1
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Design, synthesis,in vitroandin silicoevaluation of new pyrrole derivatives as monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800082. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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2
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Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel N-Pyridyl-Hydrazone Derivatives as Potential Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010113. [PMID: 29316677 PMCID: PMC6017090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of N-pyridyl-hydrazone derivatives was synthesized by using a simple and efficient method. The final compounds obtained were screened for their inhibitory potency against monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. The newly synthesized compounds 2a-2n specifically inhibited monoamine oxidases, displaying notably low IC50 values. Compounds 2i and 2j, with a CF₃ and OH group on the 4-position of the phenyl ring, respectively, showed considerable MAO-A and MAO-B inhibitory activities. Compounds 2k, 2l and 2n, with N-methylpyrrole, furan and pyridine moieties instead of the phenyl ring, were the most powerful and specific inhibitors of MAO-A, with IC50 values of 6.12 μM, 10.64 μM and 9.52 μM, respectively. Moreover, these active compounds were found to be non-cytotoxic to NIH/3T3 cells. This study supports future studies aimed at designing MAO inhibitors to obtain more viable medications for neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.
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3
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Lee HW, Ryu HW, Kang MG, Park D, Oh SR, Kim H. Selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase A by purpurin, an anthraquinone. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1136-1140. [PMID: 28188065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase (MAO) catalyzes the oxidation of monoamines that act as neurotransmitters. During a target-based screening of natural products using two isoforms of recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B, purpurin (an anthraquinone derivative) was found to potently and selectively inhibit MAO-A, with an IC50 value of 2.50μM, and not to inhibit MAO-B. Alizarin (also an anthraquinone) inhibited MAO-A less potently with an IC50 value of 30.1μM. Furthermore, purpurin was a reversible and competitive inhibitor of MAO-A with a Ki value of 0.422μM. A comparison of their chemical structures suggested the 4-hydroxy group of purpurin might play an important role in its inhibition of MAO-A. Molecular docking simulation showed that the binding affinity of purpurin for MAO-A (-40.0kcal/mol) was higher than its affinity for MAO-B (-33.9kcal/mol), and that Ile 207 and Gly 443 of MAO-A were key residues for hydrogen bonding with purpurin. The findings of this study suggest purpurin is a potent, selective, reversible inhibitor of MAO-A, and that it be considered a new potential lead compound for development of novel reversible inhibitors of MAO-A (RIMAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Won Ryu
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Gyun Kang
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 30 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2-phenoxyacetamide analogues, a novel class of potent and selective monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Molecules 2014; 19:18620-31. [PMID: 25405283 PMCID: PMC6271349 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191118620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (EC 1.4.3.4; MAOs), a family of FAD-containing enzymes, is an important target for antidepressant drugs. In this paper, a series of 2-phenoxyacetamide analogues were synthesized, and their inhibitory potency towards monoamine oxidases A (MAO-A) and B (MAO-B) were evaluated using enzyme and cancer cell lysate. 2-(4-Methoxyphenoxy)acetamide (compound 12) (SI = 245) and (2-(4-((prop-2-ynylimino)methyl)phenoxy)acetamide (compound 21) (IC50MAO-A = 0.018 μM, IC50MAO-B = 0.07 μM) were successfully identified as the most specific MAO-A inhibitor, and the most potent MAO-A/-B inhibitor, respectively. The inhibitory activities of these two compounds in living cells were also further evaluated utilizing HepG2 and SHSY-5Y cell lysates.
