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Rahman A, Anjum S, Bhatt JD, Dixit BC, Singh A, Khan S, Fatima S, Patel TS, Hoda N. Sulfonamide based pyrimidine derivatives combating Plasmodium parasite by inhibiting falcipains-2 and falcipains-3 as antimalarial agents. RSC Adv 2024; 14:24725-24740. [PMID: 39114436 PMCID: PMC11304049 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04370g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present the design and synthesis of a novel series of pyrimidine-tethered spirochromane-based sulfonamide derivatives aimed at combating drug resistance in malaria. The antimalarial effectiveness of these compounds was assessed in vitro. Structural validation of the synthesized compounds was conducted using mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Strong antimalarial activity against CQ-sensitive (3D7) and CQ-resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum was demonstrated by the majority of the compounds. Notably, compounds SZ14 and SZ9 demonstrated particularly potent effects, with compound SZ14 showing IC50 values of 2.84 μM and SZ9 3.22 μM, indicating single-digit micromolar activity. The compounds exhibiting strong antimalarial activity were assessed through enzymatic tests against the cysteine protease enzymes of P. falciparum, falcipain-2 and falcipain-3. The results indicated that SZ14 and SZ9 inhibited PfFP-2 (IC50 values: 4.1 and 5.4 μM, respectively), and PfFP-3 (IC50 values: 4.9 and 6.3 μM, respectively). To confirm the compounds' specificity towards the parasite, we investigated their cytotoxicity against Vero cell lines, revealing strong selectivity indices and no significant cytotoxic effects. Additionally, in vitro hemolysis testing showed these compounds to be non-toxic to normal human blood cells. Moreover, predicted in silico ADME parameters and physiochemical characteristics demonstrated the drug-likeness of the synthetic compounds. These collective findings suggest that sulfonamide derivatives based on pyrimidine-tethered oxospirochromane could serve as templates for the future development of potential antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rahman
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Shazia Anjum
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Jaimin D Bhatt
- Chemistry Department, V. P. & R. P. T. P Science College, Affiliated to Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120 Gujarat India +91-2692-230011#31
| | - Bharat C Dixit
- Chemistry Department, V. P. & R. P. T. P Science College, Affiliated to Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120 Gujarat India +91-2692-230011#31
| | - Anju Singh
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Sabiha Khan
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Sadaf Fatima
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
| | - Tarosh S Patel
- Chemistry Department, V. P. & R. P. T. P Science College, Affiliated to Sardar Patel University Vallabh Vidyanagar 388120 Gujarat India +91-2692-230011#31
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab., Department of Chemistry Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar New Delhi 110025 India +0091-11-26985507 +0091-9910200655
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2
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Uddin A, Gupta S, Shoaib R, Aneja B, Irfan I, Gupta K, Rawat N, Combrinck J, Kumar B, Aleem M, Hasan P, Joshi MC, Chhonker YS, Zahid M, Hussain A, Pandey K, Alajmi MF, Murry DJ, Egan TJ, Singh S, Abid M. Blood-stage antimalarial activity, favourable metabolic stability and in vivo toxicity of novel piperazine linked 7-chloroquinoline-triazole conjugates. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115969. [PMID: 38039787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of drug resistance poses a significant obstacle to the advancement of efficacious malaria treatments. The remarkable efficacy displayed by 1,2,3-triazole-based compounds against Plasmodium falciparum highlights the potential of triazole conjugates, with diverse pharmacologically active structures, as potential antimalarial agents. We aimed to synthesize 7-dichloroquinoline-triazole conjugates and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) derivatives to investigate their anti-plasmodial activity. Among them, QP11, featuring a m-NO2 substitution, demonstrated efficacy against both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant parasite strains. QP11 selectively inhibited FP2, a cysteine protease involved in hemoglobin degradation, and showed synergistic effects when combined with chloroquine. Additionally, QP11 hindered hemoglobin degradation and hemozoin formation within the parasite. Metabolic stability studies indicated high stability of QP11, making it a promising antimalarial candidate. In vivo evaluation using a murine malaria model demonstrated QP11's efficacy in eradicating parasite growth without neurotoxicity, presenting it as a promising compound for novel antimalarial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India; Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sonal Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rumaisha Shoaib
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India; Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Iram Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kanika Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Neha Rawat
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Jill Combrinck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Bhumika Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India; National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Mohd Aleem
- Division of Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Phool Hasan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Mukesh C Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Yashpal S Chhonker
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kailash Pandey
- National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Mohamed F Alajmi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daryl J Murry
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986145, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-6145, USA
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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3
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González JEH, Salas-Sarduy E, Alvarez LH, Valiente PA, Arni RK, Pascutti PG. Three Decades of Targeting Falcipains to Develop Antiplasmodial Agents: What have we Learned and What can be Done Next? Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:2234-2263. [PMID: 37711130 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230913165219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a devastating infectious disease that affects large swathes of human populations across the planet's tropical regions. It is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, with Plasmodium falciparum being responsible for the most lethal form of the disease. During the intraerythrocytic stage in the human hosts, malaria parasites multiply and degrade hemoglobin (Hb) using a battery of proteases, which include two cysteine proteases, falcipains 2 and 3 (FP-2 and FP-3). Due to their role as major hemoglobinases, FP-2 and FP-3 have been targeted in studies aiming to discover new antimalarials and numerous inhibitors with activity against these enzymes, and parasites in culture have been identified. Nonetheless, cross-inhibition of human cysteine cathepsins remains a serious hurdle to overcome for these compounds to be used clinically. In this article, we have reviewed key functional and structural properties of FP-2/3 and described different compound series reported as inhibitors of these proteases during decades of active research in the field. Special attention is also paid to the wide range of computer-aided drug design (CADD) techniques successfully applied to discover new active compounds. Finally, we provide guidelines that, in our understanding, will help advance the rational discovery of new FP-2/3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Enrique Hernández González
- Multiuser Center for Biomolecular Innovation, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UZA II, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Emir Salas-Sarduy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnología (EByN), Universidad de San Martín (UNSAM), San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Pedro Alberto Valiente
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Pedro Geraldo Pascutti
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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4
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Previti S, Ettari R, Di Chio C, Legac J, Bogacz M, Zimmer C, Schirmeister T, Rosenthal PJ, Zappalà M. Influence of amino acid size at the P3 position of N-Cbz-tripeptide Michael acceptors targeting falcipain-2 and rhodesain for the treatment of malaria and human african trypanosomiasis. Bioorg Chem 2023; 137:106587. [PMID: 37163812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, several structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies provided potent inhibitors of the cysteine proteases falcipain-2 (FP-2) and rhodesain (RD) from Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, respectively. Whilst the roles of the warhead and residues targeting the P1 and P2 pockets of the proteases were extensively investigated, the roles of the amino acids occupying the S3 pocket were not widely assessed. Herein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a set of novel Michael acceptors bearing amino acids of increasing size at the P3 site (1a-g/2a-g, SPR20-SPR33) against FP-2, RD, P. falciparum, and T. brucei. Overall, the Michael acceptors bearing small amino acids at the P3 site exhibited the most potent inhibitory properties towards FP-2. In contrast, analogues with bulky residues at the P3 position were very potent rhodesain inhibitors. In cell based assays, single-digit micromolar EC50 values against the two protozoa were observed. These findings can be a starting point for the development of peptide-based FP-2 and RD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Previti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Carla Di Chio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Jenny Legac
