1
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Kaushik D, Kaur A, Patil MT, Sihag B, Piplani S, Sakala I, Honda-Okubo Y, Ramakrishnan S, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. Structure-Activity Relationships toward the Identification of a High-Potency Selective Human Toll-like Receptor-7 Agonist. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8346-8360. [PMID: 38741265 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 agonists are immunostimulatory vaccine adjuvants. A systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) study of TLR7-active 1-benzyl-2-butyl-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]quinolin-4-amine led to the identification of a potent hTLR7-specific p-hydroxymethyl IMDQ 23 with an EC50 value of 0.22 μM. The SAR investigation also resulted in the identification of TLR7 selective carboxamide 12 with EC50 values of 0.32 μM for hTLR7 and 18.25 μM for hTLR8. In the vaccination study, TLR7-specific compound 23 alone or combined with alum (aluminum hydroxide wet gel) showed adjuvant activity for a spike protein immunogen in mice, with enhanced anti-spike antibody production. Interestingly, the adjuvant system comprising carboxamide 12 and alum showed prominent adjuvant activity with high levels of IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG2c in immunized mice, confirming a balanced Th1/Th2 response. In the absence of any apparent toxicity, the TLR7 selective agonists in combination with alum may make a suitable vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Madhuri T Patil
- Mehr Chand Mahajan DAV College for Women, Sector 36A, Chandigarh 160 036, India
| | - Binita Sihag
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sakshi Piplani
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, South Australia 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Isaac Sakala
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, South Australia 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Yoshikazu Honda-Okubo
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, South Australia 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | | | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd., 11 Walkley Avenue, Warradale, South Australia 5046, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
- National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccines, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials (NICOVIA), Panjab University, Chandigarh 160 014, India
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2
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Tew DJ, Hebert JM, Schmier BJ. Discovery and properties of a monoclonal antibody targeting 8-oxoA, an oxidized adenine lesion in DNA and RNA. Redox Biol 2023; 62:102658. [PMID: 36989571 PMCID: PMC10074937 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
8-oxoA, a major oxidation product of adenosine, is a mispairing, mutagenic lesion that arises in DNA and RNA when •OH radicals or one-electron oxidants attack the C8 adenine atom or polymerases misincorporate 8-oxo(d)ATP. The danger of 8-oxoA is underscored by the existence of dedicated cellular repair machinery that explicitly excise it from DNA, the attenuation of translation induced by 8-oxoA-mRNA or damaged ribosomes, and its potency as a TLR7 agonist. Here we present the discovery, purification, and biochemical characterization of a new mouse IgGk1 monoclonal antibody (6E4) that specifically targets 8-oxoA. Utilizing an AchE-based competitive ELISA assay, we demonstrate the selectivity of 6E4 for 8-oxoA over a plethora of canonical and chemically modified nucleosides including 8-oxoG, A, m6A, 2-oxoA, and 5-hoU. We further show the ability of 6E4 to exclusively recognize 8-oxoA in nucleoside triphosphates (8-oxoATP) and DNA/RNA oligonucleotides containing a single 8-oxoA. 6E4 also binds 8-oxoA in duplex DNA/RNA antigens where the lesion is either paired correctly or base mismatched. Our findings define the 8-oxoAde nucleobase as the critical epitope and indicate mAb 6E4 is ideally suited for a broad range of immunological applications in nucleic acid detection and quality control.
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3
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Kwon J, Suessmilch M, McColl A, Cavanagh J, Morris BJ. Distinct trans-placental effects of maternal immune activation by TLR3 and TLR7 agonists: implications for schizophrenia risk. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23841. [PMID: 34903784 PMCID: PMC8668921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03216-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to infection in utero predisposes towards psychiatric diseases such as autism, depression and schizophrenia in later life. The mechanisms involved are typically studied by administering mimetics of double-stranded (ds) virus or bacterial infection to pregnant rats or mice. The effect of single-stranded (ss) virus mimetics has been largely ignored, despite evidence linking prenatal ss virus exposure with psychiatric disease. Understanding the effects of gestational ss virus exposure has become even more important with recent events. In this study, in pregnant mice, we compare directly the effects, on the maternal blood, placenta and the embryonic brain, of maternal administration of ds-virus mimetic poly I:C (to activate Toll-like receptor 3, TLR3) and ss-virus mimetic resiquimod (to activate TLR7/8). We find that, 4 h after the administration, both poly I:C and resiquimod elevated the levels of IL-6, TNFα, and chemokines including CCL2 and CCL5, in maternal plasma. Both agents also increased placental mRNA levels of IL-6 and IL-10, but only resiquimod increased placental TNFα mRNA. In foetal brain, poly I:C produced no detectable immune-response-related increases, whereas pronounced increases in cytokine (e.g. Il-6, Tnfα) and chemokine (e.g. Ccl2, Ccl5) expression were observed with maternal resiquimod administration. The data show substantial differences between the effect of maternal exposure to a TLR7/8 activator as compared to a TLR3 activator. There are significant implications for future modelling of diseases where maternal ss virus exposure contributes to environmental disease risk in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedeok Kwon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Suessmilch
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison McColl
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jonathan Cavanagh
- Institute of Inflammation and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian J Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK.
