1
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Wróbel TM, Jørgensen FS, Pandey AV, Grudzińska A, Sharma K, Yakubu J, Björkling F. Non-steroidal CYP17A1 Inhibitors: Discovery and Assessment. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6542-6566. [PMID: 37191389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
CYP17A1 is an enzyme that plays a major role in steroidogenesis and is critically involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones. Therefore, it remains an attractive target in several serious hormone-dependent cancer diseases, such as prostate cancer and breast cancer. The medicinal chemistry community has been committed to the discovery and development of CYP17A1 inhibitors for many years, particularly for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. The current Perspective reflects upon the discovery and evaluation of non-steroidal CYP17A1 inhibitors from a medicinal chemistry angle. Emphasis is placed on the structural aspects of the target, key learnings from the presented chemotypes, and design guidelines for future inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Wróbel
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amit V Pandey
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Grudzińska
- Department of Synthesis and Chemical Technology of Pharmaceutical Substances, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katyayani Sharma
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jibira Yakubu
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital, Inselspital, Bern and Translational Hormone Research Program, Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 15, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Fredrik Björkling
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Padmakar Darne C, Velaparthi U, Saulnier M, Frennesson D, Liu P, Huang A, Tokarski J, Fura A, Spires T, Newitt J, Spires VM, Obermeier MT, Elzinga PA, Gottardis MM, Jayaraman L, Vite GD, Balog A. The Discovery of BMS-737 as a Potent, CYP17 Lyase-Selective Inhibitor for the Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 75:128951. [PMID: 36031020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We report herein, the discovery of BMS-737 (compound 33) as a potent, non-steroidal, reversible small molecule inhibitor demonstrating 11-fold selectivity for CYP17 lyase over CYP17 hydroxylase, as well as a clean xenobiotic CYP profile for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Extensive SAR studies on the initial lead 1 at three different regions of the molecule resulted in the identification of BMS-737, which demonstrated a robust 83% lowering of testosterone without any significant perturbation of the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid levels in cynomologous monkeys in a 1-day PK/PD study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Upender Velaparthi
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States.
| | - Mark Saulnier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - David Frennesson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Peiying Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Audris Huang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - John Tokarski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Thomas Spires
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - John Newitt
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Vanessa M Spires
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Mary T Obermeier
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Paul A Elzinga
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Marco M Gottardis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Lata Jayaraman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Gregory D Vite
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Aaron Balog
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543, United States
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3
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Wasfy N, Doan B, Rasheed F, Fishlock D, Orellana A. Palladium-Catalyzed, Mild Dehydrogenation of 4-Alkylpyridines. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Wasfy
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Brian Doan
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Faizan Rasheed
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Dan Fishlock
- Process Chemistry and Catalysis, Synthetic Molecule Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Arturo Orellana
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
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4
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Barnard M, Mostaghel EA, Auchus RJ, Storbeck KH. The role of adrenal derived androgens in castration resistant prostate cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105506. [PMID: 31672619 PMCID: PMC7883395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains androgen dependant despite castrate levels of circulating testosterone following androgen deprivation therapy, the first line of treatment for advanced metstatic prostate cancer. CRPC is characterized by alterations in the expression levels of steroidgenic enzymes that enable the tumour to derive potent androgens from circulating adrenal androgen precursors. Intratumoral androgen biosynthesis leads to the localized production of both canonical androgens such as 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) as well as less well characterized 11-oxygenated androgens, which until recently have been overlooked in the context of CRPC. In this review we discuss the contribution of both canonical and 11-oxygenated androgen precursors to the intratumoral androgen pool in CRPC. We present evidence that CRPC remains androgen dependent and discuss the alterations in steroidogenic enzyme expression and how these affect the various pathways to intratumoral androgen biosynthesis. Finally we summarize the current treatment strategies for targeting adrenal derived androgen biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Barnard
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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5
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Gumede NJ, Nxumalo W, Bisetty K, Escuder Gilabert L, Medina-Hernandez MJ, Sagrado S. Prospective computational design and in vitro bio-analytical tests of new chemical entities as potential selective CYP17A1 lyase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103462. [PMID: 31818479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The development and advancement of prostate cancer (PCa) into stage 4, where it metastasize, is a major problem mostly in elder males. The growth of PCa cells is stirred up by androgens and androgen receptor (AR). Therefore, therapeutic strategies such as blocking androgens synthesis and inhibiting AR binding have been explored in recent years. However, recently approved drugs (or in clinical phase) failed in improving the expected survival rates for this metastatic-castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients. The selective CYP17A1 inhibition of 17,20-lyase route has emerged as a novel strategy. Such inhibition blocks the production of androgens everywhere they are found in the body. In this work, a three dimensional-quantitative structure activity relationship (3D-QSAR) pharmacophore model is developed on a diverse set of non-steroidal inhibitors of CYP17A1 enzyme. Highly active compounds are selected to define a six-point pharmacophore hypothesis with a unique geometrical arrangement fitting the following description: two hydrogen bond acceptors (A), two hydrogen bond donors (D) and two aromatic rings (R). The QSAR model showed adequate predictive statistics. The 3D-QSAR model is further used for database virtual screening of potential inhibitory hit structures. Density functional theory (DFT) optimization provides the electronic properties explaining the reactivity of the hits. Docking simulations discovers hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions as responsible for the binding affinities of hits to the CYP17A1 Protein Data Bank structure. 13 hits from the database search (including five derivatives) are then synthesized in the laboratory as different scaffolds. Ultra high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) in vitro experiments reveals three new chemical entities (NCEs) with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values against the lyase route at mid-micromolar range with favorable selectivity to the lyase over the hydroxylase route (one of them with null hydroxylase inhibition). Thus, prospective computational design has enabled the design of potential lead lyase-selective inhibitors for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Gumede
- Department of Chemistry, Mangosuthu University of Technology, PO Box 12363, Jacobs 4026, South Africa.
