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Jiang Y, Liu P, Qiu Z, Zhou M, Cheng M, Yang T. The U.S. FDA approved cardiovascular drugs from 2011 to 2023: A medicinal chemistry perspective. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116593. [PMID: 38889609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A total of 28 new molecular entities (NMEs) were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases from 2011 to 2023. Approximately 25 % of the medications were sanctioned for the management of diverse vascular disorders. The other major therapeutic areas of focus included antilipemic agents (15 %), blood pressure disease (11 %), heart failure, hyperkalemia, and cardiomyopathy (7-8% each). Among all the approved drugs, there are a total of 22 new chemical entities (NCEs), including inhibitors, agonists, polymers, and inorganic compounds. In addition to NCEs, 6 biological agents (BLAs), including monoclonal antibodies, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and antisense oligonucleotides, have also obtained approval for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. From this perspective, approved NCEs are itemized and discussed based on their disease, targets, chemical classes, major drug metabolites, and biochemical and pharmacological properties. Systematic analysis has been conducted to examine the binding modes of these approved drugs with their targets using cocrystal structure information or docking studies to provide valuable insights for designing next-generation agents. Furthermore, the synthetic approaches employed in the creation of these drug molecules have been emphasized, aiming to inspire the development of novel, efficient, and applicable synthetic methodologies. Generally, the primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the clinical applications, pharmacology, binding modes, and synthetic methodologies employed in small-molecule drugs approved for treating CVD. This will facilitate the development of more potent and innovative therapeutics for effectively managing cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhan Jiang
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Cardiovascular Surgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pingxian Liu
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengdi Cheng
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Laboratory of Human Diseases and Immunotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Schreuder M, Jourdi G, Veizaj D, Poole DA, Cheung KL, Poenou G, Verhoef D, Thomassen S, Janssen LFH, Stepanian A, Hackeng TM, Gaussem P, Reitsma PH, Geerke DP, Siguret V, Bos MHA. Minimally modified human blood coagulation factor X to bypass direct factor Xa inhibitors. J Thromb Haemost 2024; 22:2211-2226. [PMID: 38729577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct oral factor (F)Xa inhibitors are widely used as alternatives to conventional vitamin K antagonists in managing venous thromboembolism and nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Unfortunately, bleeding-related adverse events remain a major concern in clinical practice. In case of bleeding or emergency surgery, rapid-onset reversal agents may be required to counteract the anticoagulant activity. OBJECTIVES The ability of FXa variants to bypass the direct oral FXa inhibitors was assessed. METHODS Human FXa variants were generated through substitution of phenylalanine 174 (F174) for either alanine, isoleucine, or serine. FXa variants were stably expressed in HEK293 cells and purified to homogeneity using ion-exchange chromatography. RESULTS F174-substituted human FX variants demonstrated efficacy in restoring thrombin generation in plasma containing direct FXa inhibitors (apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban). Their ability to bypass the anticoagulant effects stems from a significantly reduced sensitivity for the direct FXa inhibitors due to a decrease in binding affinity determined using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy computation. Furthermore, F174 modification resulted in a partial loss of inhibition by tissue factor pathway inhibitor, enhancing the procoagulant effect of F174-substituted FX. Consequently, the F174A- and F174S-substituted FX variants effectively counteracted the effects of 2 widely used anticoagulants, apixaban and rivaroxaban, in plasma of atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism patients. CONCLUSION These human FX variants have the potential to serve as a rescue reversal strategy to overcome the effect of direct FXa inhibitors in case of life-threatening bleeding events or emergency surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schreuder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Georges Jourdi
- Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AH-HP) Centre, Service d'hématologie biologique, Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France; Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1140, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AH-HP) Nord, Service d'hématologie biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Dejvid Veizaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David A Poole
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ka Lei Cheung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Géraldine Poenou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1140, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Daniël Verhoef
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; VarmX B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Stella Thomassen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura F H Janssen
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alain Stepanian
- Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AH-HP) Nord, Service d'hématologie biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France; EA3518 Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Tilman M Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1140, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) Centre, Service d'hématologie biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Pieter H Reitsma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; VarmX B.V., Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daan P Geerke
- Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of Molecular and Computational Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie Siguret
- Innovative Therapies in Haemostasis, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) U1140, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France; Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AH-HP) Nord, Service d'hématologie biologique, Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France
| | - Mettine H A Bos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Zhang Z, Shen W, Liu Q, Zitnik M. PocketGen: Generating Full-Atom Ligand-Binding Protein Pockets. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.25.581968. [PMID: 38464121 PMCID: PMC10925136 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.25.581968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Designing small-molecule-binding proteins, such as enzymes and biosensors, is essential in protein biology and bioengineering. Generating high-fidelity protein pockets-areas where proteins interact with ligand molecules-is challenging due to the complex interactions between ligand molecules and proteins, the flexibility of ligand molecules and amino acid side chains, and intricate sequence-structure dependencies. We introduce PocketGen, a deep generative method that produces the residue sequence and the full-atom structure within the protein pocket region, leveraging sequence-structure consistency. PocketGen comprises a bilevel graph transformer for structural encoding and a sequence refinement module utilizing a protein language model (pLM) for sequence prediction. The bilevel graph transformer captures interactions at multiple granularities (atom-level and residue/ligand-level) and aspects (intra-protein and protein-ligand) through bilevel attention mechanisms. A structural adapter employing cross-attention is integrated into the pLM for sequence refinement to ensure consistency between structure-based and sequence-based prediction. During training, only the adapter is fine-tuned, while the other layers of the pLM remain unchanged. Experiments demonstrate that PocketGen can efficiently generate protein pockets with higher binding affinity and validity than state-of-the-art methods. PocketGen is ten times faster than physics-based methods and achieves a 95% success rate (percentage of generated pockets with higher binding affinity than reference pockets) with an amino acid recovery rate exceeding 64%.
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Jankowski W, Surov SS, Hernandez NE, Rawal A, Battistel M, Freedberg D, Ovanesov MV, Sauna ZE. Engineering and evaluation of FXa bypassing agents that restore hemostasis following Apixaban associated bleeding. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3912. [PMID: 38724509 PMCID: PMC11082157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48278-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) targeting activated factor Xa (FXa) are used to prevent or treat thromboembolic disorders. DOACs reversibly bind to FXa and inhibit its enzymatic activity. However, DOAC treatment carries the risk of anticoagulant-associated bleeding. Currently, only one specific agent, andexanet alfa, is approved to reverse the anticoagulant effects of FXa-targeting DOACs (FXaDOACs) and control life-threatening bleeding. However, because of its mechanism of action, andexanet alfa requires a cumbersome dosing schedule, and its use is associated with the risk of thrombosis. Here, we present the computational design, engineering, and evaluation of FXa-variants that exhibit anticoagulation reversal activity in the presence of FXaDOACs. Our designs demonstrate low DOAC binding affinity, retain FXa-enzymatic activity and reduce the DOAC-associated bleeding by restoring hemostasis in mice treated with apixaban. Importantly, the FXaDOACs reversal agents we designed, unlike andexanet alfa, do not inhibit TFPI, and consequently, may have a safer thrombogenic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Jankowski
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Stepan S Surov
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Nancy E Hernandez
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Atul Rawal
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Marcos Battistel
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Daron Freedberg
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial, Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Mikhail V Ovanesov
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Zuben E Sauna
- Hemostasis Branch 1, Division of Hemostasis, Office of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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5
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Leong CW, Yee KM, Liew I, Khaleb NA, Ahmad S, Rani TA, Lau KJ, Yunaidi DA, Simanjuntak R, Ginanjar VA. Apixaban Pharmacokinetics and Bioequivalence of Two Tablet Formulations: A Randomized, Open-Label, Crossover Study, Fasting Condition in Healthy Indonesian Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2024. [PMID: 38685874 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the bioequivalence of a new apixaban generic with reference formulation. Twenty-six healthy volunteers were recruited for an open-label, balanced, randomized, 2-treatment, 2-sequence, 2-period, single oral dose study. Following overnight fasting, each volunteer received 5 mg of apixaban test and reference formulations as single doses, separated by a 1-week washout period. Twenty blood samples were collected at predose and multiple time points between 0.5 and 72 hours after dosing. A validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection method following a protein precipitation step was implemented to determine apixaban concentrations. Noncompartmental analysis was used to derive the pharmacokinetic parameters, which were then compared between the test and reference products using a multivariate analysis of variance. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the test product were not statistically different from the reference product, and the 90% confidence intervals of apixaban natural log-transformed area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity, area under the concentration-time curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration, and maximum concentration were within 80%-125% based on the bioequivalence acceptance range criteria. The test and reference formulations of apixaban are bioequivalent in healthy subjects under fasting conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kar Ming Yee
