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Zhang Y, Tian L, Wang Y, Mo L, Liu Q, Ren Y, Teng F, Yin M, Liu P, He Y. Regio- and Diastereoselective Hydrophosphination and Hydroamidation of gem-Difluorocyclopropenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:5442-5457. [PMID: 38567881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In this study, concise, efficient, and modular hydrophosphinylation and hydroamidation of gem-difluorocyclopropenes were disclosed in a mild and transition-metal-free pattern. Through this approach, phosphorus, and nitrogen-containing gem-difluorocyclopropanes were produced in moderate to good yields with excellent regio- and diastereoselectivity. Readily available gem-difluorocyclopropenes and nucleophilic reagents, along with inexpensive inorganic bases, were employed. Multiple synthetic applications, including gram-scale and derivatization reactions and modification of bioactive molecules, were subsequently elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshuo Zhang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Limei Tian
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yali Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Lisha Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Qianwen Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yifan Ren
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Fan Teng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Minhai Yin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yimiao He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning 530001, China
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2
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Daniels BS, Hou X, Corio SA, Weissman LM, Dong VM, Hirschi JS, Nie S. Copper-Phosphido Catalysis: Enantioselective Addition of Phosphines to Cyclopropenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306511. [PMID: 37332088 PMCID: PMC11365472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a copper catalyst that promotes the addition of phosphines to cyclopropenes at ambient temperature. A range of cyclopropylphosphines bearing different steric and electronic properties can now be accessed in high yields and enantioselectivities. Enrichment of phosphorus stereocenters is also demonstrated via a Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformation (DyKAT) process. A combined experimental and theoretical mechanistic study supports an elementary step featuring insertion of a CuI -phosphido into a carbon-carbon double bond. Density functional theory calculations reveal migratory insertion as the rate- and stereo-determining step, followed by a syn-protodemetalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Daniels
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Xintong Hou
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Corio
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 13902, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Lindsey M Weissman
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 13902, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Vy M Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Hirschi
- Department of Chemistry, Binghamton University, 13902, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Shaozhen Nie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GSK, 1250 S. Collegeville Rd, 19426, Collegeville, PA, USA
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3
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Lin X, An K, Zhuo Q, Nishiura M, Cong X, Hou Z. Diastereo- and Enantioselective Hydrophosphination of Cyclopropenes under Lanthanocene Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308488. [PMID: 37405669 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
The asymmetric hydrophosphination of cyclopropenes with phosphines is of much interest and importance, but has remained hardly explored to date probably because of the lack of suitable catalysts. We report here the diastereo- and enantioselective hydrophosphination of 3,3-disubstituted cyclopropenes with phosphines by a chiral lanthanocene catalyst bearing the C2 -symmetric 5,6-dioxy-4,7-trans-dialkyl-substituted tetrahydroindenyl ligands. This protocol offers a selective and efficient route for the synthesis of a new family of chiral phosphinocyclopropane derivatives, featuring 100 % atom efficiency, good diastereo- and enantioselectivity, broad substrate scope, and no need for a directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Lin
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kun An
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Qingde Zhuo
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nishiura
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Xuefeng Cong
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Zhaomin Hou
- Advanced Catalysis Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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4
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Over 40 Years of Fosmidomycin Drug Research: A Comprehensive Review and Future Opportunities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121553. [PMID: 36559004 PMCID: PMC9782300 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
To address the continued rise of multi-drug-resistant microorganisms, the development of novel drugs with new modes of action is urgently required. While humans biosynthesize the essential isoprenoid precursors isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) via the established mevalonate pathway, pathogenic protozoa and certain pathogenic eubacteria use the less well-known methylerythritol phosphate pathway for this purpose. Important pathogens using the MEP pathway are, for example, Plasmodium falciparum, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The enzymes of that pathway are targets for antiinfective drugs that are exempt from target-related toxicity. 2C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP), the second enzyme of the non-mevalonate pathway, has been established as the molecular target of fosmidomycin, an antibiotic that has so far failed to be approved as an anti-infective drug. This review describes the development and anti-infective properties of a wide range of fosmidomycin derivatives synthesized over the last four decades. Here we discuss the DXR inhibitor pharmacophore, which comprises a metal-binding group, a phosphate or phosphonate moiety and a connecting linker. Furthermore, non-fosmidomycin-based DXRi, bisubstrate inhibitors and several prodrug concepts are described. A comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) of nearly all inhibitor types is presented and some novel opportunities for further drug development of DXR inhibitors are discussed.
