofractionation Platform with Parallel Mass Spectrometry for Identification of CYP1A2 Inhibitors in Metabolic Mixtures. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 23:283-293. [PMID: 29262760 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217746323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
With early assessment of inhibitory properties of drug candidates and their circulating metabolites toward cytochrome P450 enzymes, drug attrition, especially later in the drug development process, can be decreased. Here we describe the development and validation of an at-line nanofractionation platform, which was applied for screening of CYP1A2 inhibitors in Phase I metabolic mixtures. With this platform, a metabolic mixture is separated by liquid chromatography (LC), followed by parallel nanofractionation on a microtiter well plate and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. After solvent evaporation, all metabolites present in the nanofractionated mixture are assayed utilizing a fluorescence CYP1A2 inhibition bioassay performed on the plate. Next, a bioactivity chromatogram is constructed from the bioassay results. By peak shape and retention time correlation of the bioactivity peaks with the obtained MS data, CYP1A2-bioactive inhibiting metabolites can be identified. The method correctly evaluated the potency of five CYP1A2 inhibitors. Mixtures comprising potent inhibitors of CYP1A2 or in vitro-generated metabolites of ellipticine were evaluated for their inhibitory bioactivities. In both cases, good LC separation of all compounds was achieved and bioactivity data could be accurately correlated with the parallel recorded MS data. Generation and evaluation of Phase II metabolites of hydroxylated ellipticine was also pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara M Zietek
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marija Mladic
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben Bruyneel
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wilfried M A Niessen
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,3 hyphen MassSpec, Voorhout, Netherlands
| | - Maarten Honing
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,2 DSM Materials Science Center, Geleen, Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- 1 Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Peng WB, Tan JL, Huang DD, Ding XP. On-Line HPLC with Biochemical Detection for Screening Bioactive Compounds in Complex Matrixes. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2982-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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6
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Burkhardt T, Kaufmann CM, Letzel T, Grassmann J. Enzymatic Assays Coupled with Mass Spectrometry with or without Embedded Liquid Chromatography. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1985-92. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Therese Burkhardt
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering; Technical University of Munich (TUM); Am Coulombwall 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Christine M. Kaufmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering; Technical University of Munich (TUM); Am Coulombwall 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Thomas Letzel
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering; Technical University of Munich (TUM); Am Coulombwall 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Johanna Grassmann
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering; Technical University of Munich (TUM); Am Coulombwall 85748 Garching Germany
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7
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Troise AD, Ferracane R, Palermo M, Fogliano V. Targeted metabolite profile of food bioactive compounds by Orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry: The “FancyTiles” approach. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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8
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Comparison of (bio-)transformation methods for the generation of metabolite-like compound libraries of p38α MAP kinase inhibitors using high-resolution screening. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:235-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Obach RS. Pharmacologically active drug metabolites: impact on drug discovery and pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:578-640. [PMID: 23406671 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism represents the most prevalent mechanism for drug clearance. Many drugs are converted to metabolites that can retain the intrinsic affinity of the parent drug for the pharmacological target. Drug metabolism redox reactions such as heteroatom dealkylations, hydroxylations, heteroatom oxygenations, reductions, and dehydrogenations can yield active metabolites, and in rare cases even conjugation reactions can yield an active metabolite. To understand the contribution of an active metabolite to efficacy relative to the contribution of the parent drug, the target affinity, functional activity, plasma protein binding, membrane permeability, and pharmacokinetics of the active metabolite and parent drug must be known. Underlying pharmacokinetic principles and clearance concepts are used to describe the dispositional behavior of metabolites in vivo. A method to rapidly identify active metabolites in drug research is described. Finally, over 100 examples of drugs with active metabolites are discussed with regard to the importance of the metabolite(s) in efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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10
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Potterat O, Hamburger M. Concepts and technologies for tracking bioactive compounds in natural product extracts: generation of libraries, and hyphenation of analytical processes with bioassays. Nat Prod Rep 2013; 30:546-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c3np20094a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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11