| | - W Nxumalo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X 1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
| | - K Bisetty
- Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, PO Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - L Escuder Gilabert
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M J Medina-Hernandez
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Sagrado
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, E-46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
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6
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Zhao L, Sun N, Tian L, Zhao S, Sun B, Sun Y, Zhao D. Strategies for the development of highly selective cytochrome P450 inhibitors: Several CYP targets in current research. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2016-2024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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7
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Reddish MJ, Guengerich FP. Human cytochrome P450 11B2 produces aldosterone by a processive mechanism due to the lactol form of the intermediate 18-hydroxycorticosterone. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:12975-12991. [PMID: 31296661 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 (P450) 11B2 catalyzes the formation of aldosterone, the major endogenous human mineralocorticoid. Aldosterone is important for the regulation of electrolyte homeostasis. Mutations and overexpression of P450 11B2 (also known as aldosterone synthase) can lead to hypertension, congestive heart failure, and diabetic nephropathy. The enzyme is therefore a target for drug development to manage these various disorders. P450 11B2 catalyzes aldosterone formation from 11-deoxycorticosterone through three distinct oxidation steps. It is currently unknown to which degree these reactions happen in sequence without the intermediate products dissociating from the enzyme (i.e. processively) or whether these reactions happen solely distributively, in which the intermediate products must first dissociate and then rebind to the enzyme before subsequent oxidation. We present here a comprehensive investigation of processivity in P450 11B2-catalyzed reactions using steady-state, pre-steady-state, pulse-chase, equilibrium-binding titrations, and stopped-flow binding studies. We utilized the data obtained to develop a kinetic model for P450 11B2 and tested this model by enzyme kinetics simulations. We found that although aldosterone is produced processively, the enzyme preferentially utilizes a distributive mechanism that ends with the production of 18-OH corticosterone. This seemingly contradictory observation could be resolved by considering the ability of the intermediate product 18-OH corticosterone to exist as a lactol form, with the equilibrium favoring the ring-closed lactol configuration. In summary, our refined model for P450 11B2 catalysis indicates isomerization of the intermediate to a lactol can explain why P450 11B2 must produce aldosterone through a processive mechanism despite favoring a distributive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Reddish
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146.
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8
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Rendic SP, Peter Guengerich F. Human cytochrome P450 enzymes 5-51 as targets of drugs and natural and environmental compounds: mechanisms, induction, and inhibition - toxic effects and benefits. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 50:256-342. [PMID: 30717606 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1483401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes have long been of interest due to their roles in the metabolism of drugs, pesticides, pro-carcinogens, and other xenobiotic chemicals. They have also been of interest due to their very critical roles in the biosynthesis and metabolism of steroids, vitamins, and certain eicosanoids. This review covers the 22 (of the total of 57) human P450s in Families 5-51 and their substrate selectivity. Furthermore, included is information and references regarding inducibility, inhibition, and (in some cases) stimulation by chemicals. We update and discuss important aspects of each of these 22 P450s and questions that remain open.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Peter Guengerich
- b Department of Biochemistry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , TN , USA
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9
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Storbeck KH, Mostaghel EA. Canonical and Noncanonical Androgen Metabolism and Activity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1210:239-277. [PMID: 31900912 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are critical drivers of prostate cancer. In this chapter we first discuss the canonical pathways of androgen metabolism and their alterations in prostate cancer progression, including the classical, backdoor and 5α-dione pathways, the role of pre-receptor DHT metabolism, and recent findings on oncogenic splicing of steroidogenic enzymes. Next, we discuss the activity and metabolism of non-canonical 11-oxygenated androgens that can activate wild-type AR and are less susceptible to glucuronidation and inactivation than the canonical androgens, thereby serving as an under-recognized reservoir of active ligands. We then discuss an emerging literature on the potential non-canonical role of androgen metabolizing enzymes in driving prostate cancer. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of these findings for prostate cancer progression, particularly in context of new agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide, which target the AR-axis for prostate cancer therapy, including mechanisms of response and resistance and implications of these findings for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Elahe A Mostaghel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. .,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center S-182, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA.