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Marta Bogacz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Collin Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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5
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Patra J, Rana D, Arora S, Pal M, Mahindroo N. Falcipains: Biochemistry, target validation and structure-activity relationship studies of inhibitors as antimalarials. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 252:115299. [PMID: 36996716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a tropical disease with significant morbidity and mortality burden caused by Plasmodium species in Africa, the Middle East, Asia, and South America. Pathogenic Plasmodium species have lately become increasingly resistant to approved chemotherapeutics and combination therapies. Therefore, there is an emergent need for identifying new druggable targets and novel chemical classes against the parasite. Falcipains, cysteine proteases required for heme metabolism in the erythrocytic stage, have emerged as promising drug targets against Plasmodium species that infect humans. This perspective discusses the biology, biochemistry, structural features, and genetics of falcipains. The efforts to identify selective or dual inhibitors and their structure-activity relationships are reviewed to give a perspective on the design of novel compounds targeting falcipains for antimalarial activity evaluating reasons for hits and misses for this important target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeevan Patra
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Via Prem Nagar, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Devika Rana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Bajhol, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
| | - Smriti Arora
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Via Prem Nagar, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Mintu Pal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, Punjab, 151001, India
| | - Neeraj Mahindroo
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Bidholi, Via Prem Nagar, Uttarakhand, 248007, India; School of Health Sciences and Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, 124 Paud Road, Kothrud, Pune, Maharashtra, 411038, India.
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6
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Pal K, Raza MK, Legac J, Rahman A, Manzoor S, Bhattacharjee S, Rosenthal PJ, Hoda N. Identification, in-vitro anti-plasmodial assessment and docking studies of series of tetrahydrobenzothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-acetamide molecular hybrids as potential antimalarial agents. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 248:115055. [PMID: 36621136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is the most lethal parasitic infections in the world. To address the emergence of drug resistance to current antimalarials, here we report the design and synthesis of new series of tetrahydrobenzothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-acetamide hybrids by using multicomponent Petasis reaction as the key step and evaluated in vitro for their antimalarial effectiveness. The structure of all the compounds were confirmed by NMR Spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Most of the compounds showed potent antimalarial activity against both CQ-sensitive (3D7) and CQ-resistant (W2) strains. A8, A5, and A4 are the most potent compounds that showed excellent anti-plasmodial activity against CQ-resistant strain in the nanomolar range with IC50 values 55.7 nM, 60.8 nM, and 68.0 nM respectively. To assess the parasite selectivity, the in vitro cytotoxicity of selected compounds (A3-A6, A8) was tested against HPL1D cells, demonstrating low cytotoxicity with high selectivity indices. Furthermore, these compounds were also evaluated on two additional human cancerous cell lines (A549 and MDA-MB-231), confirming their anticancer effectiveness. The in vitro hemolysis assay also showed the non-toxicity of these compounds on normal uninfected human RBCs. The interaction of these hybrids was also investigated by the molecular docking studies in the binding site of wild type Pf-DHFR-TS and quadruple mutant Pf-DHFR-TS. The in silico ADMET profiling also revealed promising physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters for the most active hybrids, which provide strong vision for further development of potential antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Pal
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Jenny Legac
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abdur Rahman
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Souvik Bhattacharjee
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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7
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Nwonuma CO, Balogun EA, Gyebi GA. Evaluation of Antimalarial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Annona muricata L.: An in vivo and an in silico Approach. J Evid Based Integr Med 2023; 28:2515690X231165104. [PMID: 37019435 PMCID: PMC10084581 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x231165104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Nigeria, Annona muricata L. has been used to treat a variety of ailments. The mechanism of the antimalarial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Annona muricata (EEAML) was investigated using both an in vivo and an in silico approach. The experimental mice were divided into five groups: A-F. The mice in groups B-F were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei NK-65 and treated accordingly. Groups A and B are the negative and positive controls (infected and untreated), respectively. Group C received 10 mg/kg chloroquine (standard drug), whereas groups D-F received 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg body weight of the extract orally respectively. The mice were euthanized eight days after infection, and their liver and blood were collected and used in biochemical tests. Molecular docking was performed using the extract's HPLC compounds and Plasmodium falciparum proteins. In the suppressive, prophylactic, and curative tests, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in parasitemia levels in groups treated with the extract compared to the positive control and standard drug. When compared to the positive control, there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in liver MDA, total cholesterol, and total triglyceride levels. The binding energies of luteolin and apigenin-pfprotein complexes were significantly (p < 0.05) higher compared to their respective references. The anti-plasmodial activity of the extract may result from its hypolipidemic effect, which deprives the parasite of essential lipid molecules needed for parasite growth, as well as from the inhibitory effects of apigenin and luteolin on specific proteins required for the Plasmodium metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Obiora Nwonuma
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pure and Applied Science, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | | | - Gideon Ampoma Gyebi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bingham University, Karu, Nigeria
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8
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Identification of promising inhibitors for Plasmodium haemoglobinase Falcipain-2, using virtual screening, molecular docking, and MD Simulation. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Computer-Aided Design of Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of Falcipain-3: QSAR and Pharmacophore Models. Sci Pharm 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm89040044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, antiparasitic peptidomimetics inhibitors (PEP) of falcipain-3 (FP3) of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) are proposed using structure-based and computer-aided molecular design. Beginning with the crystal structure of PfFP3-K11017 complex (PDB ID: 3BWK), three-dimensional (3D) models of FP3-PEPx complexes with known activities ( IC50exp) were prepared by in situ modification, based on molecular mechanics and implicit solvation to compute Gibbs free energies (GFE) of inhibitor-FP3 complex formation. This resulted in a quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) model based on a linear correlation between computed GFE (ΔΔGcom) and the experimentally measured IC50exp. Apart from the structure-based relationship, a ligand-based quantitative pharmacophore model (PH4) of novel PEP analogues where substitutions were directed by comparative analysis of the active site interactions was derived using the proposed bound conformations of the PEPx. This provided structural information useful for the design of virtual combinatorial libraries (VL), which was virtually screened based on the 3D-QSAR PH4. The end results were predictive inhibitory activities falling within the low nanomolar concentration range.
