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Nkungli NK, Fouegue ADT, Tasheh SN, Bine FK, Hassan AU, Ghogomu JN. In silico investigation of falcipain-2 inhibition by hybrid benzimidazole-thiosemicarbazone antiplasmodial agents: A molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and kinetics study. Mol Divers 2024; 28:475-496. [PMID: 36622482 PMCID: PMC9838286 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10594-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of artemisinin-resistant variants of Plasmodium falciparum necessitates the urgent search for novel antimalarial drugs. In this regard, an in silico study to screen antimalarial drug candidates from a series of benzimidazole-thiosemicarbazone hybrid molecules with interesting antiplasmodial properties and explore their falcipain-2 (FP2) inhibitory potentials has been undertaken herein. FP2 is a key cysteine protease that degrades hemoglobin in Plasmodium falciparum and is an important biomolecular target in the development of antimalarial drugs. Pharmacokinetic properties, ADMET profiles, MM/GBSA-based binding free energies, reaction mechanisms, and associated barrier heights have been investigated. DFT, molecular dynamics simulation, molecular docking, and ONIOM methods were used. From the results obtained, four 4N-substituted derivatives of the hybrid molecule (E)-2-(1-(5-chloro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)ethylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothioamide (1A) denoted 1B, 1C, 1D, and 1E are drug-like and promising inhibitors of FP2, exhibiting remarkably small inhibitory constants (5.94 × 10-14 - 2.59 × 10-04 n M) and favorable binding free energies (-30.32 to -17.17 kcal/mol). Moreover, the ONIOM results have revealed that 1B and possibly 1C and 1D may act as covalent inhibitors of FP2. The rate-determining step of the thermodynamically favorable covalent binding mechanism occurs across a surmountable barrier height of 24.18 kcal/mol in water and 28.42 kcal/mol in diethyl ether. Our findings are useful for further experimental investigations on the antimalarial activities of the hybrid molecules studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyiang Kennet Nkungli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, P. O. Box 39, Bamenda, Cameroon.
| | - Aymard Didier Tamafo Fouegue
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College Bertoua, University of Bertoua, P.O. Box 652, Bertoua, Cameroon
| | - Stanley Numbonui Tasheh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, P. O. Box 39, Bamenda, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P. O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Fritzgerald Kogge Bine
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P. O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Abrar Ul Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 54400, PK, Pakistan
| | - Julius Numbonui Ghogomu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Bamenda, Bambili, P. O. Box 39, Bamenda, Cameroon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, P. O. Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
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2
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Previti S, Ettari R, Di Chio C, Legac J, Bogacz M, Zimmer C, Schirmeister T, Rosenthal PJ, Zappalà M. Influence of amino acid size at the P3 position of N-Cbz-tripeptide Michael acceptors targeting falcipain-2 and rhodesain for the treatment of malaria and human african trypanosomiasis. Bioorg Chem 2023; 137:106587. [PMID: 37163812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, several structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies provided potent inhibitors of the cysteine proteases falcipain-2 (FP-2) and rhodesain (RD) from Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, respectively. Whilst the roles of the warhead and residues targeting the P1 and P2 pockets of the proteases were extensively investigated, the roles of the amino acids occupying the S3 pocket were not widely assessed. Herein we report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a set of novel Michael acceptors bearing amino acids of increasing size at the P3 site (1a-g/2a-g, SPR20-SPR33) against FP-2, RD, P. falciparum, and T. brucei. Overall, the Michael acceptors bearing small amino acids at the P3 site exhibited the most potent inhibitory properties towards FP-2. In contrast, analogues with bulky residues at the P3 position were very potent rhodesain inhibitors. In cell based assays, single-digit micromolar EC50 values against the two protozoa were observed. These findings can be a starting point for the development of peptide-based FP-2 and RD inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santo Previti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
| | - Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Carla Di Chio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Jenny Legac
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Marta Bogacz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University of Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Collin Zimmer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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3
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Hernández González JE, Salas-Sarduy E, Hernández Alvarez L, Barreto Gomes DE, Pascutti PG, Oostenbrink C, Leite VBP. In silico identification of noncompetitive inhibitors targeting an uncharacterized allosteric site of falcipain-2. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2021; 35:1067-1079. [PMID: 34617191 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-021-00420-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Falcipain-2 (FP-2) is a Plasmodium falciparum hemoglobinase widely targeted in the search for antimalarials. FP-2 can be allosterically modulated by various noncompetitive inhibitors that have been serendipitously identified. Moreover, the crystal structures of two inhibitors bound to an allosteric site, termed site 6, of the homolog enzyme human cathepsin K (hCatK) suggest that the equivalent region in FP-2 might play a similar role. Here, we conduct the rational identification of FP-2 inhibitors through virtual screenings (VS) of compounds into several pocket-like conformations of site 6, sampled during molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of the free enzyme. Two noncompetitive inhibitors, ZINC03225317 and ZINC72290660, were confirmed using in vitro enzymatic assays and their poses into site 6 led to calculated binding free energies matching the experimental ones. Our results provide strong evidence about the allosteric inhibition of FP-2 through binding of small molecules to site 6, thus opening the way toward the discovery of new inhibitors against this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Enrique Hernández González
