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Sallam M, Nguyen NT, Sainsbury F, Kimizuka N, Muyldermans S, Benešová-Schäfer M. PSMA-targeted radiotheranostics in modern nuclear medicine: then, now, and what of the future? Theranostics 2024; 14:3043-3079. [PMID: 38855174 PMCID: PMC11155394 DOI: 10.7150/thno.92612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
In 1853, the perception of prostate cancer (PCa) as a rare ailment prevailed, was described by the eminent Londoner surgeon John Adams. Rapidly forward to 2018, the landscape dramatically altered. Currently, men face a one-in-nine lifetime risk of PCa, accentuated by improved diagnostic methods and an ageing population. With more than three million men in the United States alone grappling with this disease, the overall risk of succumbing to stands at one in 39. The intricate clinical and biological diversity of PCa poses serious challenges in terms of imaging, ongoing monitoring, and disease management. In the field of theranostics, diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that harmoniously merge targeted imaging with treatments are integrated. A pivotal player in this arena is radiotheranostics, employing radionuclides for both imaging and therapy, with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) at the forefront. Clinical milestones have been reached, including FDA- and/or EMA-approved PSMA-targeted radiodiagnostic agents, such as [18F]DCFPyL (PYLARIFY®, Lantheus Holdings), [18F]rhPSMA-7.3 (POSLUMA®, Blue Earth Diagnostics) and [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 (Locametz®, Novartis/ ILLUCCIX®, Telix Pharmaceuticals), as well as PSMA-targeted radiotherapeutic agents, such as [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 (Pluvicto®, Novartis). Concurrently, ligand-drug and immune therapies designed to target PSMA are being advanced through rigorous preclinical research and clinical trials. This review delves into the annals of PSMA-targeted radiotheranostics, exploring its historical evolution as a signature molecule in PCa management. We scrutinise its clinical ramifications, acknowledge its limitations, and peer into the avenues that need further exploration. In the crucible of scientific inquiry, we aim to illuminate the path toward a future where the enigma of PCa is deciphered and where its menace is met with precise and effective countermeasures. In the following sections, we discuss the intriguing terrain of PCa radiotheranostics through the lens of PSMA, with the fervent hope of advancing our understanding and enhancing clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sallam
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre (QMNC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Frank Sainsbury
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery (GRIDD), Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Research Center for Negative Emissions Technologies (K-NETs), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martina Benešová-Schäfer
- Research Group Molecular Biology of Systemic Radiotherapy, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Denmeade SR. Resolute Progress Down a Long and Winding Road Leads to the Promised Land of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Based Therapies for Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42:852-856. [PMID: 38181307 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.02310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
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Bogoni M, Cerci JJ, Trindade EM, da Silva MMF, Silveira MB, Pereira JL, Luz MDA, Teixeira BCDA. PSMA PET/CT in the Brazilian Unified Healthcare System reduces costs with futile salvage therapies in the management of cases of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Radiol Bras 2024; 57:e20240024. [PMID: 39268043 PMCID: PMC11392434 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2024.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To compare costs between treatment strategies employed prior to and after prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PSMA PET/CT) via the Brazilian Unified Health Care System and their impact on the therapeutic management of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Materials and Methods The referring physicians were surveyed on their treatment intentions (strategies) at two different time points: prior to and after PSMA PET/CT. Cost comparison results are presented as median (IQR) for each of the two strategies. The shift in therapeutic management after PSMA PET/CT was also analyzed. Results The study sample included 59 patients (mean age: 65.9 years). The PSMA PET/CT result was considered positive in 38 patients (64.4%) and was found to have an impact on the treatment strategy in for 36 patients (61.0%). Prior to PSMA PET/CT, salvage therapy (i.e., treatment with curative intent) was the intended treatment for most patients, and that was significantly less so after the examination (76.3% vs. 45.8%; p < 0.001). Conversely, a strategy involving systemic (i.e., palliative) therapy became more common after PSMA PET/CT (23.7% vs. 54.2%; p < 0.001). The after-PSMA PET/CT strategy presented higher overall costs than did the before-PSMA PET/CT strategy, in all scenarios evaluated. In all scenarios, nearly half of this cost difference was related to the cost of the PSMA PET/CT itself, the remainder being related to the new treatment choices that stemmed from knowledge of the PSMA PET/CT findings. Conclusion For patients treated within the Brazilian Unified Health Care System, PSMA PET/CT presented higher costs in comparison with conventional imaging methods. Adding PSMA PET/CT to the workflow had an impact on therapeutic management, mainly representing a shift from futile curative treatments to systemic palliative ones. The amount of funds that could potentially be saved by not providing such futile treatments would suffice to evaluate roughly two patients with PSMA PET/CT scans for each futile treatment strategy avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Evelinda Marramon Trindade
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HC-FMUSP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel Morita Fernandes da Silva
- Quanta - Diagnóstico por Imagem, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
- Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Hatamabadi D, Joukar S, Shakeri P, Balalaie S, Yazdani A, Khoramjouy M, Mazidi SM, Kobarfard F, Mosayebnia M, Bozorgchami N, Ahmadi M, Ayyoubzadeh SM, Shahhosseini S. Synthesis and Radiolabeling of Glu-Urea-Lys with 99mTc-Tricarbonyl-Imidazole-Bathophenanthroline Disulfonate Chelation System and Biological Evaluation as Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Inhibitor. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2023; 38:486-496. [PMID: 37578479 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2023.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Glu-Urea-Lys (EUK) pharmacophore as prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-targeted ligand was synthesized, radiolabeled with 99mTc-tricarbonyl-imidazole-BPS chelation system, and biological activities were evaluated. The strategy [2 + 1] ligand is applied for tricarbonyl labeling. (5-imidazole-1-yl)pentanoic acid as a monodentate ligand and bathophenanthroline disulfonate (BPS) as a bidentate ligand formed a chelate system with 99mTc-tricarbonyl. EUK-pentanoic acid-imidazole and EUK were evaluated for PSMA active site using AutoDock 4 software. Materials and Methods: EUK-pentanoic acid-imidazole was synthesized in two steps. BPS was radiolabeled with 99mTc-tricarbonyl at 100°C for 30 min. The purified 99mTc(CO)3(H2O)BPS was used to radiolabel EUK-pentanoic acid-imidazole at 100°C, 30 min. Radiochemical purity, Log P, and stability studies were carried out within 24 h. Affinity of 99mTc(CO)3BPS-imidazole-EUK was performed in the saturation binding studies using LNCaP cells at 37°C for 1 h with a range of 0.001-1000 nM radiolabeled compound range. Internalization studies were performed in LNCaP cells with 1000 nM radiolabeled compound incubated for (0-2) h at 37°C. Biodistribution was studied in normal male Balb/c mice. The artificial intelligence predicts the uptake of radiolabeled compound in tumor. Results: The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by mass spectroscopy. Radiochemical purity, Log P, and protein binding were ≥95%, -0.2%, and 23%, respectively. The radiolabeled compound was stable in saline and human plasma within 24 h with radiochemical purity ≥90%. There was no release of 99mTc within 4 h in competition with histidine. The affinity was 82 ± 26.38 nM, and the activity increased inside the cells over time. Biodistribution studies showed radioactivity accumulation in kidneys less than 99mTc-HYNIC-PSMA. There was a moderate accumulation of radioactivity in the liver and intestine. Conclusion: Based on the results, 99mTc(CO)3BPS-imidazole-EUK can potentially be used as an imaging agent for studies at prostate bed and distal areas. The chelate system can be potentially labeled with rhenium for imaging studies (fluorescent or scintigraphy) and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Hatamabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Safura Joukar
- Department of Nuclear Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Shakeri