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10
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Lei J, Xie W, Li J, Wu Y, Xie X. Synthesis of N‐Aryl‐ and N‐Alkenylhydrazides through C(sp
2
)−N Bond Construction. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lei
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Quanzhou Normal University 398 Donghai Avenue Quanzhou 362000 P. R. China
| | - Wenqian Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Quanzhou Normal University 398 Donghai Avenue Quanzhou 362000 P. R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510530 P. R. China
| | - Ya Wu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Education No.9 Xuefu Avenue Chongqing 400067 P. R. China
| | - Xiaolan Xie
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Quanzhou Normal University 398 Donghai Avenue Quanzhou 362000 P. R. China
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11
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Li B, Liu D, Hu Y, Chen J, Zhang Z, Zhang W. Nickel‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Hydrazones. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 R. China
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dongchuan Road Shanghai 200240 R. China
- College of Chemistry Zhengzhou University 75 Daxue Road Zhengzhou 450052 P. R. China
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12
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Ettari R, Previti S, Di Chio C, Zappalà M. Falcipain-2 and Falcipain-3 Inhibitors as Promising Antimalarial Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3010-3031. [PMID: 32744954 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200730215316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a serious problem in global public health, particularly widespread in South America and in tropical regions of Africa and Asia. Chemotherapy is actually the only way to treat this poverty-related disease, since an effective vaccine is not currently available. However, the onset of resistance to the most common antimalarial drugs sometimes makes the current therapeutic regimen problematic. Therefore, the identification of new targets for a new drug discovery process is an urgent priority. In this context, falcipain-2 and falcipain- 3 of P. falciparum represent the key enzymes in the life-cycle of the parasite. Both falcipain- 2 and falcipain-3 are involved in hemoglobin hydrolysis, an essential pathway to provide free amino acids for the parasite metabolic needs. In addition, falcipain-2 is involved in cleaving ankirin and band 4.1 protein, which are cytoskeletal elements essential for the stability of the red cell membrane. This review article is focused on the most recent and effective inhibitors of falcipain-2 and falcipain-3, with particular attention to peptide, peptidomimetic or nonpeptide inhibitors, which targeted one or both the malarial cysteine proteases, endowed with a consistent activity against P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Santo Previti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Carla Di Chio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Pal K, Raza MK, Legac J, Ataur Rahman M, Manzoor S, Rosenthal PJ, Hoda N. Design, synthesis, crystal structure and anti-plasmodial evaluation of tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3- d]pyrimidine derivatives. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:970-981. [PMID: 34223162 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective chemotherapy is essential for controlling malaria. However, resistance of Plasmodium falciparum to existing antimalarial drugs has undermined attempts to control and eventually eradicate the disease. In this study, a series of 2-((substituted)(4-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-6-substitutedphenol derivatives were prepared using Petasis reaction with a view to evaluate their activities against P. falciparum. The development of synthesized compounds (F1-F16) was justified through the study of H1 NMR, C13 NMR, mass spectra. Compound F1 and F2 were also structurally validated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. All the compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antiplasmodial assessment against the W2 strain (chloroquine-resistant) of P. falciparum IC50 values ranging from 0.74-6.4 μM. Two compounds, F4 and F16 exhibited significant activity against W2 strain of P. falciparum with 0.75 and 0.74 μM. The compounds (F3-F6 and F16) were also evaluated for in vitro cytotoxicity against two cancer cell lines, human lung (A549) and cervical (HeLa) cells, which demonstrated non-cytotoxicity with significant selectivity indices. In addition, in silico ADME profiling and physiochemical properties predicts drug-like properties with a very low toxic effect. Thus, all these results indicate that tetrahydrobenzo[4,5]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds may serve as models for the development of antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Pal
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi 110025 India +91 11 26985507 +91 9910200655
| | - Md Kausar Raza
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Jenny Legac
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco CA USA
| | - Md Ataur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts 02138 USA
| | - Shoaib Manzoor
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi 110025 India +91 11 26985507 +91 9910200655
| | | | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Laboratory, Department of chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi 110025 India +91 11 26985507 +91 9910200655
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14
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Singh V, Hada RS, Uddin A, Aneja B, Abid M, Pandey KC, Singh S. Inhibition of Hemoglobin Degrading Protease Falcipain-2 as a Mechanism for Anti-Malarial Activity of Triazole-Amino Acid Hybrids. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:377-389. [PMID: 32000644 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200130162347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel drug development against malaria parasite over old conventional antimalarial drugs is essential due to rapid and indiscriminate use of drugs, which led to the emergence of resistant strains. METHODS In this study, previously reported triazole-amino acid hybrids (13-18) are explored against Plasmodium falciparum as antimalarial agents. Among six compounds, 15 and 18 exhibited antimalarial activity against P. falciparum with insignificant hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity towards HepG2 mammalian cells. In molecular docking studies, both compounds bind into the active site of PfFP-2 and block its accessibility to the substrate that leads to the inhibition of target protein further supported by in vitro analysis. RESULTS Antimalarial half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 15 and 18 compounds were found to be 9.26 μM and 20.62 μM, respectively. Blood stage specific studies showed that compounds, 15 and 18 are effective at late trophozoite stage and block egress pathway of parasites. Decreased level of free monomeric heme was found in a dose dependent manner after the treatment with compounds 15 and 18, which was further evidenced by the reduction in percent of hemoglobin hydrolysis. Compounds 15 and 18 hindered hemoglobin degradation via intra- and extracellular cysteine protease falcipain-2 (PfFP-2) inhibitory activity both in in vitro and in vivo in P. falciparum. CONCLUSION We report antimalarial potential of triazole-amino acid hybrids and their role in the inhibition of cysteine protease PfFP-2 as its mechanistic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigyasa Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rahul Singh Hada
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar UP, 201314, India
| | - Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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15
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Hernández González JE, Hernández Alvarez L, Leite VBP, Pascutti PG. Water Bridges Play a Key Role in Affinity and Selectivity for Malarial Protease Falcipain-2. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:5499-5512. [PMID: 32634311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.0c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Falcipain-2 (FP-2) is hemoglobinase considered an attractive drug target of Plasmodium falciparum. Recently, it has been shown that peptidomimetic nitriles containing a 3-pyridyl (3Pyr) moiety at P2 display high affinity and selectivity for FP-2 with respect to human cysteine cathepsins (hCats), outperforming other P2-Pyr isomers and analogs. Further characterization demonstrated that certain P3 variants of these compounds possess micromolar inhibition of parasite growth in vitro and no cytotoxicity against human cell lines. However, the structural determinants underlying the selectivity of the 3Pyr-containing nitriles for FP-2 remain unknown. In this work, we conduct a thorough computational study combining MD simulations and free energy calculations to decipher the bases of the selectivity of the aforementioned nitriles. Our results reveal that water bridges involving the nitrogen and one carboxyl oxygen of I85 and D234 of FP-2, respectively, and the nitrogen of the neutral 3Pyr moiety, which are either less prevalent or nonexistent in the other complexes, explain the experimental activity profiles. The presence of crystallographic waters close to the bridging water positions in the studied proteases strongly supports the occurrence of such interactions. Overall, our findings suggest that selective FP-2 inhibitors can be designed by promoting water bridge formation at the bottom of the S2 subsite and/or by introducing complementary groups that displace the bridging water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Enrique Hernández González