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Falck D, Schebb NH, Prihatiningtyas S, Zhang J, Heus F, Morisseau C, Kool J, Hammock BD, Niessen WMA. Development of On-line Liquid Chromatography-Biochemical Detection for Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitors in Mixtures. Chromatographia 2013; 76:13-21. [PMID: 23526703 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an end-point-based fluorescence assay for soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) was transformed into an on-line continuous-flow format. The on-line biochemical detection system (BCD) was coupled on-line to liquid chromatography (LC) to allow mixture analysis. The on-line BCD was based on a flow system wherein sEH activity was detected by competition of analytes with the substrate hydrolysis. The reaction product was measured by fluorescence detection. In parallel to the BCD data, UV and MS data were obtained through post-column splitting of the LC effluent. The buffer system and reagent concentrations were optimized resulting in a stable on-line BCD with a good assay window and good sensitivity (S/N > 60). The potency of known sEH inhibitors (sEHis) obtained by LC-BCD correlates well with published values. The LC-BCD system was applied to test how oxidative microsomal metabolism affects the potency of three sEHis. After incubation with pig liver microsomes, several metabolites of sEHis were characterized by MS, while their individual potencies were measured by BCD. For all compounds tested, active metabolites were observed. The developed method allows for the first time the detection of sEHis in mixtures providing new opportunities in the development of drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Falck
- Department of BioMolecular Analysis, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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12
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Development of on-line high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-biochemical detection methods as tools in the identification of bioactives. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3101-3133. [PMID: 22489144 PMCID: PMC3317705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical detection (BCD) methods are commonly used to screen plant extracts for specific biological activities in batch assays. Traditionally, bioactives in the most active extracts were identified through time-consuming bio-assay guided fractionation until single active compounds could be isolated. Not only are isolation procedures often tedious, but they could also lead to artifact formation. On-line coupling of BCD assays to high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is gaining ground as a high resolution screening technique to overcome problems associated with pre-isolation by measuring the effects of compounds post-column directly after separation. To date, several on-line HPLC-BCD assays, applied to whole plant extracts and mixtures, have been published. In this review the focus will fall on enzyme-based, receptor-based and antioxidant assays.
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13
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Teunissen S, Rosing H, Seoane MD, Brunsveld L, Schellens J, Schinkel A, Beijnen J. Investigational study of tamoxifen phase I metabolites using chromatographic and spectroscopic analytical techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 55:518-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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An ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem MS assay for tamoxifen metabolites profiling in plasma: First evidence of 4′-hydroxylated metabolites in breast cancer patients. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:3402-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Teunissen S, Rosing H, Schinkel A, Schellens J, Beijnen J. Bioanalytical methods for determination of tamoxifen and its phase I metabolites: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 683:21-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kool J, de Kloe G, Denker AD, van Altena K, Smoluch M, van Iperen D, Nahar TT, Limburg RJ, Niessen WMA, Lingeman H, Leurs R, de Esch IJP, Smit AB, Irth H. Nanofractionation Spotter Technology for Rapid Contactless and High-Resolution Deposition of LC Eluent for Further Off-Line Analysis. Anal Chem 2010; 83:125-32. [DOI: 10.1021/ac102001g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Kool
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Gerdien de Kloe
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud D. Denker
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas van Altena
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Marek Smoluch
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Dick van Iperen
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Tariq T. Nahar
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J. Limburg
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfried M. A. Niessen
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Henk Lingeman
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - August B. Smit
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Hubertus Irth
- BioMolecular Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, and FMI-Bèta-VU, ELE-Bèta-VU (Mechanical and Electronic Engineering), Faculty of Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, The Netherlands
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17
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Advances in mass spectrometry-based post-column bioaffinity profiling of mixtures. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:2655-68. [PMID: 21107824 PMCID: PMC3043236 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2010] [Revised: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/31/2010] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
In the screening of complex mixtures, for example combinatorial libraries, natural extracts, and metabolic incubations, different approaches are used for integrated bioaffinity screening. Four major strategies can be used for screening of bioactive mixtures for protein targets-pre-column and post-column off-line, at-line, and on-line strategies. The focus of this review is on recent developments in post-column on-line screening, and the role of mass spectrometry (MS) in these systems. On-line screening systems integrate separation sciences, mass spectrometry, and biochemical methodology, enabling screening for active compounds in complex mixtures. There are three main variants of on-line MS based bioassays: the mass spectrometer is used for ligand identification only; the mass spectrometer is used for both ligand identification and bioassay readout; or MS detection is conducted in parallel with at-line microfractionation with off-line bioaffinity analysis. On the basis of the different fields of application of on-line screening, the principles are explained and their usefulness in the different fields of drug research is critically evaluated. Furthermore, off-line screening is discussed briefly with the on-line and at-line approaches.