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4
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Bhagchandani S, Johnson JA, Irvine DJ. Evolution of Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist therapeutics and their delivery approaches: From antiviral formulations to vaccine adjuvants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113803. [PMID: 34058283 PMCID: PMC9003539 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Imidazoquinoline derivatives (IMDs) and related compounds function as synthetic agonists of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) and one is FDA approved for topical antiviral and skin cancer treatments. Nevertheless, these innate immune system-activating drugs have potentially much broader therapeutic utility; they have been pursued as antitumor immunomodulatory agents and more recently as candidate vaccine adjuvants for cancer and infectious disease. The broad expression profiles of TLR7/8, poor pharmacokinetic properties of IMDs, and toxicities associated with systemic administration, however, are formidable barriers to successful clinical translation. Herein, we review IMD formulations that have advanced to the clinic and discuss issues related to biodistribution and toxicity that have hampered the further development of these compounds. Recent strategies aimed at enhancing safety and efficacy, particularly through the use of bioconjugates and nanoparticle formulations that alter pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and cellular targeting, are described. Finally, key aspects of the biology of TLR7 signaling, such as TLR7 tolerance, that may need to be considered in the development of new IMD therapeutics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Bhagchandani
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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5
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Maghraby AS. Immunomodulatory Responses Of Toll Like Receptors Against 2019nCoV. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2021.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review discusses the immune signals via toll like receptors (TLRs) against 2019nCoV. We researched using different database, up to June 18th, 2020. All the included articles were published in English language. The outcome of this review, that some TLRs agonists or antagonists are progressed as drugs to combat and down regulating TLRs immune signals respectively. TLRs 3 and 4 recognized 2019nCoV spike protein through immune and molecular signals that leading to immune stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and even the immune fever. While the TLRs7 and 8 recognized single-stranded ribonucleic acids (ssRNAs) leading to elevation of the tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and -12 levels. TLRs agonists or antagonists utilized as immunotherapeutic targets against 2019nCoV via TLRs signals. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine; the approval compounds for 2019nCoV therapy can be inhibiting the class II major histocompatibility complex molecules expression and antigen presentation and even immune suppressions of the pro-inflammatory cytokines profile.
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6
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Talukdar A, Ganguly D, Roy S, Das N, Sarkar D. Structural Evolution and Translational Potential for Agonists and Antagonists of Endosomal Toll-like Receptors. J Med Chem 2021; 64:8010-8041. [PMID: 34107682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are members of a large family of evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which serve as key components of the innate immune system by playing a pivotal role in sensing "nonself" ligands. Endosomal TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9) can recognize pathogen-derived nucleic acid and initiate an innate immune response because they react against both self- and non-self-origin nucleic acid molecules. Accordingly, both receptor agonists and antagonists are potentially useful in disparate clinical contexts and thus are globally sought after. Recent research has revealed that agonists and antagonists share an overlapping binding region. This Perspective highlights rational medicinal chemistry approaches to elucidate the structural attributes of small molecules capable of agonism or antagonism or of elegantly switching between the two. The structural evolution of different chemotypes can provide the framework for the future development of endosomal TLR agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Department of Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorders, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, CN6, Sector V, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swarnali Roy
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Nirmal Das
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dipika Sarkar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
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7
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Kaushik D, Kaur A, Petrovsky N, Salunke DB. Structural evolution of toll-like receptor 7/8 agonists from imidazoquinolines to imidazoles. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1065-1120. [PMID: 34355178 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00031d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several synthetic heterocyclic small molecules like imiquimod, resiquimod, CL097, CL075, bromopirone, tilorone, loxoribine and isatoribine demonstrated TLR7/8 agonistic activity and relatively modest structural changes in such molecules result in major variation in the TLR7 and/or TLR8 activity. A strict dependency of the electronic configuration of the heterocyclic system was also observed to influence the agonistic activity. In the present review, an evolution of imidazole based TLR7/8 agonist from imidazoquinoline based scaffold is delineated along with the elaboration of detailed structure activity relationship (SAR) in each chemotype. The structural and activity details of not only the active compounds but also the related inactive compounds are included to better understand the SAR. TLR7/8 agonists are emerging as promising vaccine adjuvant candidates and the present SAR and structural information will provide a road map towards the identification of more potent and appropriate candidates for further drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepender Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Arshpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
| | - Nikolai Petrovsky
- Vaxine Pty Ltd 11 Walkley Avenue Warradale 5046 Australia.,College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University Bedford Park 5042 Australia
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India .,National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University Chandigarh 160014 India
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8