- Departamento de Fı́sica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo CEP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Lilian Hernández Alvarez
- Departamento de Fı́sica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo CEP 15054-000, Brazil.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vitor B P Leite
- Departamento de Fı́sica, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo CEP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Pedro Geraldo Pascutti
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ave. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS-Bloco D sala 30, Cidade Universitária Ilha de Fundão Rio de Janeiro, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
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16
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Rosenthal PJ. Falcipain cysteine proteases of malaria parasites: An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140362. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Musyoka T, Bishop ÖT. South African Abietane Diterpenoids and Their Analogs as Potential Antimalarials: Novel Insights from Hybrid Computational Approaches. Molecules 2019; 24:E4036. [PMID: 31703388 PMCID: PMC6891524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemoglobin degradation process in Plasmodium parasites is vital for nutrient acquisition required for their growth and proliferation. In P. falciparum, falcipains (FP-2 and FP-3) are the major hemoglobinases, and remain attractive antimalarial drug targets. Other Plasmodium species also possess highly homologous proteins to FP-2 and FP-3. Although several inhibitors have been designed against these proteins, none has been commercialized due to associated toxicity on human cathepsins (Cat-K, Cat-L and Cat-S). Despite the two enzyme groups sharing a common structural fold and catalytic mechanism, distinct active site variations have been identified, and can be exploited for drug development. Here, we utilize in silico approaches to screen 628 compounds from the South African natural sources to identify potential hits that can selectively inhibit the plasmodial proteases. Using docking studies, seven abietane diterpenoids, binding strongly to the plasmodial proteases, and three additional analogs from PubChem were identified. Important residues involved in ligand stabilization were identified for all potential hits through binding pose analysis and their energetic contribution determined by binding free energy calculations. The identified compounds present important scaffolds that could be further developed as plasmodial protease inhibitors. Previous laboratory assays showed the effect of the seven diterpenoids as antimalarials. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that their possible mechanism of action could be by interacting with falcipains and their plasmodial homologs. Dynamic residue network (DRN) analysis on the plasmodial proteases identified functionally important residues, including a region with high betweenness centrality, which had previously been proposed as a potential allosteric site in FP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa;
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18
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Stoye A, Juillard A, Tang AH, Legac J, Gut J, White KL, Charman SA, Rosenthal PJ, Grau GER, Hunt NH, Payne RJ. Falcipain Inhibitors Based on the Natural Product Gallinamide A Are Potent in Vitro and in Vivo Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5562-5578. [PMID: 31062592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A library of analogues of the cyanobacterium-derived depsipeptide natural product gallinamide A were designed and prepared using a highly efficient and convergent synthetic route. Analogues were shown to exhibit potent inhibitory activity against the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine proteases falcipain 2 and falcipain 3 and against cultured chloroquine-sensitive (3D7) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strains of P. falciparum. Three lead compounds were selected for evaluation of in vivo efficacy against Plasmodium berghei infection in mice on the basis of their improved blood, plasma, and microsomal stability profiles compared with the parent natural product. One of the lead analogues cured P. berghei-infected mice in the Peters 4 day-suppressive test when administered 25 mg kg-1 intraperitoneally daily for 4 days. The compound was also capable of clearing parasites in established infections at 50 mg kg-1 intraperitoneally daily for 4 days and exhibited moderate activity when administered as four oral doses of 100 mg kg-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Stoye
- School of Chemistry , Building F11, The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Annette Juillard
- School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School , Building K25, The University of Sydney , Medical Foundation, Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Arthur H Tang
- School of Chemistry , Building F11, The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Jennifer Legac
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital , University of California , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital , University of California , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation , Monash University , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation , Monash University , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital , University of California , San Francisco , California 94143 , United States
| | - Georges E R Grau
- School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School , Building K25, The University of Sydney , Medical Foundation, Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Nicholas H Hunt
- School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School , Building K25, The University of Sydney , Medical Foundation, Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
| | - Richard J Payne
- School of Chemistry , Building F11, The University of Sydney , Sydney , New South Wales 2006 , Australia
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19
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Musyoka TM, Njuguna JN, Tastan Bishop Ö. Comparing sequence and structure of falcipains and human homologs at prodomain and catalytic active site for malarial peptide based inhibitor design. Malar J 2019; 18:159. [PMID: 31053072 PMCID: PMC6500056 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Falcipains are major cysteine proteases of Plasmodium falciparum involved in haemoglobin degradation and remain attractive anti-malarial drug targets. Several inhibitors against these proteases have been identified, yet none of them has been approved for malaria treatment. Other Plasmodium species also possess highly homologous proteins to falcipains. For selective therapeutic targeting, identification of sequence and structure differences with homologous human cathepsins is necessary. The substrate processing activity of these proteins is tightly controlled via a prodomain segment occluding the active site which is chopped under low pH conditions exposing the catalytic site. Current work characterizes these proteases to identify residues mediating the prodomain regulatory function for the design of peptide based anti-malarial inhibitors. METHODS Sequence and structure variations between prodomain regions of plasmodial proteins and human cathepsins were determined using in silico approaches. Additionally, evolutionary clustering of these proteins was evaluated using phylogenetic analysis. High quality partial zymogen protein structures were modelled using homology modelling and residue interaction analysis performed between the prodomain segment and mature domain to identify key interacting residues between these two domains. The resulting information was used to determine short peptide sequences which could mimic the inherent regulatory function of the prodomain regions. Through flexible docking, the binding affinity of proposed peptides on the proteins studied was evaluated. RESULTS Sequence, evolutionary and motif analyses showed important differences between plasmodial and human proteins. Residue interaction analysis identified important residues crucial for maintaining prodomain integrity across the different proteins as well as the pro-segment responsible for inhibitory mechanism. Binding affinity of suggested peptides was highly dependent on their residue composition and length. CONCLUSIONS Despite the conserved structural and catalytic mechanism between human cathepsins and plasmodial proteases, current work revealed significant differences between the two protein groups which may provide valuable information for selective anti-malarial inhibitor development. Part of this study aimed to design peptide inhibitors based on endogenous inhibitory portions of protease prodomains as a novel aspect. Even though peptide inhibitors may not be practical solutions to malaria at this stage, the approach followed and results offer a promising means to find new malarial inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thommas Mutemi Musyoka
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Joyce Njoki Njuguna
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, P.O. Box 94, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.