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18
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Reinen J, Kalma LL, Begheijn S, Heus F, Commandeur JN, Vermeulen NP. Application of cytochrome P450 BM3 mutants as biocatalysts for the profiling of estrogen receptor binding metabolites of the mycotoxin zearalenone. Xenobiotica 2010; 41:59-70. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2010.525762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Reinen J, Suter MJF, Vögeli AC, Fernandez MF, Kiviranta H, Eggen RIL, Vermeulen NPE. Endocrine disrupting chemicals-Linking internal exposure to vitellogenin levels and ovotestis in Abramis brama from Dutch surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 30:209-223. [PMID: 21787654 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The exposure of male bream from three Dutch freshwater locations to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and corresponding effects are described in this study. Fish specimen displaying reproductive disorders associated with high levels of plasma vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations and occurrence of ovotestis (OT) were investigated. To provide information on the full spectrum of EDCs in fish tissue, adipose tissue samples of individual fish were analyzed for nearly 130 chemicals targeting different compound classes (bisphenols, alkylphenols, pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and biphenyls (PBBs)) and steroid hormones. To establish whether tissue from specimen with reproductive disorders shows a spectrum of EDCs that is qualitatively and quantitatively different from that of controls free of symptoms, bioassay-directed fractionation was performed using the recombinant yeast estrogen screen (YES), the E-Screen bioassay, the human sulfotransferase 1E1 (SULT1E1) inhibition assay, and the coumestrol-based estrogen receptor α (ERα) high resolution screening (HRS) assay. No differences in estrogenicity could be observed between the cases and controls and steroidal estrogens accounted for the majority of estrogenicity found in the complex mixtures. In this study, the combination of the different assays employed to measure total estrogenicity and the SULT1E1 inhibition does not predict the outcome of unwanted physiological effects, however, it can be used to determine the presence of EDCs in fish samples and their estrogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Reinen
- LACDR-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Marques LA, Kool J, de Kanter F, Lingeman H, Niessen W, Irth H. Production and on-line acetylcholinesterase bioactivity profiling of chemical and biological degradation products of tacrine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:609-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gjerde J, Geisler J, Lundgren S, Ekse D, Varhaug JE, Mellgren G, Steen VM, Lien EA. Associations between tamoxifen, estrogens, and FSH serum levels during steady state tamoxifen treatment of postmenopausal women with breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:313. [PMID: 20565970 PMCID: PMC2910688 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes 2C19, 2D6, and 3A5 are responsible for converting the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), tamoxifen to its active metabolites 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (4OHtam) and 4-hydroxy-N-demethyltamoxifen (4OHNDtam, endoxifen). Inter-individual variations of the activity of these enzymes due to polymorphisms may be predictors of outcome of breast cancer patients during tamoxifen treatment. Since tamoxifen and estrogens are both partly metabolized by these enzymes we hypothesize that a correlation between serum tamoxifen and estrogen levels exists, which in turn may interact with tamoxifen on treatment outcome. Here we examined relationships between the serum levels of tamoxifen, estrogens, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and also determined the genotypes of CYP2C19, 2D6, 3A5, and SULT1A1 in 90 postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Methods Tamoxifen and its metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Estrogen and FSH levels were determined using a sensitive radio- and chemiluminescent immunoassay, respectively. Results We observed significant correlations between the serum concentrations of tamoxifen, N-dedimethyltamoxifen, and tamoxifen-N-oxide and estrogens (p < 0.05). The genotype predicted CYP2C19 activity influenced the levels of both tamoxifen metabolites and E1. Conclusions We have shown an association between tamoxifen and its metabolites and estrogen serum levels. An impact of CYP2C19 predicted activity on tamoxifen, as well as estrogen kinetics may partly explain the observed association between tamoxifen and its metabolites and estrogen serum levels. Since the role of estrogen levels during tamoxifen therapy is still a matter of debate further prospective studies to examine the effect of tamoxifen and estrogen kinetics on treatment outcome are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gjerde
- Hormone Laboratory, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, N-5021, Norway
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22
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Some nonylphenol isomers show antiestrogenic potency in the MVLN cell assay. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:129-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Coupling HPLC to on-line, post-column (bio)chemical assays for high-resolution screening of bioactive compounds from complex mixtures. Trends Analyt Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Schebb NH, Vielhaber T, Jousset A, Karst U. Development of a liquid chromatography-based screening methodology for proteolytic enzyme activity. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4407-15. [PMID: 19349051 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A new methodology for the detection and isolation of serine proteases in complex mixtures has been developed. It combines the characterization of crude samples by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) in a multi-substrate assay and the differentiated sensitive detection of the responsible enzymes by means of liquid chromatography hyphenated online to biochemical detection (BCD). First, active samples are identified in the multi-substrate assay monitoring the conversion of eight substrates in multiple reaction monitoring in parallel within 60s. Hereby, the product patterns are investigated and the suitable peptide as substrate for BCD analysis is selected. Subsequently, the active proteases are identified online in the continuous-flow reactor serving as BCD after non-denaturing separation by size-exclusion chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. For BCD, the selected para-nitroaniline (pNA) labeled peptide is added post-column and is cleaved by eluting proteases under release of the coloured pNA in a reaction coil (reaction time 5min). The method was optimized and the figures of merit were characterized with trypsin and chymotrypsin serving as the model proteases. For trypsin, a limit of detection in LC-BCD of 0.1U/mL corresponding to an injected amount of 0.4ng protein ( approximately 18fmol) was observed. The BCD signal remained linear for an injected enzyme concentration of 0.3-10U/mL (1.3-42ng enzyme). The method was applied to the characterization of the crude venom of the pit viper Bothrops moojeni and the extracellular protease of the pathogenic amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii. In the two samples, fractions with proteolytic activity potentially interfering with the blood coagulation cascade were identified. The described methodology represents a tool for serine protease screening in complex mixtures by a fast ESI-MS/MS identification of active samples followed by the separation and isolation of active sample constituents in LC-BCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Helge Schebb