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technolology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Institute, K. N. Toosi University of Technolology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Yazdani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Khoramjouy
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mazidi
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute (NSTRI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Kobarfard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Mosayebnia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Bozorgchami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Ahmadi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Ayyoubzadeh
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soraya Shahhosseini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Protein Technology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Alati S, Singh R, Pomper MG, Rowe SP, Banerjee SR. Preclinical Development in Radiopharmaceutical Therapy for Prostate Cancer. Semin Nucl Med 2023; 53:663-686. [PMID: 37468417 DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer death in men worldwide. Among the various treatment options, radiopharmaceutical therapy has shown notable success in metastatic, castration-resistant disease. Radiopharmaceutical therapy is a systemic approach that delivers cytotoxic radiation doses precisely to the malignant tumors and/or tumor microenvironment. Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals are composed of a therapeutic radionuclide and a high-affinity, tumor-targeting carrier molecule. Therapeutic radionuclides used in preclinical prostate cancer studies are primarily α-, β--, or Auger-electron-emitting radiometals or radiohalogens. Monoclonal antibodies, antibody-derived fragments, peptides, and small molecules are frequently used as tumor-targeting molecules. Over the years, several important membrane-associated proteases and receptors have been identified, validated, and subsequently used for preclinical radiotherapeutic development for prostate cancer. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is the most well-studied prostate cancer-associated protease in preclinical literature. PSMA-targeting radiotherapeutic agents are being investigated using high-affinity antibody- and small-molecule-based agents for safety and efficacy. Early generations of such agents were developed simply by replacing radionuclides of the imaging agents with therapeutic ones. Later, extensive structure-activity relationship studies were conducted to address the safety and efficacy issues obtained from initial patient data. Recent regulatory approval of the 177Lu-labeled low-molecular-weight agent, 177Lu-PSMA-617, is a significant accomplishment. Current preclinical experiments are focused on the structural modification of 177Lu-PSMA-617 and relevant investigational agents to increase tumor targeting and reduce off-target binding and toxicity in healthy organs. While lutetium-177 (177Lu) remains the most widely used radionuclide, radiolabeled analogs with iodine-131 (128I), yttrium-90 (89Y), copper-67 (67Cu), and terbium-161 (161Tb) have been evaluated as potential alternatives in recent years. In addition, agents carrying the α-particle-emitting radiohalogen, astatine-211 (211At), or radiometals, actinium-225 (225Ac), lead-212 (212Pb), radium-223 (223Ra), and thorium-227 (227Th), have been increasingly investigated in preclinical research. Besides PSMA-based radiotherapeutics, other prominent prostate cancer-related proteases, for example, human kallikrein peptidases (HK2 and HK3), have been explored using monoclonal-antibody-(mAb)-based targeting platforms. Several promising mAbs targeting receptors overexpressed on the different stages of prostate cancer have also been developed for radiopharmaceutical therapy, for example, Delta-like ligand 3 (DLL-3), CD46, and CUB domain-containing protein 1 (CDCP1). Progress is also being made using peptide-based targeting platforms for the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), a well-established membrane-associated receptor expressed in localized and metastatic prostate cancers. Furthermore, mechanism-driven combination therapies appear to be a burgeoning area in the context of preclinical prostate cancer radiotherapeutics. Here, we review the current developments related to the preclinical radiopharmaceutical therapy of prostate cancer. These are summarized in two major topics: (1) therapeutic radionuclides and (2) tumor-targeting approaches using monoclonal antibodies, small molecules, and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Alati
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rajan Singh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Martin G Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Baltimore, MD; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD.
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Boinapally S, Alati S, Jiang Z, Yan Y, Lisok A, Singh R, Lofland G, Minn I, Hobbs RF, Pomper MG, Banerjee SR. Preclinical Evaluation of a New Series of Albumin-Binding 177Lu-Labeled PSMA-Based Low-Molecular-Weight Radiotherapeutics. Molecules 2023; 28:6158. [PMID: 37630410 PMCID: PMC10459686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-based low-molecular-weight agents using beta(β)-particle-emitting radiopharmaceuticals is a new treatment paradigm for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Although results have been encouraging, there is a need to improve the tumor residence time of current PSMA-based radiotherapeutics. Albumin-binding moieties have been used strategically to enhance the tumor uptake and retention of existing PSMA-based investigational agents. Previously, we developed a series of PSMA-based, β-particle-emitting, low-molecular-weight compounds. From this series, 177Lu-L1 was selected as the lead agent because of its reduced off-target radiotoxicity in preclinical studies. The ligand L1 contains a PSMA-targeting Lys-Glu urea moiety with an N-bromobenzyl substituent in the ε-amino group of Lys. Here, we structurally modified 177Lu-L1 to improve tumor targeting using two known albumin-binding moieties, 4-(p-iodophenyl) butyric acid moiety (IPBA) and ibuprofen (IBU), and evaluated the effects of linker length and composition. Six structurally related PSMA-targeting ligands (Alb-L1-Alb-L6) were synthesized based on the structure of 177Lu-L1. The ligands were assessed for in vitro binding affinity and were radiolabeled with 177Lu following standard protocols. All 177Lu-labeled analogs were studied in cell uptake and selected cell efficacy studies. In vivo pharmacokinetics were investigated by conducting tissue biodistribution studies for 177Lu-Alb-L2-177Lu-Alb-L6 (2 h, 24 h, 72 h, and 192 h) in male NSG mice bearing human PSMA+ PC3 PIP and PSMA- PC3 flu xenografts. Preliminary therapeutic ratios of the agents were estimated from the area under the curve (AUC0-192h) of the tumors, blood, and kidney uptake values. Compounds were obtained in >98% radiochemical yields and >99% purity. PSMA inhibition constants (Kis) of the ligands were in the ≤10 nM range. The long-linker-based agents, 177Lu-Alb-L4 and 177Lu-Alb-L5, displayed significantly higher tumor uptake and retention (p < 0.001) than the short-linker-bearing 177Lu-Alb-L2 and 177Lu-Alb-L3 and a long polyethylene glycol (PEG) linker-bearing agent, 177Lu-Alb-L6. The area under the curve (AUC0-192h) of the PSMA+ PC3 PIP tumor uptake of 177Lu-Alb-L4 and 177Lu-Alb-L5 were >4-fold higher than 177Lu-Alb-L2, 177Lu-Alb-L3, and 177Lu-Alb-L6, respectively. Also, the PSMA+ PIP tumor uptake (AUC0-192h) of 177Lu-Alb-L2 and 177Lu-Alb-L3 was ~1.5-fold higher than 177Lu-Alb-L6. However, the lowest blood AUC0-192h and kidney AUC0-192h were associated with 177Lu-Alb-L6 from the series. Consequently, 177Lu-Alb-L6 displayed the highest ratios of AUC(tumor)-to-AUC(blood) and AUC(tumor)-to-AUC(kidney) values from the series. Among the other agents, 177Lu-Alb-L4 demonstrated a nearly similar ratio of AUC(tumor)-to-AUC(blood) as 177Lu-Alb-L6. The tumor-to-blood ratio was the dose-limiting therapeutic ratio for all of the compounds. Conclusions: 177Lu-Alb-L4 and 177Lu-Alb-L6 showed high tumor uptake in PSMA+ tumors and tumor-to-blood ratios. The data suggest that linker length and composition can be modulated to generate an optimized therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanth Boinapally
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Suresh Alati
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Zirui Jiang
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Yu Yan
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Alla Lisok
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Rajan Singh
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Gabriela Lofland
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Il Minn
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Robert F. Hobbs
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
| | - Martin G. Pomper
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Sangeeta Ray Banerjee
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, 1550 Orleans Street, Cancer Research Building 2, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (S.B.); (S.A.); (Z.J.); (I.M.); (R.F.H.); (M.G.P.)
