1
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Built-in adjuvants for use in vaccines. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 227:113917. [PMID: 34688011 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine refers to biological products that are produced using various pathogenic microorganisms for inoculation. The goal of vaccination is to induce a robust immune response against a specific antigen, thus preventing the organism from getting infected. In vaccines, adjuvants have been widely employed to enhance immunity against specific antigens. An ideal adjuvant should be stable, biodegradable, and low cost, not induce system rejection and promote an immune response. Various adjuvant components have been investigated across diverse applications. Typically, adjuvants are employed to meet the following objectives: (1) to improve the effectiveness of immunization with vaccines for specific populations, such as newborns and the elderly; (2) enhance the immunogenicity of highly purified or recombinant antigens; (3) allow immunization with a smaller dose of the vaccine, reducing drug dosage. In the present review, we primarily focus on chemically synthesized compounds that can be used as built-in adjuvants. We elaborate the classification of these compounds based on the induced immune activation mechanism and summarize their application in various vaccine types.
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2
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Abstract
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The development of
lipopeptides (lipidated peptides) for vaccines
is discussed, including their role as antigens and/or adjuvants. Distinct
classes of lipopeptide architectures are covered including simple
linear and ligated constructs and lipid core peptides. The design,
synthesis, and immunological responses of the important class of glycerol-based
Toll-like receptor agonist lipopeptides such as Pam3CSK4, which contains three palmitoyl chains and a CSK4 hexapeptide sequence, and many derivatives of this model immunogenic
compound are also reviewed. Self-assembled lipopeptide structures
including spherical and worm-like micelles that have been shown to
act as vaccine agents are also described. The work discussed includes
examples of lipopeptides developed with model antigens, as well as
for immunotherapies to treat many infectious diseases including malaria,
influenza, hepatitis, COVID-19, and many others, as well as cancer
immunotherapies. Some of these have proceeded to clinical development.
The research discussed highlights the huge potential of, and diversity
of roles for, lipopeptides in contemporary and future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AD, U.K
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3
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Dai C, Khalil ZG, Hussein WM, Yang J, Wang X, Zhao L, Capon RJ, Toth I, Stephenson RJ. Opsonic Activity of Conservative Versus Variable Regions of the Group A Streptococcus M Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020210. [PMID: 32392777 PMCID: PMC7349123 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and GAS-associated infections are a global challenge, with no licensed GAS vaccine on the market. The GAS M protein is a critical virulence factor in the fight against GAS infection, and it has been a primary target for GAS vaccine development. Measuring functional opsonic antibodies against GAS is an important component in the clinical development path for effective vaccines. In this study, we compared the opsonic activity of two synthetic, self-adjuvanting subunit vaccines containing either the J8- or 88/30-epitope in Swiss outbred mice using intranasal administration. Following primary immunization and three boosts, sera were assessed for IgG activity using ELISA, and opsonization activity against seven randomly selected clinical isolates of GAS was measured. Vaccine constructs containing the conservative J8-epitope showed significant opsonic activity against six out of the seven GAS clinical isolates, while the vaccine containing the variable 88/30-epitope did not show any significant opsonic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankai Dai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Zeinab G. Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Waleed M. Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt
| | - Jieru Yang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Xiumin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Robert J. Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.G.K.); (R.J.C.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Rachel J. Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (C.D.); (W.M.H.); (J.Y.); (X.W.); (L.Z.); (I.T.)