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20
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Allangba KNPG, Keita M, Kre N'Guessan R, Megnassan E, Frecer V, Miertus S. Virtual design of novel Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2 hybrid lactone-chalcone and isatin-chalcone inhibitors probing the S2 active site pocket. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:547-561. [PMID: 30696325 PMCID: PMC6352947 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1564288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report computer-aided design of new lactone–chalcone and isatin–chalcone (HLCIC) inhibitors of the falcipain-2 (PfFP-2). 3D models of 15 FP-2:HLCIC1-15 complexes with known observed activity (IC50exp) were prepared to establish a quantitative structure–activity (QSAR) model and linear correlation between relative Gibbs free energy of enzyme:inhibitor complex formation (ΔΔGcom) and IC50exp: pIC50exp = −0.0236 × ΔΔGcom+5.082(#); R2 = 0.93. A 3D pharmacophore model (PH4) derived from the QSAR directed our effort to design novel HLCIC analogues. During the design, an initial virtual library of 2621440 HLCIC was focused down to 18288 drug-like compounds and finally, PH4 screened to identify 81 promising compounds. Thirty-three others were added from an intuitive substitution approach intended to fill better the enzyme S2 pocket. One hundred and fourteen theoretical IC50 (IC50pre) values were predicted by means of (#) and their pharmacokinetics (ADME) profiles. More than 30 putative HLCICs display IC50pre 100 times superior to that of the published most active training set inhibitor HLCIC1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélalie Keita
- a Laboratoire de Physique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LPFA) , University of Abobo Adjamé (now Nangui Abrogoua) , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Raymond Kre N'Guessan
- a Laboratoire de Physique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LPFA) , University of Abobo Adjamé (now Nangui Abrogoua) , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eugene Megnassan
- a Laboratoire de Physique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LPFA) , University of Abobo Adjamé (now Nangui Abrogoua) , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire.,b Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale et Théorique , University of Cocody (now Felix Houphouët Boigny) , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire.,c ICS-UNIDO , Trieste , Italy
| | - Vladimir Frecer
- c ICS-UNIDO , Trieste , Italy.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia.,e International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Miertus
- c ICS-UNIDO , Trieste , Italy.,e International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology , Bratislava , Slovakia.,f Faculty of Natural Sciences , University of SS. Cyril and Methodius , Trnava , Slovakia
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21
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Gupta P, Singh L, Singh K. The hybrid antimalarial approach. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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22
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Singh A, Kalamuddin M, Mohmmed A, Malhotra P, Hoda N. Quinoline-triazole hybrids inhibit falcipain-2 and arrest the development ofPlasmodium falciparumat the trophozoite stage. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39410-39421. [PMID: 35540629 PMCID: PMC9076119 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06571g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study involves development of novel quinoline triazole-containing cysteine protease inhibitors which arrest the development ofP. falciparumat the trophozoite stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Singh
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi-110025
- India
| | - Md Kalamuddin
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
- New Delhi-110067
- India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
- New Delhi-110067
- India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB)
- New Delhi-110067
- India
| | - Nasimul Hoda
- Drug Design and Synthesis Lab
- Department of Chemistry
- Jamia Millia Islamia
- New Delhi-110025
- India
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23
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Siqueira-Neto JL, Debnath A, McCall LI, Bernatchez JA, Ndao M, Reed SL, Rosenthal PJ. Cysteine proteases in protozoan parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006512. [PMID: 30138453 PMCID: PMC6107107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine proteases (CPs) play key roles in the pathogenesis of protozoan parasites, including cell/tissue penetration, hydrolysis of host or parasite proteins, autophagy, and evasion or modulation of the host immune response, making them attractive chemotherapeutic and vaccine targets. This review highlights current knowledge on clan CA cysteine proteases, the best-characterized group of cysteine proteases, from 7 protozoan organisms causing human diseases with significant impact: Entamoeba histolytica, Leishmania species (sp.), Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, Cryptosporidium sp., Plasmodium sp., and Toxoplasma gondii. Clan CA proteases from three organisms (T. brucei, T. cruzi, and Plasmodium sp.) are well characterized as druggable targets based on in vitro and in vivo models. A number of candidate inhibitors are under development. CPs from these organisms and from other protozoan parasites should be further characterized to improve our understanding of their biological functions and identify novel targets for chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair L. Siqueira-Neto
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jean A. Bernatchez
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sharon L. Reed
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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Chaparro MJ, Calderón F, Castañeda P, Fernández-Alvaro E, Gabarró R, Gamo FJ, Gómez-Lorenzo MG, Martín J, Fernández E. Efforts Aimed To Reduce Attrition in Antimalarial Drug Discovery: A Systematic Evaluation of the Current Antimalarial Targets Portfolio. ACS Infect Dis 2018; 4:568-576. [PMID: 29320160 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major global health problem. In 2015 alone, more than 200 million cases of malaria were reported, and more than 400,000 deaths occurred. Since 2010, emerging resistance to current front-line ACTs (artemisinin combination therapies) has been detected in endemic countries. Therefore, there is an urgency for new therapies based on novel modes of action, able to relieve symptoms as fast as the artemisinins and/or block malaria transmission. During the past few years, the antimalarial community has focused their efforts on phenotypic screening as a pragmatic approach to identify new hits. Optimization efforts on several chemical series have been successful, and clinical candidates have been identified. In addition, recent advances in genetics and proteomics have led to the target deconvolution of phenotypic clinical candidates. New mechanisms of action will also be critical to overcome resistance and reduce attrition. Therefore, a complementary strategy focused on identifying well-validated targets to start hit identification programs is essential to reinforce the clinical pipeline. Leveraging published data, we have assessed the status quo of the current antimalarial target portfolio with a focus on the blood stage clinical disease. From an extensive list of reported Plasmodium targets, we have defined triage criteria. These criteria consider genetic, pharmacological, and chemical validation, as well as tractability/doability, and safety implications. These criteria have provided a quantitative score that has led us to prioritize those targets with the highest probability to deliver successful and differentiated new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Chaparro
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Calderón
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Castañeda
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-Alvaro
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gabarró
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gamo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - María G. Gómez-Lorenzo
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Martín
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Fernández
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, DDW, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa, 2, 28760 Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Nizi E, Sferrazza A, Fabbrini D, Nardi V, Andreini M, Graziani R, Gennari N, Bresciani A, Paonessa G, Harper S. Peptidomimetic nitrile inhibitors of malarial protease falcipain-2 with high selectivity against human cathepsins. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1540-1544. [PMID: 29615344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Falcipain-2 (FP2) is an essential enzyme in the lifecycle of malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum, and its inhibition is viewed as an attractive mechanism of action for new anti-malarial agents. Selective inhibition of FP2 with respect to a family of human cysteine proteases (that include cathepsins B, K, L and S) is likely to be required for the development of agents targeting FP2. Here we describe a series of P2-modified aminonitrile based inhibitors of FP2 that provide a clear strategy toward addressing selectivity for the P. falciparum and show that it can provide potent FP2 inhibitors with strong selectivity against all four of these human cathepsin isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Nizi