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5
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A novel series of 6-substituted 3-(pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl)chromen-2-ones as selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) A inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 73:177-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Juárez-Jiménez J, Mendes E, Galdeano C, Martins C, Silva DB, Marco-Contelles J, do Carmo Carreiras M, Luque FJ, Ramsay RR. Exploring the structural basis of the selective inhibition of monoamine oxidase A by dicarbonitrile aminoheterocycles: role of Asn181 and Ile335 validated by spectroscopic and computational studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1844:389-97. [PMID: 24247011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since cyanide potentiates the inhibitory activity of several monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, a series of carbonitrile-containing aminoheterocycles was examined to explore the role of nitriles in determining the inhibitory activity against MAO. Dicarbonitrile aminofurans were found to be potent, selective inhibitors against MAO A. The origin of the MAO A selectivity was identified by combining spectroscopic and computational methods. Spectroscopic changes induced in MAO A by mono- and dicarbonitrile inhibitors were different, providing experimental evidence for distinct binding modes to the enzyme. Similar differences were also found between the binding of dicarbonitrile compounds to MAO A and to MAO B. Stabilization of the flavin anionic semiquinone by monocarbonitrile compounds, but destabilization by dicarbonitriles, provided further support to the distinct binding modes of these compounds and their interaction with the flavin ring. Molecular modeling studies supported the role played by the nitrile and amino groups in anchoring the inhibitor to the binding cavity. In particular, the results highlight the role of Asn181 and Ile335 in assisting the interaction of the nitrile-containing aminofuran ring. The network of interactions afforded by the specific attachment of these functional groups provides useful guidelines for the design of selective, reversible MAO A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Juárez-Jiménez
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Eduarda Mendes
- iMed.UL - Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avda. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carles Galdeano
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Carla Martins
- iMed.UL - Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avda. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel B Silva
- iMed.UL - Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avda. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratorio de Radicales Libres y Química Computacional, Instituto de Química Orgánica General, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, c/. Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria do Carmo Carreiras
- iMed.UL - Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avda. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F Javier Luque
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Avda. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Rona R Ramsay
- School of Biology, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
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7
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Zheng YC, Duan YC, Ma JL, Xu RM, Zi X, Lv WL, Wang MM, Ye XW, Zhu S, Mobley D, Zhu YY, Wang JW, Li JF, Wang ZR, Zhao W, Liu HM. Triazole-dithiocarbamate based selective lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) inactivators inhibit gastric cancer cell growth, invasion, and migration. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8543-60. [PMID: 24131029 DOI: 10.1021/jm401002r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysine specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), the first identified histone demethylase, plays an important role in epigenetic regulation of gene activation and repression. The up-regulated LSD1's expression has been reported in several malignant tumors. In the current study, we designed and synthesized five series of 1,2,3-triazole-dithiocarbamate hybrids and screened their inhibitory activity toward LSD1. We found that some of these compounds, especially compound 26, exhibited the most specific and robust inhibition of LSD1. Interestingly, compound 26 also showed potent and selective cytotoxicity against LSD1 overexpressing gastric cancer cell lines MGC-803 and HGC-27, as well as marked inhibition of cell migration and invasion, compared to 2-PCPA. Furthermore, compound 26 effectively reduced the tumor growth bared by human gastric cancer cells in vivo with no signs of adverse side effects. These findings suggested that compound 26 deserves further investigation as a lead compound in the treatment of LSD1 overexpressing gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Ying-Chao Duan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jin-Lian Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Rui-Min Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Departments of Urology, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Orange, USA
| | - Wen-Lei Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xian-Wei Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Shun Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - David Mobley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Yan-Yan Zhu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Jin-Feng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhi-Ru Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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8