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10
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Ge F, Tian E, Wang L, Li X, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Zhong Y, Ge RS. Taxifolin suppresses rat and human testicular androgen biosynthetic enzymes. Fitoterapia 2018; 125:258-265. [PMID: 29402482 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Taxifolin is a flavonoid. It has been used as a chemopreventive agent and supplement. It may have some beneficial effects to treat prostate cancer by suppressing androgen production in Leydig cells. The objective of the present study was to study the effects of taxifolin on androgen production of rat Leydig cells isolated from immature testis and some rat and human testosterone biosynthetic enzyme activities. Rat Leydig cells were incubated with 100μM taxifolin without (basal) or with 10ng/ml luteinizing hormone (LH), 10mM 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8BR), and steroid enzyme substrates (20μM): 22R-hydroxychloesterol, pregnenolone, progesterone, and androstenedione. The medium concentrations of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol (DIOL) and testosterone were measured. Taxifolin significantly suppressed basal, LH-stimulated, 8BR-stimulated, pregnenolone-mediated, and progesterone-mediated androgen production by Leydig cells. Further study demonstrated that taxifolin inhibited rat 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase with IC50 values of 14.55±0.013 and 16.75±0.011μM, respectively. Taxifolin also inhibited these two enzyme activities in human testis with IC50 value of about 100μM. Taxifolin was a competitive inhibitor for these two enzymes when steroid substrates were used. In conclusion, taxifolin may have benefits for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Erpo Tian
- Jinjiang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Jinjiang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yiyan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ying Zhong
- Jinjiang Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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11
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Gu N, Wei Y, Liu P, Liu Y, Dai B. Multi-Component One-Pot Reaction of Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds, Tosylhydrazide, and Arylboronic Acids. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122168. [PMID: 29215560 PMCID: PMC6149723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we developed a new method using 4-bromoacetophenone as the starting material, with tosylhydrazide and two arylboronic acids using Barluenga and Suzuki couplings in a four-component one-pot reaction to afford the target product 4-benzyl-1,1′-biphenyls. This system that we have developed enables the use of easily accessible starting materials and can be employed on a wide variety of substrates with good functional group tolerance. In particular, this protocol can be applied to the synthesis of 4-(1-([1,1′-biphenyl]-4-yl)ethyl)pyridine derivatives, a class of potential analogs of CPY17 inhibitors of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Gu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Yu Wei
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Ping Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
| | - Bin Dai
- Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China.
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12
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Adhikari N, Amin SA, Saha A, Jha T. Combating breast cancer with non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors (NSAIs): Understanding the chemico-biological interactions through comparative SAR/QSAR study. Eur J Med Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Discovery of novel 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[4, 5]thieno[2, 3-c]pyridine derivatives as potent and selective CYP17 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 132:157-172. [PMID: 28350999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of CYP17 to block androgen biosynthesis is a well validated strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer. Herein we reported the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) study for a series of novel 1,2,3,4- tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivatives. Some analogs demonstrated a potent inhibition to both rat and human CYP17 protein and reduced testosterone production in human H295R cell line. Some analogs also showed high selectivity against other CYP enzymes such as 3A4, 1A2, 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6, which may limit side effects due to drug-drug interactions. Among these analogs, the most potent compound 9c showed 1.5 fold more potent against rat and human CYP17 protein than that of abiraterone (IC50 = 16 nM and 20 nM vs. 25 nM and 36 nM respectively). In NCI-H295R cells, the inhibitory effect of compound 9c on testosterone production (52± 2%) was also more potent than that of abiraterone (74± 15%) at the concentration of 1 μM. Further, it was shown that 9c reduced plasma testosterone level in a dose-dependent manner in Sprague-Dawley rats. Thus, analog 9c maybe a potential agent used for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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14
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Nambo M, Keske EC, Rygus JPG, Yim JCH, Crudden CM. Development of Versatile Sulfone Electrophiles for Suzuki–Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Nambo
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Eric C. Keske
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason P. G. Rygus
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacky C.-H. Yim
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Chernoff Hall, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Cabeza M, Sánchez-Márquez A, Garrido M, Silva A, Bratoeff E. Recent Advances in Drug Design and Drug Discovery for Androgen- Dependent Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:792-815. [PMID: 26861003 PMCID: PMC5412001 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160210125642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes the importance of different targets such as 5α-reductase, 17β-HSD, CYP17A, androgen receptor and protein kinase A for the treatment of prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia. It is a well known fact that dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is associated with the development of androgen-dependent afflictions. At the present time, several research groups are attempting to develop new steroidal and non-steroidal molecules with the purpose of inhibiting the synthesis and biological response of DHT. This review also discusses the most recent studies reported in the literature that describe the therapeutic potential of novel compounds, as well as the new drugs, principally inhibitors of 5α-reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Cabeza
- Departamento De Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana- Xochimilco Calzada Del Hueso No. 1100, México, D.F., C.P. 04960, México.