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Mukherjee A, Raychaudhuri D, Sinha BP, Kundu B, Mitra M, Paul B, Bandopadhyay P, Ganguly D, Talukdar A. A Chemical Switch for Transforming a Purine Agonist for Toll-like Receptor 7 to a Clinically Relevant Antagonist. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4776-4789. [PMID: 32302115 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is an established therapeutic target in myriad autoimmune disorders, but no TLR7 antagonist is available for clinical use to date. Herein, we report a purine scaffold TLR7 antagonist, first-of-its-kind to our knowledge, which was developed by rationally dissecting the structural requirements for TLR7-targeted activity for a purine scaffold. Specifically, we identified a singular chemical switch at C-2 that could make a potent purine scaffold TLR7 agonist to lose agonism and acquire antagonist activity, which could further be potentiated by the introduction of an additional basic center at C-6. We ended up developing a clinically relevant TLR7 antagonist with favorable pharmacokinetics and 70.8% oral bioavailability in mice. Moreover, the TLR7 antagonists depicted excellent selectivity against TLR8. To further validate the in vivo applicability of this novel TLR7 antagonist, we demonstrated its excellent efficacy in preventing TLR7-induced pathology in a preclinical murine model of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Mukherjee
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Deblina Raychaudhuri
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Sinha
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Biswajit Kundu
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Mousumi Mitra
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Barnali Paul
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Purbita Bandopadhyay
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Arindam Talukdar
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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9
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Patinote C, Karroum NB, Moarbess G, Cirnat N, Kassab I, Bonnet PA, Deleuze-Masquéfa C. Agonist and antagonist ligands of toll-like receptors 7 and 8: Ingenious tools for therapeutic purposes. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 193:112238. [PMID: 32203790 PMCID: PMC7173040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the TLRs family and more precisely its functions opened a variety of gates to modulate immunological host responses. TLRs 7/8 are located in the endosomal compartment and activate a specific signaling pathway in a MyD88-dependant manner. According to their involvement into various autoimmune, inflammatory and malignant diseases, researchers have designed diverse TLRs 7/8 ligands able to boost or block the inherent signal transduction. These modulators are often small synthetic compounds and most act as agonists and to a much lesser extent as antagonists. Some of them have reached preclinical and clinical trials, and only one has been approved by the FDA and EMA, imiquimod. The key to the success of these modulators probably lies in their combination with other therapies as recently demonstrated. We gather in this review more than 360 scientific publications, reviews and patents, relating the extensive work carried out by researchers on the design of TLRs 7/8 modulators, which are classified firstly by their biological activities (agonist or antagonist) and then by their chemical structures, which total syntheses are not discussed here. This review also reports about 90 clinical cases, thereby showing the biological interest of these modulators in multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Patinote
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
| | - Nour Bou Karroum
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France; Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Georges Moarbess
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
| | - Natalina Cirnat
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Issam Kassab
- Tumorigenèse et Pharmacologie Antitumorale, Lebanese University, EDST, BP 90656, Fanar Jdeideh, Lebanon
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10
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Selective Toll-like receptor 7 agonists with novel chromeno[3,4-d]imidazol-4(1H)-one and 2-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline/ quinazoline-4-amine scaffolds. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:109-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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11
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Evans JT, Bess LS, Mwakwari SC, Livesay MT, Li Y, Cybulski V, Johnson DA, Bazin HG. Synthetic Toll-like Receptors 7 and 8 Agonists: Structure-Activity Relationship in the Oxoadenine Series. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:15665-15677. [PMID: 31572869 PMCID: PMC6761749 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) are broadly expressed on antigen-presenting cells, making TLR7/8 agonists likely candidates for the development of new vaccine adjuvants. We previously reported the synthesis of a new series of 8-oxoadenines substituted at the 9-position with a 4-piperidinylalkyl moiety and demonstrated that TLR7/8 selectivity and potency could be modulated by varying the length of the alkyl linker. In the present study, we broadened our initial structure-activity relationship study to further evaluate the effects of N-heterocycle ring size, chirality, and substitution on TLR7/8 potency, receptor selectivity, and cytokine (IFNα and TNFα) induction from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). TLR7/8 activity correlated primarily to linker length and to a lesser extent to ring size, while ring chirality had little effect on TLR7/8 potency or selectivity. Substitution of the heterocyclic ring with an aminoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl group for subsequent conjugation to phospholipids or antigens was well tolerated with the retention of both TLR7/8 activity and cytokine induction from human PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay T. Evans
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Laura S. Bess
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Sandra C. Mwakwari
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Mark T. Livesay
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - Yufeng Li
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Van Cybulski
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
| | - David A. Johnson
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
| | - Hélène G. Bazin
- GSK
Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis
Road, Hamilton, Montana 59840, United States
- Division of Biological Sciences and Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59802, United States
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12
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Design and synthesis of tetrahydropyridopyrimidine based Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 7/8 dual agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3216-3221. [PMID: 30143425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In a continuing effort to discover novel TLR agonists, herein we report on the discovery and structure-activity relationship of novel tetrahydropyridopyrimidine TLR 7/8 agonists. Optimization of this series towards dual agonist activity and a high clearance profile resulted in the identification of compound 52a1. Evaluation in vivo revealed an interferon stimulated response (ISG) in mice with limited systemic exposure and demonstrated the potential in antiviral treatment or as a vaccine adjuvant.