- Correspondence:
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4
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Arayici PP, Acar T, Ucar B, Karahan M, Arslan BA, Mustafaeva Z. Rabies Virus 31D Peptide‐[P(VP‐co‐AA)] Conjugates: Synthesis, Characterization and Cytotoxicity Evaluation. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201901375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Pelit Arayici
- Bioengineering DepartmentChemistry and Metallurgy FacultyYildiz Technical University İstanbul 34220 Turkey
| | - Tayfun Acar
- Bioengineering DepartmentChemistry and Metallurgy FacultyYildiz Technical University İstanbul 34220 Turkey
| | - Burcu Ucar
- Bioengineering DepartmentChemistry and Metallurgy FacultyYildiz Technical University İstanbul 34220 Turkey
| | - Mesut Karahan
- Biomedical Devices DepartmentVocational School of Health ServicesUskudar University Istanbul 34662 Turkey
| | - Belkis Atasever Arslan
- Department of Molecular Biology and GeneticsFaculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesUskudar University Istanbul 34662 Turkey
| | - Zeynep Mustafaeva
- Bioengineering DepartmentChemistry and Metallurgy FacultyYildiz Technical University İstanbul 34220 Turkey
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5
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Lei Y, Zhao F, Shao J, Li Y, Li S, Chang H, Zhang Y. Application of built-in adjuvants for epitope-based vaccines. PeerJ 2019; 6:e6185. [PMID: 30656066 PMCID: PMC6336016 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that epitope vaccines exhibit substantial advantages over conventional vaccines. However, epitope vaccines are associated with limited immunity, which can be overcome by conjugating antigenic epitopes with built-in adjuvants (e.g., some carrier proteins or new biomaterials) with special properties, including immunologic specificity, good biosecurity and biocompatibility, and the ability to vastly improve the immune response of epitope vaccines. When designing epitope vaccines, the following types of built-in adjuvants are typically considered: (1) pattern recognition receptor ligands (i.e., toll-like receptors); (2) virus-like particle carrier platforms; (3) bacterial toxin proteins; and (4) novel potential delivery systems (e.g., self-assembled peptide nanoparticles, lipid core peptides, and polymeric or inorganic nanoparticles). This review primarily discusses the current and prospective applications of these built-in adjuvants (i.e., biological carriers) to provide some references for the future design of epitope-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Furong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yangfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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6
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Interleukin-13 peptide vaccine induces protective humoral immunity in murine asthma models. Oncotarget 2017; 9:6678-6690. [PMID: 29467919 PMCID: PMC5805505 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents a rational design approach to discovery synthetic peptide vaccine candidates from endogenous proteins for chronic non-infectious diseases immunological therapeutics. The approach described the screening of key antigenic amino acid residues of the interleukine-13, which is up-regulated expression in asthma, followed by the development of immunological helper epitope peptides via an integrative computational and experimental method. Notably, this totally synthetic peptide vaccine was capable of stimulating humoral immune responses much stronger than those of parental antigenic peptides by enhancing the efficiency of antigen presentation, and had effective treatment in mouse asthma models. Our approach offers new possibilities to discovery therapeutic peptide vaccine candidates for chronic non-infectious diseases, with highly consolidated in silico and animal disease models for fast iterative screening.
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7
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Fujita Y, Taguchi H. Nanoparticle-Based Peptide Vaccines. MICRO AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2017. [PMCID: PMC7152328 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Hussein WM, Xu J, Simerska P, Toth I. Synthesis of Multicomponent Peptide-Based Vaccine Candidates against Group A Streptococcus. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes), known as the ‘flesh-eating bacterium’, is a human bacterial pathogen that normally causes benign infections (e.g. sore throat and pyoderma), but is also responsible for severe invasive infections (e.g. ‘flesh-eating’ disease and toxic shock syndrome), heart disease, and kidney failure. A safe commercial GAS vaccine is yet to be developed. Individual GAS antigens demonstrate potential universal expression across all GAS serotypes (>200 known), with dramatically reduced concern for autoimmune complications, and compelling efficacy in preclinical testing in mice. In this study, we developed a stepwise conjugation strategy, copper-catalysed alkyne–azide cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC), followed by mercapto–maleimide conjugation, to synthesise a multiantigenic, self-adjuvanting, peptide-based vaccine candidate against GAS. This multiantigenic vaccine includes two GAS antigens, J8 and NS1, a T-helper epitope, PADRE, and a self-adjuvanting moiety, dipalmitoyl serine.
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9
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Hussein WM, Liu TY, Maruthayanar P, Mukaida S, Moyle PM, Wells JW, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Double conjugation strategy to incorporate lipid adjuvants into multiantigenic vaccines. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2308-2321. [PMID: 29910921 PMCID: PMC5977935 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03859f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation of multiple peptides by their N-termini is a promising technique to produce branched multiantigenic vaccines.
Conjugation of multiple peptides by their N-termini is a promising technique to produce branched multiantigenic vaccines. We established a double conjugation strategy that combines a mercapto-acryloyl Michael addition and a copper-catalysed alkyne-azide 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction to synthesise self-adjuvanting branched multiantigenic vaccine candidates. These vaccine candidates aim to treat cervical cancer and include two HPV-16 derived epitopes and a novel self-adjuvanting moiety. This is the first report of mercapto-acryloyl conjugation applied to the hetero conjugation of two unprotected peptides by their N-termini followed by a CuAAC reaction to conjugate a novel synthetic lipoalkyne self-adjuvanting moiety. In vivo experiments showed that the most promising vaccine candidate completely eradicated tumours in 46% of the mice (6 out of 13 mice).