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16
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Brengel C, Thomann A, Schifrin A, Eberhard J, Hartmann RW. Discovery and Biophysical Evaluation of First Low Nanomolar Hits Targeting CYP125 ofM. tuberculosis. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:2385-2391. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201600361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brengel
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland; Department of Drug Design and Optimization; Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Andreas Thomann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland; Department of Drug Design and Optimization; Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Alexander Schifrin
- Department of Biochemistry; Saarland University; Campus B2.2 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Jens Eberhard
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland; Department of Drug Design and Optimization; Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland; Department of Drug Design and Optimization; Campus E8.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry; Saarland University; Campus C2.3 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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17
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Ma L, Yin L, Hu Q. Therapeutic compounds for Cushing's syndrome: a patent review (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1307-1323. [PMID: 27454103 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1217331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a set of disorders caused by chronic exposure to excess glucocorticoids induced by neuroendocrine tumors in pituitary, adrenals, and infrequently other sites (ectopic ACTH syndrome). Due to various comorbidities, CS patients exhibit higher risks of cardiovascular diseases and thus increased mortality. Pharmaceutical therapy is an important constituent of treatment regimen. Areas covered: Patents published since 2012 are reviewed, which claim therapeutic compounds interfering with ACTH secretion and down-stream signal transduction, inhibiting cortisol biosynthesis and antagonizing glucocorticoid receptors. Advances focus on a) new analogues with improved efficacy and PK properties or less off-target toxicity; b) existing drugs (candidates) being repurposed to treat CS; and c) novel strategies such as selective inhibition of CYP11B1. Expert opinion: New compounds against established targets need to be developed because current drugs lack selectivity leading to off-target toxicity. Selective inhibition of CYP11B1 is a novel alternative strategy and is potentially versatile in controlling all types of hypercortisolism. Selective multi-targeting enzymes in steroidogenesis network is promising due to potential synergistic effects. However, doses toward each targets are not feasible to adjust because the corresponding intrinsic potencies are rigid. Targeting PRKACA mutations is promising in treating CS caused by adrenal adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- a College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China PR
| | | | - Qingzhong Hu
- c Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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18
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Bonomo S, Hansen CH, Petrunak EM, Scott EE, Styrishave B, Jørgensen FS, Olsen L. Promising Tools in Prostate Cancer Research: Selective Non-Steroidal Cytochrome P450 17A1 Inhibitors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29468. [PMID: 27406023 PMCID: PMC4942611 DOI: 10.1038/srep29468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) is an important target in the treatment of prostate cancer because it produces androgens required for tumour growth. The FDA has approved only one CYP17A1 inhibitor, abiraterone, which contains a steroidal scaffold similar to the endogenous CYP17A1 substrates. Abiraterone is structurally similar to the substrates of other cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, and interference can pose a liability in terms of side effects. Using non-steroidal scaffolds is expected to enable the design of compounds that interact more selectively with CYP17A1. Therefore, we combined a structure-based virtual screening approach with density functional theory (DFT) calculations to suggest non-steroidal compounds selective for CYP17A1. In vitro assays demonstrated that two such compounds selectively inhibited CYP17A1 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities with IC50 values in the nanomolar range, without affinity for the major drug-metabolizing CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes and CYP21A2, with the latter result confirmed in human H295R cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bonomo
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Cecilie H. Hansen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Elyse M. Petrunak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS, 66045 USA
| | - Emily E. Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS, 66045 USA
| | - Bjarne Styrishave
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Flemming Steen Jørgensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Lars Olsen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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19
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Wang X, Wang G, Li X, Liu J, Hong T, Zhu Q, Huang P, Ge RS. Suppression of rat and human androgen biosynthetic enzymes by apigenin: Possible use for the treatment of prostate cancer. Fitoterapia 2016; 111:66-72. [PMID: 27102611 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin is a natural flavone. It has recently been used as a chemopreventive agent. It may also have some beneficial effects to treat prostate cancer by inhibiting androgen production. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of apigenin on the steroidogenesis of rat immature Leydig cells and some human testosterone biosynthetic enzyme activities. Rat immature Leydig cells were incubated for 3h with 100μM apigenin without (basal) or with 1ng/ml luteinizing hormone (LH), 10mM 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8BR), and 20μM of the following steroid substrates: 22R-hydroxychloesterol (22R), pregnenolone (P5), progesterone (P4), and androstenedione (D4). The medium levels of 5α-androstane-3α, 17β-diol (DIOL), the primary androgen produced by rat immature Leydig cells, were measured. Apigenin significantly inhibited basal, 8BR, 22R, PREG, P4, and D4 stimulated DIOL production in rat immature Leydig cells. Further study showed that apigenin inhibited rat 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 17α-hydroxylase/17, 20-lyase, and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 with IC50 values of 11.41±0.7, 8.98±0.10, and 9.37±0.07μM, respectively. Apigenin inhibited human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 with IC50 values of 2.17±0.04 and 1.31±0.09μM, respectively. Apigenin is a potent inhibitor of rat and human steroidogenic enzymes, being possible use for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiudi Wang
- Centre of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Guimin Wang
- Centre of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Centre of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Jianpeng Liu
- Centre of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Tingting Hong
- Centre of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Centre of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China.