- Duopharma Innovation Sdn. Bhd., Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ivan Liew
- Duopharma Innovation Sdn. Bhd., Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Shahnun Ahmad
- Duopharma Innovation Sdn. Bhd., Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tracy Ann Rani
- Duopharma Innovation Sdn. Bhd., Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kheng Jim Lau
- Duopharma Innovation Sdn. Bhd., Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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6
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Choi K. The Structure-property Relationships of Clinically Approved Protease Inhibitors. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1441-1463. [PMID: 37031455 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230409232655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases play important roles in the regulation of many physiological processes, and protease inhibitors have become one of the important drug classes. Especially because the development of protease inhibitors often starts from a substrate- based peptidomimetic strategy, many of the initial lead compounds suffer from pharmacokinetic liabilities. OBJECTIVE To reduce drug attrition rates, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies are fully integrated into modern drug discovery research, and the structure-property relationship illustrates how the modification of the chemical structure influences the pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of drug compounds. Understanding the structure- property relationships of clinically approved protease inhibitor drugs and their analogues could provide useful information on the lead-to-candidate optimization strategies. METHODS About 70 inhibitors against human or pathogenic viral proteases have been approved until the end of 2021. In this review, 17 inhibitors are chosen for the structure- property relationship analysis because detailed pharmacological and/or physicochemical data have been disclosed in the medicinal chemistry literature for these inhibitors and their close analogues. RESULTS The compiled data are analyzed primarily focusing on the pharmacokinetic or toxicological deficiencies found in lead compounds and the structural modification strategies used to generate candidate compounds. CONCLUSION The structure-property relationships hereby summarized how the overall druglike properties could be successfully improved by modifying the structure of protease inhibitors. These specific examples are expected to serve as useful references and guidance for developing new protease inhibitor drugs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihang Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea (ROK)
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7
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Beckers M, Sturm N, Sirockin F, Fechner N, Stiefl N. Prediction of Small-Molecule Developability Using Large-Scale In Silico ADMET Models. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14047-14060. [PMID: 37815201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Early in silico assessment of the potential of a series of compounds to deliver a drug is one of the major challenges in computer-assisted drug design. The goal is to identify the right chemical series of compounds out of a large chemical space to then subsequently prioritize the molecules with the highest potential to become a drug. Although multiple approaches to assess compounds have been developed over decades, the quality of these predictors is often not good enough and compounds that agree with the respective estimates are not necessarily druglike. Here, we report a novel deep learning approach that leverages large-scale predictions of ∼100 ADMET assays to assess the potential of a compound to become a relevant drug candidate. The resulting score, which we termed bPK score, substantially outperforms previous approaches and showed strong discriminative performance on data sets where previous approaches did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Beckers
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Noé Sturm
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Finton Sirockin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolas Fechner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaus Stiefl
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Yoon HJ, Kundu S, Wu S. Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of the Selective Inhibition of Coagulation Factor IXa over Factor Xa. Molecules 2023; 28:6909. [PMID: 37836752 PMCID: PMC10574344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolic disorders, arising from abnormal coagulation, pose a significant risk to human life in the modern world. The FDA has recently approved several anticoagulant drugs targeting factor Xa (FXa) to manage these disorders. However, these drugs have potential side effects, leading to bleeding complications in patients. To mitigate these risks, coagulation factor IXa (FIXa) has emerged as a promising target due to its selective regulation of the intrinsic pathway. Due to the high structural and functional similarities of these coagulation factors and their inhibitor binding modes, designing a selective inhibitor specifically targeting FIXa remains a challenging task. The dynamic behavior of protein-ligand interactions and their impact on selectivity were analyzed using molecular dynamics simulation, considering the availability of potent and selective compounds for both coagulation factors and the co-crystal structures of protein-ligand complexes. Throughout the simulations, we examined ligand movements in the binding site, as well as the contact frequencies and interaction fingerprints, to gain insights into selectivity. Interaction fingerprint (IFP) analysis clearly highlights the crucial role of strong H-bond formation between the ligand and D189 and A190 in the S1 subsite for FIXa selectivity, consistent with our previous study. This dynamic analysis also reveals additional FIXa-specific interactions. Additionally, the absence of polar interactions contributes to the selectivity for FXa, as observed from the dynamic profile of interactions. A contact frequency analysis of the protein-ligand complexes provides further confirmation of the selectivity criteria for FIXa and FXa, as well as criteria for binding and activity. Moreover, a ligand movement analysis reveals key interaction dynamics that highlight the tighter binding of selective ligands to the proteins compared to non-selective and inactive ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Yoon
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sibsankar Kundu
- R&D Center, PharmCADD Co., Ltd., Busan 48792, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sangwook Wu
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
- R&D Center, PharmCADD Co., Ltd., Busan 48792, Republic of Korea;
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9
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Roehrig S, Ackerstaff J, Jiménez Núñez E, Teller H, Ellerbrock P, Meier K, Heitmeier S, Tersteegen A, Stampfuss J, Lang D, Schlemmer KH, Schaefer M, Gericke KM, Kinzel T, Meibom D, Schmidt M, Gerdes C, Follmann M, Hillisch A. Design and Preclinical Characterization Program toward Asundexian (BAY 2433334), an Oral Factor XIa Inhibitor for the Prevention and Treatment of Thromboembolic Disorders. J Med Chem 2023; 66:12203-12224. [PMID: 37669040 PMCID: PMC10510402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Activated coagulation factor XI (FXIa) is a highly attractive antithrombotic target as it contributes to the development and progression of thrombosis but is thought to play only a minor role in hemostasis so that its inhibition may allow for decoupling of antithrombotic efficacy and bleeding time prolongation. Herein, we report our major efforts to identify an orally bioavailable, reversible FXIa inhibitor. Using a protein structure-based de novo design approach, we identified a novel micromolar hit with attractive physicochemical properties. During lead modification, a critical problem was balancing potency and absorption by focusing on the most important interactions of the lead series with FXIa while simultaneously seeking to improve metabolic stability and the cytochrome P450 interaction profile. In clinical trials, the resulting compound from our extensive research program, asundexian (BAY 2433334), proved to possess the desired DMPK properties for once-daily oral dosing, and even more importantly, the initial pharmacological hypothesis was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Roehrig
- Pharmaceuticals, Research
and Development, Bayer AG, 42133 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefan Heitmeier
- Pharmaceuticals, Research
and Development, Bayer AG, 42133 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Adrian Tersteegen
- Pharmaceuticals, Research
and Development, Bayer AG, 42133 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Jan Stampfuss
- Pharmaceuticals, Research
and Development, Bayer AG, 42133 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Dieter Lang
- Pharmaceuticals, Research
and Development, Bayer AG, 42133 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | | | - Kersten M. Gericke
- Pharmaceuticals, Research
and Development, Bayer AG, 42133 Wuppertal, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Meibom
- Pharmaceuticals, Research
and Development, Bayer AG, 42133 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Pharmaceuticals, Research
and Development, Bayer AG, 42133 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Christoph Gerdes
- Pharmaceuticals, Research
and Development, Bayer AG, 42133 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Markus Follmann
- Pharmaceuticals, Research
and Development, Bayer AG, 42133 Wuppertal, Germany
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10
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Urbonavičius A, Krikštolaitytė S, Bieliauskas A, Martynaitis V, Solovjova J, Žukauskaitė A, Arbačiauskienė E, Šačkus A. Synthesis and Characterization of New Pyrano[2,3- c]pyrazole Derivatives as 3-Hydroxyflavone Analogues. Molecules 2023; 28:6599. [PMID: 37764375 PMCID: PMC10537540 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, an efficient synthetic route from pyrazole-chalcones to novel 6-aryl-5-hydroxy-2-phenylpyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-4(2H)-ones as 3-hydroxyflavone analogues is described. The methylation of 5-hydroxy-2,6-phenylpyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-4(2H)-one with methyl iodide in the presence of a base yielded a compound containing a 5-methoxy group, while the analogous reaction of 5-hydroxy-2-phenyl-6-(pyridin-4-yl)pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-4(2H)-one led to the zwitterionic 6-(N-methylpyridinium)pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol derivative. The treatment of 5-hydroxy-2,6-phenylpyrano[2,3-c]pyrazol-4(2H)-one with triflic anhydride afforded a 5-trifloylsubstituted compound, which was further used in carbon-carbon bond forming Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions to yield 5-(hetero)aryl- and 5-carbo-functionalized pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles. The excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) reaction of 5-hydroxypyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles from the 5-hydroxy moiety to the carbonyl group in polar protic, polar aprotic, and nonpolar solvents was observed, resulting in well-resolved two-band fluorescence. The structures of the novel heterocyclic compounds were confirmed by 1H-, 13C-, 15N-, and 19F-NMR spectroscopy, HRMS, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arminas Urbonavičius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.U.); (S.K.); (V.M.); (J.S.); (A.Ž.)
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Sonata Krikštolaitytė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.U.); (S.K.); (V.M.); (J.S.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Aurimas Bieliauskas
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Vytas Martynaitis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.U.); (S.K.); (V.M.); (J.S.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Joana Solovjova
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.U.); (S.K.); (V.M.); (J.S.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.U.); (S.K.); (V.M.); (J.S.); (A.Ž.)