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Tzu-Yu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Pirashanthini Maruthayanar
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute , The University of Queensland , Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Saori Mukaida
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ;
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4102 , Australia
| | - James W Wells
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute , The University of Queensland , Translational Research Institute , Brisbane , Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ; .,School of Pharmacy , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4102 , Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , The University of Queensland , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia . ;
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10
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Zaman M, Chandrudu S, Giddam AK, Reiman J, Skwarczynski M, McPhun V, Moyle PM, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Toth I. Group A Streptococcal vaccine candidate: contribution of epitope to size, antigen presenting cell interaction and immunogenicity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:2613-24. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Utilize lipopeptide vaccine delivery system to develop a vaccine candidate against Group A Streptococcus. Materials & methods: Lipopeptides synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis-bearing carboxyl (C)-terminal and amino (N)-terminal Group A Streptococcus peptide epitopes. Nanoparticles formed were evaluated in vivo. Results: Immune responses were induced in mice without additional adjuvant. We demonstrated for the first time that incorporation of the C-terminal epitope significantly enhanced the N-terminal epitope-specific antibody response and correlated with forming smaller nanoparticles. Antigen-presenting cells had increased uptake and maturation by smaller, more immunogenic nanoparticles. Antibodies raised by vaccination recognized isolates. Conclusion: Demonstrated the lipopeptidic nanoparticles to induce an immune response which can be influenced by the combined effect of epitope choice and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehfuz Zaman
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Saranya Chandrudu
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Ashwini K Giddam
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Jennifer Reiman
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Virginia McPhun
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
| | | | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Australia
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11
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Moyle PM, Dai W, Zhang Y, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Toth I. Site-Specific Incorporation of Three Toll-Like Receptor 2 Targeting Adjuvants into Semisynthetic, Molecularly Defined Nanoparticles: Application to Group A Streptococcal Vaccines. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:965-78. [DOI: 10.1021/bc500108b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Moyle
- School
of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wei Dai
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yingkai Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael R. Batzloff
- Institute
for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael F. Good
- Institute
for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School
of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba 4102, Queensland, Australia
- School
of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Zaman M, Toth I. Immunostimulation by synthetic lipopeptide-based vaccine candidates: structure-activity relationships. Front Immunol 2013; 4:318. [PMID: 24130558 PMCID: PMC3793171 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptide-based vaccines offer several advantages over conventional whole organism or protein approaches by offering improved purity and specificity in inducing immune response. However, peptides alone are generally non-immunogenic. Concerns remain about the toxicity of adjuvants which are critical for immunogenicity of synthetic peptides. The use of lipopeptides in peptide vaccines is currently under intensive investigation because potent immune responses can be generated without the use of adjuvant (thus are self-adjuvanting). Several lipopeptides derived from microbial origin, and their synthetic versions or simpler fatty acid moieties impart this self-adjuvanting activity by signaling via Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Engagement of this innate immune receptor on antigen-presenting cell leads to the initiation and development of potent immune responses. Therefore optimization of lipopeptides to enhance TLR2-mediated activation is a promising strategy for vaccine development. Considerable structure-activity relationships that determine TLR2 binding and consequent stimulation of innate immune responses have been investigated for a range of lipopeptides. In this mini review we address the development of lipopeptide vaccines, mechanism of TLR2 recognition, and immune activation. An overview is provided of the best studied lipopeptide vaccine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehfuz Zaman
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, QLD , Australia
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13
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Moyle PM, Hartas J, Henningham A, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Toth I. An efficient, chemically-defined semisynthetic lipid-adjuvanted nanoparticulate vaccine development system. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:935-44. [PMID: 23428988 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED A novel vaccine development platform that enables the site-specific conjugation of synthetic lipid adjuvants to recombinant proteins was produced. This technology facilitates the simple and efficient production of homogeneous, chemically-defined, semisynthetic lipoprotein vaccines. Using a polytope 'string-of-beads' approach, a synthetic gene incorporating seven Streptococcus pyogenes M protein strain-specific antigens, and a conserved M protein antigen (J14) was produced, expressed, and attached to a lipoamino acid based adjuvant (lipid core peptide; LCP). Nanoparticles (40 nm diameter) of an optimal size for stimulating antibody-mediated immunity were formed upon the addition of these lipoproteins to aqueous buffer (PBS). Systemic antigen-specific IgG antibodies were raised against all eight antigens in C57BL/6J mice, without the need to formulate with additional adjuvant. These antibodies bound cell surface M proteins of S. pyogenes strains represented within the polytope sequence, with higher antibody levels observed where a dendritic cell targeting peptide (DCpep) was incorporated within the LCP adjuvant. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study, a novel vaccine development system is presented, combining adjuvants with recombinant protein antigens, and presenting the antigen in a nanoparticle system optimized for antibody production. They demonstrate efficient vaccination in a murine model system without the need for additional adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Moyle
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, QLD, Australia.