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5
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Mutorwa MK, Lobb KA, Klein R, Blatch GL, Kaye PT. Synthesis of 2,3-dihydroxy-3-(N-substituted carbamoyl)propylphosphonic acid derivatives as hybrid DOXP-fosmidomycin analogues. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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6
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Wang L, Yang F, Xu X, Jiang J. Organocatalytic 1,6-hydrophosphination of para-quinone methides: enantioselective access to chiral 3-phosphoxindoles bearing phosphorus-substituted quaternary carbon stereocenters. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An efficient organocatalytic enantioselective 1,6-hydrophosphonylation of para-quinone methides has been achieved for the construction of phosphorus-substituted quaternary carbon stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- P. R. China
- Medicinal College
| | - Fuxing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Guangxi University
- Nanning
- P. R. China
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7
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Adeyemi CM, Hoppe HC, Isaacs M, Mnkandhla D, Lobb KA, Klein R, Kaye PT. Synthesis and anti-parasitic activity of N-benzylated phosphoramidate Mg 2+-chelating ligands. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104280. [PMID: 33152647 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-benzylated phosphoramidate esters, containing a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl Mg2+-chelating group, has been synthesised in five steps as analogues of fosmidomycin, a Plasmodium falciparum 1-deoxy-1-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (PfDXR) inhibitor. The 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group effectively replaces the Mg2+-chelating hydroxamic acid group in fosmidomycin. The compounds showed very encouraging anti-parasitic activity with IC50 values of 5.6-16.4 µM against Plasmodium falciparum parasites and IC50 values of 5.2 - 10.2 µM against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T.b.brucei). Data obtained from in silico docking of the ligands in the PfDXR receptor cavity (3AU9)5 support their potential as PfDXR inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana M Adeyemi
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Dumisani Mnkandhla
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Kevin A Lobb
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Rosalyn Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - Perry T Kaye
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiolgy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa.
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8
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Shintani R, Ohzono A, Shirota K. Phosphinative cyclopropanation of allyl phosphates with lithium phosphides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:11851-11854. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04854b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new cyclopropanation reaction of allyl phosphates with lithium phosphides has been developed to give cyclopropylphosphines, and high selectivity toward cyclopropanation has been realized by conducting the reaction in the presence of HMPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Shintani
- Division of Chemistry
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
| | - Ayase Ohzono
- Division of Chemistry
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
| | - Kentaro Shirota
- Division of Chemistry
- Department of Materials Engineering Science
- Graduate School of Engineering Science
- Osaka University
- Toyonaka
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9
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Iwanejko J, Brol A, Szyja BM, Daszkiewicz M, Wojaczyńska E, Olszewski TK. Aminophosphonates and aminophosphonic acids with tetrasubstituted stereogenic center: diastereoselective synthesis from cyclic ketimines. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7352-7359. [PMID: 31338507 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01346f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
New chiral tetrasubstituted aminophosphonic acid derivatives of hexahydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one were synthesised via highly diastereoselective hydrophosphonylation of the corresponding imines with tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite as phosphorus nucleophile. High asymmetric induction, good yields, mild reaction conditions, and ease of purification of the final products are the key advantages of the presented protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Iwanejko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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10
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Mancini G, Bouda M, Gamrat JM, Tomsho JW. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of γ-Borono Phosphonate Compounds in Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:14551-14559. [PMID: 31528809 PMCID: PMC6740193 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistance in bacteria is a serious threat, and drugs with novel modes of action are constantly needed. Fosmidomycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic that inhibits the nonmevalonate pathway via inhibition of the enzyme 1-deoxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR). This work is the first report in which a boronic acid is evaluated as an isostere of the retrohydroxamate moiety of fosmidomycin. We report the novel synthesis of a γ-borono phosphonate analog of fosmidomycin and its corresponding prodrugs. We evaluate the inhibition of DXR and the antimicrobial activity of γ-borono phosphonate compounds against Escherichia coli wild type, E. coli Δglycerol-3-phosphate transporter, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. Despite its structural similarities, the γ-borono phosphonate compound shows antimicrobial activity against E. coli with a mechanism of action that is different from fosmidomycin. This was proven with an underutilized method for studying in vitro inhibition of the MEP pathway in E. coli via isopentenyl pyrophosphate chemical rescue. These results indicate that these compounds may serve as a promising scaffold for developing a new class of antimicrobial agents.