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13
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Pieters S, McGowan D, Herschke F, Pauwels F, Stoops B, Last S, Embrechts W, Scholliers A, Mostmans W, Van Dijck K, Van Schoubroeck B, Thoné T, De Pooter D, Fanning G, Rosauro ML, Khamlichi MD, Houpis I, Arnoult E, Jonckers THM, Raboisson P. Discovery of selective 2,4-diaminoquinazoline toll-like receptor 7 (TLR 7) agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:711-719. [PMID: 29366653 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of a novel series of highly potent quinazoline TLR 7/8 agonists is described. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship is presented. Structural requirements and optimization of this series toward TLR 7 selectivity afforded the potent agonist 48. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies highlighted 48 as an orally available endogenous interferon (IFN-α) inducer in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Pieters
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
| | - David McGowan
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Florence Herschke
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Pauwels
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Last
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Werner Embrechts
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Annick Scholliers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wendy Mostmans
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Kris Van Dijck
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Tine Thoné
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dorien De Pooter
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregory Fanning
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mari Luz Rosauro
- Villapharma Research S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo, Ctra. El Estrecho-Lobosillo, km. 2.5-Av. Azul, 30320 Fuente Álamo de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Mourad Daoubi Khamlichi
- Villapharma Research S.L., Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo, Ctra. El Estrecho-Lobosillo, km. 2.5-Av. Azul, 30320 Fuente Álamo de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ioannis Houpis
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C., 1400 McKean Rd, Spring House, PA 19454, United States
| | - Tim H M Jonckers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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14
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McGowan DC, Herschke F, Pauwels F, Stoops B, Smyej I, Last S, Pieters S, Embrechts W, Khamlichi MD, Thoné T, Van Schoubroeck B, Mostmans W, Wuyts D, Verstappen D, Scholliers A, De Pooter D, Dhuyvetter D, Borghys H, Tuefferd M, Arnoult E, Hong J, Fanning G, Bollekens J, Urmaliya V, Teisman A, Horton H, Jonckers THM, Raboisson P. Identification and Optimization of Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine Toll-like Receptor 7 (TLR7) Selective Agonists for the Treatment of Hepatitis B. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6137-6151. [PMID: 28671847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidines were identified as a new series of potent and selective TLR7 agonists. Compounds were optimized for their activity and selectivity over TLR8. This presents an advantage over recently described scaffolds that have residual TLR8 activity, which may be detrimental to the tolerability of the candidate drug. Oral administration of the lead compound 54 effectively induced a transient interferon stimulated gene (ISG) response in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. We aimed for a high first pass effect, limiting cytokine induction systemically, and demonstrated the potential for the immunotherapy of viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C McGowan
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Florence Herschke
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Pauwels
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilham Smyej
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Last
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Serge Pieters
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Werner Embrechts
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mourad Daoubi Khamlichi
- Villapharma Research S.L. , Parque Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo, Ctra. El Estrecho-Lobosillo, Km. 2.5-Av. Azul, 30320 Fuente Álamo de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tine Thoné
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Wendy Mostmans
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Debbie Wuyts
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dorien Verstappen
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Annick Scholliers
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Dorien De Pooter
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Herman Borghys
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Marianne Tuefferd
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Janssen Research & Development L.L.C. , 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19454, United States
| | - Jin Hong
- Alios Biopharma, Inc. , 260 East Grand Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Gregory Fanning
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jacques Bollekens
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Vijay Urmaliya
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ard Teisman
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Helen Horton
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tim H M Jonckers
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Pharmaceutica , N. V. Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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15
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Choi YJ, Chang SJ, Gibala KS, Resendiz MJE. 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroadenine and 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydroadenosine-Chemistry, Structure, and Function in RNA and Their Presence in Natural Products and Potential Drug Derivatives. Chemistry 2017; 23:6706-6716. [PMID: 27960050 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A description and history of the role that 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroadenine (8-oxoAde) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroadenosine (8-oxoA) have in various fields has been compiled. This Review focusses on 1) the formation of this oxidatively generated modification in RNA, its interactions with other biopolymers, and its potential role in the development/progression of disease; 2) the independent synthesis and incorporation of this modified nucleoside into oligonucleotides of RNA to display the progress that has been made in establishing its behavior in biologically relevant systems; 3) reported synthetic routes, which date back to 1890, along with the progress that has been made in the total synthesis of the nucleobase, nucleoside, and their corresponding derivatives; and 4) the isolation, total synthesis, and biological activity of natural products containing these moieties as the backbone. The current state of research regarding this oxidatively generated lesion as well as its importance in the context of RNA, natural products, and potential as drug derivatives is illustrated using all available examples reported to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Science Building, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - Stephanie J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Science Building, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - Krzysztof S Gibala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Science Building, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver, CO, 80204, USA