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, SP, CEP 15054-000, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ave. Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ave. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS-Bloco D sala 30, Cidade Universitária Ilha de Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil. .,Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department for Material Sciences and Process Engineering - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Emir Salas-Sarduy
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo Ugalde, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CONICET, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lilian Hernández Alvarez
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, SP, CEP 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Diego Enry Barreto Gomes
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ave. Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ave. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS-Bloco D sala 30, Cidade Universitária Ilha de Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n - Campus Universitário, Bairro São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Geraldo Pascutti
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, Instituto de Biofı́sica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ave. Carlos Chagas Filho - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ave. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, CCS-Bloco D sala 30, Cidade Universitária Ilha de Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Chris Oostenbrink
- Institute for Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department for Material Sciences and Process Engineering - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vitor B P Leite
- Departamento de Física, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São José do Rio Preto, SP, CEP 15054-000, Brazil
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Ettari R, Previti S, Di Chio C, Zappalà M. Falcipain-2 and Falcipain-3 Inhibitors as Promising Antimalarial Agents. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3010-3031. [PMID: 32744954 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200730215316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a serious problem in global public health, particularly widespread in South America and in tropical regions of Africa and Asia. Chemotherapy is actually the only way to treat this poverty-related disease, since an effective vaccine is not currently available. However, the onset of resistance to the most common antimalarial drugs sometimes makes the current therapeutic regimen problematic. Therefore, the identification of new targets for a new drug discovery process is an urgent priority. In this context, falcipain-2 and falcipain- 3 of P. falciparum represent the key enzymes in the life-cycle of the parasite. Both falcipain- 2 and falcipain-3 are involved in hemoglobin hydrolysis, an essential pathway to provide free amino acids for the parasite metabolic needs. In addition, falcipain-2 is involved in cleaving ankirin and band 4.1 protein, which are cytoskeletal elements essential for the stability of the red cell membrane. This review article is focused on the most recent and effective inhibitors of falcipain-2 and falcipain-3, with particular attention to peptide, peptidomimetic or nonpeptide inhibitors, which targeted one or both the malarial cysteine proteases, endowed with a consistent activity against P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Santo Previti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Carla Di Chio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Aratikatla EK, Kalamuddin M, Rana KC, Datta G, Asad M, Sundararaman S, Malhotra P, Mohmmed A, Bhattacharya AK. Combating multi-drug resistant malaria parasite by inhibiting falcipain-2 and heme-polymerization: Artemisinin-peptidyl vinyl phosphonate hybrid molecules as new antimalarials. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 220:113454. [PMID: 33901900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have been able to reduce the clinical and pathological malaria cases in endemic areas around the globe. However, recent reports have shown a progressive decline in malaria parasite clearance in South-east Asia after ACT treatment, thus envisaging a need for new artemisinin (ART) derivatives and combinations. To address the emergence of drug resistance to current antimalarials, here we report the synthesis of artemisinin-peptidyl vinyl phosphonate hybrid molecules that show superior efficacy than artemisinin alone against chloroquine-resistant as well as multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains with EC50 in pico-molar ranges. Further, the compounds effectively inhibited the survival of ring-stage parasite for laboratory-adapted artemisinin-resistant parasite lines as compared to artemisinin. These hybrid molecules showed complete parasite clearance in vivo using P. berghei mouse malaria model in comparison to artemisinin alone. Studies on the mode of action of hybrid molecules suggested that these artemisinin-peptidyl vinyl phosphonate hybrid molecules possessed dual activities: inhibited falcipain-2 (FP-2) activity, a P. falciparum cysteine protease involved in hemoglobin degradation, and also blocked the hemozoin formation in the food-vacuole, a step earlier shown to be blocked by artemisinin. Since these hybrid molecules blocked multiple steps of a pathway and showed synergistic efficacies, we believe that these lead compounds can be developed as effective antimalarials to prevent the spread of resistance to current antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswar K Aratikatla
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Md Kalamuddin
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, 100 067, India
| | - Kalpeshkumar C Rana
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Gaurav Datta
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, 100 067, India
| | - Mohd Asad
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, 100 067, India
| | - Srividhya Sundararaman
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, 100 067, India
| | - Pawan Malhotra
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, 100 067, India
| | - Asif Mohmmed
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB), Aruna Asif Ali Marg, New Delhi, 100 067, India.