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11
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Huang N, Zou L, Peng Y. Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Methyleneindolinones with α-Diazomethylphosphonate to Access Chiral Spiro-phosphonylpyrazoline-oxindoles Catalyzed by Tertiary Amine Thiourea and 1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene. Org Lett 2017; 19:5806-5809. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Liangliang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Yungui Peng
- Key Laboratory of Applied
Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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12
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Armstrong CM, Meyers DJ, Imlay LS, Freel Meyers C, Odom AR. Resistance to the antimicrobial agent fosmidomycin and an FR900098 prodrug through mutations in the deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase gene (dxr). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:5511-9. [PMID: 26124156 PMCID: PMC4538460 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00602-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need for new antimicrobial therapies to combat globally important drug-resistant human pathogens, including Plasmodium falciparum malarial parasites, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli. These organisms all possess the essential methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, which is not found in humans. The first dedicated enzyme of the MEP pathway, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (Dxr), is inhibited by the phosphonic acid antibiotic fosmidomycin and its analogs, including the N-acetyl analog FR900098 and the phosphoryl analog fosfoxacin. In order to identify mutations in dxr that confer resistance to these drugs, a library of E. coli dxr mutants was screened at lethal fosmidomycin doses. The most resistant allele (with the S222T mutation) alters the fosmidomycin-binding site of Dxr. The expression of this resistant allele increases bacterial resistance to fosmidomycin and other fosmidomycin analogs by 10-fold. These observations confirm that the primary cellular target of fosmidomycin is Dxr. Furthermore, cell lines expressing Dxr-S222T will be a powerful tool to confirm the mechanisms of action of future fosmidomycin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Armstrong
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David J Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Leah S Imlay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Caren Freel Meyers
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Audrey R Odom
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Synthesis and antimalarial evaluation of prodrugs of novel fosmidomycin analogues. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2112-6. [PMID: 25881827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The continuous development of drug resistance by Plasmodium falciparum, the agent responsible for the most severe forms of malaria, creates the need for the development of novel drugs to fight this disease. Fosmidomycin is an effective antimalarial and potent antibiotic, known to act by inhibiting the enzyme 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), essential for the synthesis of isoprenoids in eubacteria and plasmodia, but not in humans. In this study, novel constrained cyclic prodrug analogues of fosmidomycin were synthesized. One, in which the hydroxamate function is incorporated into a six-membered ring, was found have higher antimalarial activity than fosmidomycin against the chloroquine and mefloquine resistant P. falciparum Dd2 strain. In addition, it showed very low cytotoxicity against cultured human cells.