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Centre of Scientific Research, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China.
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20
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Hu Q, Kunde J, Hanke N, Hartmann RW. Identification of 4-(4-nitro-2-phenethoxyphenyl)pyridine as a promising new lead for discovering inhibitors of both human and rat 11β-Hydroxylase. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 96:139-50. [PMID: 25874338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of 11β-hydroxylase is a promising strategy for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome, in particular for the recurrent and subclinical cases. To achieve proof of concept in rats, efforts were paid to identify novel lead compounds inhibiting both human and rat CYP11B1. Modifications on a potent promiscuous inhibitor of hCYP11B1, hCYP11B2 and hCYP19 (compound IV) that exhibited moderate rCYP11B1 inhibition led to compound 8 as a new promising lead compound. Significant improvements compared to starting point IV were achieved regarding inhibitory potency against both human and rat CYP11B1 (IC50 values of 2 and 163 nM, respectively) as well as selectivity over hCYP19 (IC50 = 1900 nM). Accordingly, compound 8 was around 7- and 28-fold more potent than metyrapone regarding the inhibition of human and rat CYP11B1 and exhibited a comparable selectivity over hCYP11B2 (SF of 3.5 vs 4.9). With further optimizations on this new lead compound 8, drug candidates with satisfying profiles are expected to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jessica Kunde
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nina Hanke
- Elexopharm GmbH, Campus A1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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21
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Hu Q, Yin L, Ali A, Cooke AJ, Bennett J, Ratcliffe P, Lo MMC, Metzger E, Hoyt S, Hartmann RW. Novel pyridyl substituted 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinolines as potent and selective aldosterone synthase inhibitors with improved in vitro metabolic stability. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2530-7. [PMID: 25711516 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CYP11B2 inhibition is a promising treatment for diseases caused by excessive aldosterone. To improve the metabolic stability in human liver miscrosomes of previously reported CYP11B2 inhibitors, modifications were performed via a combination of ligand- and structure-based drug design approaches, leading to pyridyl 4,5-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]quinolones. Compound 26 not only exhibited a much longer half-life (t1/2 ≫ 120 min), but also sustained inhibitory potency (IC50 = 4.2 nM) and selectivity over CYP11B1 (SF = 422), CYP17, CYP19, and a panel of hepatic CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) , Campus C2-3, D-66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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22
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Grombein CM, Hu Q, Rau S, Zimmer C, Hartmann RW. Heteroatom insertion into 3,4-dihydro-1H-quinolin-2-ones leads to potent and selective inhibitors of human and rat aldosterone synthase. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 90:788-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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23
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Zhu W, Hu Q, Hanke N, van Koppen CJ, Hartmann RW. Potent 11β-Hydroxylase Inhibitors with Inverse Metabolic Stability in Human Plasma and Hepatic S9 Fractions To Promote Wound Healing. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7811-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501004t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Zhu
- Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Nina Hanke
- ElexoPharm GmbH, Im
Stadtwald, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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24
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Yin L, Hu Q, Emmerich J, Lo MMC, Metzger E, Ali A, Hartmann RW. Novel Pyridyl- or Isoquinolinyl-Substituted Indolines and Indoles as Potent and Selective Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5179-89. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500140c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yin
- Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- ElexoPharm GmbH, Campus A1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Juliette Emmerich
- Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Michael Man-Chu Lo
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Edward Metzger
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Amjad Ali
- Discovery
Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical
and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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25
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Mostaghel EA. Beyond T and DHT - novel steroid derivatives capable of wild type androgen receptor activation. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:602-13. [PMID: 24948873 PMCID: PMC4062953 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.8844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the primary treatment for metastatic prostate cancer (PCa), castration does not eliminate androgens from the prostate tumor microenvironment, and residual intratumoral androgens are implicated in nearly every mechanism by which androgen receptor (AR)-mediated signaling promotes castration-resistant disease. The uptake and intratumoral (intracrine) conversion of circulating adrenal androgens such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) to steroids capable of activating the wild type AR is a recognized driver of castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, less well-characterized adrenal steroids, including 11-deoxcorticosterone (DOC) and 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione (11OH-AED) may also play a previously unrecognized role in promoting AR activation. In particular, recent data demonstrate that the 5α-reduced metabolites of DOC and 11OH-AED are activators of the wild type AR. Given the well-recognized presence of SRD5A activity in CRPC tissue, these observations suggest that in the low androgen environment of CRPC, alternative sources of 5α-reduced ligands may supplement AR activation normally mediated by the canonical 5α-reduced agonist, 5α-DHT. Herein we review the emerging data that suggests a role for these alternative steroids of adrenal origin in activating the AR, and discuss the enzymatic pathways and novel downstream metabolites mediating these effects. We conclude by discussing the potential implications of these findings for CRPC progression, particularly in context of new agents such as abiraterone and enzalutamide which target the AR-axis for prostate cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe A Mostaghel
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle WA, USA
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26
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Tyzack JD, Glen RC. Investigating and Predicting how Biology Changes Molecules and Their Properties. Mol Inform 2014; 33:443-5. [PMID: 27485980 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201400031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Most molecules are transformed and transported by specific metabolising enzymes and transporters resulting in changes in their bioactivities, pharmacokinetics and toxicity profiles. This is a key consideration in the design of drugs. Ideally, when medicines have performed their task, they need to fade away gracefully, and not introduce unexpected or untoward biological effects. Some examples of predictive metabolism, transport and interesting design considerations of drugs are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Tyzack
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK phone: +44 (0)1223
| | - Robert C Glen
- Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics, Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK phone: +44 (0)1223.