- Department of Chemical Biology, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eglė Arbačiauskienė
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.U.); (S.K.); (V.M.); (J.S.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko g. 59, LT-51423 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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11
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Zhao H, Brånalt J, Perry M, Tyrchan C. The Role of Allylic Strain for Conformational Control in Medicinal Chemistry. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37285219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is axiomatic in medicinal chemistry that optimization of the potency of a small molecule at a macromolecular target requires complementarity between the ligand and target. In order to minimize the conformational penalty on binding, both enthalpically and entropically, it is therefore preferred to have the ligand preorganized in the bound conformation. In this Perspective, we highlight the role of allylic strain in controlling conformational preferences. Allylic strain was originally described for carbon-based allylic systems, but the same principles apply to other types of structure with sp2 or pseudo-sp2 arrangements. These systems include benzylic (including heteroaryl methyl) positions, amides, N-aryl groups, aryl ethers, and nucleotides. We have derived torsion profiles from small molecule X-ray structures for these systems. Through multiple examples, we show how these effects have been applied in drug discovery and how they can be used prospectively to influence conformation in the design process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Zhao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Jonas Brånalt
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Matthew Perry
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
| | - Christian Tyrchan
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory and Immunology (R&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg 43183, Sweden
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12
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Yang J, Su B, Liao R, Wang J, Bo S. Synthesis of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidineone derivatives as novel FXa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 80:129127. [PMID: 36634753 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidineone compounds have been designed and synthesized as novel FXa inhibitors. Bioassay of the tested compounds showed moderate to excellent anticoagulant potency in vitro. Further FXa inhibitory and bioactivity evaluation in rats, the FeCl3-induced venous thrombosis model, showed that the compound 17a has good FXa inhibitory activity (IC50 = 1.57 nM) and in vivo antithrombotic potency. The anticoagulant effects of compound 17a were dose dependent whether in vitro or in vivo. The results further confirmed our hypothesis that the large conjugated structure is an ideal skeleton binding FXa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Yang
- Nanjing Zhongrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, PR China
| | - Bolang Su
- Nanjing Zhongrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, PR China
| | - Ruizhu Liao
- Nanjing Zhongrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, PR China
| | - Jinrui Wang
- School of Medicine, Xuchang University, Xuchang, Henan 461000, PR China
| | - Shuyu Bo
- Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, PR China.
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13
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Zheng W, Dai X, Xu B, Tian W, Shi J. Discovery and development of Factor Xa inhibitors (2015-2022). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1105880. [PMID: 36909153 PMCID: PMC9993480 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1105880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As a pathological coagulation process, thrombus can lead to many serious diseases, including ischemic stroke, acute myocardial infarction (AMI), acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and deep venous thrombosis (DVT). And anticoagulant drugs are one of the most effective ways to prevent and treat these diseases. Although macromolecular anticoagulant drugs such as low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are widely used in the clinic, their characteristics of requiring injectable use hinder their further promotion in the clinic, and the disadvantages of oral anticoagulant drugs, such as warfarin and dabigatran etexilate, which can easily cause bleeding adverse effects, are also not addressed. Factor Xa (FXa) has gained attention because it lies at the intersection of the coagulation cascade pathways, whereas subsequently introduced Factor Xa inhibitors such as rivaroxaban and apixaban, among others, have gained market popularity because of their high potency for anticoagulation and high specificity for Factor Xa when administered orally. But some of the drawbacks that these Factor Xa inhibitors have simultaneously such as fewer indications and the lack of an effective reversal drug when bleeding occurs are urgently addressed. The development of new Factor Xa inhibitors therefore becomes one means of addressing these questions. This article summarizes the small molecule Factor Xainhibitors developed from 2015 to 2022, classifies them according to their scaffolds, focuses on the analysis of their structure-activity relationships, and provides a brief assessment of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqin Dai
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Binyao Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Operations Management Department, Hospital of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu Sichuan China School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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14
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Li G, Cheng Y, Han C, Song C, Huang N, Du Y. Pyrazole-containing pharmaceuticals: target, pharmacological activity, and their SAR studies. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1300-1321. [PMID: 36439976 PMCID: PMC9667768 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00206j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazole is a five-membered heterocycle bearing two adjacent nitrogen atoms. Both pharmaceutical agents and natural products with pyrazole as a nucleus have exhibited a broad spectrum of biological activities. In the last few decades, more than 40 pyrazole-containing drugs have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of a broad range of clinical conditions including celecoxib (anti-inflammatory), CDPPB (antipsychotic), difenamizole (analgesic), etc. Owing to the unique physicochemical properties of the pyrazole core, pyrazole-containing drugs may exert better pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects compared with drugs containing similar heterocyclic rings. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of all the existing drugs bearing a pyrazole nucleus that have been approved or in clinical trials, involving their pharmacological activities and SAR studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Yifu Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Chi Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Chun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University Qing Dao City Shandong Province 266237 China
| | - Niu Huang
- National Institution of Biological Sciences Beijing, No. 7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park Beijing 102206 China
- Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University Beijing 102206 China
| | - Yunfei Du
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China
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15
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Prentis LE, Singleton CD, Bickel JD, Allen WJ, Rizzo RC. A molecular evolution algorithm for ligand design in DOCK. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:1942-1963. [PMID: 36073674 PMCID: PMC9623574 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As a complement to virtual screening, de novo design of small molecules is an alternative approach for identifying potential drug candidates. Here, we present a new 3D genetic algorithm to evolve molecules through breeding, mutation, fitness pressure, and selection. The method, termed DOCK_GA, builds upon and leverages powerful sampling, scoring, and searching routines previously implemented into DOCK6. Three primary experiments were used during development: Single-molecule evolution evaluated three selection methods (elitism, tournament, and roulette), in four clinically relevant systems, in terms of mutation type and crossover success, chemical properties, ensemble diversity, and fitness convergence, among others. Large scale benchmarking assessed performance across 651 different protein-ligand systems. Ensemble-based evolution demonstrated using multiple inhibitors simultaneously to seed growth in a SARS-CoV-2 target. Key takeaways include: (1) The algorithm is robust as demonstrated by the successful evolution of molecules across a large diverse dataset. (2) Users have flexibility with regards to parent input, selection method, fitness function, and molecular descriptors. (3) The program is straightforward to run and only requires a single executable and input file at run-time. (4) The elitism selection method yields more tightly clustered molecules in terms of 2D/3D similarity, with more favorable fitness, followed by tournament and roulette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Prentis
- Department of Biochemistry & Cell BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | | | - John D. Bickel
- Department of ChemistryStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - William J. Allen
- Department of Applied Mathematics & StatisticsStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
| | - Robert C. Rizzo
- Department of Applied Mathematics & StatisticsStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA,Institute of Chemical Biology & Drug DiscoveryStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA,Laufer Center for Physical & Quantitative BiologyStony Brook UniversityStony BrookNew YorkUSA
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16
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Li MM, Huang H, Pu Y, Tian W, Deng Y, Lu J. A close look into the biological and synthetic aspects of fused pyrazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114739. [PMID: 36126386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fusion of pyrazole scaffold with other skeletons creates a class of attractive molecules, demonstrating significant biological and chemical potentiality in the development of medicinal chemistry. Over the past few decades, numerous biologically active molecules featuring fused pyrazole moieties have been excavated and synthesized, some of which represented by sildenafil have been marketed as drugs, and the biological importance together with chemical synthesis strategies of fused pyrazole compounds, including structural modification based on lead compounds, have been steadily progressing. In this review, we focused our attention on the biological importance of fused pyrazoles and highlighted recent progress in the synthesis of this framework over the past 10 years. What' s more, the limitations, challenges, and future prospects were proposed, wishing to provide references for the development of pyrazole fused frameworks in the field of medicinal chemistry. Contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yiru Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Wanrong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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17