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14
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Brücher K, Gräwert T, Konzuch S, Held J, Lienau C, Behrendt C, Illarionov B, Maes L, Bacher A, Wittlin S, Mordmüller B, Fischer M, Kurz T. Prodrugs of reverse fosmidomycin analogues. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2025-35. [PMID: 25633870 DOI: 10.1021/jm5019719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin inhibits IspC (Dxr, 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase), a key enzyme in nonmevalonate isoprenoid biosynthesis that is essential in Plasmodium falciparum. The drug has been used successfully to treat malaria patients in clinical studies, thus validating IspC as an antimalarial target. However, improvement of the drug's pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics is desirable. Here, we show that the conversion of the phosphonate moiety into acyloxymethyl and alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl groups can increase the in vitro activity against asexual blood stages of P. falciparum by more than 1 order of magnitude. We also synthesized double prodrugs by additional esterification of the hydroxamate moiety. Prodrugs with modified hydroxamate moieties are subject to bioactivation in vitro. All prodrugs demonstrated improved antiplasmodial in vitro activity. Selected prodrugs and parent compounds were also tested for their cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells and in vivo in a Plasmodium berghei malaria model as well as in the SCID mouse P. falciparum model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Brücher
- Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich Heine Universität , Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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15
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Mechanism and inhibition of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase. Bioorg Chem 2014; 57:171-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Chanthamath S, Ozaki S, Shibatomi K, Iwasa S. Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclopropylphosphonates Catalyzed by Chiral Ru(II)-Pheox Complex. Org Lett 2014; 16:3012-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol501135p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Soda Chanthamath
- Department of Environmental
and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka,
Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Seiya Ozaki
- Department of Environmental
and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka,
Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Shibatomi
- Department of Environmental
and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka,
Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
| | - Seiji Iwasa
- Department of Environmental
and Life Sciences, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka,
Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan
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17
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Faísca Phillips AM, Barros MT. Enantioselective Organocatalytic Synthesis of α-Cyclopropylphosphonates through a Domino Michael Addition/Intramolecular Alkylation Reaction. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relict plastid, or apicoplast, is a characteristic feature of Plasmodium spp. and reflects the unusual evolutionary origins of these parasites. The essential role this organelle plays in the life of the parasite, and its unusual, non-mammalian metabolism, make the apicoplast an excellent drug target. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the biological role of the apicoplast in the erythrocytic life cycle and what that reveals about existing drug targets. We also discuss the future of the apicoplast in the development of anti-malarials, emphasizing those pathways with greatest potential as a source of novel drug targets and emphasizing the need to understand in vitro drug responses to optimize eventual use of these drugs to treat malaria. EXPERT OPINION More than a decade of research on the apicoplast has confirmed the promise of this organelle as a source of drug targets. It is now possible to rationally assess the value of existing drugs and new drug targets, and to understand the role these drugs can play in the arsenal of anti-malarial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Goodman
- University of Melbourne, School of Botany, Professor's Walk, Parkville, Vic, 3010, Australia.
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19
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Xu W, Lees NS, Hall D, Welideniya D, Hoffman BM, Duin EC. A closer look at the spectroscopic properties of possible reaction intermediates in wild-type and mutant (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase. Biochemistry 2012; 51:4835-49. [PMID: 22646150 DOI: 10.1021/bi3001215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (IspH or LytB) catalyzes the terminal step of the MEP/DOXP pathway where it converts (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate (HMBPP) into the two products, isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. The reaction involves the reductive elimination of the C4 hydroxyl group, using a total of two electrons. Here we show that the active form of IspH contains a [4Fe-4S] cluster and not the [3Fe-4S] form. Our studies show that the cluster is the direct electron source for the reaction and that a reaction intermediate is bound directly to the cluster. This active form has been trapped in a state, dubbed FeS(A), that was detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy when one-electron-reduced IspH was incubated with HMBPP. In addition, three mutants of IspH have been prepared and studied, His42, His124, and Glu126 (Aquifex aeolicus numbering), with particular attention paid to the effects on the cluster properties and possible reaction intermediates. None of the mutants significantly affected the properties of the [4Fe-4S](+) cluster, but different effects were observed when one-electron-reduced forms were incubated with HMBPP. Replacing His42 led to an increased K(M) value and a much lower catalytic efficiency, confirming the role of this residue in substrate binding. Replacing the His124 also resulted in a lower catalytic efficiency. In this case, however, the enzyme showed the loss of the [4Fe-4S](+) EPR signal upon addition of HMBPP without the subsequent formation of the FeS(A) signal. Instead, a radical-type signal was observed in some of the samples, indicating that this residue plays a role in the correct positioning of the substrate. The incorrect orientation in the mutant leads to the formation of substrate-based radicals instead of the cluster-bound intermediate complex FeS(A). Replacing the Glu126 also resulted in a lower catalytic efficiency, with yet a third type of EPR signal being detected upon incubation with HMBPP. (31)P and (2)H ENDOR measurements of the FeS(A) species incubated with regular and (2)H-C4-labeled HMBPP reveal that the substrate binds to the enzyme in the proximity of the active-site cluster with C4 adjacent to the site of linkage between the FeS cluster and HMBPP. Comparison of the spectroscopic properties of this intermediate to those of intermediates detected in (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase and ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase suggests that HMBPP binds to the FeS cluster via its hydroxyl group instead of a side-on binding as previously proposed for the species detected in the inactive Glu126 variant. Consequences for the IspH reaction mechanism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
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Hale I, O'Neill PM, Berry NG, Odom A, Sharma R. The MEP pathway and the development of inhibitors as potential anti-infective agents. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Uh E, Jackson ER, Jose GS, Maddox M, Lee RE, Lee RE, Boshoff HI, Dowd CS. Antibacterial and antitubercular activity of fosmidomycin, FR900098, and their lipophilic analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6973-6. [PMID: 22024034 PMCID: PMC3215086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The nonmevalonate pathway (NMP) of isoprene biosynthesis is an exciting new route toward novel antibiotic development. Inhibitors against several enzymes in this pathway are currently under examination. A significant liability of many of these agents is poor cell penetration. To overcome and improve our understanding of this problem, we have synthesized a series of lipophilic, prodrug analogs of fosmidomycin and FR900098, inhibitors of the NMP enzyme Dxr. Several of these compounds show improved antibacterial activity against a panel of organisms relative to the parent compound, including activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Our results show that this strategy can be an effective way for improving whole cell activity of NMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Uh
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Emily R. Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Géraldine San Jose
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
| | - Marcus Maddox
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Robin E. Lee
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Richard E. Lee
- Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Helena I. Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Cynthia S. Dowd
- Department of Chemistry, George Washington University, Washington DC 20052
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22
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Gräwert T, Groll M, Rohdich F, Bacher A, Eisenreich W. Biochemistry of the non-mevalonate isoprenoid pathway. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3797-814. [PMID: 21744068 PMCID: PMC11114746 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The non-mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid (terpenoid) biosynthesis is essential in many eubacteria including the major human pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, in apicomplexan protozoa including the Plasmodium spp. causing malaria, and in the plastids of plants. The metabolic route is absent in humans and is therefore qualified as a promising target for new anti-infective drugs and herbicides. Biochemical and structural knowledge about all enzymes involved in the pathway established the basis for discovery and development of inhibitors by high-throughput screening of compound libraries and/or structure-based rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gräwert
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Groll
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Adelbert Bacher
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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23
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Nordqvist A, Björkelid C, Andaloussi M, Jansson AM, Mowbray SL, Karlén A, Larhed M. Synthesis of functionalized cinnamaldehyde derivatives by an oxidative Heck reaction and their use as starting materials for preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase inhibitors. J Org Chem 2011; 76:8986-98. [PMID: 21936546 PMCID: PMC3203620 DOI: 10.1021/jo201715x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