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27
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Gürdere MB, Yilmaz B, Budak Y. Synthesis and Characterization of Some Novel Multisubstituted 6,7-Dihydro-5 H-cyclopenta[ b]pyridine Derivatives. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2013.840004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meliha Burcu Gürdere
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Gaziosmanpasa University , Tokat , Turkey
| | - Burhan Yilmaz
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Gaziosmanpasa University , Tokat , Turkey
| | - Yakup Budak
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences , Gaziosmanpasa University , Tokat , Turkey
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28
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Disrupting androgen production of Leydig cells by resveratrol via direct inhibition of human and rat 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:14-9. [PMID: 24472608 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is a polyphenol produced by several plants. It has been demonstrated that it has anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and anti-diabetic effects in animal models. However, its side effects are generally unclear. In the present study, we reported that resveratrol inhibited luteinizing hormone-stimulated androgen production in rat immature Leydig cells. Further analysis demonstrated that it was a competitive inhibitor of rat and human 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase with IC₆₀ values of 3.87 ± 0.06 and 8.48 ± 0.04 μM, respectively. The inhibition on 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was specific since it did not inhibit another hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 3 at the highest concentration (100 μM) tested. In conclusion, resveratrol potentially interferes with androgen biosynthesis of rat Leydig cells.
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29
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Hu Q, Yin L, Hartmann RW. Aldosterone Synthase Inhibitors as Promising Treatments for Mineralocorticoid Dependent Cardiovascular and Renal Diseases. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5011-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401430e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lina Yin
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2.3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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30
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Abstract
As the first in class steroid 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20-lyase (CYP17) inhibitor, abiraterone acetate (of which the active metabolite is abiraterone) has been shown to improve overall survival in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)--in those who are chemotherapy-naive and those previously treated with docetaxel. Furthermore, the clinical success of abiraterone demonstrated that CRPC, which has previously been regarded as an androgen-independent disease, is still driven, at least in part, by androgens. More importantly, abiraterone is a 'promiscuous' drug that interacts with a number of targets, which dictate its clinical benefits and adverse effects profile. Besides CYP17 inhibition, abiraterone acts as an antagonist to the androgen receptor and inhibits 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase--two effects that potentially contribute to its antitumour effects. However, the inhibition of the 17α-hydroxylase activity of CYP17, CYP11B1 and a panel of hepatic CYP enzymes leads to adverse effects and toxicities that include secondary mineralocorticoid excess. Abiraterone is also associated with increased incidence of cardiac disorders. Under such circumstances, development of new CYP17 inhibitors as an additional line of defence is urgently needed. To achieve enhanced clinical benefits, new strategies are being explored that include selective inhibition of the C17,20-lyase activity of CYP17 and multi-targeting strategies that affect androgen synthesis and signalling at different points. Some of these strategies-including the drugs orteronel, VT-464 and galeterone--are supported by preclinical data and are being explored in the clinic.