- Department of Chemistry, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30, 600, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessio Sferrazza
- Department of Chemistry, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30, 600, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
| | - Danilo Fabbrini
- Department of Chemistry, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30, 600, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Nardi
- Department of Chemistry, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30, 600, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Andreini
- Department of Chemistry, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30, 600, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Graziani
- Department of Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30, 600, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
| | - Nadia Gennari
- Department of Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30, 600, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Bresciani
- Department of Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30, 600, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Paonessa
- Department of Biology, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30, 600, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
| | - Steven Harper
- Department of Chemistry, IRBM Science Park, Via Pontina km 30, 600, Pomezia 00071, Rome, Italy
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26
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Sharma K, Shrivastava A, Mehra RN, Deora GS, Alam MM, Zaman MS, Akhter M. Synthesis of novel benzimidazole acrylonitriles for inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum growth by dual target inhibition. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2017; 351. [PMID: 29227011 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201700251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarial drug resistance has emerged as a threat for treating malaria, generating a need to design and develop newer, more efficient antimalarial agents. This research aimed to identify novel leads as antimalarials. Dual receptor mechanism could be a good strategy to combat developing drug resistance. A series of benzimidazole acrylonitriles containing 18 compounds were designed, synthesized and evaluated for cytotoxicity, heme binding, ferriprotoporphyrin IX biomineralisation inhibition, and falcipain-2 enzyme assay. Furthermore, in silico docking and MD simulation studies were also performed.The tests revealed quite encouraging results. Three compounds, viz. R-01 (0.69 μM), R-04 (1.60 μM), and R-08 (1.61 μM), were found to have high antimalarial activity. These compounds were found to be in bearable cytotoxicity limits and their biological assay suggested that they had inhibitory activity against falcipain-2 and hemozoin formation. The docking revealed the binding mode of benzimidazole acrylonitrile derivatives and MD simulation studies revealed that the protein-ligand complex was stable. The agents exhibit good hemozoin formation inhibition activity and, hence, may be utilized as leads to design a newer drug class to overcome the drug resistance of hemozoin formation inhibitors such as chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalicharan Sharma
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Apeksha Shrivastava
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Ram N Mehra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Girdhar S Deora
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mohammad M Alam
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad S Zaman
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy and Bioinformatics Infrastructure Facility, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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27
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Chen W, Huang Z, Wang W, Mao F, Guan L, Tang Y, Jiang H, Li J, Huang J, Jiang L, Zhu J. Discovery of new antimalarial agents: Second-generation dual inhibitors against FP-2 and PfDHFR via fragments assembely. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:6467-6478. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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28
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Previti S, Ettari R, Cosconati S, Amendola G, Chouchene K, Wagner A, Hellmich UA, Ulrich K, Krauth-Siegel RL, Wich PR, Schmid I, Schirmeister T, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Grasso S, Zappalà M. Development of Novel Peptide-Based Michael Acceptors Targeting Rhodesain and Falcipain-2 for the Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). J Med Chem 2017; 60:6911-6923. [PMID: 28763614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the development of a class of peptide-based inhibitors as novel antitrypanosomal and antimalarial agents. The inhibitors are based on a characteristic peptide sequence for the inhibition of the cysteine proteases rhodesain of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and falcipain-2 of Plasmodium falciparum. We exploited the reactivity of novel unsaturated electrophilic functions such as vinyl-sulfones, -ketones, -esters, and -nitriles. The Michael acceptors inhibited both rhodesain and falcipain-2, at nanomolar and micromolar levels, respectively. In particular, the vinyl ketone 3b has emerged as a potent rhodesain inhibitor (k2nd = 67 × 106 M-1 min-1), endowed with a picomolar binding affinity (Ki = 38 pM), coupled with a single-digit micromolar activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (EC50 = 2.97 μM), thus being considered as a novel lead compound for the discovery of novel effective antitrypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Previti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Giorgio Amendola
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli , Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Khawla Chouchene
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles UR/11-ES-74, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Université de Sfax , Route de l'aeroport, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Annika Wagner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz , Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, DE 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, DE 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz , Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, DE 55128 Mainz, Germany.,Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe-University Frankfurt , Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, DE 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kathrin Ulrich
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, DE 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemistry Center, Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, DE 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter R Wich
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, DE 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ira Schmid
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, DE 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz , Staudingerweg 5, DE 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California , 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, California 94110, United States
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California , 1001 Potrero Avenue, San Francisco, California 94110, United States
| | - Silvana Grasso
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina , Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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29
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Vijayaraghavan S, Mahajan S. Docking, synthesis and antimalarial activity of novel 4-anilinoquinoline derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1693-1697. [PMID: 28318947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-anilinoquinoline triazine derivatives were designed, synthesized and screened for in vivo antimalarial activity against a chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei. The compounds were further subjected to in vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum and β-haematin inhibition studies. All the compounds exhibited in vivo antimalarial activity better than that shown by the standard drug, chloroquine. Twelve out of fifteen compounds showed better inhibition than that of chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Ten compounds showed β-haematin inhibition, better than that of chloroquine, with IC50 values in the range of 18-25µM. One compound, 3k, was found to be better than artemisinin against W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum and also displayed the best β-haematin inhibitory activity, thereby becoming eligible to be explored as a potential lead for antimalarial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women's University, Sir Vithaldas Vidyavihar, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India.