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Kochnev Y, Durrant JD. FPocketWeb: protein pocket hunting in a web browser. J Cheminform 2022; 14:58. [PMID: 36008829 PMCID: PMC9414105 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-022-00637-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting macromolecular (e.g., protein) cavities where small molecules bind is an early step in computer-aided drug discovery. Multiple pocket-detection algorithms have been developed over the past several decades. Among them, fpocket, created by Schmidtke and Le Guilloux, is particularly popular. Like many programs used in computational-biology research, fpocket requires users to download and install an executable file. That file must also be run via a command-line interface, further complicating use. An existing fpocket server application effectively addresses these challenges, but it requires users to upload their possibly proprietary structures to a third-party server. The FPocketWeb web app builds on this prior work. It runs the fpocket3 executable entirely in a web browser without requiring installation. The pocket-finding calculations occur on the user's computer rather than on a remote server. A working version of the open-source FPocketWeb app can be accessed free of charge from http://durrantlab.com/fpocketweb .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kochnev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob D Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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18
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Xu G, Liu Z, Wang X, Lu T, DesJarlais RL, Thieu T, Zhang J, Devine ZH, Du F, Li Q, Milligan CM, Shaffer P, Cedervall PE, Spurlino JC, Stratton CF, Pietrak B, Szewczuk LM, Wong V, Steele RA, Bruinzeel W, Chintala M, Silva J, Gaul MD, Macielag MJ, Nargund R. Discovery of Potent and Orally Bioavailable Pyridine N-Oxide-Based Factor XIa Inhibitors through Exploiting Nonclassical Interactions. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10419-10440. [PMID: 35862732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activated factor XI (FXIa) inhibitors are promising novel anticoagulants with low bleeding risk compared with current anticoagulants. The discovery of potent FXIa inhibitors with good oral bioavailability has been challenging. Herein, we describe our discovery effort, utilizing nonclassical interactions to improve potency, cellular permeability, and oral bioavailability by enhancing the binding while reducing polar atoms. Beginning with literature-inspired pyridine N-oxide-based FXIa inhibitor 1, the imidazole linker was first replaced with a pyrazole moiety to establish a polar C-H···water hydrogen-bonding interaction. Then, structure-based drug design was employed to modify lead molecule 2d in the P1' and P2' regions, with substituents interacting with key residues through various nonclassical interactions. As a result, a potent FXIa inhibitor 3f (Ki = 0.17 nM) was discovered. This compound demonstrated oral bioavailability in preclinical species (rat 36.4%, dog 80.5%, and monkey 43.0%) and displayed a dose-dependent antithrombotic effect in a rabbit arteriovenous shunt model of thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhang Xu
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Zhijie Liu
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Xinkang Wang
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Tianbao Lu
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Renee L DesJarlais
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Tho Thieu
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Jing Zhang
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Zheng Huang Devine
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Fuyong Du
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Qiu Li
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Cynthia M Milligan
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Paul Shaffer
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Peder E Cedervall
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - John C Spurlino
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Christopher F Stratton
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Beth Pietrak
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Lawrence M Szewczuk
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Victoria Wong
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Ruth A Steele
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Wouter Bruinzeel
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Madhu Chintala
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Jose Silva
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Michael D Gaul
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Mark J Macielag
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
| | - Ravi Nargund
- Janssen Research & Development, L.L.C., 1400 McKean Road, Spring House, Pennsylvania 19477-0776, United States
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19
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Wong PC, Crain E. Calibration and validation of the rabbit model of electrolytic-mediated arterial thrombosis against the standard-of-care anticoagulant apixaban. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00963. [PMID: 35680619 PMCID: PMC9184285 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apixaban is a factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor and standard‐of‐care anticoagulant with FXa Ki and plasma protein binding (free fraction) averages 0.08 nM and 0.13 in humans and 0.16 nM and 0.37 in rabbits, respectively. Apixaban at the approved dose of 5 mg BID achieved maximum and minimum plasma concentration of 373 nM (95% CI: 198 – 699 nM) and 224 nM (95% CI 89–501 nM), respectively, in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF). We calibrated the rabbit model of electrolytic‐mediated arterial thrombosis (ECAT) against apixaban and correlated the potencies derived from the rabbit ECAT to in vivo efficacious exposure levels in AF patients. Vehicle and apixaban at multiple doses were infused IV in ECAT rabbits and their effects on thrombus weight were measured. Apixaban exhibited dose‐related efficacy in preventing thrombosis in ECAT rabbits with EC20, EC50, EC60, EC70 and EC80 of 18, 101, 169, 296, and 585 nM, respectively. After correcting for the human‐to‐rabbit potency based on FXa Ki and plasma protein binding, we estimated a rabbit‐equally‐effective plasma concentration of 157 and 259 nM to the trough and peak plasma concentration in AF patients treated with 5 mg BID of apixaban. These rabbit‐equally‐effective plasma concentrations matched well with the rabbit ECAT EC60 and EC70. This study supports the potential of the rabbit ECAT to predict in vivo therapeutic drug exposure of FXa inhibitors. Achieving human‐equally‐effective plasma concentrations to the rabbit ECAT EC60 and EC70 may produce clinical efficacy in patient populations like AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pancras C Wong
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Drug Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Earl Crain
- Cardiovascular & Fibrosis Drug Discovery Biology, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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20
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Heitmeier S, Visser M, Tersteegen A, Dietze‐Torres J, Glunz J, Gerdes C, Laux V, Stampfuss J, Roehrig S. Pharmacological profile of asundexian, a novel, orally bioavailable inhibitor of factor XIa. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:1400-1411. [PMID: 35289054 PMCID: PMC9313898 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activated coagulation factor XI (FXIa) contributes to the development and propagation of thrombosis but plays only a minor role in hemostasis; therefore, it is an attractive antithrombotic target. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the pharmacology of asundexian (BAY 2433334), a small molecule inhibitor targeting FXIa, in vitro and in various rabbit models. METHODS The effects of asundexian on FXIa activity, selectivity versus other proteases, plasma thrombin generation, and clotting assays were evaluated. Antithrombotic effects were determined in FeCl2 - and arterio-venous (AV) shunt models. Asundexian was administered intravenously or orally, before or during thrombus formation, and with or without antiplatelet drugs (aspirin and ticagrelor). Potential effects of asundexian on bleeding were evaluated in ear-, gum-, and liver injury models. RESULTS Asundexian inhibited human FXIa with high potency and selectivity. It reduced FXIa activity, thrombin generation triggered by contact activation or low concentrations of tissue factor, and prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time in human, rabbit, and various other species, but not in rodents. In the FeCl2 -injury models, asundexian reduced thrombus weight versus control, and in the arterial model when added to aspirin and ticagrelor. In the AV shunt model, asundexian reduced thrombus weight when administered before or during thrombus formation. Asundexian alone or in combination with antiplatelet drugs did not increase bleeding times or blood loss in any of the models studied. CONCLUSIONS Asundexian is a potent oral FXIa inhibitor with antithrombotic efficacy in arterial and venous thrombosis models in prevention and intervention settings, without increasing bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Heitmeier
- Bayer AGResearch and Development PharmaceuticalsWuppertalGermany
| | - Mayken Visser
- Bayer AGResearch and Development PharmaceuticalsWuppertalGermany
| | | | | | - Julia Glunz
- Bayer AGResearch and Development PharmaceuticalsWuppertalGermany
| | - Christoph Gerdes
- Bayer AGResearch and Development PharmaceuticalsWuppertalGermany
| | - Volker Laux
- Bayer AGResearch and Development PharmaceuticalsWuppertalGermany
| | - Jan Stampfuss
- Bayer AGResearch and Development PharmaceuticalsWuppertalGermany
| | - Susanne Roehrig
- Bayer AGResearch and Development PharmaceuticalsWuppertalGermany
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21
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Drug-Drug Interactions of Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs): From Pharmacological to Clinical Practice. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061120. [PMID: 35745692 PMCID: PMC9229376 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban, are becoming the most commonly prescribed drugs for preventing ischemic stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and for the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Rivaroxaban was also recently approved for the treatment of patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Their use demonstrated to have a favorable risk-benefit profile, with significant reductions in stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality compared to warfarin, but with increased gastrointestinal bleeding. Nevertheless, their safety profile is compromised in multimorbidity patients requiring contemporary administration of several drugs. Comorbidity and polypharmacy have a high prevalence in elderly patients, who are also more susceptible to bleeding events. The combination of multiple treatments can cause relevant drug–drug interactions (DDIs) by affecting the exposure or the pharmacological activities of DOACs. Although important differences of the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties can be observed between DOACs, all of them are substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and thus may interact with strong inducers or inhibitors of this drug transporter. On the contrary, rivaroxaban and, to a lower extent, apixaban, are also susceptible to drugs altering the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme (CYP) activities. In the present review, we summarize the potential DDI of DOACs with several classes of drugs that have been reported or have characteristics that may predict clinically significant DDIs when administered together with DOACs. Possible strategies, including dosage reduction, avoiding concomitant administration, or different time of treatment, will be also discussed to reduce the incidence of DDI with DOACs. Considering the available data from specific clinical trials or registries analysis, the use of DOACs is associated with fewer clinically relevant DDIs than warfarin, and their use represents an acceptable clinical choice. Nevertheless, DDIs can be significant in certain patient conditions so a careful evaluation should be made before prescribing a specific DOAC.