| | - Asish K Bhattacharya
- Division of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory (CSIR-NCL), Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411 008, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-NCL, Pune, 411 008, India.
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6
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Singh V, Hada RS, Uddin A, Aneja B, Abid M, Pandey KC, Singh S. Inhibition of Hemoglobin Degrading Protease Falcipain-2 as a Mechanism for Anti-Malarial Activity of Triazole-Amino Acid Hybrids. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:377-389. [PMID: 32000644 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200130162347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel drug development against malaria parasite over old conventional antimalarial drugs is essential due to rapid and indiscriminate use of drugs, which led to the emergence of resistant strains. METHODS In this study, previously reported triazole-amino acid hybrids (13-18) are explored against Plasmodium falciparum as antimalarial agents. Among six compounds, 15 and 18 exhibited antimalarial activity against P. falciparum with insignificant hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity towards HepG2 mammalian cells. In molecular docking studies, both compounds bind into the active site of PfFP-2 and block its accessibility to the substrate that leads to the inhibition of target protein further supported by in vitro analysis. RESULTS Antimalarial half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 15 and 18 compounds were found to be 9.26 μM and 20.62 μM, respectively. Blood stage specific studies showed that compounds, 15 and 18 are effective at late trophozoite stage and block egress pathway of parasites. Decreased level of free monomeric heme was found in a dose dependent manner after the treatment with compounds 15 and 18, which was further evidenced by the reduction in percent of hemoglobin hydrolysis. Compounds 15 and 18 hindered hemoglobin degradation via intra- and extracellular cysteine protease falcipain-2 (PfFP-2) inhibitory activity both in in vitro and in vivo in P. falciparum. CONCLUSION We report antimalarial potential of triazole-amino acid hybrids and their role in the inhibition of cysteine protease PfFP-2 as its mechanistic aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigyasa Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rahul Singh Hada
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar UP, 201314, India
| | - Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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7
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Uddin A, Singh V, Irfan I, Mohammad T, Singh Hada R, Imtaiyaz Hassan M, Abid M, Singh S. Identification and structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of carvacrol derivatives as potential anti-malarial against Plasmodium falciparum falcipain-2 protease. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104142. [PMID: 32763521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to develop a potent anti-malarial agent against Plasmodium falciparum, a structure-guided virtual screening using an in-house library comprising 652 compounds was performed. By docking studies, we identified two compounds (JMI-105 and JMI-346) which formed significant non-covalent interactions and fit well in the binding pocket of PfFP-2. We affirmed this observation by MD simulation studies. As evident by the biochemical analysis, such as enzyme inhibition assay, Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), live-cell imaging and hemozoin inhibition, JMI-105 and JMI-346 at 25 µM concentration showed an inhibitory effect on purified PfFP-2. JMI-105 and JMI-346 inhibited the growth of CQS (3D7; IC50 = 8.8 and 13 µM) and CQR (RKL-9; IC50 = 14.3 and 33 µM) strains of P. falciparum. Treatment with compounds resulted in defect in parasite growth and development. No significant hemolysis or cytotoxicity towards human cells was observed suggesting that these molecules are non-toxic. We pursued, structural optimization on JMI-105 and in the process, SAR oriented derivatives (5a-5l) were synthesized and evaluated for growth inhibition potential. JMI-105 significantly decreased parasitemia and prolonged host survival in a murine model with P. berghei ANKA infection. The compounds (JMI-105 and JMI-346) against PfFP-2 have the potential to be used as an anti-malarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amad Uddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India; Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vigyasa Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Iram Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Taj Mohammad
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Rahul Singh Hada
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India.