| | - Supriya Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women's University, Sir Vithaldas Vidyavihar, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India
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30
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Binding affinity models for Falcipain inhibition based on the Linear Interaction Energy method. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 70:236-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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31
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Musyoka TM, Kanzi AM, Lobb KA, Bishop ÖT. Analysis of non-peptidic compounds as potential malarial inhibitors against Plasmodial cysteine proteases via integrated virtual screening workflow. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 34:2084-101. [PMID: 26471975 PMCID: PMC5035544 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2015.1108231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Falcipain-2 (FP-2) and falcipain-3 (FP-3), haemoglobin-degrading enzymes in Plasmodium falciparum, are validated drug targets for the development of effective inhibitors against malaria. However, no commercial drug-targeting falcipains has been developed despite their central role in the life cycle of the parasites. In this work, in silico approaches are used to identify key structural elements that control the binding and selectivity of a diverse set of non-peptidic compounds onto FP-2, FP-3 and homologues from other Plasmodium species as well as human cathepsins. Hotspot residues and the underlying non-covalent interactions, important for the binding of ligands, are identified by interaction fingerprint analysis between the proteases and 2-cyanopyridine derivatives (best hits). It is observed that the size and chemical type of substituent groups within 2-cyanopyridine derivatives determine the strength of protein-ligand interactions. This research presents novel results that can further be exploited in the structure-based molecular-guided design of more potent antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thommas M. Musyoka
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Aquillah M. Kanzi
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kevin A. Lobb
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Özlem Tastan Bishop
- Research Unit in Bioinformatics (RUBi), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Haisheng Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Huixian Wang
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Liben Li
- School of Physics and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
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33
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Chen ZP, Hu SB, Chen MW, Zhou YG. Synthesis of Chiral Fluorinated Hydrazines via Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation. Org Lett 2016; 18:2676-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Pei Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shu-Bo Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Mu-Wang Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yong-Gui Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of
Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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34
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Singh K, Kaur T. Pyrimidine-based antimalarials: design strategies and antiplasmodial effects. MEDCHEMCOMM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6md00084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The versatility in the design strategies of pyrimidine scaffold offer considerable opportunity for developing antimalarials capable of hitting different biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Centre for Advanced Studies-II
- Guru Nanak Dev University
- Amritsar-143005
- India
| | - Tavleen Kaur
- Department of Nephrology
- Guru Nanak Dev Hospital
- Amritsar
- India
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35
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Aneja B, Kumar B, Jairajpuri MA, Abid M. A structure guided drug-discovery approach towards identification of Plasmodium inhibitors. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra19673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review of inhibitors from natural, semisynthetic or synthetic sources against key targets ofPlasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Bhumika Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohamad Aman Jairajpuri
- Protein Conformation and Enzymology Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Lab
- Department of Biosciences
- Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
- New Delhi 110025
- India
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36
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Chen ZP, Hu SB, Zhou J, Zhou YG. Synthesis of Chiral Trifluoromethyl-Substituted Hydrazines via Pd-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Reductive Amination. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Pei Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and
| | - Shu-Bo Hu
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and
| | - Ji Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and
| | - Yong-Gui Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China, and
- State
Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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37
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Independent amino acid residues in the S2 pocket of falcipain-3 determine its specificity for P2 residues in substrates. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2015; 202:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Lee M, Rucil T, Hesek D, Oliver AG, Fisher JF, Mobashery S. Regioselective Control of the SNAr Amination of 5-Substituted-2,4-Dichloropyrimidines Using Tertiary Amine Nucleophiles. J Org Chem 2015; 80:7757-63. [PMID: 26154983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The SNAr reaction of 2,4-dichloropyrimidines, further substituted with an electron-withdrawing substituent at C-5, has selectivity for substitution at C-4. Here we report that tertiary amine nucleophiles show excellent C-2 selectivity. In situ N-dealkylation of an intermediate gives the product that formally corresponds to the reaction of a secondary amine nucleophile at C-2. This reaction is practical (fast under simple reaction conditions, with good generality for tertiary amine structure and moderate to excellent yields) and significantly expands access to pyrimidine structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 United States
| | - Tomas Rucil
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 United States
| | - Dusan Hesek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 United States
| | - Allen G Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 United States
| | - Jed F Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 United States
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556 United States
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39
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Kaur H, Balzarini J, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Chibale K, Singh K. Synthesis, antiplasmodial activity and mechanistic studies of pyrimidine-5-carbonitrile and quinoline hybrids. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:52-62. [PMID: 26114811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of hybrids comprising of 5-cyanopyrimidine and quinoline moiety were synthesized and tested for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against NF54 and Dd2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Hybrid bearing m-nitrophenyl substituent at C-4 of pyrimidine displayed the highest antiplasmodial activity [IC50 = 56 nM] against the CQ(R) (Dd2) strain, which is four-fold greater than CQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Centre of Advance Study-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Jan Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 10 Minderbroedersstraat, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter J Smith
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Centre of Advance Study-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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40
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Identification of novel class of falcipain-2 inhibitors as potential antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2221-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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From hybrid compounds to targeted drug delivery in antimalarial therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5120-30. [PMID: 25913864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new drugs to treat malaria is a continuous effort for medicinal chemists due to the emergence and spread of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum to nearly all used antimalarials. The rapid adaptation of the malaria parasite remains a major limitation to disease control. Development of hybrid antimalarial agents has been actively pursued as a promising strategy to overcome the emergence of resistant parasite strains. This review presents the journey that started with simple combinations of two active moieties into one chemical entity and progressed into a delivery/targeted system based on major antimalarial classes of drugs. The rationale for providing different mechanisms of action against a single or additional targets involved in the multiple stages of the parasite's life-cycle is highlighted. Finally, a perspective for this polypharmacologic approach is presented.