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22
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Satheesh D, Sreenivasulu B, Reddy BS, Reddy UR, Saladi JSC, Gupta PB, Reddy ASK, Aegurla B, Basavaiah K. Synthesis and Characterisation of Impurities of Apixaban Drug Substance ‐ An Anti‐coagulant. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deekonda Satheesh
- Chemical Research Department, APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Indrakaran Village Sangareddy (District) Telangana India
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical chemistry, A.U. College of Science & Technology Andhra University Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India
| | - B. Sreenivasulu
- Chemical Research Department, APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Indrakaran Village Sangareddy (District) Telangana India
| | - Bhavanam Sekhara Reddy
- Chemical Research Department, APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Indrakaran Village Sangareddy (District) Telangana India
| | - U. Rajasekhar Reddy
- Chemical Research Department, APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Indrakaran Village Sangareddy (District) Telangana India
| | - J. S. Chakradhar Saladi
- Chemical Research Department, APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Indrakaran Village Sangareddy (District) Telangana India
| | - P. Badrinath Gupta
- Chemical Research Department, APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Indrakaran Village Sangareddy (District) Telangana India
| | - Aaramadaka Sunil Kumar Reddy
- Chemical Research Department, APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Indrakaran Village Sangareddy (District) Telangana India
| | - Balakrishna Aegurla
- Chemical Research Department, APL Research Centre‐II, Aurobindo Pharma Limited, Indrakaran Village Sangareddy (District) Telangana India
| | - Keloth Basavaiah
- Department of Inorganic & Analytical chemistry, A.U. College of Science & Technology Andhra University Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh India
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23
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Lawrence MJ, Evans V, Whitley J, Pillai S, Williams PR, Coulson J, Krishnan M, Slade P, Power K, Morris RHK, Evans PA. The effects of apixaban on clot characteristics in atrial fibrillation: A novel pharmacodynamic biomarker. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00937. [PMID: 35338612 PMCID: PMC8956932 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major risk factor for stroke. We aim to characterize AF patients and the effects of apixaban therapy in terms of clot microstructure using gel point analysis, a novel biomarker. Seventy-eight patients were included in the study, 50 Stroke with AF (AF-S), and 28 AF without stroke (AF). Pre- and post-anticoagulation samples were collected: gel point (GP) analysis was performed to obtain (i) TGP (the time taken to reach the GP or the clot formation time) and (ii) df , the fractal dimension of the clot, a quantification of clot fibrin microstructure at the GP. At baseline, the AF-S group had a df = 1.70 (±0.05) and TGP = 306 (±73 s). The AF group had a df = 1.70 ± 0.05 and TGP = 346 ± 78 s, showing a significantly shortened TGP in the stroke group (p = .008). For both groups, apixaban significantly prolonged TGP, p = .005, but resulted in no change in df. Apixaban prolonged clotting time while having no significant impact on the blood's ability to form stable clots (no change in df ). This indicates that apixaban provides protection from the formation of thrombi by reducing clotting kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Lawrence
- Welsh Centre for Emergency Medicine Research, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK.,Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Vanessa Evans
- Welsh Centre for Emergency Medicine Research, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK.,Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Janet Whitley
- Welsh Centre for Emergency Medicine Research, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK.,Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Suresh Pillai
- Welsh Centre for Emergency Medicine Research, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK.,Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | - Manju Krishnan
- Stroke Unit, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Peter Slade
- Stroke Unit, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Kieron Power
- Pharmacy Department, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - Roger H K Morris
- School of Applied Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Phillip A Evans
- Welsh Centre for Emergency Medicine Research, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, UK.,Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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24
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Rodríguez DF, Durán-Osorio F, Duarte Y, Olivares P, Moglie Y, Dua K, Zacconi FC. Green by Design: Convergent Synthesis, Computational Analyses, and Activity Evaluation of New FXa Inhibitors Bearing Peptide Triazole Linking Units. Pharmaceutics 2021; 14:33. [PMID: 35056929 PMCID: PMC8780263 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Green chemistry implementation has led to promising results in waste reduction in the pharmaceutical industry. However, the early sustainable development of pharmaceutically active compounds and ingredients remains a considerable challenge. Herein, we wish to report a green synthesis of new pharmaceutically active peptide triazoles as potent factor Xa inhibitors, an important drug target associated with the treatment of diverse cardiovascular diseases. The new inhibitors were synthesized in three steps, featuring cycloaddition reactions (high atom economy), microwave-assisted organic synthesis (energy efficiency), and copper nanoparticle catalysis, thus featuring Earth-abundant metals. The molecules obtained showed FXa inhibition, with IC50-values as low as 17.2 μM and no associated cytotoxicity in HEK293 and HeLa cells. These results showcase the environmental potential and chemical implications of the applied methodologies for the development of new molecules with pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego F. Rodríguez
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (D.F.R.); (F.D.-O.)
| | - Francisca Durán-Osorio
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (D.F.R.); (F.D.-O.)
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile; (Y.D.); (P.O.)
| | - Pedro Olivares
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370035, Chile; (Y.D.); (P.O.)
| | - Yanina Moglie
- Departamento de Química INQUISUR, Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Kamal Dua
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (D.F.R.); (F.D.-O.)
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Centro de Investigaciones en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, CIEN-UC, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
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25
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Kremsmair A, Hess A, Heinz B, Knochel P. Regioselective Magnesiations and Zincations of Aromatics and Heterocycles Triggered by Lewis Acids. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103269. [PMID: 34704653 PMCID: PMC9300163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Mixed TMP‐bases (TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidyl), such as TMPMgCl ⋅ LiCl, TMP2Mg ⋅ 2LiCl, TMPZnCl ⋅ LiCl and TMP2Zn ⋅ 2LiCl, are outstanding reagents for the metalation of functionalized aromatics and heterocycles. In the presence of Lewis acids, such as BF3 ⋅ OEt2 or MgCl2, the metalation scope of such bases was dramatically increased, and regioselectivity switches were achieved in the presence or absence of these Lewis acids. Furthermore, highly reactive lithium bases, such as TMPLi or Cy2NLi, are also compatible with various Lewis acids, such as MgCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl, ZnCl2 ⋅ 2LiCl or CuCN ⋅ 2LiCl. Performing such metalations in continuous flow using commercial setups permitted practical and convenient reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kremsmair
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Andreas Hess
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharmazie, GERMANY
| | - Benjamin Heinz
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Chemie und Pharamzie, GERMANY
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Department of Chemistry, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, München, GERMANY
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26
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Thalerová S, Pešková M, Kittová P, Gulati S, Víteček J, Kubala L, Mikulík R. Effect of Apixaban Pretreatment on Alteplase-Induced Thrombolysis: An In Vitro Study. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:740930. [PMID: 34603054 PMCID: PMC8479181 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.740930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Benefit of thrombolytic therapy in patients with acute stroke, who are on anticoagulant treatment, is not well addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate whether apixaban can modify the thrombolytic efficacy of alteplase in vitro. Static and flow models and two variants of red blood cell (RBC) dominant clots, with and without apixaban, were used. Clots were prepared from the blood of healthy human donors and subsequently exposed to alteplase treatment. Apixaban and alteplase were used in clinically relevant concentrations. Clot lysis in the static model was determined both by clot weight and spectrophotometric determination of RBC release. Clot lysis in the flow model was determined by measuring recanalization time, clot length and spectrophotometric determination of RBC release. In the static model, clots without apixaban; compared to those with apixaban had alteplase-induced mass loss 54 ± 8% vs. 53 ± 8%, p = 1.00; RBC release 0.14 ± 0.04 vs. 0.12 ± 0.04, p = 0.14, respectively. Very similar results were obtained if plasma was used instead of physiological buffered saline as the incubation medium. In the flow model, clot lysis without apixaban; compared to those with apixaban was as follows: recanalization time 107 ± 46 min vs. 127 ± 31 min, p = 1.00; recanalization frequency 90 ± 22% vs. 90 ± 22%, p = 1.00; clot volume reduction 32 ± 15% vs. 34 ± 10%, p = 1.00; RBC release 0.029 ± 0.007 vs. 0.022 ± 0.007, p = 0.16, respectively. Apixaban had no positive effect on alteplase-induced thrombolysis in both the in vitro static and flow models. Our data support current clinical practice, such that thrombolysis is contraindicated in stroke treatment for patients who have been treated with anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thalerová
- Neurology Department, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Michaela Pešková
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Patrícia Kittová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Sumeet Gulati
- Neurology Department, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia.,Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Víteček
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Center of Biomolecular and Cell Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Kubala
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,Center of Biomolecular and Cell Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Robert Mikulík
- Neurology Department, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czechia
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27
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Hemopericardium in the setting of direct oral anticoagulant use: An updated systematic review. CARDIOVASCULAR REVASCULARIZATION MEDICINE 2021; 39:73-83. [PMID: 34607787 DOI: 10.1016/j.carrev.2021.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous hemopericardium, associated with direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) use, is one of the uncommon complications with high morbidity that has not been extensively studied We aimed to determine demographic characteristics, clinical features, lab evaluation, management, and outcomes of the studies focusing on hemopericardium as a DOAC use. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and CINAHL databases were searched for relevant articles using MeSH key-words and imported into referencing/review software. The data regarding demographics, clinical characteristics, cardiac investigations, and management were analyzed in IBM Statistics SPSS 21. t-Test and Chi-square test were used. A P score of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS After literature search, a total of 41 articles were selected for analysis. The mean age of the patients was 70.09 ± 11.06 years (p < 0.05); the majority of them were males (58.5%). Most of the patients presented with shortness of breath (75.2%) and had more than 3 co-morbid conditions (43.9%). The most frequently used anticoagulant was rivaroxaban (15/41; 36.6%); the common indication being arrhythmia (78.0%). CYP4503A4/P-Gp inhibitors (22.2%) were commonly used by the patients. Majority of the cases had a favorable outcome (95.1%). Pericardial tamponade was noted in 31/41 cases. Pericardiocentesis was performed in 37/41 cases. CONCLUSIONS Hemopericardium from DOAC use has a favorable outcome but requires urgent pericardiocentesis. However, long term mortality, monitoring of DOAC activity, and drug-drug interactions have not been widely studied.
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28
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Aggarwal R, Kumar S, Sadana R, Guzman A, Kumar V. Multicomponent synthesis, in vitro cytotoxic evaluation and molecular modelling studies of polyfunctionalized pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives against three human cancer cell lines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2021.1968908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjana Aggarwal
- CSIR-National Institute of Science Communication and Policy Research (CSIR-NIScPR), Pusa Gate, K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, India
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
| | - Rachna Sadana
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Andrea Guzman
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, India
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29
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Shaikh K, Mungantiwar A, Halde S, Pandita N. A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of apixaban in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics studies in the Indian population. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:3693-3704. [PMID: 34333583 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00837d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Apixaban is a novel oral anticoagulant intended to treat and prevent blood clots and to prevent strokes in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. The development and validation of a fast, selective, accurate, and precise method using high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry is described for the estimation of apixaban in human plasma, with apixaban 13CD3 as an internal standard (IS). Using a reverse phase Gemini C18 column (50 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) and a mixture of acetonitrile (2 mM) and ammonium formate buffer (50 : 50 v/v) as the mobile phase, chromatographic separation was achieved following extraction via a solid-phase extraction process. To track multiple reaction monitoring transitions set at 460/443 (m/z) and 464/447 (m/z) for apixaban and apixaban 13CD3, respectively, liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was employed. A concentration linearity range between 1.01 and 280.00 ng mL-1 was validated with regression ≥0.99, and the method was successfully applied to apixaban pharmacokinetics analysis. At a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1, the run time was around 1.8 min, which is short. With an extraction recovery of >73% for both apixaban and apixaban 13CD3, the method was sensitive, with a limit of quantitation of 1.01 ng mL-1. The inter-day/between-run precision ranged from 1.21% to 3.21%, while the accuracy ranged from 96.5% to 102%. For pharmacokinetics analysis, the validated method was applied. The percentage difference between findings from samples that were reanalyzed and samples that were initially analyzed was within ±20%. With high-quality assay specificity and accuracy in relation to apixaban analysis in human plasma under the experimental conditions used, the method provided is accurate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khurshid Shaikh
- Department of Bioequivalence, Research & Development Centre, Macleods Pharmaceuticals Limited, Plot No. 18, Street No. 9, MIDC, Andheri - (East), Mumbai 400093, India.