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Fendler WP, Eiber M, Beheshti M, Bomanji J, Calais J, Ceci F, Cho SY, Fanti S, Giesel FL, Goffin K, Haberkorn U, Jacene H, Koo PJ, Kopka K, Krause BJ, Lindenberg L, Marcus C, Mottaghy FM, Oprea-Lager DE, Osborne JR, Piert M, Rowe SP, Schöder H, Wan S, Wester HJ, Hope TA, Herrmann K. PSMA PET/CT: joint EANM procedure guideline/SNMMI procedure standard for prostate cancer imaging 2.0. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:1466-1486. [PMID: 36604326 PMCID: PMC10027805 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-06089-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we aim to provide updated guidance and standards for the indication, acquisition, and interpretation of PSMA PET/CT for prostate cancer imaging. Procedures and characteristics are reported for a variety of available PSMA small radioligands. Different scenarios for the clinical use of PSMA-ligand PET/CT are discussed. This document provides clinicians and technicians with the best available evidence, to support the implementation of PSMA PET/CT imaging in research and routine practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang P Fendler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
- PET Committee of the German Society of Nuclear Medicine, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohsen Beheshti
- Division of Molecular Imaging & Theranostics, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jamshed Bomanji
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jeremie Calais
- Ahmanson Translational Theranostics Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Francesco Ceci
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Theranostics, IEO European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Steve Y Cho
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Frederik L Giesel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University and Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karolien Goffin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Hospital Leuven, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heather Jacene
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA
| | | | - Klaus Kopka
- Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Dresden, Germany
- School of Science, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernd J Krause
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Liza Lindenberg
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Charles Marcus
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela E Oprea-Lager
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph R Osborne
- Department of Radiology, Division of Molecular Imaging and Therapeutics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Morand Piert
- Department of Radiology, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Steven P Rowe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heiko Schöder
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simon Wan
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, UCLH NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technische Universität München, Walther-Meißner-Str. 3, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas A Hope
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
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Ding X, Bai S, Liu F, Michał N, Roman S, Peng N, Liu Y. NIR-II-triggered photothermal therapy with Au@PDA/PEG-PI for targeted downregulation of PSMA in prostate cancer. Acta Biomater 2023; 157:487-499. [PMID: 36521678 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although positron emission tomography (PET) imaging products targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) have been approved for marketing, clinical challenges remain in the study of its use as a therapeutic target, such as the complex synthesis process and side effects after treatment. Here, we developed a strategy for targeted photothermal therapy (PTT) using PSMA as the target. The results of molecular docking demonstrated that the synthesized PEG modified urea-based PSMA inhibitor (small molecular PSMA inhibitor, PI) PI-PEG has a high affinity energy (binding energy = - 8.3 kcal mol-1) for the PSMA target. Therefore, modification of PI-PEG onto the surface of gold@polydopamine (Au@PDA) with NIR-II absorption could enable targeted PTT against PSMA. This work revealed that the prepared Au@PDA/PEG-PI were not only highly selective for PSMA, but also could efficiently ablate PSMA expression by targeted PTT at the maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of the NIR-II laser. Moreover, Au@PDA/PEG-PI also have potential for photoacoustic (PA) imaging and computed tomography (CT) imaging. As the first strategy to downregulate the expression of PSMA and successfully inhibit prostate cancer by targeted PTT, this study case provides a new idea for the clinical translation of PSMA as an integrated target for tumor diagnosis and anti-tumor treatment. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: (1) Au@PDA/PEG-PI NPs were the novel PTT agent to target PSMA and successfully down-regulate PSMA expression. (2) Molecular docking results demonstrated that PI-PEG inhibitors have a high affinity energy for PSMA (binding energy = - 8.3 kcal mol-1). (3) Au@PDA/PEG-PI NPs can be targeted for efficient PTT at the MPE of the NIR-II laser. (4) Au@PDA/PEG-PI NPs also have the potential for PA and CT imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province & Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Shiwei Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Lab of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Fachuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province & Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Nowicki Michał
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 00-661, Poland
| | - Szewczyk Roman
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw 00-661, Poland
| | - Na Peng
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province & Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China; Belt and Road Joint Laboratory on Measurement and Control Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials of Hubei Province & Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, PR China; School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, PR China.
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9
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PSMA Receptor-Based PET-CT: The Basics and Current Status in Clinical and Research Applications. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13010158. [PMID: 36611450 PMCID: PMC9818911 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a 100 kD, 750 amino acid (AA) long type II transmembrane glycoprotein that has a short N-terminal intracellular domain with 19 AA, 24 AA transmembrane proteins and a large C-terminal extracellular domain with 707 AA. PSMA has been mapped to chromosome 11p 11-12 in the region of the folate hydrolase gene (FOLH1) and has no known natural ligand. The protein possesses enzymatic activity-glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP-II)-and is thought to have role in folate uptake (FOLH1 gene). 'PSMA' expression, although significantly up-regulated in prostate carcinoma (more in high-risk and aggressive variants), is not exclusive for it and is noted in various other benign and malignant conditions, especially in the neovasculature. Currently, PSMA PET-CT is approved for high-risk and biochemically recurrent prostate carcinoma (PCa), and in patient selection for PSMA based theranostics. This review aims to highlight the clinical evolution of the PSMA molecule and PSMA PET-CT as a diagnostic modality, various indications of PSMA PET-CT, the appropriateness criteria for its use, pitfalls and artefacts, and other uses of PSMA PET apart from prostate carcinoma.