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42
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Conroy T, Guo JT, Elias N, Cergol KM, Gut J, Legac J, Khatoon L, Liu Y, McGowan S, Rosenthal PJ, Hunt NH, Payne RJ. Synthesis of gallinamide A analogues as potent falcipain inhibitors and antimalarials. J Med Chem 2014; 57:10557-63. [PMID: 25412465 DOI: 10.1021/jm501439w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of the natural product gallinamide A were prepared to elucidate novel inhibitors of the falcipain cysteine proteases. Analogues exhibited potent inhibition of falcipain-2 (FP-2) and falcipain-3 (FP-3) and of the development of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Several compounds were equipotent to chloroquine as inhibitors of the 3D7 strain of P. falciparum and maintained potent activity against the chloroquine-resistant Dd2 parasite. These compounds serve as promising leads for the development of novel antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trent Conroy
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney , Building F11, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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43
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Sharma RK, Younis Y, Mugumbate G, Njoroge M, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Chibale K. Synthesis and structure-activity-relationship studies of thiazolidinediones as antiplasmodial inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:507-18. [PMID: 25486422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Following a structure-based virtual screening, a series of 2,4 thiazolidinediones was synthesized in order to explore structure activity relationships for inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2 (FP-2) and of whole cell antiparasitic activity. Most compounds exhibited low micromolar antiplasmodial activities against the P. falciparum drug resistant W2 strain. The most active compounds of the series were tested for in vitro microsomal metabolic stability and found to be susceptible to hepatic metabolism. Subsequent metabolite identification studies highlighted the metabolic hot spots. Molecular docking studies of a frontrunner inhibitor were carried out to determine the probable binding mode of this class of inhibitors in the active site of FP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kant Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Yassir Younis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Grace Mugumbate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Drug Discovery and Development Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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44
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Marella A, Akhter M, Shaquiquzzaman M, Tanwar O, Verma G, Alam MM. Synthesis, 3D-QSAR and docking studies of pyrimidine nitrile-pyrazoline: a novel class of hybrid antimalarial agents. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Bertoldo JB, Chiaradia-Delatorre LD, Mascarello A, Leal PC, Cordeiro MNS, Nunes RJ, Sarduy ES, Rosenthal PJ, Terenzi H. Synthetic compounds from an in house library as inhibitors of falcipain-2 from Plasmodium falciparum. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:299-307. [PMID: 24964346 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.920839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Falcipain-2 (FP-2) is a key cysteine protease from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Many previous studies have identified FP-2 inhibitors; however, none has yet met the criteria for an antimalarial drug candidate. In this work, we assayed an in-house library of non-peptidic organic compounds, including (E)-chalcones, (E)-N'-benzylidene-benzohydrazides and alkyl-esters of gallic acid, and assessed the activity toward FP-2 and their mechanisms of inhibition. The (E)-chalcones 48, 54 and 66 showed the lowest IC50 values (8.5 ± 0.8 µM, 9.5 ± 0.2 µM and 4.9 ± 1.3 µM, respectively). The best inhibitor (compound 66) demonstrated non-competitive inhibition, and using mass spectrometry and fluorescence spectroscopy assays, we suggest a potential allosteric site for the interaction of this compound, located between the catalytic site and the hemoglobin binding arm in FP-2. We combined structural biology tools and mass spectrometry to characterize the inhibition mechanisms of novel compounds targeting FP-2.
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Oliveira R, Guedes RC, Meireles P, Albuquerque IS, Gonçalves LM, Pires E, Bronze MR, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Prudêncio M, Moreira R, O’Neill PM, Lopes F. Tetraoxane–Pyrimidine Nitrile Hybrids as Dual Stage Antimalarials. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4916-23. [DOI: 10.1021/jm5004528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Oliveira
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita C. Guedes
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Meireles
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês S. Albuquerque
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lídia M. Gonçalves
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Pires
- ITQB-UNL, Av. da República, Estação
Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Rosário Bronze
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- ITQB-UNL, Av. da República, Estação
Agronómica Nacional, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department
of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department
of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto
de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paul M. O’Neill
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, U.K
| | - Francisca Lopes
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Angulo-Barturen I, Ferrer S. Humanised models of infection in the evaluation of anti-malarial drugs. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2014; 10:e351-7. [PMID: 24050131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Humanised mice have a crucial role for drug discovery in malaria, which is the most important parasitic disease in the world and is caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium that selectively infect human hepatocytes and erythrocytes. There are currently reliable humanised murine models for hepatic and erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum, which is the most pathogenic malarial species. These models are useful in the evaluation of drugs for malaria prevention and treatment, notably in exploiting the thousands of antimalarial hits discovered. The development of a humanised model for Plasmodium vivax and the validation of the P. falciparum models to inform optimal clinical studies are the next key goals to be achieved.
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48
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Sharma V, Chitranshi N, Agarwal AK. Significance and biological importance of pyrimidine in the microbial world. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:202784. [PMID: 25383216 PMCID: PMC4207407 DOI: 10.1155/2014/202784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are unique creatures that adapt to varying lifestyles and environment resistance in extreme or adverse conditions. The genetic architecture of microbe may bear a significant signature not only in the sequences position, but also in the lifestyle to which it is adapted. It becomes a challenge for the society to find new chemical entities which can treat microbial infections. The present review aims to focus on account of important chemical moiety, that is, pyrimidine and its various derivatives as antimicrobial agents. In the current studies we represent more than 200 pyrimidines as antimicrobial agents with different mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted classes along with in vitro antimicrobial activities of pyrimidines derivatives which can facilitate the development of more potent and effective antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management & Technology, Plot. No. 11, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Bioinformatics Centre, Biotech Park, Sector G, Jankipuram, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226021, India
- Gautam Buddh Technical University, IET Campus, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226021, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
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49
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Wang J, Li F, Li Y, Yang Y, Zhang S, Yang L. Structural features of falcipain-3 inhibitors: an in silico study. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 9:2296-310. [PMID: 23765034 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70105k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Falcipain-3, the major cysteine hemoglobinase from the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, is critical for parasite development and is considered as a promising chemotherapeutic target. In order to understand the structure-activity correlation of falcipain-3 inhibitors, a set of ligand- and receptor-based 3D-QSAR models were developed in the present work employing comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) for 247 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile derivatives. An optimum ligand-based CoMSIA model yielded a cross validation Q(2) = 0.501, non-cross validation Rncv(2) = 0.821 and predictive Rpred(2) = 0.750. In addition, docking analysis and molecular dynamics simulation were applied to elucidate the probable binding modes of the ligand in the falcipain-3 binding pocket. Graphic representation of the results, as contoured 3D coefficient plots, also provides a clue to the reasonable modification of molecules. (1) Bulky substituents at the 3-position, and rings B and D increase the biological activity; (2) electrostatic groups at rings B, C and D are likely helpful to increase the falcipain-3 inhibition; (3) hydrophobic groups at rings B and D are favored; (4) Gly92, Ile94 and Thr95 which formed several H-bonds and a water-bridged H-bond are crucial for falcipain-3 inhibitors. This model, we hope, will be of help in designing and predicting novel falcipain-3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, PR China.
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50
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Renslo AR. Antimalarial Drug Discovery: From Quinine to the Dream of Eradication. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:1126-1128. [PMID: 24790706 DOI: 10.1021/ml4004414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for antimalarial remedies predates modern medicine and the concept of small molecule chemotherapy, yet has played a central role in the development of both. This history is reviewed in the context of the current renaissance in antimalarial drug discovery, which is seeing modern drug discovery approaches applied to the problem for the first time. Great strides have been made in the past decade, but further innovations from the drug discovery community will be required if the ultimate dream of eradication is to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Renslo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical
Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, Byers Hall, 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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