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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25
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Maciuk A, Moaddel R, Haginaka J, Wainer IW. Screening of tobacco smoke condensate for nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands using cellular membrane affinity chromatography columns and missing peak chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:238-46. [PMID: 18187282 PMCID: PMC2605108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This manuscript reports an approach to the screening of natural product extracts for compounds which are active at membrane-bound receptors, ion channels and transporters. The technique is based upon cellular membrane affinity chromatography (CMAC) columns created through the immobilization of cellular membrane fragments on liquid chromatography stationary phases. In this study a CMAC(nAChR(+)) column was created out of membranes from a transfected cell line expressing the alpha3beta4 neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) and the column was used to screen tobacco smoke condensates. A strategy involving parallel screening with a CMAC column created from a non-transfected form of the same cell line, CMAC(nAChR(-)) was adopted. The condensate was chromatographed on both columns, timed fractions collected and concentrated. Each fraction was analyzed on a C18 column in order to establish a chromatographic fingerprint of each fraction and a differential elution profile of each compound. Comparison of the elution profiles from the CMAC(nAChR(+)) and CMAC(nAChR(-)) columns identified patterns that could be associated with high affinity ligands and with low-affinity/non-binding compounds. Known strong ligands ((S)-nicotine, (R,S)-anatabine, N'-nitrosonornicotine), weak ligands ((R,S)-nornicotine, anabasine) as well as known non-ligands (N-methyl-gamma-oxo-3-pyridinebutanamide, (1'S,2'S)-nicotine 1'-oxide) have been identified in the complex extract. The results demonstrate that CMAC-based screens can be used in the identification of compounds within natural product extracts that bind to membrane-based targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maciuk
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jun Haginaka
- Mukogawa Women’s University, Nishinomiya 663-8179, Japan
| | - Irving W. Wainer
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
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Jonker N, Kool J, Krabbe JG, Retra K, Lingeman H, Irth H. Screening of protein–ligand interactions using dynamic protein-affinity chromatography solid-phase extraction–liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1205:71-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schebb NH, Heus F, Saenger T, Karst U, Irth H, Kool J. Development of a Countergradient Parking System for Gradient Liquid Chromatography with Online Biochemical Detection of Serine Protease Inhibitors. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6764-72. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801035e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Helge Schebb
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische and Analytische Chemie, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry Heus
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische and Analytische Chemie, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Saenger
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische and Analytische Chemie, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe Karst
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische and Analytische Chemie, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hubertus Irth
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische and Analytische Chemie, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institut für Anorganische and Analytische Chemie, Corrensstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Section Analytical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, De Boelelaan 1083, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Bläuer M, Heinonen PK, Rovio P, Ylikomi T. Effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene on normal human endometrial cells in an organotypic in vitro model. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 592:13-8. [PMID: 18638473 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.06.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen is widely used in breast cancer therapy though its use is associated with an elevated risk of endometrial carcinoma. An organotypic culture model was employed here to examine the effects of tamoxifen and raloxifene, a related compound with no known adverse uterine effects, on epithelial cells of the premenopausal human endometrium. Changes in the expression levels of the proliferation marker Ki67, and estrogen and progesterone receptors were evaluated. No change in the Ki67 index compared to untreated controls was detected in cultures exposed to tamoxifen or tamoxifen+estradiol. In response to tamoxifen, the level of progesterone receptor-expressing organoids was shown to vary markedly between individual samples, whereas no change in estrogen receptor expression could be demonstrated. A significant decrease in Ki67 expression was observed in raloxifene-exposed cultures. Raloxifene or raloxifene+estradiol had no effect on progesterone receptor expression. The expression of estrogen receptor was markedly inhibited in response to raloxifene or raloxifene+estradiol in all but two samples displaying an intense estrogen receptor labelling. The present observations add to current clinical data on the respective estrogen receptor agonist and antagonist activities of tamoxifen and raloxifene on the human uterus by providing novel insights into the interindividual variation in cellular responses. Our organotypic model may have uses as an alternative to animal experimentation in preclinical screening of the endometrial effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators and may serve as a tool in personalized medicine by identifying patients with an increased risk of developing endometrial pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Bläuer
- Department of Cell Biology, FI-33014, University of Tampere, Finland.