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10
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Roberts MJ, Maurer T, Perera M, Eiber M, Hope TA, Ost P, Siva S, Hofman MS, Murphy DG, Emmett L, Fendler WP. Using PSMA imaging for prognostication in localized and advanced prostate cancer. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:23-47. [PMID: 36473945 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-022-00670-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-directed applications in modern prostate cancer management has evolved rapidly over the past few years, helping to establish new treatment pathways and provide further insights into prostate cancer biology. However, the prognostic implications of PSMA-PET have not been studied systematically, owing to rapid clinical implementation without long follow-up periods to determine intermediate-term and long-term oncological outcomes. Currently available data suggest that traditional prognostic factors and survival outcomes are associated with high PSMA expression (both according to immunohistochemistry and PET uptake) in men with localized and biochemically recurrent disease. Treatment with curative intent (primary and/or salvage) often fails when PSMA-positive metastases are present; however, the sensitivity of PSMA-PET in detecting all metastases is poor. Low PSMA-PET uptake in recurrent disease is a favourable prognostic factor; however, it can be associated with poor prognosis in conjunction with high 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clinical trials embedding PSMA-PET for guiding management with reliable oncological outcomes are needed to support ongoing clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Roberts
- Department of Urology, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Urology, Redcliffe Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Tobias Maurer
- Martini-Klinik Prostate Cancer Center, Department of Urology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlon Perera
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas A Hope
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Piet Ost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Iridium Network, GZA Ziekenhuizen, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shankar Siva
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Radiation Oncology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael S Hofman
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Prostate Cancer Theranostics and Imaging Centre of Excellence, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Declan G Murphy
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Melbourne University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Prostate Cancer Theranostics and Imaging Centre of Excellence, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Division of Cancer Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Emmett
- Department of Theranostics and Nuclear Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wolfgang P Fendler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- PET Committee of the German Society of Nuclear Medicine, Goettingen, Germany
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11
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Rowe SP, Salavati A, Werner RA, Pienta KJ, Gorin MA, Pomper MG, Solnes LB. 18F-Labeled Radiotracers for Prostate-specific Membrane Antigen. PET Clin 2022; 17:585-593. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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12
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Listro R, Rossino G, Piaggi F, Sonekan FF, Rossi D, Linciano P, Collina S. Urea-based anticancer agents. Exploring 100-years of research with an eye to the future. Front Chem 2022; 10:995351. [PMID: 36186578 PMCID: PMC9520293 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.995351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Suramin was the first urea-based drug to be approved in clinic, and in the following century a number of milestone drugs based on this scaffold were developed. Indeed, urea soon became a privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry for its capability to establish a peculiar network of drug-target interactions, for its physicochemical properties that are useful for tuning the druggability of the new chemical entities, and for its structural and synthetic versatility that opened the door to numerous drug design possibilities. In this review, we highlight the relevance of the urea moiety in the medicinal chemistry scenario of anticancer drugs with a special focus on the kinase inhibitors for which this scaffold represented and still represents a pivotal pharmacophoric feature. A general outlook on the approved drugs, recent patents, and current research in this field is herein provided, and the role of the urea moiety in the drug discovery process is discussed form a medicinal chemistry standpoint. We believe that the present review can benefit both academia and pharmaceutical companies' medicinal chemists to prompt research towards new urea derivatives as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Listro
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossino
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Piaggi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Falilat Folasade Sonekan
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniela Rossi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Simona Collina
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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13
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Spohn SKB, Farolfi A, Schandeler S, Vogel MME, Ruf J, Mix M, Kirste S, Ceci F, Fanti S, Lanzafame H, Serani F, Gratzke C, Sigle A, Combs SE, Bernhardt D, Gschwend JE, Buchner JA, Trapp C, Belka C, Bartenstein P, Unterrainer L, Unterrainer M, Eiber M, Nekolla SG, Schiller K, Grosu AL, Schmidt-Hegemann NS, Zamboglou C, Peeken JC. The maximum standardized uptake value in patients with recurrent or persistent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and PSMA-PET-guided salvage radiotherapy-a multicenter retrospective analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2022; 50:218-227. [PMID: 35984452 PMCID: PMC9668780 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-05931-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study aims to evaluate the association of the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in positron-emission tomography targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA-PET) prior to salvage radiotherapy (sRT) on biochemical recurrence free survival (BRFS) in a large multicenter cohort. Methods Patients who underwent 68 Ga-PSMA11-PET prior to sRT were enrolled in four high-volume centers in this retrospective multicenter study. Only patients with PET-positive local recurrence (LR) and/or nodal recurrence (NR) within the pelvis were included. Patients were treated with intensity-modulated-sRT to the prostatic fossa and elective lymphatics in case of nodal disease. Dose escalation was delivered to PET-positive LR and NR. Androgen deprivation therapy was administered at the discretion of the treating physician. LR and NR were manually delineated and SUVmax was extracted for LR and NR. Cox-regression was performed to analyze the impact of clinical parameters and the SUVmax-derived values on BRFS. Results Two hundred thirty-five patients with a median follow-up (FU) of 24 months were included in the final cohort. Two-year and 4-year BRFS for all patients were 68% and 56%. The presence of LR was associated with favorable BRFS (p = 0.016). Presence of NR was associated with unfavorable BRFS (p = 0.007). While there was a trend for SUVmax values ≥ median (p = 0.071), SUVmax values ≥ 75% quartile in LR were significantly associated with unfavorable BRFS (p = 0.022, HR: 2.1, 95%CI 1.1–4.6). SUVmax value in NR was not significantly associated with BRFS. SUVmax in LR stayed significant in multivariate analysis (p = 0.030). Sensitivity analysis with patients for who had a FU of > 12 months (n = 197) confirmed these results. Conclusion The non-invasive biomarker SUVmax can prognosticate outcome in patients undergoing sRT and recurrence confined to the prostatic fossa in PSMA-PET. Its addition might contribute to improve risk stratification of patients with recurrent PCa and to guide personalized treatment decisions in terms of treatment intensification or de-intensification. This article is part of the Topical Collection on Oncology—Genitourinary. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-022-05931-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon K B Spohn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Andrea Farolfi
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sarah Schandeler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco M E Vogel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Juri Ruf
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Mix
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Kirste