| | - Marino J E Resendiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Denver, Science Building, 1151 Arapahoe St., Denver, CO, 80204, USA
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16
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Gao D, Zeng J, Wang X, Liu Y, Li W, Hu Y, Gao N, Diao Y, Wang Z, Jiang W, Chen J, Jin G. Conjugation of weak ligands with weak antigens to activate TLR-7: A step toward better vaccine adjuvants. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 120:111-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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McGowan D, Herschke F, Pauwels F, Stoops B, Last S, Pieters S, Scholliers A, Thoné T, Van Schoubroeck B, De Pooter D, Mostmans W, Khamlichi MD, Embrechts W, Dhuyvetter D, Smyej I, Arnoult E, Demin S, Borghys H, Fanning G, Vlach J, Raboisson P. Novel Pyrimidine Toll-like Receptor 7 and 8 Dual Agonists to Treat Hepatitis B Virus. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7936-49. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David McGowan
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Florence Herschke
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Frederik Pauwels
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Bart Stoops
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Last
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Serge Pieters
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Annick Scholliers
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Tine Thoné
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Dorien De Pooter
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Wendy Mostmans
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Mourad Daoubi Khamlichi
- Villapharma Research S.L., Parque
Tecnológico de Fuente Álamo. Ctra. El Estrecho-Lobosillo,
Km. 2.5, Av. Azul 30320 Fuente Álamo de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Werner Embrechts
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Deborah Dhuyvetter
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Ilham Smyej
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Eric Arnoult
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Samuël Demin
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Herman Borghys
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Gregory Fanning
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Jaromir Vlach
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Pierre Raboisson
- Janssen Infectious Diseases Diagnostics BVBA, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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18
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Shah M, Anwar MA, Kim JH, Choi S. Advances in Antiviral Therapies Targeting Toll-like Receptors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:437-53. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2016.1154040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Biggadike K, Ahmed M, Ball DI, Coe DM, Dalmas Wilk DA, Edwards CD, Gibbon BH, Hardy CJ, Hermitage SA, Hessey JO, Hillegas AE, Hughes SC, Lazarides L, Lewell XQ, Lucas A, Mallett DN, Price MA, Priest FM, Quint DJ, Shah P, Sitaram A, Smith SA, Stocker R, Trivedi NA, Tsitoura DC, Weller V. Discovery of 6-Amino-2-{[(1S)-1-methylbutyl]oxy}-9-[5-(1-piperidinyl)pentyl]-7,9-dihydro-8H-purin-8-one (GSK2245035), a Highly Potent and Selective Intranasal Toll-Like Receptor 7 Agonist for the Treatment of Asthma. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1711-26. [PMID: 26861551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Induction of IFNα in the upper airways via activation of TLR7 represents a novel immunomodulatory approach to the treatment of allergic asthma. Exploration of 8-oxoadenine derivatives bearing saturated oxygen or nitrogen heterocycles in the N-9 substituent has revealed a remarkable selective enhancement in IFNα inducing potency in the nitrogen series. Further potency enhancement was achieved with the novel (S)-pentyloxy substitution at C-2 leading to the selection of GSK2245035 (32) as an intranasal development candidate. In human cell cultures, compound 32 resulted in suppression of Th2 cytokine responses to allergens, while in vivo intranasal administration at very low doses led to local upregulation of TLR7-mediated cytokines (IP-10). Target engagement was confirmed in humans following single intranasal doses of 32 of ≥20 ng, and reproducible pharmacological response was demonstrated following repeat intranasal dosing at weekly intervals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Biggadike
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Mahbub Ahmed
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Doug I Ball
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Diane M Coe
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Deidre A Dalmas Wilk
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, UpperMerion , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Chris D Edwards
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Bob H Gibbon
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, David Jack Centre , Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 ODP, U.K
| | - Charlotte J Hardy
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Stephen A Hermitage
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Joanne O Hessey
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Aimee E Hillegas
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, UpperMerion , 709 Swedeland Road, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, United States
| | - Stephen C Hughes
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, David Jack Centre , Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 ODP, U.K
| | - Linos Lazarides
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Xiao Q Lewell
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Amanda Lucas
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - David N Mallett
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Mark A Price
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, David Jack Centre , Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 ODP, U.K
| | - Fiona M Priest
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Diana J Quint
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Poonam Shah
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Anesh Sitaram
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, David Jack Centre , Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire SG12 ODP, U.K
| | - Stephen A Smith
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Richard Stocker
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Naimisha A Trivedi
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Daphne C Tsitoura
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Victoria Weller
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
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20
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Khiar S, Pietrancosta N, Vidalain PO. [Stimulating Type I interferon response with small molecules: revival of an old idea]. Biol Aujourdhui 2015; 209:145-59. [PMID: 26514384 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2015015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferons play a central role in the establishment of an innate immune response against viral infections and tumor cells. Shortly after their discovery in 1957, several groups have looked for small molecules capable of inducing the expression of these cytokines with therapeutic applications in mind. A set of active compounds in mice were identified, but because of their relative inefficiency in humans for reasons not understood at the time, these studies fell into oblivion. In recent years, the characterization of pathogen recognition receptors and the signaling pathways they activate, together with the discovery of plasmacytoid dendritic cells, have revolutionized our understanding of innate immunity. These discoveries and the popularization of high-throughput screening technologies have renewed the interest for small molecules that can induce type I interferons. Proofs about their therapeutic potency in humans are expected very soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Khiar