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Verma G, Khan MF, Mohan Nainwal L, Ishaq M, Akhter M, Bakht A, Anwer T, Afrin F, Islamuddin M, Husain I, Alam MM, Shaquiquzzaman M. Targeting malaria and leishmaniasis: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel pyrazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids. Part II. Bioorg Chem 2019; 89:102986. [PMID: 31146198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In continuance with earlier reported work, an extension has been carried out by the same research group. Mulling over the ongoing condition of resistance to existing antimalarial agents, we had reported synthesis and antimalarial activity of certain pyrazole-1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrid compounds. Bearing previous results in mind, our research group ideated to design and synthesize some more derivatives with varied substitutions of acetophenone and hydrazide. Following this, derivatives 5a-r were synthesized and tested for antimalarial efficacy by schizont maturation inhibition assay. Further, depending on the literature support and results of our previous series, certain potent compounds (5f, 5n and 5r) were subjected to Falcipain-2 inhibitory assay. Results obtained for these particular compounds further strengthened our hypothesis. Here, in this series, compound 5f having unsubstituted acetophenone part and a furan moiety linked to oxadiazole ring emerged as the most potent compound and results were found to be comparable to that of the most potent compound (indole bearing) of previous series. Additionally, depending on the available literature, compounds (5a-r) were tested for their antileishmanial potential. Compounds 5a, 5c and 5r demonstrated dose-dependent killing of the promastigotes. Their IC50 values were found to be 33.3 ± 1.68, 40.1 ± 1.0 and 19.0 ± 1.47 μg/mL respectively. These compounds (5a, 5c and 5r) also had effects on amastigote infectivity with IC50 of 44.2 ± 2.72, 66.8 ± 2.05 and 73.1 ± 1.69 μg/mL respectively. Further target validation was done using molecular docking studies. Acute oral toxicity studies for most active compounds were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohemmed Faraz Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Lalit Mohan Nainwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mohd Ishaq
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mymoona Akhter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Afroz Bakht
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box-173, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq Anwer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Gizan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhat Afrin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Islamuddin
- Molecular Virology Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
| | - Ibraheem Husain
- Molecular Virology Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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9
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Aggarwal S, Paliwal D, Kaushik D, Gupta GK, Kumar A. Pyrazole Schiff Base Hybrids as Anti-Malarial Agents: Synthesis, In Vitro Screening and Computational Study. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2019; 21:194-203. [PMID: 29436997 DOI: 10.2174/1386207321666180213092911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is one of the most vital infectious diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the Plasmodium genus. As P. falciparum, the cause of most of the severe cases of malaria, is increasingly resistant to available drugs such as amodioquine, chloroquine, artemisinin, and antifolates, there is an urgent need to identify new targets for chemotherapy. OBJECTIVE This study screened novel pyrazole derivatives carrying iminium & benzothiazole group for antimalarial potential against P. falciparum chloroquine sensitive (3D7) strain. MATERIALS & METHODS Several pyrazole schiff base hybrids with a wide range of substitution have been synthesized via condensation of substituted aniline with substituted 4-formylpyrazole and evaluated for their in vitro antimalarial activity against asexual blood stages of human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The interaction of these conjugate hybrids was also investigated by molecular docking studies in the binding site of P. falciparum cystein protease falcipain-2. The pharmacokinetic properties were also studied using ADME prediction. RESULTS Among all compounds, 6bf and 6bd were found to be potential molecules with EC50 1.95µg/ml and 1.98µg/ml respectively. Docking study results reveal that the pyrazole schiff base derivatives occupy the PfFP binding sites and they show good interactions with significant values of binding energies. CONCLUSION We provide evidence which implicates pyrazole Schiff base hybrids as potential prototypes for the development of antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deepika Paliwal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Dhirender Kaushik
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Girish Kumar Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, M.M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala 133203, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