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30
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A Structure Based Study of Selective Inhibition of Factor IXa over Factor Xa. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175372. [PMID: 34500804 PMCID: PMC8434132 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation is an essential physiological process for hemostasis; however, abnormal coagulation can lead to various potentially fatal disorders, generally known as thromboembolic disorders, which are a major cause of mortality in the modern world. Recently, the FDA has approved several anticoagulant drugs for Factor Xa (FXa) which work via the common pathway of the coagulation cascade. A main side effect of these drugs is the potential risk for bleeding in patients. Coagulation Factor IXa (FIXa) has recently emerged as the strategic target to ease these risks as it selectively regulates the intrinsic pathway. These aforementioned coagulation factors are highly similar in structure, functional architecture, and inhibitor binding mode. Therefore, it remains a challenge to design a selective inhibitor which may affect only FIXa. With the availability of a number of X-ray co-crystal structures of these two coagulation factors as protein–ligand complexes, structural alignment, molecular docking, and pharmacophore modeling were employed to derive the relevant criteria for selective inhibition of FIXa over FXa. In this study, six ligands (three potent, two selective, and one inactive) were selected for FIXa inhibition and six potent ligands (four FDA approved drugs) were considered for FXa. The pharmacophore hypotheses provide the distribution patterns for the principal interactions that take place in the binding site. None of the pharmacophoric patterns of the FXa inhibitors matched with any of the patterns of FIXa inhibitors. Based on pharmacophore analysis, a selectivity of a ligand for FIXa over FXa may be defined quantitatively as a docking score of lower than −8.0 kcal/mol in the FIXa-grids and higher than −7.5 kcal/mol in the FXa-grids.
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From basic science to life-saving therapy: the rationale, and drug discovery efforts that led to the direct factor Xa inhibitor eliquis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2021; 52:403-407. [PMID: 34351559 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, drug discovery directed at the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic diseases has been challenged by the need to balance robust efficacy with improved safety relative to the standard of care. To this end, the most impactful advance to date has been the discovery and development of oral factor Xa inhibitors. In this essay, a brief account of the program that culminated in the discovery of Eliquis (apixaban) and the commitment to identify a compound with an optimal profile are described.
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Ma C, Zhang L, Hou L, Chen F, Liu A, Ji R, Wang Q, Yuan C, Ge Y. A fluorescent probe with a large Stokes shift for sensing sulfite in dry white wine based on pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridine fluorophore. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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33
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Lei Y, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Dai X, Duan Y, Mao Q, Gao J, Yang Y, Bao Z, Fu X, Ping K, Yan C, Mou Y, Wang S. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel FXIa inhibitors with 2-phenyl-1H-imidazole-5-carboxamide moiety as P1 fragment. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113437. [PMID: 33894565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Factor XIa, as a blood coagulation enzyme, amplifies the generation of the last enzyme thrombin in the blood coagulation cascade. It was proved that direct inhibition of factor XIa could reduce pathologic thrombus formation without an enhanced risk of bleeding. WSJ-557, a nonpurine imidazole-based xanthine oxidase inhibitor in our previous reports, could delay blood coagulation during its animal experiments, which prompted us to investigate its action mechanism. Subsequently, during the exploration of the action mechanism, it was found that WSJ-557 exhibited weak in vitro factor XIa binding affinity. Under the guide of molecular modeling, we adopted molecular hybridization strategy to develop novel factor XIa inhibitors with WSJ-557 as an initial compound. This led to the identification of the most potent compound 44g with a Ki value of 0.009 μM, which was close to that of BMS-724296 (Ki = 0.0015 μM). Additionally, serine protease selectivity study indicated that compound 44g display a desired selectivity, more 400-fold than those of thrombin, factor VIIa and factor Xa in coagulation cascade. Moreover, enzyme kinetics studies suggested that the representative compound 44g acted as a competitive-type inhibitor for FXIa, and molecular modeling revealed that it could tightly bind to the S1, S1' and S2' pockets of factor XIa. Furthermore, in vivo efficacy in the rabbit arteriovenous shunt model suggested that compound 44g demonstrated dose-dependent antithrombotic efficacy. Therefore, these results supported that compound 44g could be a potential and efficacious agent for the treatment of thrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lei
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xiwen Dai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yulin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Qing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yuwei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Ziyang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Xuefeng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Kunqi Ping
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Chengda Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yanhua Mou
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Shaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drugs Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Culture Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Kochnev Y, Hellemann E, Cassidy KC, Durrant JD. Webina: an open-source library and web app that runs AutoDock Vina entirely in the web browser. Bioinformatics 2021; 36:4513-4515. [PMID: 32559277 PMCID: PMC7575045 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Molecular docking is a computational technique for predicting how a small molecule might bind a macromolecular target. Among docking programs, AutoDock Vina is particularly popular. Like many docking programs, Vina requires users to download/install an executable file and to run that file from a command-line interface. Choosing proper configuration parameters and analyzing Vina output is also sometimes challenging. These issues are particularly problematic for students and novice researchers. RESULTS We created Webina, a new version of Vina, to address these challenges. Webina runs Vina entirely in a web browser, so users need only visit a Webina-enabled webpage. The docking calculations take place on the user's own computer rather than a remote server. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION A working version of the open-source Webina app can be accessed free of charge from http://durrantlab.com/webina. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Kochnev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Erich Hellemann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Kevin C Cassidy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jacob D Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Jia JL, Dai XL, Che HJ, Li MT, Zhuang XM, Lu TB, Chen JM. Cocrystals of regorafenib with dicarboxylic acids: synthesis, characterization and property evaluation. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Three cocrystals of regorafenib were synthesized, and two of them demonstrate significantly improved solubility and tabletability without compromising physicochemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Long Jia
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Xia-Lin Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Hao-Jie Che
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Meng-Ting Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhuang
- School of Information Engineering
- Zhongshan Polytechnic
- Zhongshan 528400
- China
| | - Tong-Bu Lu
- Institute for New Energy Materials and Low Carbon Technologies
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
| | - Jia-Mei Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Bioimaging
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Tianjin University of Technology
- Tianjin 300384
- China
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Tu L, Gao L, Wang X, Shi R, Ma R, Li J, Lan X, Zheng Y, Liu J. [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Nitrile Imines with Enamides: An Approach to Functionalized Pyrazolines and Pyrazoles. J Org Chem 2020; 86:559-573. [PMID: 33301335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient [3 + 2] cycloaddition of in situ generated nitrile imines with enamides has been established. A wide range of functionalized pyrazoline derivatives (53 examples) were obtained in moderate to good yields (up to 96%) under very mild conditions. This protocol features broad substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and operational simplicity. Practical transformation of the products into useful pyrazoles via a one-pot process and the scalability of this protocol highlight the utility of this synthetic methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Tu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Limei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Ruijie Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Rupei Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junfei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Lan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongsheng Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jikai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V. Prescribed drugs containing nitrogen heterocycles: an overview. RSC Adv 2020; 10:44247-44311. [PMID: 35557843 PMCID: PMC9092475 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09198g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroatoms as well as heterocyclic scaffolds are frequently present as the common cores in a plethora of active pharmaceuticals natural products. Statistically, more than 85% of all biologically active compounds are heterocycles or comprise a heterocycle and most frequently, nitrogen heterocycles as a backbone in their complex structures. These facts disclose and emphasize the vital role of heterocycles in modern drug design and drug discovery. In this review, we try to present a comprehensive overview of top prescribed drugs containing nitrogen heterocycles, describing their pharmacological properties, medical applications and their selected synthetic pathways. It is worth mentioning that the reported examples are actually limited to current top selling drugs, being or containing N-heterocycles and their synthetic information has been extracted from both scientific journals and the wider patent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University PO Box 1993891176, Vanak Tehran Iran +98 21 88041344 +98 21 88044051
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38
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Moreno-Fuquen R, Hurtado-Angulo M, Arango-Daraviña K, Bain G, Kennedy AR. Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, MEP study and mol-ecular docking of N-{3-[(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)carbamo-yl]phen-yl}-3-nitro-benzamide as a promising inhibitor of hfXa. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2020; 76:1762-1767. [PMID: 33209349 PMCID: PMC7643242 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989020013730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C21H17N3O5, consists of three rings, A, B and C, linked by amide bonds with the benzene rings A and C being inclined to the mean plane of the central benzene ring B by 2.99 (18) and 4.57 (18)°, respectively. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked via N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming fused R 2 2(18), R 3 4(30), R 4 4(38) rings running along [0] and R 3 3(37) and R 3 3(15) rings along [001]. Hirshfeld analysis was undertaken to study the inter-molecular contacts in the crystal, showing that the most significant contacts are H⋯O/O⋯H (30.5%), H⋯C/C⋯H (28.2%) and H⋯H (29.0%). Two zones with positive (50.98 and 42.92 kcal mol-1) potentials and two zones with negative (-42.22 and -34.63 kcal mol-1) potentials promote the N-H⋯O inter-actions in the crystal. An evaluation of the mol-ecular coupling of the title compound and the protein with enzymatic properties known as human coagulation factor Xa (hfXa) showed the potential for coupling in three arrangements with a similar minimum binding energy, which differs by approximately 3 kcal mol-1 from the value for the mol-ecule Apixaban, which was used as a positive control inhibitor. This suggests the title compound exhibits inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Moreno-Fuquen