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Cinnamaldehyde derivatives were synthesized in good to excellent yields in one step by a mild and selective, base-free palladium(II)-catalyzed oxidative Heck reaction starting from acrolein and various arylboronic acids. Prepared α,β-unsaturated aldehydes were used for synthesis of novel α-aryl substituted fosmidomycin analogues, which were evaluated for their inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase. IC50 values between 0.8 and 27.3 μM were measured. The best compound showed activity comparable to that of the most potent previously reported α-aryl substituted fosmidomycin-class inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneli Nordqvist
- Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 574, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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24
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(2-Formyl-1-phenylcyclopropyl)phosphonates as building blocks for (2-aminomethyl-cyclopropyl)phosphonates. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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25
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Burrows JN, Waterson D. Discovering New Medicines to Control and Eradicate Malaria. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2011_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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26
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Synthesis and bio-evaluation of alkylaminoaryl phenyl cyclopropyl methanones as antitubercular and antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:8289-301. [PMID: 21041091 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-alkylaminoaryl phenyl cyclopropyl methanones (6a-6u and 8a-8c) were synthesized from 4-fluorochalcones (3a and 3b) by cyclopropanation of double bond followed by nucleophilic substitution of F with different amines. The compounds were screened for their antitubercular and antimalarial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strains in vitro respectively. Several compounds (6a, 6d-6h, 6p, 6q and 8a-8c) exhibited good in vitro antitubercular activities with MIC values 3.12-12.5μg/mL and preferentially inhibited the growth of P. falciparum in vitro (4a, 4c, 6a-6d, 6f, 6s, 8a and 8c) with IC₅₀ as low as 0.080 and 0.035μg/mL and SI values 4975 and 6948, respectively. Molecular docking studies and in vitro evaluation against FAS-II enzymes using reporter gene assays were carried out to elucidate the mode of action of these molecules. Two compounds 4a and 6g showed significant inhibition at 25μM concentration of the compound.
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27
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Xu W, Lees NS, Adedeji D, Wiesner J, Jomaa H, Hoffman BM, Duin EC. Paramagnetic Intermediates of (E)-4-Hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl Diphosphate Synthase (GcpE/IspG) under Steady-State and Pre-Steady-State Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14509-20. [DOI: 10.1021/ja101764w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicholas S. Lees
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dolapo Adedeji
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wiesner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hassan Jomaa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Brian M. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Evert C. Duin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, and Institut für Klinische Chemie und Pathobiochemie, Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg, D-Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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28
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Zinglé C, Kuntz L, Tritsch D, Grosdemange-Billiard C, Rohmer M. Isoprenoid biosynthesis via the methylerythritol phosphate pathway: structural variations around phosphonate anchor and spacer of fosmidomycin, a potent inhibitor of deoxyxylulose phosphate reductoisomerase. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3203-7. [PMID: 20429517 DOI: 10.1021/jo9024732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin and its analogue FR-900098 are potent inhibitors of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate reducto-isomerase (DXR), the second enzyme of the MEP pathway for the biosynthesis of isoprenoids. This paper describes the synthesis of analogues of the two reverse phosphonohydroxamic acids 3 and 4, in which the length of the carbon spacer is modified, the N-methyl group of 3 is replaced by an ethyl group, and the phosphate group is replaced by potential isosteric moieties, i.e., sulfonate or carboxylate functionalities. The potential of the synthesized analogues to inhibit the E. coli DXR was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zinglé
- Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, Strasbourg, UMR 7177, Institut Le Bel, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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29