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29
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Reinen J, Kool J, Vermeulen NPE. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled on-line to estrogen receptor bioaffinity detection based on fluorescence polarization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 390:1987-98. [PMID: 18236033 PMCID: PMC2287205 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1833-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We describe the development and validation of a high-resolution screening (HRS) platform which couples gradient reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) on-line to estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) affinity detection using fluorescence polarization (FP). FP, which allows detection at high wavelengths, limits the occurrence of interference from the autofluorescence of test compounds in the bioassay. A fluorescein-labeled estradiol derivative (E2-F) was synthesized and a binding assay was optimized in platereader format. After subsequent optimization in flow-injection analysis (FIA) mode, the optimized parameters were translated to the on-line HRS bioassay. Proof of principle was demonstrated by separating a mixture of five compounds known to be estrogenic (17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethinylestradiol and the phytoestrogens coumestrol, coumarol and zearalenone), followed by post-column bioaffinity screening of the individual affinities for ERalpha. Using the HRS-based FP setup, we were able to screen affinities of off-line-generated metabolites of zearalenone for ERalpha. It is concluded that the on-line FP-based bioassay can be used to screen for the affinity of compounds without the disturbing occurrence of autofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Reinen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, LACDR-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, LACDR-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P. E. Vermeulen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, LACDR-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Van Liempd SM, Kool J, Meerman JH, Irth H, Vermeulen NP. Metabolic Profiling of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds by On-Line Cytochrome P450 Bioreaction Coupled to On-Line Receptor Affinity Screening. Chem Res Toxicol 2007; 20:1825-32. [DOI: 10.1021/tx7000724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan M. Van Liempd
- LACDR-Divisions of Molecular Toxicology and Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Kiadis Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kool
- LACDR-Divisions of Molecular Toxicology and Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Kiadis Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John H. Meerman
- LACDR-Divisions of Molecular Toxicology and Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Kiadis Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hubertus Irth
- LACDR-Divisions of Molecular Toxicology and Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Kiadis Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico P. Vermeulen
- LACDR-Divisions of Molecular Toxicology and Biomolecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and Kiadis Pharma, Groningen, The Netherlands
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31
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van Liempd SM, Kool J, Niessen WMA, van Elswijk DE, Irth H, Vermeulen NPE. On-line Formation, Separation, and Estrogen Receptor Affinity Screening of Cytochrome P450-Derived Metabolites of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1640-9. [PMID: 16790557 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.106.010355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a fully automated bioreactor coupled to an on-line receptor affinity detection system. This analytical system provides detailed information on pharmacologically active metabolites of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) generated by cytochromes P450 (P450s). We demonstrated this novel concept by investigating the metabolic activation of tamoxifen and raloxifene by P450-containing pig and rat liver microsomes. The high resolution screening (HRS) system is based on the coupling of a P450-bioreactor to an HPLC-based estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) affinity assay. P450-derived metabolites of the SERMs were generated in the bioreactor, subsequently trapped on-line with solid phase extraction, and finally separated with gradient HPLC. Upon elution, the metabolites were screened on affinity for ERalpha with an on-line HRS assay. With this HRS system, we were able to follow, in a time-dependent manner, the formation of ERalpha-binding metabolites of tamoxifen and raloxifene. By analyzing the bioaffinity chromatograms with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, structural information of the pharmacologically active metabolites was obtained as well. For tamoxifen, 15 active and 6 nonactive metabolites were observed, of which 5 were of primary, 10 of secondary, and 6 of an as yet unknown order of metabolism. Raloxifene was biotransformed in three primary and three secondary metabolites. MS/MS analysis revealed that three of the observed active metabolites of raloxifene were not described before. The present automated on-line HRS system coupled to a P450-containing bioreactor and an ERalpha-affinity detector proved very efficient, sensitive, and selective in metabolic profiling of SERMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M van Liempd
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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