- Grupo de Cristalografía, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, A.A 25360 Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Mario Hurtado-Angulo
- Grupo de Cristalografía, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, A.A 25360 Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Kevin Arango-Daraviña
- Grupo de Cristalografía, Departamento de Química, Universidad del Valle, A.A 25360 Santiago de Cali, Colombia
| | - Gavin Bain
- WestCHEM. Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1XL, Scotland
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM. Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1XL, Scotland
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De Simone G, Pasquadibisceglie A, di Masi A, Buzzelli V, Trezza V, Macari G, Polticelli F, Ascenzi P. Binding of direct oral anticoagulants to the FA1 site of human serum albumin. J Mol Recognit 2020; 34:e2877. [PMID: 33034105 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The anticoagulant therapy is widely used to prevent and treat thromboembolic events. Until the last decade, vitamin K antagonists were the only available oral anticoagulants; recently, direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been developed. Since 55% to 95% of DOACs are bound to plasma proteins, the in silico docking and ligand-binding properties of drugs apixaban, betrixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban and of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate to human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant plasma protein, have been investigated. DOACs bind to the fatty acid (FA) site 1 (FA1) of ligand-free HSA, whereas they bind to the FA8 and FA9 sites of heme-Fe(III)- and myristic acid-bound HSA. DOACs binding to the FA1 site of ligand-free HSA has been validated by competitive inhibition of heme-Fe(III) recognition. Values of the dissociation equilibrium constant for DOACs binding to the FA1 site (ie, calc KDOAC ) derived from in silico docking simulations (ranging between 1.2 × 10-8 M and 1.4 × 10-6 M) agree with those determined experimentally from competitive inhibition of heme-Fe(III) binding (ie, exp KDOAC ; ranging between 2.5 × 10-7 M and 2.2 × 10-6 M). In addition, this study highlights the inequivalence of rivaroxaban binding to mammalian serum albumin. Given the HSA concentration in vivo (~7.5 × 10-4 M), values of KDOAC here determined indicate that the formation of the HSA:DOACs complexes in the absence and presence of FAs and heme-Fe(III) may occur in vivo. Therefore, HSA appears to be an important determinant for DOACs transport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
- Roma Tre Section, National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Interdepartmental Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
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Li SM, Tsai SE, Chiang CY, Chung CY, Chuang TJ, Tseng CC, Jiang WP, Huang GJ, Lin CY, Yang YC, Fuh MT, Wong FF. New methyl 5-(halomethyl)-1-aryl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylates as selective COX-2 inhibitors and anti-inflammatory agents: Design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and docking study. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104333. [PMID: 33142408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new method was developed for synthesis of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylates 5a-p and 6 from nitrilimines 3a-p through amination and heterocyclization two-steps reactions. All of 1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylates 5 and 6 were characterized by spectroscopy technique. Based on the SAR study of anti-inflammation activity, most of these compounds showed potential anti-inflammatory activity on NO inhibition in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (IC50 < 7.0 µM) compared with Celecoxib and Indomethacin. Several potential compounds 5b-h, 5j, 5l, 5n, and 5o were subjected to in vitro cyclooxygenase COX-1/COX-2 inhibition assays. Compound 5d showed extraordinary COX-2 inhibition (IC50 = 17.9 nM) and the best selectivity (COX-1/COX-2 = 1080). Furthermore, 5 mg/kg compound 5d exhibited better in vivo anti-inflammation and gastric protection results compared to 10 mg/kg Indomethacin. Docking experiments of 5d into COX-2 binding pocket have been evaluated. Following the bioactivities experimental data, the potential drug candidate 5d, significantly exhibited better anti-inflammatory effect than Indomethacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Min Li
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-En Tsai
- Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yin Chiang
- Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Chung
- Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jui Chuang
- Master Program for Pharmaceutical Manufacture, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Tseng
- Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ping Jiang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Jhong Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Yu Lin
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsu Fuh
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Fuh Wong
- Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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41
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Tsai SE, Li SM, Tseng CC, Chung CY, Zeng YH, Chieh Lin C, Fuh MT, Yang LC, Yang YC, Wong FF. Chlorotrimethylsilane promoted one-flask heterocyclic synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles from nitrilimines: Modeling studies and bioactivity evaluation of LH-21 and Rimonabant analogues. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104299. [PMID: 33002729 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An efficient one-flask cascade method for synthesis of the multi-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles via chlorotrimethylsilane as a promoter was developed. Firstly, nitrilimines were transformed to hydrazonamides as intermediate in high yield by treatment with commercially available hexamethyldisilazane. Subsequently, the mixture was added with corresponding acyl chloride and heated in the presence of pyridine to give the corresponding multi-substituted 1,2,4-triazoles via chlorotrimethylsilane promoted heterocyclization reaction. The utility of method was demonstrated to synthesize CB1 ligands including Rimonabant analogue 4c and LH-21 3 for modeling study. All synthesized compounds were subjected to the cAMP functional assay of CB1/CB2 receptor. Especially, compound 4g enhanced the reversal of cAMP reduction by CP59440 than LH-21 and Rimonabant analogue in CHO-hCB1 cells. In addition, the docking results showed compound 4g fits the best position with CB1 receptor. However, the ability to penetrate brain-blood barrier of compound 4g is similar with Rimonabant in MDCK-mdr1 permeability assay, which might cause CNS side effect. This study still provides the basis for further development of a potent and specific CB1 antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-En Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Min Li
- Institute of New Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chun Tseng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Chung
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Biotech Pharmaceutical Industry, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Zeng
- Master Program for Pharmaceutical Manufacture, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chun Chieh Lin
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Tsu Fuh
- Division of Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chan Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chen Yang
- Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asia University, No. 500, Liufeng Rd., Wufeng Dist., Taichung City 413, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Fuh Wong
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 91, Hsueh-Shih Rd., Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Wehrhan L, Hillisch A, Mundt S, Tersteegen A, Meier K. Druggability Assessment for Selected Serine Proteases in a Pharmaceutical Industry Setting. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:2010-2018. [PMID: 32776472 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Target druggability assessment is an integral part of the early target characterization and selection process in pharmaceutical industry. Here, we investigate a set of five different serine proteases from the blood coagulation cascade. The aim of this study is twofold. Firstly, leveraging the wealth of available in-house high-throughput screening (HTS) data, we analyze HTS hit rates and discuss their predictive value for the development of small molecule (SMOL) candidates. Purely structure-activity relationship (SAR) based druggability ratings are compared with computational protein-structure based druggability assessments. Secondly, we evaluate the impact of using conformational ensembles from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations instead of single static crystal structures as basis for computational druggability assessments. Based on this study, we recommend incorporating molecular dynamics routinely into the early target characterization process, especially if only a single X-ray structure is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Wehrhan
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Alexander Hillisch
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Stefan Mundt
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Adrian Tersteegen
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Katharina Meier
- Bayer AG, Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, 42096, Wuppertal, Germany
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43
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Lutter FH, Grokenberger L, Perego LA, Broggini D, Lemaire S, Wagschal S, Knochel P. Regioselective functionalization of aryl azoles as powerful tool for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant targets. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4443. [PMID: 32895371 PMCID: PMC7477575 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18188-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aryl azole scaffolds are present in a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Their ortho-selective metalation at the aryl ring is challenging, due to the competitive metalation of the more acidic heterocycle. Seeking a practical access to a key Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) intermediate currently in development, we investigated the metalation of 1-aryl-1H-1,2,3-triazoles and other related heterocycles with sterically hindered metal-amide bases. We report here a room temperature and highly regioselective ortho-magnesiation of several aryl azoles using a tailored magnesium amide, TMPMgBu (TMP = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidyl) in hydrocarbon solvents followed by an efficient Pd-catalyzed arylation. This scalable and selective reaction allows variation of the initial substitution pattern of the aryl ring, the nature of the azole moiety, as well as the nature of the electrophile. This versatile method can be applied to the synthesis of bioactive azole derivatives and complements existing metal-mediated ortho-functionalizations. Aryl azoles are common scaffolds in pharmaceutically relevant molecules. Here, the authors report the mild and highly regioselective ortho magnesiation of aryl azoles using a tailored magnesium amide base in hydrocarbon solvents followed by an efficient Pd-catalyzed arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand H Lutter
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Lucie Grokenberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany
| | - Luca Alessandro Perego
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Diego Broggini
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - Sébastien Lemaire
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Turnhoutseweg 30, B-2340, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Simon Wagschal
- Discovery Product Development and Supply, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Hochstrasse 201, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland.
| | - Paul Knochel
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Chemie, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, Haus F, 81377, München, Germany.