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Del Bello F, Diamanti E, Giannella M, Mammoli V, Mattioli L, Titomanlio F, Piergentili A, Quaglia W, Lanza M, Sabatini C, Caselli G, Poggesi E, Pigini M. Exploring multitarget interactions to reduce opiate withdrawal syndrome and psychiatric comorbidity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:875-9. [PMID: 24900763 DOI: 10.1021/ml400232p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid addiction is often characterized as a chronic relapsing condition due to the severe somatic and behavioral signs, associated with depressive disorders, triggered by opiate withdrawal. Since prolonged abstinence remains a major challenge, our interest has been addressed to such objective. Exploring multitarget interactions, the present investigation suggests that 3 or its (S)-enantiomer and 4, endowed with effective α2C-AR agonism/α2A-AR antagonism/5-HT1A-R agonism, or 7 and 9-11 producing efficacious α2C-AR agonism/α2A-AR antagonism/I2-IBS interaction might represent novel multifunctional tools potentially useful for reducing withdrawal syndrome and associated depression. Such agents, lacking in sedative side effects due to their α2A-AR antagonism, might afford an improvement over current therapies with clonidine-like drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Del Bello
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal
Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino,
Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Diamanti
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal
Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino,
Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Mario Giannella
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal
Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino,
Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Valerio Mammoli
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal
Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino,
Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Laura Mattioli
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy
Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna
delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Federica Titomanlio
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy
Unit, University of Camerino, Via Madonna
delle Carceri 9, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piergentili
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal
Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino,
Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Wilma Quaglia
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal
Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino,
Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Marco Lanza
- Pharmacology & Toxicology
Department, Rottapharm-Madaus, 20052 Monza,
Italy
| | - Chiara Sabatini
- Pharmacology & Toxicology
Department, Rottapharm-Madaus, 20052 Monza,
Italy
| | - Gianfranco Caselli
- Pharmacology & Toxicology
Department, Rottapharm-Madaus, 20052 Monza,
Italy
| | - Elena Poggesi
- Recordati S.pA., Drug Discovery, Via Civitali 1, 20148 Milano, Italy
| | - Maria Pigini
- School of Pharmacy, Medicinal
Chemistry Unit, University of Camerino,
Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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9
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Rapid and sensitive fluorescent probes for monoamine oxidases B to A at low concentrations. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Xu B, Worrall K, Arndtsen BA. Palladium-catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of 2-imidazolines from imines and acid chlorides. Molecules 2012; 17:13759-68. [PMID: 23174894 PMCID: PMC6269033 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171213759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe the palladium-catalyzed multicomponent synthesis of 2-imidazolines. This reaction proceeds via the coupling of imines, acid chlorides and carbon monoxide to form imidazolinium carboxylates, followed by a decarboxylation. Decarboxylation in CHCl3 is found to result in a mixture of imidazolinium and imidazolium salts. However, the addition of benzoic acid suppresses aromatization, and generates the trans-disubstituted imidazolines in good yield. Combining this reaction with subsequent nitrogen deprotection provides an overall synthesis of imidazolines from multiple available building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boran Xu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H3A 2K6, Canada.
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11
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Hu S, Nian S, Qin K, Xiao T, Li L, Qi X, Ye F, Liang G, Hu G, He J, Yu Y, Song B. Design, Synthesis and Inhibitory Activities of 8-(Substituted styrol-formamido)phenyl-xanthine Derivatives on Monoamine Oxidase B. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2012; 60:385-90. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.60.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College
| | - Siyun Nian
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College
| | - Kuiyou Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College
| | - Tong Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College
| | - Lingna Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College
| | - Xiaolu Qi
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College