- Unitéde Génomique Virale et Vaccination, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France - CNRS UMR3569, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Pietrancosta
- Plateau 2MI, CNRS UMR8601, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CICB-Paris (FR 3567), Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Vidalain
- qÉuipe Chimie et Biologie, Nucléo(s)tides & Immunologie pour la Thérapie, CNRS UMR8601, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques, CICB-Paris (FR 3567), Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France - Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
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21
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Bazin HG, Li Y, Khalaf JK, Mwakwari S, Livesay MT, Evans JT, Johnson DA. Structural requirements for TLR7-selective signaling by 9-(4-piperidinylalkyl)-8-oxoadenine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1318-23. [PMID: 25698055 PMCID: PMC4357173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a new series of 8-oxoadenines substituted at the 9-position with a 4-piperidinylalkyl moiety. In vitro evaluation of the piperidinyl-substituted oxoadenines 3a-g in human TLR7- or TLR8-transfected HEK293 cells and in human PBMCs indicated that TLR7/8 selectivity/potency and cytokine induction can be modulated by varying the length of the alkyl linker. Oxoadenine 3f containing a 5-carbon linker was found to be the most potent TLR7 agonist and IFNα inducer in the series whereas 3b possessing a 1-carbon linker was the most potent TLR8 agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène G Bazin
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Yufeng Li
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Juhienah K Khalaf
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Sandra Mwakwari
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Mark T Livesay
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Jay T Evans
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - David A Johnson
- GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines, 553 Old Corvallis Road, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
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22
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Gao D, Liu Y, Diao Y, Gao N, Wang Z, Jiang W, Jin G. Synthesis and Evaluation of Conjugates of Novel TLR7 Inert Ligands as Self-Adjuvanting Immunopotentiators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:249-53. [PMID: 25815141 DOI: 10.1021/ml5003647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
During the design and synthesis of a series of 8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-adenine derivatives bearing various substituted -RCOOH groups at the 9-position, we identified a TLR7-inert ligand, which does not activate TLR7 signaling pathway. Of interest, the coupling of weakly immunogenic antigens via the -RCOOH group was able to significantly enhance the immunogenicity of the antigens. Herein, an inert ligand, 9-(3-carboxypropyl)-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-adenine (5, GD2), was synthesized and conjugated to 5 different weakly immunogenic antigens (BSA, OVA, MSA, MG7, and thymosin). Compared with the GD2 and the potent agonist UC-1 V150, all conjugates demonstrated potent immunogenicity in vitro and in vivo. All conjugates induced prolonged increases, while UC-1 V150 showed a rapid decline in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines following initial increases. These data indicate that the immunostimulatory activity of TLR7-inert ligands could be amplified and prolonged by conjugation to antigens, thus broadening the potential therapeutic application of these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices
and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yuwen Diao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ningning Gao
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhulin Wang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wenqi Jiang
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Guangyi Jin
- Shenzhen University Cancer Research Center, Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen 518060, China
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23
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Patel MC, Shirey KA, Pletneva LM, Boukhvalova MS, Garzino-Demo A, Vogel SN, Blanco JC. Novel drugs targeting Toll-like receptors for antiviral therapy. Future Virol 2014; 9:811-829. [PMID: 25620999 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are sentinel receptors of the host innate immune system that recognize conserved 'pathogen-associated molecular patterns' of invading microbes, including viruses. The activation of TLRs establishes antiviral innate immune responses and coordinates the development of long-lasting adaptive immunity in order to control viral pathogenesis. However, microbe-induced damage to host tissues may release 'danger-associated molecular patterns' that also activate TLRs, leading to an overexuberant inflammatory response and, ultimately, to tissue damage. Thus, TLRs have proven to be promising targets as therapeutics for the treatment of viral infections that result in inflammatory damage or as adjuvants in order to enhance the efficacy of vaccines. Here, we explore recent advances in TLR biology with a focus on novel drugs that target TLRs (agonists and antagonists) for antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira C Patel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | - Alfredo Garzino-Demo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA ; Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Stefanie N Vogel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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24
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Li JP, Huang Y, Xie MS, Qu GR, Niu HY, Wang HX, Qin BW, Guo HM. One-Pot Synthesis of 7,9-Dialkylpurin-8-one Analogues: Broad Substrate Scope. J Org Chem 2013; 78:12629-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jo402248d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
of Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
of Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Ming-Sheng Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
of Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Gui-Rong Qu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
of Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Hong-Ying Niu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hai-Xia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
of Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Bo-Wen Qin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
of Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - Hai-Ming Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions
of Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
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25
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Roethle PA, McFadden RM, Yang H, Hrvatin P, Hui H, Graupe M, Gallagher B, Chao J, Hesselgesser J, Duatschek P, Zheng J, Lu B, Tumas DB, Perry J, Halcomb RL. Identification and Optimization of Pteridinone Toll-like Receptor 7 (TLR7) Agonists for the Oral Treatment of Viral Hepatitis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7324-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jm400815m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Roethle