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Ceci
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, IEO European Institute of Oncology Scientific IRCCS, Milan, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Fanti
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Helena Lanzafame
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Serani
- Nuclear Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Christian Gratzke
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - August Sigle
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Denise Bernhardt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Juergen E Gschwend
- Department of Urology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef A Buchner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Trapp
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartenstein
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lena Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Unterrainer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephan G Nekolla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kilian Schiller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anca L Grosu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina-Sophie Schmidt-Hegemann
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Constantinos Zamboglou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 3, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,German Oncology Center, European University of Cyprus, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Jan C Peeken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
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14
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Lengana T, Lawal I, Janse Van Rensburg C, Mokoala K, Moshokoa E, Mazibuko S, Van de Wiele C, Maes A, Vorster M, Sathekge MM. The Diagnostic Performance of 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT in Prostate Cancer Patients with Early Recurrence after Definitive Therapy with a PSA <10 ng/ml. Nuklearmedizin 2022; 61:120-129. [PMID: 35421900 DOI: 10.1055/a-1759-1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM The prostate bed is one of the common sites of early recurrence of prostate cancer. The currently used PSMA ligands (68Ga-PSMA-11 and 99mTc-PSMA) undergo early urinary clearance resulting in interfering physiological activity within and surrounding the prostate. This can result in sites of cancer recurrence being obscured. 18F-PSMA-1007 has an advantage of delayed urinary clearance thus the prostate region is reviewed without any interfering physiological activity. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT in patients with early biochemical recurrence after definitive therapy. METHODS Forty-six Prostate cancer (mean age 66.7±7.5, range 48-87 years) presenting with biochemical recurrence (median PSA 1.6ng/ml, range 0.1-10.0) underwent non-contrast-enhanced 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT. PET/CT findings were evaluated qualitatively and semiquantitatively (SUVmax) and compared to the results of histology, Gleason grade, and conventional imaging. RESULTS Twenty-four of the 46 (52.2%) patients demonstrated a site of recurrence on 18F-PSMA-1007 PET/CT. Oligometastatic disease was detected in 15 (32.6%) of these patients. Of these 10 (37.5%) demonstrated intra-prostatic recurrence, lymph node disease was noted in 11 (45.8%) whilst two patients demonstrated skeletal metastases. The detection rates for PSA levels 0-<0.5, 0.5-<1, 1-2, >2 were 31.3%, 33.3%, 55.6% and 72.2% respectively. 7 (29.2%) of the positive patients had been described as negative or equivocal on conventional imaging. An optimal PSA cut-off level of 1.3ng/ml was found. CONCLUSION 18F-PSMA-1007 demonstrated good diagnostic performance detecting sites of recurrence. Its ability to detect sites of recurrence in the setting of early biochemical recurrence will have a significant impact on patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabo Lengana
- Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ismaheel Lawal
- Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Charl Janse Van Rensburg
- Biostatistics Unit, Pretoria MRC, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kgomotso Mokoala
- Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | | | - Christophe Van de Wiele
- Nuclear Medicine, Universiteit Gent Faculteit Geneeskunde en Gezondheidswetenschappen, Gent, Belgium
| | - Alex Maes
- Department Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leuven, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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15
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Radiolabeling of PSMA-617 with 89Zr: A novel use of DMSO to improve radiochemical yield and preliminary small-animal PET results. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 106-107:21-28. [PMID: 34998216 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Novel diagnostic and therapeutic options are urgently needed for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). PSMA-617 is one of the most promising ligands that bind to prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), the cell surface biomarker of CRPC. Of the radiolabeled PSMA ligands developed to date, [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-617 is most commonly used for PSMA positron emission tomography (PET) prior to radioligand therapy (RLT) with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617. However, the presence of 68Ga radioactivity (half-life 68 m) in urine at the early PET imaging time point complicates optimization of the therapeutic dose of PSMA-617 labeled with 177Lu (half-life 6.7 d). Thus, PET imaging with the long-lived positron emitter 89Zr (half-life 3.3 d) would be better suited in order to optimize the dose of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617 as 89Zr PET allows scans after excretion of the radioactive urine. Until now, PSMA-617 could not be radiolabeled with 89Zr with high radiochemical yield due to poor incorporation of 89Zr into 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA). Here we report a novel method for radiolabeling PSMA-617 with 89Zr and the preliminary results of small-animal PET with [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617. METHODS We labeled PSMA-617 with 89Zr in a 1:1 mixture of DMSO and HEPES buffer at 90 °C for 30 min, followed by quality control analysis by HPLC. We then determined the dissociation constant (Kd) and logD values of [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617. We obtained PET images of [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 at 24 h in mice bearing both LNCaP (PSMA-positive) and PC-3 (PSMA-negative) tumors (N = 5). The ex vivo [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 biodistribution was then examined separately using tissue samples of LNCaP-bearing mice at 2 h (N = 4) and 24 h (N = 4). RESULTS [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 was prepared with a radiochemical yield of 70 ± 9%. The Kd value was 6.8 ± 3.5 nM. The logD value was -4.05 ± 0.20. PET images showed the highest uptake in LNCaP tumors (maximum standardized uptake value, SUVmax = 0.98 ± 0.32) and low uptake in kidneys (SUVmax = 0.18 ± 0.7) due to the absence of urine radioactivity. CONCLUSION [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 was successfully prepared using DMSO and HEPES buffer. [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 visualized PSMA-positive LNCaP tumors in the absence of radioactive urine 24 h p.i. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT CARE This method of radiolabeling PSMA-617 with 89Zr using DMSO would be suitable for future clinical trials. Prediction of radiation dose by using [89Zr]Zr-PSMA-617 leads to the safe and effective RLT with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA-617.
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16
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Miyahira AK, Soule HR. The History of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen as a Theranostic Target in Prostate Cancer: The Foundational Role of the Prostate Cancer Foundation. J Nucl Med 2021; 63:331-338. [PMID: 34675109 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.262997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) is a credentialed imaging and therapy (theranostic) target for the detection and treatment of prostate cancer. PSMA-targeted positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and molecular radiotherapy (MRT) are promising evolving technologies that will improve the outcomes of prostate cancer patients. In anticipation of this new era in prostate cancer theranostics, this article will review the history of PSMA from discovery, through early and late stage clinical trials. Since 1993, the Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) has funded critical and foundational PSMA research that established this theranostic revolution. The history and role of PCF funding in this field will be discussed.