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Behrendt CT, Kunfermann A, Illarionova V, Matheeussen A, Gräwert T, Groll M, Rohdich F, Bacher A, Eisenreich W, Fischer M, Maes L, Kurz T. Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Highly Active Reverse Analogues of the Antimalarial Drug Candidate Fosmidomycin. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1673-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Hirsch AKH, Lauw S, Gersbach P, Schweizer WB, Rohdich F, Eisenreich W, Bacher A, Diederich F. Nonphosphate inhibitors of IspE protein, a kinase in the non-mevalonate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis and a potential target for antimalarial therapy. ChemMedChem 2008; 2:806-10. [PMID: 17361977 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna K H Hirsch
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie, ETH Zürich, Hönggerberg, HCI, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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31
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Alnasleh BK, Sherrill WM, Rubin M. Palladium-Catalyzed Hydrophosphorylation and Hydrophosphinylation of Cyclopropenes. Org Lett 2008; 10:3231-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8011138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bassam K. Alnasleh
- Department of Chemistry, Univeristy of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - William M. Sherrill
- Department of Chemistry, Univeristy of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
| | - Michael Rubin
- Department of Chemistry, Univeristy of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-75832
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32
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Giessmann D, Heidler P, Haemers T, Van Calenbergh S, Reichenberg A, Jomaa H, Weidemeyer C, Sanderbrand S, Wiesner J, Link A. Towards new antimalarial drugs: synthesis of non-hydrolyzable phosphate mimics as feed for a predictive QSAR study on 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:643-56. [PMID: 18421757 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The conversion of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP) to 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) is effectively blocked by 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (Dxr) inhibitors such as the natural antibiotic fosmidomycin. Prediction of binding affinities for closely related Dxr ligands as well as estimation of the affinities of structurally more distinct inhibitors within this class of non-hydrolyzable phosphate mimics relies on the synthesis of fosmidomycin derivatives with a broad range of target affinity. Maintaining the phosphonic acid moiety, linear modifications of the lead structure were carried out in an effort to expand the SAR of this physicochemically challenging class of compounds. Synthetic access to a set of phosphonic acids with inhibitory activity (IC(50)) in the range from 1 to >30 microM vs. E. coli Dxr and 0.4 to 20 microM against P. falciparum Dxr is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Giessmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Strasse 17, D-17487 Greifswald
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33
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Synthesis and Characterization of Cytidine Derivatives that Inhibit the Kinase IspE of the Non-Mevalonate Pathway for Isoprenoid Biosynthesis. ChemMedChem 2008; 3:91-101. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200700208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Hirsch AKH, Alphey MS, Lauw S, Seet M, Barandun L, Eisenreich W, Rohdich F, Hunter WN, Bacher A, Diederich F. Inhibitors of the kinase IspE: structure–activity relationships and co-crystal structure analysis. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2719-30. [DOI: 10.1039/b804375b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Kurz T, Behrendt C, Pein M, Kaula U, Bergmann B, Walter RD. γ-Substituted Bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)ester Analogues of Fosmidomycin and FR900098. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:661-6. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Kurz T, Schlüter K, Pein M, Behrendt C, Bergmann B, Walter RD. Conformationally restrained aromatic analogues of fosmidomycin and FR900098. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:339-44. [PMID: 17611943 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and in-vitro antimalarial activity of conformationally restrained bis(pivaloyloxymethyl) ester analogues of the natural product fosmidomycin is presented. In contrast to alpha-aryl-substituted analogues, conformationally restrained aromatic analogues exhibit only moderate in-vitro antimalarial activity against the chloroquine-sensitive strain 3D7 of Plasmodium falciparum. The most active derivative displays an IC(50) value of 47 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kurz
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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37
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Fokin AA, Yurchenko AG, Rodionov VN, Gunchenko PA, Yurchenko RI, Reichenberg A, Wiesner J, Hintz M, Jomaa H, Schreiner PR. Synthesis of the antimalarial drug FR900098 utilizing the nitroso-ene reaction. Org Lett 2007; 9:4379-82. [PMID: 17887769 DOI: 10.1021/ol702082k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antimalarial drug FR900098 was prepared from diethyl allylphosphonate involving the nitroso-ene reaction with nitrosocarbonyl methane as the key step followed by hydrogenation and dealkylation. The utilization of dibenzyl allylphosphonate as the starting compound allows one-step hydrogenation with dealkylation, which simplifies the preparative scheme further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Fokin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kiev Polytechnic Institute, pr. Pobedy 37, 03056 Kiev, Ukraine.