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44
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Peacock A. Can proteins be truly designed sans function? Science 2020; 369:1166-1167. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abd4791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A new unit of local protein structure can aid in the de novo design of ligand-binding proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peacock
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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45
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Abstract
Apixaban is an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor that inhibits both free and clot-bound factor Xa, and has been approved for clinical use in several thromboembolic disorders, including reduction of stroke risk in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, thromboprophylaxis following hip or knee replacement surgery, the treatment of deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and prevention of recurrent deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The absolute oral bioavailability of apixaban is ~ 50%. Food does not have a clinically meaningful impact on the bioavailability. Apixaban exposure increases dose proportionally for oral doses up to 10 mg. Apixaban is rapidly absorbed, with maximum concentration occurring 3–4 h after oral administration, and has a half-life of approximately 12 h. Elimination occurs via multiple pathways including metabolism, biliary excretion, and direct intestinal excretion, with approximately 27% of total apixaban clearance occurring via renal excretion. The pharmacokinetics of apixaban are consistent across a broad range of patients, and apixaban has limited clinically relevant interactions with most commonly prescribed medications, allowing for fixed dosages without the need for therapeutic drug monitoring. The pharmacodynamic effect of apixaban is closely correlated with apixaban plasma concentration. This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, biopharmaceutical, and drug–drug interaction profiles of apixaban. Additionally, the population-pharmacokinetic analyses of apixaban in both healthy subjects and in the target patient populations are discussed.
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46
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Schreuder M, Reitsma PH, Bos MHA. Reversal Agents for the Direct Factor Xa Inhibitors: Biochemical Mechanisms of Current and Newly Emerging Therapies. Semin Thromb Hemost 2020; 46:986-998. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1709134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe direct oral anticoagulants targeting coagulation factor Xa or thrombin are widely used as alternatives to vitamin K antagonists in the management of venous thromboembolism and nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. In case of bleeding or emergency surgery, reversal agents are helpful to counteract the anticoagulant therapy and restore hemostasis. While idarucizumab has been established as an antidote for the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran, reversal strategies for the direct factor Xa inhibitors have been a focal point in clinical care over the past years. In the absence of specific reversal agents, the off-label use of (activated) prothrombin complex concentrate and recombinant factor VIIa have been suggested as effective treatment options during inhibitor-induced bleeding complications. Meanwhile, several specific reversal agents have been developed. In this review, an overview of the current state of nonspecific and specific reversal agents for the direct factor Xa inhibitors is provided, focusing on the biochemistry and mechanism of action and the preclinical assessment of newly emerging therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schreuder
- Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter H. Reitsma
- Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mettine H. A. Bos
- Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lorthiois E, Roache J, Barnes-Seeman D, Altmann E, Hassiepen U, Turner G, Duvadie R, Hornak V, Karki RG, Schiering N, Weihofen WA, Perruccio F, Calhoun A, Fazal T, Dedic D, Durand C, Dussauge S, Fettis K, Tritsch F, Dentel C, Druet A, Liu D, Kirman L, Lachal J, Namoto K, Bevan D, Mo R, Monnet G, Muller L, Zessis R, Huang X, Lindsley L, Currie T, Chiu YH, Fridrich C, Delgado P, Wang S, Hollis-Symynkywicz M, Berghausen J, Williams E, Liu H, Liang G, Kim H, Hoffmann P, Hein A, Ramage P, D’Arcy A, Harlfinger S, Renatus M, Ruedisser S, Feldman D, Elliott J, Sedrani R, Maibaum J, Adams CM. Structure-Based Design and Preclinical Characterization of Selective and Orally Bioavailable Factor XIa Inhibitors: Demonstrating the Power of an Integrated S1 Protease Family Approach. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8088-8113. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwige Lorthiois
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - James Roache
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David Barnes-Seeman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eva Altmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Hassiepen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gordon Turner
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rohit Duvadie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Viktor Hornak
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rajeshri G. Karki
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nikolaus Schiering
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wilhelm A. Weihofen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Francesca Perruccio
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amy Calhoun
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tanzina Fazal
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Darija Dedic
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Durand
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Solene Dussauge
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kamal Fettis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Tritsch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Celine Dentel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adelaide Druet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Donglei Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Louise Kirman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julie Lachal
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kenji Namoto
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas Bevan
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rose Mo
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gabriela Monnet
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lionel Muller
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Zessis
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xueming Huang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Loren Lindsley
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Treeve Currie
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yu-Hsin Chiu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Cary Fridrich
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Delgado
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shuangxi Wang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Joerg Berghausen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Williams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guiqing Liang
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hyungchul Kim
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Hoffmann
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andreas Hein
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Ramage
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Allan D’Arcy
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Harlfinger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Renatus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ruedisser
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Feldman
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey 07396, United States
| | - Jason Elliott
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Richard Sedrani
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Maibaum
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Campus, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christopher M. Adams
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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48
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Duquette DC, Cusumano AQ, Lefoulon L, Moore JT, Stoltz BM. Probing Trends in Enantioinduction via Substrate Design: Palladium-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylic Alkylation of α-Enaminones. Org Lett 2020; 22:4966-4969. [PMID: 32543857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the palladium-catalyzed decarboxylative asymmetric allylic alkylation of α-enaminones. In addition to serving as valuable synthetic building blocks, we exploit the α-enaminone scaffold and its derivatives as probes to highlight structural and electronic factors that govern enantioselectivity in this asymmetric alkylation reaction. Utilizing the (S)-t-BuPHOX ligand in a variety of nonpolar solvents, the alkylated products are obtained in up to 99% yield and 99% enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Duquette
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Alexander Q Cusumano
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Louise Lefoulon
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Jared T Moore
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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49
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Koehl JL, Hayes BD, Al‐Samkari H, Rosovsky R. A comprehensive evaluation of apixaban in the treatment of venous thromboembolism. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:155-173. [DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1711731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Koehl
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bryan D. Hayes
- Department of Pharmacy, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hanny Al‐Samkari
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel Rosovsky
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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50
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Santana-Romo F, Lagos CF, Duarte Y, Castillo F, Moglie Y, Maestro MA, Charbe N, Zacconi FC. Innovative Three-Step Microwave-Promoted Synthesis of N-Propargyltetrahydroquinoline and 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives as a Potential Factor Xa (FXa) Inhibitors: Drug Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030491. [PMID: 31979319 PMCID: PMC7037264 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The coagulation cascade is the process of the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin that terminates in production of a clot. Factor Xa (FXa) is a serine protease involved in the blood coagulation cascade. Moreover, FXa plays a vital role in the enzymatic sequence which ends with the thrombus production. Thrombosis is a common causal pathology for three widespread cardiovascular syndromes: acute coronary syndrome (ACS), venous thromboembolism (VTE), and strokes. In this research a series of N-propargyltetrahydroquinoline and 1,2,3-triazole derivatives as a potential factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their FXa inhibitor activity, cytotoxicity activity and coagulation parameters. Rational design for the desired novel molecules was performed through protein-ligand complexes selection and ligand clustering. The microwave-assisted synthetic strategy of selected compounds was carried out by using Ullmann-Goldberg, N-propargylation, Mannich addition, Friedel-Crafts, and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition type reactions under microwave irradiation. The microwave methodology proved to be an efficient way to obtain all novel compounds in high yields (73–93%). Furthermore, a thermochemical analysis, optimization and reactivity indexes such as electronic chemical potential (µ), chemical hardness (η), and electrophilicity (ω) were performed to understand the relationship between the structure and the energetic behavior of all the series. Then, in vitro analysis showed that compounds 27, 29–31, and 34 exhibited inhibitory activity against FXa and the corresponding half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated. Next, a cell viability assay in HEK293 and HepG2 cell lines, and coagulation parameters (anti FXa, Prothrombin time (PT), activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT)) of the most active novel molecules were performed to determine the corresponding cytotoxicity and possible action on clotting pathways. The obtained results suggest that compounds 27 and 29 inhibited FXa targeting through coagulation factors in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. However, compound 34 may target coagulation FXa mainly by the extrinsic and common pathway. Interestingly, the most active compounds in relation to the inhibition activity against FXa and coagulation parameters did not show toxicity at the performed coagulation assay concentrations. Finally, docking studies confirmed the preferential binding mode of N-propargyltetrahydroquinoline and 1,2,3-triazole derivatives inside the active site of FXa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Santana-Romo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (F.S.-R.); (F.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Carlos F. Lagos
- Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery Laboratory, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Providencia 7510157, Santiago de Chile, Chile;
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
| | - Francisco Castillo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (F.S.-R.); (F.C.); (N.C.)
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Yanina Moglie
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Química del Sur (INQUISUR-CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur Avenida Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca B8000CPB, Argentina;
| | - Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry—CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira, 15008A A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Nitin Charbe
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (F.S.-R.); (F.C.); (N.C.)
| | - Flavia C. Zacconi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (F.S.-R.); (F.C.); (N.C.)
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2354-1150
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