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Ryan M. McFadden
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hong Yang
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Paul Hrvatin
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Hon Hui
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Michael Graupe
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Brian Gallagher
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jessica Chao
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Joseph Hesselgesser
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Paul Duatschek
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jim Zheng
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bing Lu
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Daniel B. Tumas
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jason Perry
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Randall L. Halcomb
- Departments of †Medicinal Chemistry, ‡Clinical Virology, §Drug Metabolism, ∥Biology, and ⊥Structural Chemistry, Gilead Sciences, 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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26
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Nakamura T, Wada H, Kurebayashi H, McInally T, Bonnert R, Isobe Y. Synthesis and evaluation of 8-oxoadenine derivatives as potent Toll-like receptor 7 agonists with high water solubility. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:669-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.11.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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27
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Koga-Yamakawa E, Dovedi SJ, Murata M, Matsui H, Leishman AJ, Bell J, Ferguson D, Heaton SP, Oki T, Tomizawa H, Bahl A, Takaku H, Wilkinson RW, Harada H. Intratracheal and oral administration of SM-276001: a selective TLR7 agonist, leads to antitumor efficacy in primary and metastatic models of cancer. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:580-90. [PMID: 22733292 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Topical TLR7 agonists such as imiquimod are highly effective for the treatment of dermatological malignancies; however, their efficacy in the treatment of nondermatological tumors has been less successful. We report that oral administration of the novel TLR7-selective small molecule agonist; SM-276001, leads to the induction of an inflammatory cytokine and chemokine milieu and to the activation of a diverse population of immune effector cells including T and B lymphocytes, NK and NKT cells. Oral administration of SM-276001 leads to the induction of IFNα, TNFα and IL-12p40 and a reduction in tumor burden in the Balb/c syngeneic Renca and CT26 models. Using the OV2944-HM-1 model of ovarian cancer which spontaneously metastasizes to the lungs following subcutaneous implantation, we evaluated the efficacy of intratracheal and oral administration of SM-276001 in an adjuvant setting following surgical resection of the primary tumor. We show that both oral and intratracheal TLR7 therapy can reduce the frequency of pulmonary metastasis, and metastasis to the axillary lymph nodes. These results demonstrate that SM-276001 is a potent selective TLR7 agonist that can induce antitumor immune responses when dosed either intratracheally or orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erina Koga-Yamakawa
- Pharmacology Research Laboratories, Drug Research Division, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma, 3-1-98, Kasugade Naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, Japan.
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28
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Forsbach A, Müller C, Montino C, Kritzler A, Nguyen T, Weeratna R, Jurk M, Vollmer J. Negative regulation of the type I interferon signaling pathway by synthetic Toll-like receptor 7 ligands. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2012; 32:254-68. [PMID: 22540943 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2011.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten Toll-like receptor (TLR) family members have been reported in humans. Here, the endoplasmatic receptors TLR9, TLR8, TLR7, and TLR3 respond to nucleic acids and derivatives or to small molecules (TLR7 and 8). Another cytoplasmic RNA receptor, retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I), is stimulated by 5' triphosphate double-stranded RNA. We discovered that TLR7 small-molecule agonists inhibit nucleic acid-mediated TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, or RIG-I-dependent interferon-α (IFN-α) immune response. Other cytokines and chemokines stimulated by nucleic acid agonists remained unaffected. The observed blockage of TLR3, TLR7, TLR9, and RIG-I-mediated IFN-α response appears to be driven by a competitive mechanism at the type I IFN pathway. Besides type I IFN, IFN response genes such as IFIT-1, Mx1, OAS1, or IRF7 were affected, which indicates that the key element driving the inhibition is located in the type I IFN pathway. Indeed, the heterotrimeric complex formation of phosphor-signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 1 (STAT1), phosphor-STAT2, and IRF9 (called ISGF3, IFN-stimulated gene factor 3) is inhibited through the TLR7 small-molecule agonists by phosphor-STAT2 blockage. These findings provide novel insights into the use of synthetic TLR7 or TLR7/8 small molecules as ligands for immune activation and suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Forsbach
- Pfizer Oligonucleotide Therapeutics Unit-Coley Pharmaceutical GmbH , Düsseldorf, Germany.
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29
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Heuking S, Borchard G. Toll-Like Receptor-7 Agonist Decoration Enhances the Adjuvanticity of Chitosan–DNA Nanoparticles. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1166-77. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Horscroft NJ, Pryde DC, Bright H. Antiviral applications of Toll-like receptor agonists. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:789-801. [PMID: 22258929 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkr588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past, antiviral research has focused mainly on viral targets. As the search for effective and differentiated antiviral therapies continues, cellular targets are becoming more common, bringing with them a variety of challenges and concerns. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) provide a unique mechanism to induce an antiviral state in the host. In this review we introduce TLRs as targets for the pharmaceutical industry, including how they signal and thereby induce an antiviral state through the production of type I interferons. We examine how TLRs are being therapeutically targeted and discuss several clinically precedented agents for which efficacy and safety data are available. We describe some of the chemistries that have been applied to both small molecule and large molecule leads to tune agonist potency, and offer a differentiated safety profile through targeting certain compartments such as the gut or the lung, thereby limiting systemic drug exposure and affecting systemic cytokine levels. The application of low-dose agonists of TLRs as vaccine adjuvants or immunoprotective agents is also presented. Some of the challenges presented by this approach are then discussed, including viral evasion strategies and mechanism-linked inflammatory cytokine induction.