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38
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Giri R, Wasa M, Breazzano SP, Yu JQ. Converting gem-dimethyl groups into cyclopropanes via Pd-catalyzed sequential C-H activation and radical cyclization. Org Lett 2007; 8:5685-8. [PMID: 17134247 DOI: 10.1021/ol0618858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel route to the synthesis of cyclopropane derivatives is described. 1,1-Dimethyls in 2-(1,1-dimethylalkyl)dimethyloxazolines are first converted into 1,3-diiodide derivatives via Pd-catalyzed sequential C-H activation and then radically cyclized to provide 2-(1-alkylcylclopropyl)dimethyloxazolines. The use of EtOAc as a solvent is crucial for the diiodination of the functionalized substrates. [reaction: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Giri
- Department of Chemistry MS015, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454-9110, USA
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Schlitzer M. Malaria Chemotherapeutics Part I: History of Antimalarial Drug Development, Currently Used Therapeutics, and Drugs in Clinical Development. ChemMedChem 2007; 2:944-86. [PMID: 17530725 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Since ancient times, humankind has had to struggle against the persistent onslaught of pathogenic microorganisms. Nowadays, malaria is still the most important infectious disease worldwide. Considerable success in gaining control over malaria was achieved in the 1950s and 60s through landscaping measures, vector control with the insecticide DDT, and the widespread administration of chloroquine, the most important antimalarial agent ever. In the late 1960s, the final victory over malaria was believed to be within reach. However, the parasites could not be eradicated because they developed resistance against the most widely used and affordable drugs of that time. Today, cases of malaria infections are on the rise and have reached record numbers. This review gives a short description of the malaria disease, briefly addresses the history of antimalarial drug development, and focuses on drugs currently available for malaria therapy. The present knowledge regarding their mode of action and the mechanisms of resistance are explained, as are the attempts made by numerous research groups to overcome the resistance problem within classes of existing drugs and in some novel classes. Finally, this review covers all classes of antimalarials for which at least one drug candidate is in clinical development. Antimalarial agents that are solely in early development stages will be addressed in a separate review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schlitzer
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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40
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Devreux V, Wiesner J, Jomaa H, Van der Eycken J, Van Calenbergh S. Synthesis and evaluation of alpha,beta-unsaturated alpha-aryl-substituted fosmidomycin analogues as DXR inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4920-3. [PMID: 17583502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin, which acts through inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) in the non-mevalonate pathway, represents a valuable recent addition to the armamentarium against uncomplicated malaria. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and biological evaluation of E- and Z-alpha,beta-unsaturated alpha-aryl-substituted analogues of FR900098, a fosmidomycin congener, utilizing a Stille or a Suzuki coupling to introduce the aryl group. In contrast with our expectations based on the promising activity earlier observed for several alpha-substituted fosmidomycin analogues, all synthesized analogues exhibited much lower binding affinity for DXR than fosmidomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Devreux
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (FFW), Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
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41
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Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of the First Weak Non-Phosphate Inhibitors for IspF, an Enzyme in the Non-Mevalonate Pathway of Isoprenoid Biosynthesis. Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Devreux V, Wiesner J, Jomaa H, Rozenski J, Van der Eycken J, Van Calenbergh S. Divergent Strategy for the Synthesis of α-Aryl-Substituted Fosmidomycin Analogues. J Org Chem 2007; 72:3783-9. [PMID: 17428097 DOI: 10.1021/jo0700981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fosmidomycin is the first representative of a new class of antimalarial drugs acting through inhibition of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate (DOXP) reductoisomerase (DXR), an essential enzyme in the non-mevalonate pathway for the synthesis of isoprenoids. This work describes a divergent strategy for the synthesis of a series of alpha-aryl-substituted fosmidomycin analogues, featuring a palladium-catalyzed Stille coupling as the key step. An alpha-(4-cyanophenyl)fosmidomycin analogue emerged as the most potent analogue in the present series. Its antimalarial activity clearly surpasses that of the reference compound fosmidomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Devreux
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Belgium
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Synthesis of α-Aryl-Substituted and Conformationally Restricted Fosmidomycin Analogues as Promising Antimalarials. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200600202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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