| | - Faqing Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College
| | | | - Guoxin Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College
| | - Jincai He
- Department of Heurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College
| | - Yinfei Yu
- The Optometry Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College
| | - Bo Song
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College
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12
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Valente S, Tomassi S, Tempera G, Saccoccio S, Agostinelli E, Mai A. Novel reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitors: highly potent and selective 3-(1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-2-oxazolidinones. J Med Chem 2011; 54:8228-32. [PMID: 22017497 DOI: 10.1021/jm201011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are involved in various psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders; hence, MAO inhibitors are useful agents in the therapy of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, and depression syndrome. Herein we report a novel series of 3-(1H-pyrrol-3-yl)-2-oxazolidinones 3-7 as reversible, highly potent and selective anti-MAO-A agents. In particular, 4b, 5b, and 4c showed a K(i-MAO-A) of 0.6, 0.8, and 1 nM, respectively, 4c being 200000-fold selective for MAO-A with respect to MAO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Valente
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco, Istituto Pasteur, Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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13
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Wang J, Edmondson DE. ²H kinetic isotope effects and pH dependence of catalysis as mechanistic probes of rat monoamine oxidase A: comparisons with the human enzyme. Biochemistry 2011; 50:7710-7. [PMID: 21819071 DOI: 10.1021/bi200951z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase A (MAO A) is a mitochondrial outer membrane-bound flavoenzyme important in the regulation of serotonin and dopamine levels. Because the rat is extensively used as an animal model in drug studies, it is important to understand how rat MAO A behaves in comparison with the more extensively studied human enzyme. For many reversible inhibitors, rat MAO A exhibits K(i) values similar to those of human MAO A. The pH profile of k(cat) for rat MAO A shows a pK(a) of 8.2 ± 0.1 for the benzylamine ES complex and pK(a) values of 7.5 ± 0.1 and 7.6 ± 0.1 for the ES complexes with p-CF(3)-(1)H- and p-CF(3)-(2)H-benzylamine, respectively. In contrast to the human enzyme, the rat enzyme exhibits a single pK(a) value (8.3 ± 0.1) with k(cat)/K(m) for benzylamine versus pH and pK(a) values of 7.8 ± 0.1 and 8.1 ± 0.2 for the ascending limbs, respectively, of k(cat)/K(m) versus pH profiles for p-CF(3)-(1)H- and p-CF(3)-(2)H-benzylamine and 9.3 ± 0.1 and 9.1 ± 0.2 for the descending limbs, respectively. The oxidation of para-substituted benzylamine substrate analogues by rat MAO A has large deuterium kinetic isotope effects on k(cat) and on k(cat)/K(m). These effects are pH-independent and range from 7 to 14, demonstrating a rate-limiting α-C-H bond cleavage step in catalysis. Quantitative structure-activity correlations of log k(cat) with the electronic substituent parameter (σ) at pH 7.5 and 9.0 show a dominant contribution with positive ρ values (1.2-1.3) and a pH-independent negative contribution from the steric term. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of the binding affinities of the para-substituted benzylamine analogues for rat MAO A shows an increased van der Waals volume (V(w)) increases the affinity of the deprotonated amine for the enzyme. These results demonstrate that rat MAO A exhibits functional properties similar but not identical with those of the human enzyme and provide additional support for C-H bond cleavage via a polar nucleophilic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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14
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Abstract
One of the main reasons for drug failures in clinical development, or postmarket launch, is lacking or compromised safety margins at therapeutic doses. Organ toxicity with poorly defined mechanisms and adverse drug reactions associated with on- and off-target effects are the major contributors to safety-related shortfalls of many clinical drug candidates. Therefore, to avoid high attrition rates in clinical trials, it is imperative to test compounds for potential adverse reactions during early drug discovery. Beyond a small number of targets associated with clinically acknowledged adverse drug reactions, there is little consensus on other targets that are important to consider at an early stage for in vitro safety pharmacology assessment. We consider here a limited number of safety-related targets, from different target families, which were selected as part of in vitro safety pharmacology profiling panels integrated in the drug-development process at Novartis. The best way to assess these targets, using a biochemical or a functional readout, is discussed. In particular, the importance of using cell-based profiling assays for the characterization of an agonist action at some GPCRs is highlighted. A careful design of in vitro safety pharmacology profiling panels allows better prediction of potential adverse effects of new chemical entities early in the drug-discovery process. This contributes to the selection of the best candidate for clinical development and, ultimately, should contribute to a decreased attrition rate.