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17
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Li H, Luo D, Yuan C, Wang X, Wang J, Basilion JP, Meade TJ. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of PSMA-Positive Prostate Cancer by a Targeted and Activatable Gd(III) MR Contrast Agent. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17097-17108. [PMID: 34612645 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein that is highly expressed in aggressive prostate cancer (PCa) and has been extensively studied as a PCa diagnostic imaging biomarker. Multiple imaging modalities have exploited PSMA as a biomarker including magnetic resonance (MR), Optical, and PET imaging. Of all the imaging MR imaging provides the most detailed information, concurrently providing anatomical, functional, and potentially molecular information. However, the lower sensitivity of MR requires development of molecular MR contrast agents that provides high signal-to-noise ratios. Herein, we report the first targeted and activatable Gd(III)-based MR contrast agents prostate cancer probe 1 and 2 (PCP-1 and -2). We successfully used PCP-2 to differentiate between PSMA+ and PSMA- prostate cancer cells with both in vitro fluorescence imaging and in vivo MR imaging. The in vivo MR imaging results were further supported by ex vivo fluorescence imaging studies, showcasing the unique bimodal feature of PCP-2. Furthermore, PCP-2 highlights a unique molecular MR probe design strategy that improved the sensitivity of traditional biomarker-targeted MR imaging, addressing a critical unmet need in molecular MR imaging field. This work represents the first example of a targeted and activatable MR contrast agent that can be systemically administered in vivo to highlight PSMA+ prostate tumors, paving the way for the clinical translation of MR PSMA imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Departments of Chemistry; Molecular Biosciences; Neurobiology and Physiology; and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dong Luo
- Department of Radiology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Chaonan Yuan
- Departments of Chemistry; Molecular Biosciences; Neurobiology and Physiology; and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xinning Wang
- Department of Radiology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Radiology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - James P Basilion
- Department of Radiology and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Thomas J Meade
- Departments of Chemistry; Molecular Biosciences; Neurobiology and Physiology; and Radiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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18
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Shahrokhi P, Masteri Farahani A, Tamaddondar M, Rezazadeh F. The utility of radiolabeled PSMA ligands for tumor imaging. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:136-161. [PMID: 34472217 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a glycosylated type-II transmembrane protein expressed in prostatic tissue and significantly overexpressed in several prostate cancer cells. Despite its name, PSMA has also been reported to be overexpressed in endothelial cells of benign and malignant non-prostate disease. So its clinical use was extended to detection, staging, and therapy of various tumor types. Recently small molecules targeting PSMA have been developed as imaging probes for diagnosis of several malignancies. Preliminary studies are emerging improved diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of PSMA imaging, leading to a change in patient management. In this review, we evaluated the first preclinical and clinical studies on PSMA ligands resulting future perspectives radiolabeled PSMA in staging and molecular characterization, based on histopathologic examinations of PSMA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Shahrokhi
- Nuclear Medicine Center, Payambar Azam Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Arezou Masteri Farahani
- Nuclear Medicine Center, Payambar Azam Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Tamaddondar
- Nephrology Department, Payambar Azam Hospital, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rezazadeh
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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19
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El Fakiri M, Geis NM, Ayada N, Eder M, Eder AC. PSMA-Targeting Radiopharmaceuticals for Prostate Cancer Therapy: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163967. [PMID: 34439121 PMCID: PMC8393521 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary One of the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men is adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Once the disease is metastatic, only very limited treatment options are available, resulting in a very short median survival time of 13 months; however, this reality is gradually changing due to the discovery of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a protein that is present in cancerous prostate tissue. Researchers have developed pharmaceuticals specific for PSMA, ranging from antibodies (mAb) to low-molecular weight molecules coupled to beta minus and alpha-emitting radionuclides for their use in targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). TRT offers the possibility of selectively removing cancer tissue via the emission of radiation or radioactive particles within the tumour. In this article, the major milestones in PSMA ligand research and the therapeutic developments are summarised, together with a future perspective on the enhancement of current therapeutic approaches. Abstract Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most common cancer among men, with 1.3 million yearly cases worldwide. Among those cancer-afflicted men, 30% will develop metastases and some will progress into metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), which is associated with a poor prognosis and median survival time that ranges from nine to 13 months. Nevertheless, the discovery of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a marker overexpressed in the majority of prostatic cancerous tissue, revolutionised PC care. Ever since, PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy has gained remarkable international visibility in translational oncology. Furthermore, on first clinical application, it has shown significant influence on therapeutic management and patient care in metastatic and hormone-refractory prostate cancer, a disease that previously had remained immedicable. In this article, we provide a general overview of the main milestones in the development of ligands for PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy, ranging from the firstly developed monoclonal antibodies to the current state-of-the-art low molecular weight entities conjugated with various radionuclides, as well as potential future efforts related to PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El Fakiri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.E.F.); (N.M.G.); (N.A.); (A.-C.E.)
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas M. Geis
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.E.F.); (N.M.G.); (N.A.); (A.-C.E.)
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nawal Ayada
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.E.F.); (N.M.G.); (N.A.); (A.-C.E.)
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.E.F.); (N.M.G.); (N.A.); (A.-C.E.)
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-270-74220
| | - Ann-Christin Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetter Str. 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; (M.E.F.); (N.M.G.); (N.A.); (A.-C.E.)
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Freiburg, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Keeling GP, Sherin B, Kim J, San Juan B, Grus T, Eykyn TR, Rösch F, Smith GE, Blower PJ, Terry SYA, T M de Rosales R. [ 68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam: A Bisphosphonate PET Tracer with Facile Radiolabeling and Broad Calcium Mineral Affinity. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1276-1289. [PMID: 32786371 PMCID: PMC7611355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Calcium minerals such as hydroxyapatite (HAp) can be detected noninvasively in vivo using nuclear imaging agents such as [18F]NaF (available from cyclotrons), for positron emission tomography (PET) and 99mTc-radiolabeled bisphosphonates (BP; available from 99mTc generators for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or scintigraphy). These two types of imaging agents allow detection of bone metastases (based on the presence of HAp) and vascular calcification lesions (that contain HAp and other calcium minerals). With the aim of developing a cyclotron-independent PET radiotracer for these lesions, with broad calcium mineral affinity and simple one-step radiolabeling, we developed [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam. Radiolabeling with 68Ga is achieved using a mild single-step kit (5 min, room temperature, pH 7) to high radiochemical yield and purity (>95%). NMR studies demonstrate that Ga binds via the THP chelator, leaving the BP free to bind to its biological target. [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam shows high stability in human serum. The calcium mineral binding of [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam was compared in vitro to two other 68Ga-BPs which have been successfully evaluated in humans, [68Ga]Ga-NO2APBP and [68Ga]Ga-BPAMD, as well as [18F]NaF. Interestingly, we found that all 68Ga-BPs have a high affinity for a broad range of calcium minerals implicated in vascular calcification disease, while [18F]NaF is selective for HAp. Using healthy young mice as a model of metabolically active growing calcium mineral in vivo, we compared the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam with [18F]NaF as well as [68Ga]NO2APBP. These studies revealed that [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam has high in vivo affinity for bone tissue (high bone/muscle and bone/blood ratios) and fast blood clearance (t1/2 < 10 min) comparable to both [68Ga]NO2APBP and [18F]NaF. Overall, [68Ga]Ga-THP-Pam shows high potential for clinical translation as a cyclotron-independent calcium mineral PET radiotracer, with simple and efficient radiochemistry that can be easily implemented in any radiopharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Keeling
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Billie Sherin
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Jana Kim