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14
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Moyle PM, Toth I. Modern subunit vaccines: development, components, and research opportunities. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:360-76. [PMID: 23316023 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Traditional vaccines, based on the administration of killed or attenuated microorganisms, have proven to be among the most effective methods for disease prevention. Safety issues related to administering these complex mixtures, however, prevent their universal application. Through identification of the microbial components responsible for protective immunity, vaccine formulations can be simplified, enabling molecular-level vaccine characterization, improved safety profiles, prospects to develop new high-priority vaccines (e.g. for HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria), and the opportunity for extensive vaccine component optimization. This subunit approach, however, comes at the expense of decreased immunity, requiring the addition of immunostimulatory agents (adjuvants). As few adjuvants are currently used in licensed vaccines, adjuvant development represents an exciting area for medicinal chemists to play a role in the future of vaccine development. In addition, immune responses can be further customized though optimization of delivery systems, tuning the size of particulate vaccines, targeting specific cells of the immune system (e.g. dendritic cells), and adding components to aid vaccine efficacy in whole immunized populations (e.g. promiscuous T-helper epitopes). Herein we review the current state of the art and future direction in subunit vaccine development, with a focus on the described components and their potential to steer the immune response toward a desired response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Michael Moyle
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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15
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Skwarczynski M, Dougall AM, Khoshnejad M, Chandrudu S, Pearson MS, Loukas A, Toth I. Peptide-based subunit vaccine against hookworm infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46870. [PMID: 23056500 PMCID: PMC3463534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookworms infect more people than HIV and malaria combined, predominantly in third world countries. Treatment of infection with chemotherapy can have limited efficacy and re-infections after treatment are common. Heavy infection often leads to debilitating diseases. All these factors suggest an urgent need for development of vaccine. In an attempt to develop a vaccine targeting the major human hookworm, Necator americanus, a B-cell peptide epitope was chosen from the apical enzyme in the hemoglobin digestion cascade, the aspartic protease Na-APR-1. The A(291)Y alpha helical epitope is known to induce neutralizing antibodies that inhibit the enzymatic activity of Na-APR-1, thus reducing the capacity for hookworms to digest hemoglobin and obtain nutrients. A(291)Y was engineered such that it was flanked on both termini by a coil-promoting sequence to maintain native conformation, and subsequently incorporated into a Lipid Core Peptide (LCP) self-adjuvanting system. While A(291)Y alone or the chimeric epitope with or without Freund's adjuvants induced negligible IgG responses, the LCP construct incorporating the chimeric peptide induced a strong IgG response in mice. Antibodies produced were able to bind to and completely inhibit the enzymatic activity of Na-APR-1. The results presented show that the new chimeric LCP construct can induce effective enzyme-neutralising antibodies in mice, without the help of any additional toxic adjuvants. This approach offers promise for the development of vaccines against helminth parasites of humans and their livestock and companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Skwarczynski
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annette M. Dougall
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Makan Khoshnejad
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Saranya Chandrudu
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark S. Pearson
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Wooloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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Henningham A, Gillen CM, Walker MJ. Group a streptococcal vaccine candidates: potential for the development of a human vaccine. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 368:207-42. [PMID: 23250780 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Currently there is no commercial Group A Streptococcus (GAS; S. pyogenes) vaccine available. The development of safe GAS vaccines is challenging, researchers are confronted with obstacles such as the occurrence of many unique serotypes (there are greater than 150 M types), antigenic variation within the same serotype, large variations in the geographical distribution of serotypes, and the production of antibodies cross-reactive with human tissue which can lead to host auto-immune disease. Cell wall anchored, cell membrane associated, secreted and anchorless proteins have all been targeted as GAS vaccine candidates. As GAS is an exclusively human pathogen, the quest for an efficacious vaccine is further complicated by the lack of an animal model which mimics human disease and can be consistently and reproducibly colonized by multiple GAS strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Henningham
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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Fujita Y, Taguchi H. Current status of multiple antigen-presenting peptide vaccine systems: Application of organic and inorganic nanoparticles. Chem Cent J 2011; 5:48. [PMID: 21861904 PMCID: PMC3178480 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-5-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies are currently investigating the development of safe and effective vaccines to prevent various infectious diseases. Multiple antigen-presenting peptide vaccine systems have been developed to avoid the adverse effects associated with conventional vaccines (i.e., live-attenuated, killed or inactivated pathogens), carrier proteins and cytotoxic adjuvants. Recently, two main approaches have been used to develop multiple antigen-presenting peptide vaccine systems: (1) the addition of functional components, e.g., T-cell epitopes, cell-penetrating peptides, and lipophilic moieties; and (2) synthetic approaches using size-defined nanomaterials, e.g., self-assembling peptides, non-peptidic dendrimers, and gold nanoparticles, as antigen-displaying platforms. This review summarizes the recent experimental studies directed to the development of multiple antigen-presenting peptide vaccine systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, 3500-3, Minami-Tamagaki, Suzuka 513-8670, MIE, Japan.