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15
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Worrall K, Xu B, Bontemps S, Arndtsen BA. A Palladium-Catalyzed Multicomponent Synthesis of Imidazolinium Salts and Imidazolines from Imines, Acid Chlorides, and Carbon Monoxide. J Org Chem 2010; 76:170-80. [PMID: 21142047 DOI: 10.1021/jo101858d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kraig Worrall
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Boran Xu
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Sébastien Bontemps
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
| | - Bruce A. Arndtsen
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6
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16
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Hamon J, Whitebread S. In Vitro
Safety Pharmacology Profiling: An Important Tool to Decrease Attrition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527627448.ch12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Peña-Silva RA, Miller JD, Chu Y, Heistad DD. Serotonin produces monoamine oxidase-dependent oxidative stress in human heart valves. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1354-60. [PMID: 19666839 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00570.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension, in patients with carcinoid tumors and people who used the fenfluramine-phentermine combination for weight control, have been associated with high levels of serotonin in blood. The mechanism by which serotonin induces valvular changes is not well understood. We recently reported that increased oxidative stress is associated with valvular changes in aortic valve stenosis in humans and mice. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that serotonin induces oxidative stress in human heart valves, and examined mechanisms by which serotonin may increase reactive oxygen species. Superoxide (O2*.-) was measured in heart valves from explanted human hearts that were not used for transplantation. (O2*.-) levels (lucigenin-enhanced chemoluminescence) were increased in homogenates of cardiac valves and blood vessels after incubation with serotonin. A nonspecific inhibitor of flavin-oxidases (diphenyliodonium), or inhibitors of monoamine oxidase [MAO (tranylcypromine and clorgyline)], prevented the serotonin-induced increase in (O2*.-). Dopamine, another MAO substrate that is increased in patients with carcinoid syndrome, also increased (O2*.-) levels in heart valves, and this effect was attenuated by clorgyline. Apocynin [an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase] did not prevent increases in (O2*.-) during serotonin treatment. Addition of serotonin to recombinant human MAO-A generated (O2*.-), and this effect was prevented by an MAO inhibitor. In conclusion, we have identified a novel mechanism whereby MAO-A can contribute to increased oxidative stress in human heart valves and pulmonary artery exposed to serotonin and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Peña-Silva
- Departments of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City School of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Edmondson DE, Binda C, Wang J, Upadhyay AK, Mattevi A. Molecular and mechanistic properties of the membrane-bound mitochondrial monoamine oxidases. Biochemistry 2009; 48:4220-30. [PMID: 19371079 DOI: 10.1021/bi900413g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The past decade has brought major advances in our knowledge of the structures and mechanisms of MAO A and MAO B, which are pharmacological targets for specific inhibitors. In both enzymes, crystallographic and biochemical data show their respective C-terminal transmembrane helices anchor the enzymes to the outer mitochondrial membrane. Pulsed EPR data show both enzymes are dimeric in their membrane-bound forms with agreement between distances measured in their crystalline forms. Distances measured between active site-directed spin-labels in membrane preparations show excellent agreement with those estimated from crystallographic data. Our knowledge of requirements for development of specific reversible MAO B inhibitors is in a fairly mature status. Less is known regarding the structural requirements for highly specific reversible MAO A inhibitors. In spite of their 70% level of sequence identity and similarities of C(alpha) folds, the two enzymes exhibit significant functional and structural differences that can be exploited in the ultimate goal of the development of highly specific inhibitors. This review summarizes the current structural and mechanistic information available that can be utilized in the development of future highly specific neuroprotectants and cardioprotectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Edmondson
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Jones TZE, Giurato L, Guccione S, Ramsay RR. Interactions of imidazoline ligands with the active site of purified monoamine oxidase A. FEBS J 2007; 274:1567-75. [PMID: 17480205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The two forms of monoamine oxidase, monoamine oxidase A and monoamine oxidase B, have been associated with imidazoline-binding sites (type 2). Imidazoline ligands saturate the imidazoline-binding sites at nanomolar concentrations, but inhibit monoamine oxidase activity only at micromolar concentrations, suggesting two different binding sites [Ozaita A, Olmos G, Boronat MA, Lizcano JM, Unzeta M & García-Sevilla JA (1997) Br J Pharmacol121, 901-912]. When purified human monoamine oxidase A was used to examine the interaction with the active site, inhibition by guanabenz, 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline and idazoxan was competitive with kynuramine as substrate, giving K(i) values of 3 microM, 26 microM and 125 microM, respectively. Titration of monoamine oxidase A with imidazoline ligands induced spectral changes that were used to measure the binding affinities for guanabenz (19.3 +/- 3.9 microM) and 2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline (49 +/- 8 microM). Only one type of binding site was detected. Agmatine, a putative endogenous ligand for some imidazoline sites, reduced monoamine oxidase A under anaerobic conditions, indicating that it binds close to the flavin in the active site. Flexible docking studies revealed multiple orientations within the large active site, including orientations close to the flavin that would allow oxidation of agmatine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Z E Jones
- Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK
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