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31
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Pryde DC, Tran TD, Jones P, Parsons GC, Bish G, Adam FM, Smith MC, Middleton DS, Smith NN, Calo F, Hay D, Paradowski M, Proctor KJW, Parkinson T, Laxton C, Fox DNA, Horscroft NJ, Ciaramella G, Jones HM, Duckworth J, Benson N, Harrison A, Webster R. The discovery of a novel prototype small molecule TLR7 agonist for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. MEDCHEMCOMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0md00197j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Zhong QF, Sun LP. An efficient synthesis of 6,9-disubstituted purin-8-ones via copper-catalyzed coupling/cyclization. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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33
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Aguado L, Thibaut HJ, Priego EM, Jimeno ML, Camarasa MJ, Neyts J, Pérez-Pérez MJ. 9-Arylpurines as a novel class of enterovirus inhibitors. J Med Chem 2010; 53:316-24. [PMID: 19924996 DOI: 10.1021/jm901240p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on a novel class of enterovirus inhibitors that can be structurally described as 9-arylpurines. These compounds elicit activity against a variety of enteroviruses in the low microM range including Coxsackie virus A16, A21, A24, Coxsackie virus B3, and echovirus 9. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies indicate that a chlorine or bromine atom is required at position 6 of the purine ring for antiviral activity. The most selective compounds in this series inhibited Coxsackie virus B3 replication in a dose-dependent manner with EC(50) values around 5-8 microM. No toxicity on different cell lines was observed at concentrations up to 250 microM. Moreover, no cross-resistance to TBZE-029 and TTP-8307 CVB3 resistant strains was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Aguado
- Instituto de Quimica Medica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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34
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Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of alpha interferon response induced by a Toll-like 7 receptor agonist in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 54:1179-85. [PMID: 20028817 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00551-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) is used in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients but is not optimal in terms of efficacy or tolerability. Toll-like 7 receptor (TLR-7) agonists stimulate the innate immune system to produce, among other cytokines, IFN-alpha and are being evaluated as alternative drugs to treat HCV infection. This paper describes the application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling to understanding the behavior of a TLR-7 agonist [9-benzyl-8-hydroxy-2-(2-methoxyethoxy) adenine (BHMA)] in mice, using IFN-alpha as a biomarker. This is the first report of such a PK-PD model, and the conclusions may be of utility in the clinical development of TLR-7 agonists for HCV infection.
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35
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Holmes AM, Rudd JA, Tattersall FD, Aziz Q, Andrews PLR. Opportunities for the replacement of animals in the study of nausea and vomiting. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:865-80. [PMID: 19371333 PMCID: PMC2737646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nausea and vomiting are among the most common symptoms encountered in medicine as either symptoms of disease or side effects of treatments. Developing novel anti-emetics and identifying emetic liability in novel chemical entities rely on models that can recreate the complexity of these multi-system reflexes. Animal models (especially the ferret and dog) are the current gold standard; however, the selection of appropriate models is still a matter of debate, especially when studying the subjective human sensation of nausea. Furthermore, these studies are associated with animal suffering. Here, following a recent workshop held to review the utility of animal models in nausea and vomiting research, we discuss the limitations of some of the current models in the context of basic research, anti-emetic development and emetic liability detection. We provide suggestions for how these limitations may be overcome using non-animal alternatives, including greater use of human volunteers, in silico and in vitro techniques and lower organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Holmes
- National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research, London, W1B 1AL, UK.
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36
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Musmuca I, Simeoni S, Caroli A, Ragno R. Small-Molecule Interferon Inducers. Toward the Comprehension of the Molecular Determinants through Ligand-Based Approaches. J Chem Inf Model 2009; 49:1777-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ci900065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ira Musmuca
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Simeoni
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonia Caroli
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Rino Ragno
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Sapienza Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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37
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Weterings JJ, Khan S, van der Heden van Noort GJ, Melief CJ, Overkleeft HS, van der Burg SH, Ossendorp F, van der Marel GA, Filippov DV. 2-Azidoalkoxy-7-hydro-8-oxoadenine derivatives as TLR7 agonists inducing dendritic cell maturation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2249-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2009] [Revised: 02/23/2009] [Accepted: 02/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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38
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Jin G, Wu CCN, Tawatao RI, Chan M, Carson DA, Cottam HB. Synthesis and immunostimulatory activity of 8-substituted amino 9-benzyladenines as potent Toll-like receptor 7 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4559-63. [PMID: 16784848 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several 9-benzyl adenine derivatives bearing various substituted amines at the 8-position have been prepared and evaluated for interferon induction in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy human donors. The 8-bromoadenine derivative 5 was used as a versatile intermediate for all substitutions. The most active 8-substituted amino compound was found to be the 8-morpholinoethylamino derivative 19 which had an EC(50) in the submicromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyi Jin
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093-0820, USA
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