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Belinda San Juan
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Tilmann Grus
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas R Eykyn
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Frank Rösch
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Fritz-Strassmann-Weg 2, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gareth E Smith
- Theragnostics Ltd, 2 Arlington Square, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 1WA, U.K
| | - Philip J Blower
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Samantha Y A Terry
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
| | - Rafael T M de Rosales
- School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London SE1 7EH, U.K
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21
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Shukla J, Vatsa R, Walia R, Chhabra A, Rana N, Singh H, Kumar R, Mittal BR. Development of Ga-68 DOTA-CRH for PET/CT Imaging of ACTH-Dependent Cushing's Disease: Initial Study. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2021; 36:642-650. [PMID: 34191604 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.4686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's disease accounts for 75% cases of the endogenous Cushing's syndrome. The size of lesion is usually very small, which results in false-negative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) even after biochemical confirmation of the disease. Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) the key controller of hypothalamus-pituitary--adrenal axis binds to CRH receptor R1 and R2. CRH R1 is overexpressed in pituitary adenomas. The present study aims to target these overexpressed receptors with Ga-68-DOTA-CRH for noninvasive imaging of ACTH-dependent pituitary adenomas. Materials and Methods: Custom-synthesized 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-CRH peptide was purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and characterized by mass spectra. Postradiolabeling optimization with Ga-68, quality control tests were carried out to ensure the suitability of Ga-68 DOTA-CRH for intravenous administration. A pilot study consisting of 15 patients including 6 known cases of macroadenoma underwent Ga-68-DOTA-CRH regional brain positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). The optimal imaging time and biodistribution studies were performed in five patients' whole-body and serial brain PET/CT imaging. Lesion activity was determined as SUVmax and correlated with CE-MRI and histopathology of excised tissue. Results: A retention time of 11.3 min and mass of 5145 Da was observed on HPLC and mass spectra. Radiolabeling yield of >98% was achieved under optimized conditions using 25-100 μg of conjugated peptide for 10-22 mCi of Ga-68. The quality control results were in agreement with acceptable criteria. Ga-68-DOTA-CRH was able to delineate ACTH secreting corticotropinoma in all 15 patients. Physiological uptake of radiotracer was observed in liver and spleen with diffused marrow activity. Excretion was noted by renal route. Imaging results were in correlation with CE-MRI and histopathology of excised tissue. Conclusion: Ga-68-DOTA-CRH PET/CT is a promising molecular imaging modality for detection of ACTH-dependent microadenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Shukla
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakhee Vatsa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rama Walia
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupriya Chhabra
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nivedita Rana
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harmandeep Singh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajender Kumar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bhagwant Rai Mittal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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22
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Siow A, Kowalczyk R, Brimble MA, Harris PWR. Evolution of Peptide-Based Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Inhibitors: An Approach to Novel Prostate Cancer Therapeutics. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3713-3752. [PMID: 33023429 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666201006153847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with approximately 1.1 million cases diagnosed annually. The rapid development of molecular imaging has facilitated greater structural understanding, which can help formulate novel combinations of therapeutic regimens and more accurate diagnosis, avoiding unnecessary prostate biopsies. This accumulated knowledge also provides a greater understanding of the aggressive stages of the disease and tumor recurrence. Recently, much progress has been made on developing peptidomimetic-based inhibitors as promising candidates to effectively bind to the prostate- specific membrane antigen (PSMA), which is expressed by prostate cancer cells. OBJECTIVE In this review, recent advances covering small-molecule and peptide-based PSMA inhibitors will be extensively reviewed, providing a base for the rational design of future PSMA inhibitors. METHOD Herein, the literature on selected PSMA inhibitors that have been developed from 1996 to 2020 were reviewed, emphasizing recent synthetic advances and chemical strategies whilst highlighting therapeutic potential and drawbacks of each inhibitor. RESULTS Synthesized inhibitors presented in this review demonstrate the clinical application of certain PSMA inhibitors, exhibited in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSION This review highlights the clinical potential of PSMA inhibitors, analyzing the advantages and setbacks of the chemical synthetic methodologies utilized, setting precedence for the discovery of novel PSMA inhibitors for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Siow
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Private Bag: 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Renata Kowalczyk
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Private Bag: 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Private Bag: 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Paul W R Harris
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Private Bag: 92019, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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23
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Urbanová K, Seifert D, Vinšová H, Vlk M, Lebeda O. Simple new method for labelling of PSMA-11 with 68Ga in NaHCO 3. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 172:109692. [PMID: 33770721 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.109692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II membrane protein widely expressed on the surface of prostate cancer cells. One of its functions is to act as a receptor mediating the ligand internalization. This PSMA property is employed in the diagnostics and therapy of prostate cancer. Over the years, small molecules with high affinity for PSMA have been developed and labelled with positron emitters (e.g. 68Ga, 18F, 11C, 64Cu, or 86Y). One of these radiolabelled ligands, [68Ga] PSMA-11, is one of the most widespread tracers for PET imaging of the prostate cancer. Many techniques have been proposed and tested for the 68Ga labelling of PSMA-11. The aim of our work was to design a labelling method of PSMA-11 that minimizes number of the used chemicals and steps, providing quantitative labelling yield at laboratory temperature and may be easily automated. METHODOLOGY A68Ge/68Ga generator eluate in 0.1 M HCl was loaded on an activated Oasis MCX cartridge, and the cartridge was then thoroughly washed with water. The radionuclide 68Ga was eluted from the cartridge with 0.1 M NaHCO3 (pH = 8.5, n = 36) or with the same solution with pH adjusted to 7.2-9.0 (n = 38). Precursor PSMA-11 was mixed directly with the cartridge eluate of 68Ga in 0.1 M NaHCO3 of given pH. For the stability test, samples of 68GaPSMA-11 in 0.1 M NaHCO3 (pH 8.5) were mixed in ratio 1 : 1 with the following solutions: 0.1 M NaHCO3 (pH 8.5), human serum, PBS and 0.9% NaCl. In order to estimate an effect of the time elapsed between 68Ga elution from the cartridge in 0.1 M NaHCO3 (pH 8.5) and the labelling onset of PSMA-11, the latter was initiated 0, 5, 10 and 20 min post elution and radiochemical yield was monitored. All the PSMA-11 labelled samples were subjected to radiochemical purity test using HPLC. The whole process starting from generator elution up to HPLC analysis commencement took 10-15 min. RESULTS Recovery of 68Ga from cartridge Oasis MCX using 0.1 M NaHCO3 at pH 8.5 was 71.5 ± 1.4%. Thirty six PSMA-11 samples (10 μg in reaction mixture) were labelled at pH 8.5 with total average radiochemical yield of 98 ± 2%. Recovery of 68Ga from cartridge Oasis MCX using 0.1 M NaHCO3 at variable pH of 7.2-9.0 was 62.5 ± 1.8% showing certain decrease with decreasing pH. A total of 138 samples of PSMA-11 were labelled with 68 Ga at variable pH (7.2-9.0) and four different amounts of PSMA-11 (1, 2.5, 5 and 10 μg) resulting in the labelling yields of 54.0 ± 5.3%, 88.2 ± 3.2%, 99.4 ± 0.3% and 99.9 ± 0.1%, respectively. Irrespective of the pH, the radiolabelling yield was quantitative for the molar ratio PSMA-11: 68Ga > 5000 : 1 in the reaction mixture. Stability tests in 0.1 M NaHCO3 (pH 8.5), human serum, PBS and 0.9% NaCl revealed no observable release of 68Ga from the 68Ga-PSMA-11 complex within 3 h. Similarly, the delay between the 68Ga elution from the Oasis MCX cartridge in 0.1 M NaHCO3 (pH 8.5) and start of the labelling of PSMA-11 labelling has no effect on the radiochemical yield. CONCLUSION A new method of labelling PSMA-11 ligand with 68Ga in 0.1 M NaHCO3 using Oasis MCX cartridges was proposed, developed and tested. The results demonstrated that it is rapid, simple, reproducible and easy to automate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Urbanová
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Physic Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež, Czech Republic; Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Seifert
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Physic Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vinšová
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Physic Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vlk
- Department of Nuclear Chemistry, Faculty of Nuclear Sciences and Physical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Lebeda
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals, Nuclear Physic Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Řež, Czech Republic.