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Abstract
Disadvantages of classical vaccines, such as the risk of an autoimmune reaction, might be overcome by using a subunit vaccine containing the minimal microbial components necessary to stimulate appropriate immune responses. However, vaccines based on minimal epitopes suffer from poor immunogenicity and require the use of an additional immunostimulant (adjuvant). Only a few adjuvants have been permitted for use with vaccines intended for human administration. We have developed several vaccine candidates based on a lipid-core-peptide (LCP) system. This system has self-adjuvanting properties, and it can be used for the delivery of a variety of epitopes to produce vaccine candidates against a targeted disease. The LCP system is easily assembled by simple stepwise Boc solid-phase peptide synthesis.
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Simerska P, Moyle PM, Toth I. Modern lipid-, carbohydrate-, and peptide-based delivery systems for peptide, vaccine, and gene products. Med Res Rev 2009; 31:520-47. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Phillipps KSM, Wykes MN, Liu XQ, Brown M, Blanchfield J, Toth I. A novel synthetic adjuvant enhances dendritic cell function. Immunology 2009; 128:e582-8. [PMID: 19740319 PMCID: PMC2753928 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2008.03038.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid core peptide (LCP) is a novel, synthetic, self-adjuvanted vaccine delivery system that neatly incorporates the adjuvant, carrier and antigenic peptides of a vaccine into a single molecular entity. This system has been previously shown to efficiently deliver vaccines and induce immunity. Because adjuvants target sentinels of the immune response, such as dendritic cells (DCs), that are widely distributed throughout the body to initiate specific immune responses, we investigated the effects of the adjuvant on DCs. Here we show that LCP targets vaccines to DCs and induces their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S M Phillipps
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Yan X, Hu M, Miao Q, Wang S, Zhao K. The Synthesis and Anticancer Activities of Peptide 5-fluorouracil Derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2009. [DOI: 10.3184/030823409x431364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new series of peptide 5-fluorouracil derivatives was designed and synthesised in order to test in vitro anticancer activities. The results indicated that peptide 5-fluorouracil derivatives possessed anticancer activities against human HL-60 and Bel-7402 cell lines. The structures of the compounds were determined by means of 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR, mass spectra and elemental analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325027, P. R. China
| | - Maolin Hu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325027, P. R. China
| | - Qian Miao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325027, P. R. China
| | - Shun Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325027, P. R. China
| | - Kejian Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325027, P. R. China
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Zhong W, Skwarczynski M, Simerska P, Good MF, Toth I. Development of highly pure α-helical lipoglycopeptides as self-adjuvanting vaccines. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Toth I, Moyle PM, Simerska P, Fujita Y, Olive C, Good MF. Vaccine Delivery: Synthesis and Investigation of a Highly Pure, Multi-Epitopic Lipopeptide Vaccine Candidate. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 611:347-9. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-73657-0_154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zhong W, Skwarczynski M, Fujita Y, Simerska P, Good MF, Toth I. Design and Synthesis of Lipopeptide - Carbohydrate Assembled Multivalent Vaccine Candidates Using Native Chemical Ligation. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of a synthetic vaccine against group A streptococcal infection is increasingly paramount due to the induction of autoimmunity by the main virulent factor – M protein. Peptide vaccines, however, are generally poorly immunogenic, necessitating administration with carriers and adjuvants. One of the promising approaches to deliver antigenic peptides is to assemble peptides on a suitable template which directs the attached peptides to form a well defined tertiary structure. For self-adjuvanting human vaccines, the conjugation of immunostimulatory lipids has been demonstrated as a potentially safe method. This study describes the design and optimized synthesis of two lipopeptide conjugated carbohydrate templates and the assembling of peptide antigens. These lipopeptide–carbohydrate assembled multivalent vaccine candidates were obtained in high yield and purity when native chemical ligation was applied. Circular dichroism studies indicated that the template-assembled peptides form four α-helix bundles. The developed technique extends the use of carbohydrate templates and lipopeptide conjugates for producing self-adjuvanting and topology-controlled vaccine candidates.