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31
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Unexpected results of a SNAr-reaction. A novel synthetic approach to 1-arylthio-2-naphthols. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Drug discovery for breast cancer and co-instantaneous cardiovascular disease: what is the future? Future Med Chem 2013; 5:359-62. [PMID: 23495679 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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33
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Pinto-Bazurco Mendieta MAE, Hu Q, Engel M, Hartmann RW. Highly potent and selective nonsteroidal dual inhibitors of CYP17/CYP11B2 for the treatment of prostate cancer to reduce risks of cardiovascular diseases. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6101-7. [PMID: 23859149 DOI: 10.1021/jm400484p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dual CYP17/CYP11B2 inhibitors are proposed as a novel strategy for the treatment of prostate cancer to reduce risks of cardiovascular diseases. Via a combination of ligand- and structure-based approaches, a series of dual inhibitors were designed leading to the 2-(3-pyridyl)naphthalenes 10 and 11 with strong inhibition of both enzymes (IC50 values around 20 nM) and excellent selectivities over CYP11B1, CYP19, and CYP3A4. These compounds are considered as promising candidates for further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano A E Pinto-Bazurco Mendieta
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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34
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Recent progress in pharmaceutical therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:13958-78. [PMID: 23880851 PMCID: PMC3742227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140713958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2010, six drugs have been approved for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer, i.e., CYP17 inhibitor Abiraterone, androgen receptor antagonist Enzalutamide, cytotoxic agent Cabazitaxel, vaccine Sipuleucel-T, antibody Denosumab against receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand and radiopharmaceutical Alpharadin. All these drugs demonstrate improvement on overall survival, expect for Denosumab, which increases the bone mineral density of patients under androgen deprivation therapy and prolongs bone-metastasis-free survival. Besides further CYP17 inhibitors (Orteronel, Galeterone, VT-464 and CFG920), androgen receptor antagonists (ARN-509, ODM-201, AZD-3514 and EZN-4176) and vaccine Prostvac, more drug candidates with various mechanisms or new indications of launched drugs are currently under evaluation in different stages of clinical trials, including various kinase inhibitors and platinum complexes. Some novel strategies have also been proposed aimed at further potentiation of antitumor effects or reduction of side effects and complications related to treatments. Under these flourishing circumstances, more investigations should be performed on the optimal combination or the sequence of treatments needed to delay or reverse possible resistance and thus maximize the clinical benefits for the patients.
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Krug SJ, Hu Q, Hartmann RW. Hits identified in library screening demonstrate selective CYP17A1 lyase inhibition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 134:75-9. [PMID: 23142656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A screening of structurally different steroid hormone synthesis inhibitors was performed in order to find a starting point for the development of a new inhibitor of the bifunctional steroidogenic enzyme CYP17A1. Emphasis was placed on determination of selectivity between the two catalytic steps, namely 17α-hydroxylase and C(17,20)-lyase. For that purpose a new inhibition assay has been developed. Hits identified within this novel assay demonstrated selective inhibition of CYP17A1 lyase activity, and thus mark the basis for the development of selective C(17,20)-lyase inhibitors for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Krug
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2.3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Strushkevich N, Gilep AA, Shen L, Arrowsmith CH, Edwards AM, Usanov SA, Park HW. Structural insights into aldosterone synthase substrate specificity and targeted inhibition. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:315-24. [PMID: 23322723 PMCID: PMC5417327 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone is a major mineralocorticoid hormone that plays a key role in the regulation of electrolyte balance and blood pressure. Excess aldosterone levels can arise from dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and are implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertension and heart failure. Aldosterone synthase (cytochrome P450 11B2, CYP11B2) is the sole enzyme responsible for the production of aldosterone in humans. Blocking of aldosterone synthesis by mediating aldosterone synthase activity is thus a recently emerging pharmacological therapy for hypertension, yet a lack of structural information has limited this approach. Here, we present the crystal structures of human aldosterone synthase in complex with a substrate deoxycorticosterone and an inhibitor fadrozole. The structures reveal a hydrophobic cavity with specific features associated with corticosteroid recognition. The substrate binding mode, along with biochemical data, explains the high 11β-hydroxylase activity of aldosterone synthase toward both gluco- and mineralocorticoid formation. The low processivity of aldosterone synthase with a high extent of intermediates release might be one of the mechanisms of controlled aldosterone production from deoxycorticosterone. Although the active site pocket is lined by identical residues between CYP11B isoforms, most of the divergent residues that confer additional 18-oxidase activity of aldosterone synthase are located in the I-helix (vicinity of the O(2) activation path) and loops around the H-helix (affecting an egress channel closure required for retaining intermediates in the active site). This intrinsic flexibility is also reflected in isoform-selective inhibitor binding. Fadrozole binds to aldosterone synthase in the R-configuration, using part of the active site cavity pointing toward the egress channel. The structural organization of aldosterone synthase provides critical insights into the molecular mechanism of catalysis and enables rational design of more specific antihypertensive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natallia Strushkevich
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7.