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Allangba KNPG, Keita M, Kre N'Guessan R, Megnassan E, Frecer V, Miertus S. Virtual design of novel Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2 hybrid lactone-chalcone and isatin-chalcone inhibitors probing the S2 active site pocket. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:547-561. [PMID: 30696325 PMCID: PMC6352947 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1564288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report computer-aided design of new lactone–chalcone and isatin–chalcone (HLCIC) inhibitors of the falcipain-2 (PfFP-2). 3D models of 15 FP-2:HLCIC1-15 complexes with known observed activity (IC50exp) were prepared to establish a quantitative structure–activity (QSAR) model and linear correlation between relative Gibbs free energy of enzyme:inhibitor complex formation (ΔΔGcom) and IC50exp: pIC50exp = −0.0236 × ΔΔGcom+5.082(#); R2 = 0.93. A 3D pharmacophore model (PH4) derived from the QSAR directed our effort to design novel HLCIC analogues. During the design, an initial virtual library of 2621440 HLCIC was focused down to 18288 drug-like compounds and finally, PH4 screened to identify 81 promising compounds. Thirty-three others were added from an intuitive substitution approach intended to fill better the enzyme S2 pocket. One hundred and fourteen theoretical IC50 (IC50pre) values were predicted by means of (#) and their pharmacokinetics (ADME) profiles. More than 30 putative HLCICs display IC50pre 100 times superior to that of the published most active training set inhibitor HLCIC1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélalie Keita
- a Laboratoire de Physique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LPFA) , University of Abobo Adjamé (now Nangui Abrogoua) , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Raymond Kre N'Guessan
- a Laboratoire de Physique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LPFA) , University of Abobo Adjamé (now Nangui Abrogoua) , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Eugene Megnassan
- a Laboratoire de Physique Fondamentale et Appliquée (LPFA) , University of Abobo Adjamé (now Nangui Abrogoua) , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire.,b Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale et Théorique , University of Cocody (now Felix Houphouët Boigny) , Abidjan , Côte d'Ivoire.,c ICS-UNIDO , Trieste , Italy
| | - Vladimir Frecer
- c ICS-UNIDO , Trieste , Italy.,d Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia.,e International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Miertus
- c ICS-UNIDO , Trieste , Italy.,e International Centre for Applied Research and Sustainable Technology , Bratislava , Slovakia.,f Faculty of Natural Sciences , University of SS. Cyril and Methodius , Trnava , Slovakia
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Kumar P, Kadyan K, Duhan M, Sindhu J, Singh V, Saharan BS. Design, synthesis, conformational and molecular docking study of some novel acyl hydrazone based molecular hybrids as antimalarial and antimicrobial agents. Chem Cent J 2017; 11:115. [PMID: 29138944 PMCID: PMC5686033 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-017-0344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acyl hydrazones are an important class of heterocyclic compounds promising pharmacological characteristics. Malaria is a life-threatening mosquito-borne blood disease caused by a plasmodium parasite. In some places, malaria can be treated and controlled with early diagnosis. However, some countries lack the resources to do this effectively. RESULTS The present work involves the design and synthesis of some novel acyl hydrazone based molecular hybrids of 1,4-dihydropyridine and pyrazole (5a-g). These molecular hybrids were synthesised by condensation of 1,4-dihydropyridin-4-yl-phenoxyacetohydrazides with differently substituted pyrazole carbaldehyde. The final compound (5) showed two conformations (the major, E, s-cis and the minor, E, s-trans) as revealed by NMR spectral data and further supported by the energy calculations (MOPAC2016 using PM7 method). All the synthesised compounds were screened for their in vitro antimalarial activities against chloroquine-sensitive malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (3D7) and antimicrobial activity against Gram positive bacteria i.e. Bacillus cereus, Gram negative bacteria i.e. Escherichia coli and antifungal activity against one fungus i.e. Aspergillus niger [corrected]. All these compounds were found more potent than chloroquine and clotrimazole, the standard drugs. CONCLUSIONS In vitro antiplasmodial IC50 value of the most potent compound 5d was found to be 4.40 nM which is even less than all the three reference drugs chloroquine (18.7 nM), pyrimethamine (11 nM) and artimisinin (6 nM). In silico binding study of compound 5d with plasmodial cysteine protease falcipain-2 indicated the inhibition of falcipain-2 as the probable reason for the antimalarial potency of compound 5d. All the compounds had shown good to excellent antimicrobial and antifungal activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India.