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Zhong W, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Lipid Core Peptide System for Gene, Drug, and Vaccine Delivery. Aust J Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1071/ch09149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A vast number of biologically active compounds await efficient delivery to become therapeutic agents. Lipidation has been demonstrated to be a convenient and useful approach to improve the stability and transport across biological membranes of potential drug molecules. The lipid core peptide (LCP) system has emerged as a promising lipidation tool because of its versatile features. This review discusses the progress in the development of the LCP system to improve cell permeability of nucleotides, physicochemical properties of potential drugs, and vaccine immunogenicity. Emphasis was put on the application of the LCP system to deliver antigens for the prevention of group A streptococcus infection, novel techniques of conjugation of target molecules to the LCP, and new alterations of the LCP system itself.
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Fujita Y, Moyle PM, Hieu S, Simerska P, Toth I. Investigation toward multi-epitope vaccine candidates using native chemical ligation. Biopolymers 2008; 90:624-32. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Simerska P, Abdel-Aal ABM, Fujita Y, Batzloff MR, Good MF, Toth I. Synthesis and in vivo studies of carbohydrate-based vaccines against group A Streptococcus. Biopolymers 2008; 90:611-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.20992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Simerska P, Abdel-Aal ABM, Fujita Y, Moyle PM, McGeary RP, Batzloff MR, Olive C, Good MF, Toth I. Development of a liposaccharide-based delivery system and its application to the design of group A streptococcal vaccines. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1447-52. [PMID: 18278857 DOI: 10.1021/jm701410p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Group A streptococcus (GAS) is associated with many human diseases, ranging in severity from benign to life-threatening. A promising strategy for developing vaccines against GAS involves the use of carbohydrates as carriers for peptide antigens. This study describes the optimized synthesis of d-glucose and d-galactose derived carriers, bearing an adipate linker and four tert-butoxycarbonyl protected aminopropyl groups. Prophylactic GAS vaccine candidates were synthesized by conjugating multiple copies of a single GAS M protein derived peptide antigen (either J8 or J14) onto the carbohydrate carriers. These antigens contain peptide sequences, which are highly conserved and offer the potential to prevent infections caused by up to 70% of GAS strains. Lipophilic amino acids were also conjugated to the d-glucose anomeric carbon to produce a self-adjuvanting liposaccharide vaccine. High serum IgG antibody titers against each of the incorporated peptide epitopes were detected following subcutaneous immunization of B10.BR (H-2 (k)) mice with the liposaccharide vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Simerska
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences , The University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia
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Abdel-Aal ABM, Batzloff MR, Fujita Y, Barozzi N, Faria A, Simerska P, Moyle PM, Good MF, Toth I. Structure–Activity Relationship of a Series of Synthetic Lipopeptide Self-Adjuvanting Group A Streptococcal Vaccine Candidates. J Med Chem 2007; 51:167-72. [DOI: 10.1021/jm701091d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abu-Baker M. Abdel-Aal
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia, and The Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael R. Batzloff
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia, and The Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yoshio Fujita
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia, and The Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nadia Barozzi
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia, and The Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andres Faria
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia, and The Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pavla Simerska
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia, and The Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peter M. Moyle
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia, and The Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael F. Good
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia, and The Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Molecular and Microbial Sciences (SMMS), The University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Queensland, Australia, and The Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR), Herston 4029, Queensland, Australia
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Moyle PM, Hari Y, Huang N, Olive C, Good MF, Toth I. A technique for the synthesis of highly-pure, mono-epitopic, multi-valent lipid core peptide vaccines. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.05.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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