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Yin L, Hu Q, Hartmann RW. Tetrahydropyrroloquinolinone Type Dual Inhibitors of Aromatase/Aldosterone Synthase as a Novel Strategy for Breast Cancer Patients with Elevated Cardiovascular Risks. J Med Chem 2013; 56:460-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301408t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yin
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- ElexoPharm GmbH, Campus A1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Yin L, Hu Q, Hartmann RW. 3-Pyridyl substituted aliphatic cycles as CYP11B2 inhibitors: aromaticity abolishment of the core significantly increased selectivity over CYP1A2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48048. [PMID: 23133610 PMCID: PMC3486838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) is a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases related to abnormally high aldosterone levels. On the basis of our previously identified lead compounds I–III, a series of 3-pyridinyl substituted aliphatic cycles were designed, synthesized and tested as CYP11B2 inhibitors. Aromaticity abolishment of the core was successfully applied to overcome the undesired CYP1A2 inhibition. This study resulted in a series of potent and selective CYP11B2 inhibitors, with compound 12 (IC50 = 21 nM, SF = 50) as the most promising one, which shows no inhibition toward CYP1A2 at 2 µM. The design conception demonstrated in this study can be helpful in the optimization of CYP inhibitor drugs regarding CYP1A2 selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yin
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
- ElexoPharm GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
- * E-mail: (QH); (RWH)
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrücken, Germany
- * E-mail: (QH); (RWH)
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Hu Q, Yin L, Hartmann RW. Selective Dual Inhibitors of CYP19 and CYP11B2: Targeting Cardiovascular Diseases Hiding in the Shadow of Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7080-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3004637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical
Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2-3, P.O. Box 151150, D-66123 Saarbrücken,
Germany
| | - Lina Yin
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical
Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2-3, P.O. Box 151150, D-66123 Saarbrücken,
Germany
- ElexoPharm GmbH,
Campus A1,
D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University & Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical
Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus C2-3, P.O. Box 151150, D-66123 Saarbrücken,
Germany
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Yin L, Lucas S, Maurer F, Kazmaier U, Hu Q, Hartmann RW. Novel Imidazol-1-ylmethyl Substituted 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyrrolo[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-4-ones as Potent and Selective CYP11B1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cushing’s Syndrome. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6629-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3003872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yin
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- ElexoPharm GmbH, Campus
A1, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Simon Lucas
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Frauke Maurer
- Institute für Organische
Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Geb. C4-2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Uli Kazmaier
- Institute für Organische
Chemie, Universität des Saarlandes, Geb. C4-2, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf W. Hartmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal
Chemistry, Saarland University and Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Campus
C2-3, D-66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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Abadi AH, Abou-Seri SM, Hu Q, Negri M, Hartmann RW. Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidazolylmethylacridones as cytochrome P-450 enzymes inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20072d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Al-Soud YA, Heydel M, Hartmann RW. Design and synthesis of 1,3,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles as CYP enzyme inhibitors. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Bruno RD, Vasaitis TS, Gediya LK, Purushottamachar P, Godbole AM, Ates-Alagoz Z, Brodie AMH, Njar VCO. Synthesis and biological evaluations of putative metabolically stable analogs of VN/124-1 (TOK-001): head to head anti-tumor efficacy evaluation of VN/124-1 (TOK-001) and abiraterone in LAPC-4 human prostate cancer xenograft model. Steroids 2011; 76:1268-79. [PMID: 21729712 PMCID: PMC3171567 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In a continuing study of our clinical candidate 5 VN/124-1 (TOK-001) and analogs as potential agents for prostate cancer therapy, putative metabolites (10, 15 and 18) of compound 5 were rationally designed and synthesized. However, none of these agents were as efficacious as 5 in several in vitro studies. Using western blot analysis, we have generated a preliminary structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 5 and related analogs as androgen receptor ablative agents (ARAAs). In vivo using the androgen-dependent LAPC-4 prostate cancer xenograft model, we demonstrated for the first time that 5 is more efficacious than the 17-lyase inhibitor 3 (abiraterone)/4 (abiraterone acetate) that is currently in phase III clinical trials. In our desire to optimize the potency of 5, compounds 6 (3ξ-fluoro-) and 9 (3β-sulfamate-) designed to increase the stability and oral bioavailability of 5, respectively were evaluated in vivo. We showed, that on equimolar basis, compound 6 was ∼2-fold more efficacious versus LAPC-4 xenografts than 5, but the toxicity observed with 6 is of concern. These studies further demonstrate the efficacy of 5 in a clinically relevant prostate cancer model and justify its current clinical development as a potential treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D. Bruno
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tadas S. Vasaitis
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lalji K. Gediya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, 130 South 9 Street, Philadelphia 19107, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Puranik Purushottamachar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, 130 South 9 Street, Philadelphia 19107, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Abhijit M. Godbole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, 130 South 9 Street, Philadelphia 19107, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zeynep Ates-Alagoz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100Tandogan, Ankara-Turkey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Angela M. H. Brodie
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vincent C. O. Njar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, 130 South 9 Street, Philadelphia 19107, PA, USA
- Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, 130 South 9 Street, Philadelphia 19107, PA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Corresponding author: Tel: (215) 503 7468, Fax: (215) 503 9052;
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Ye L, Zhao B, Hu G, Chu Y, Ge RS. Inhibition of human and rat testicular steroidogenic enzyme activities by bisphenol A. Toxicol Lett 2011; 207:137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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