| | - Kulbir Kadyan
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | - Meenakshi Duhan
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, 136119, India
| | | | - Vineeta Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
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Vijayaraghavan S, Mahajan S. Docking, synthesis and antimalarial activity of novel 4-anilinoquinoline derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1693-1697. [PMID: 28318947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-anilinoquinoline triazine derivatives were designed, synthesized and screened for in vivo antimalarial activity against a chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium berghei. The compounds were further subjected to in vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum and β-haematin inhibition studies. All the compounds exhibited in vivo antimalarial activity better than that shown by the standard drug, chloroquine. Twelve out of fifteen compounds showed better inhibition than that of chloroquine against chloroquine-resistant W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Ten compounds showed β-haematin inhibition, better than that of chloroquine, with IC50 values in the range of 18-25µM. One compound, 3k, was found to be better than artemisinin against W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum and also displayed the best β-haematin inhibitory activity, thereby becoming eligible to be explored as a potential lead for antimalarial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Vijayaraghavan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women's University, Sir Vithaldas Vidyavihar, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India.
| | - Supriya Mahajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, C.U. Shah College of Pharmacy, S.N.D.T. Women's University, Sir Vithaldas Vidyavihar, Santacruz (W), Mumbai 400049, India
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13
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Sharma RK, Younis Y, Mugumbate G, Njoroge M, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Chibale K. Synthesis and structure-activity-relationship studies of thiazolidinediones as antiplasmodial inhibitors of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:507-18. [PMID: 25486422 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Following a structure-based virtual screening, a series of 2,4 thiazolidinediones was synthesized in order to explore structure activity relationships for inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease falcipain-2 (FP-2) and of whole cell antiparasitic activity. Most compounds exhibited low micromolar antiplasmodial activities against the P. falciparum drug resistant W2 strain. The most active compounds of the series were tested for in vitro microsomal metabolic stability and found to be susceptible to hepatic metabolism. Subsequent metabolite identification studies highlighted the metabolic hot spots. Molecular docking studies of a frontrunner inhibitor were carried out to determine the probable binding mode of this class of inhibitors in the active site of FP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Kant Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Yassir Younis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Grace Mugumbate
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Drug Discovery and Development Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
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14
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Jin H, Xu Z, Cui K, Zhang T, Lu W, Huang J. Dietary flavonoids fisetin and myricetin: dual inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum falcipain-2 and plasmepsin II. Fitoterapia 2014; 94:55-61. [PMID: 24468190 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases in the developing world. Until now, only one candidate malaria vaccine RTS,S/AS01 has shown modest protection in phase 3 trial in African infants. Hence the treatment of malaria still depends on the current chemotherapeutic drugs. Considering the resistance of malaria parasites to almost all used antimalarial drugs, aiming at multi-targets rather than a single target will be a more promising strategy. Previous studies have shown that myricetin and fisetin exhibited in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, but very little research focused on the molecular mechanism for their parasiticidal activity. The cysteine protease falcipain-2 and aspartic protease plasmepsin II have long been considered as important antimalarial drug targets, especially combined inhibition of these two proteases. In this study, we determined that myricetin and fisetin are dual inhibitors of falcipain-2 and plasmepsin II, which might account for their antimalarial properties. Overall, the dual inhibition of falcipain-2 and plasmepsin II by myricetin and fisetin has shed light on a possible mechanism for their antimalarial activity and provided a rationale for further development as antimalarial drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huangtao Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhongyu Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Kunqiang Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tianshu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weiqiang Lu
- The Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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