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24
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Bandari RP, Carmack TL, Malhotra A, Watkinson L, Fergason Cantrell EA, Lewis MR, Smith CJ. Development of Heterobivalent Theranostic Probes Having High Affinity/Selectivity for the GRPR/PSMA. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2151-2166. [PMID: 33534560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we describe the development of heterobivalent [DUPA-6-Ahx-([111In]In-DO3A)-8-Aoc-BBN ANT] and [DUPA-6-Ahx-([177Lu]Lu-DO3A)-8-Aoc-BBN ANT] radiotracers that display very high selectivity/specificity for gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR)-/prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-expressing cells. These studies include metallation, purification, characterization, and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of the new small-molecule-/peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals having utility for imaging and potentially therapy. Competitive displacement binding assays using PC-3 cells and LNCaP cell membranes showed high binding affinity for the GRPR or the PSMA. Biodistribution studies showed favorable excretion pharmacokinetics with high tumor uptake in PC-3 or PC-3 prostatic inhibin peptide (PIP) tumor-bearing mice. For example, tumor accumulation at the 1 h time point ranged from (4.74 ± 0.90) to (7.51 ± 2.61)%ID/g. Micro-single-photon emission computed tomography (microSPECT) molecular imaging investigations showed very high uptake in tumors with minimal accumulation of tracers in the surrounding collateral tissues in xenografted mice at 4 h postintravenous injection. In conclusion, [DUPA-6-Ahx-([111In]In-DO3A)-8-Aoc-BBN ANT] and [DUPA-6-Ahx-([177Lu]Lu-DO3A)-8-Aoc-BBN ANT] tracers displayed favorable pharmacokinetic and excretion profiles with high uptake and retention in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra P Bandari
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Terry L Carmack
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Anil Malhotra
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States
| | - Lisa Watkinson
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Emily A Fergason Cantrell
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Michael R Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Charles J Smith
- Research Division, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Research Service Room A005, 800 Hospital Drive, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States.,University of Missouri Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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25
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Van Simaeys G, Doumont G, De Maeseneire C, Passon N, Lacroix S, Lentz C, Horion A, Warnier C, Torres D, Martens C, Vierasu I, Egrise D, Goldman S. [ 18F]-JK-PSMA-7 and [ 18F]-FDG tumour PET uptake in treated xenograft human prostate cancer model in mice. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:1773-1784. [PMID: 33398412 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-020-05169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This preclinical study aims to evaluate the extent to which a change in prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) following standard treatment is reflected in [18F]JK-PSMA-7 PET/CT. METHODS Castrated mice supplemented with testosterone implant were xenografted with human LNCaP CRPC. After appropriate tumour growth, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) was carried out by the removal of the implant followed by a single injection of docetaxel (400 μg/20-g mouse) 2 weeks later. [18F]JK-PSMA-7 PET/CT were performed before ADT, then before and at days 12, 26, 47 and 69 after docetaxel administration. The [18F]JK-PSMA-7 PET data were compared to corresponding unspecific metabolic [18F]FDG PET/CT and ex vivo quantification of PSMA expression estimated by flow cytometry on repeated tumour biopsies. RESULTS ADT alone had no early effect on LNCaP tumours that pursued their progression. Until day 12 post-docetaxel, the [18F]JK-PSMA7 uptake was significantly higher than that of [18F]FDG, indicating the persistence of PSMA expression at those time points. From day 26 onwards when the tumours were rapidly expanding, both [18F]JK-PSMA7 and [18F]FDG uptake continuously decreased although the decrease in [18F]JK-PSMA uptake was markedly faster. The fraction of PSMA-positive cells in tumour biopsies decreased similarly over time to reach a non-specific level after the same time period. CONCLUSION Applying PSMA-based imaging for therapy monitoring in patients with CRPC should be considered with caution since a reduction in [18F]JK-PSMA-7 PET uptake after successive ADT and chemotherapy may be related to downregulation of PSMA expression in dedifferentiated and rapidly proliferating tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Van Simaeys
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium. .,Service de médecine nucléaire, Hôpital Érasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gilles Doumont
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Coraline De Maeseneire
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Passon
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Simon Lacroix
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium.,Service de médecine nucléaire, Hôpital Érasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - David Torres
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Corentin Martens
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium.,Service de médecine nucléaire, Hôpital Érasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Irina Vierasu
- Service de médecine nucléaire, Hôpital Érasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dominique Egrise
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium.,Service de médecine nucléaire, Hôpital Érasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Serge Goldman
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium.,Service de médecine nucléaire, Hôpital Érasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Patel TK, Adhikari N, Amin SA, Biswas S, Jha T, Ghosh B. Small molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs): an emerging strategy for anticancer drug design and discovery. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04134c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of how SMDCs work. Small molecule drugs are conjugated with the targeted ligand using pH sensitive linkers which allow the drug molecule to get released at lower lysosomal pH. It helps to accumulate the chemotherapeutic agents to be localized in the tumor environment upon cleaving of the pH-labile bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar Patel
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Nilanjan Adhikari
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Sk. Abdul Amin
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Swati Biswas
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Tarun Jha
- Natural Science Laboratory
- Division of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
- Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700032
| | - Balaram Ghosh
- Epigenetic Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy
- BITS-Pilani
- Hyderabad
- India
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Pastorino S, Riondato M, Uccelli L, Giovacchini G, Giovannini E, Duce V, Ciarmiello A. Toward the Discovery and Development of PSMA Targeted Inhibitors for Nuclear Medicine Applications. Curr Radiopharm 2020; 13:63-79. [PMID: 31362683 PMCID: PMC7509769 DOI: 10.2174/1874471012666190729151540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rising incidence rate of prostate cancer (PCa) has promoted the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals during the last decades. Promising improvements have been achieved in clinical practice using prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) labeled agents, including specific antibodies and small molecular weight inhibitors. Focusing on molecular docking studies, this review aims to highlight the progress in the design of PSMA targeted agents for a potential use in nuclear medicine. RESULTS Although the first development of radiopharmaceuticals able to specifically recognize PSMA was exclusively oriented to macromolecule protein structure such as radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and derivatives, the isolation of the crystal structure of PSMA served as the trigger for the synthesis and the further evaluation of a variety of low molecular weight inhibitors. Among the nuclear imaging probes and radiotherapeutics that have been developed and tested till today, labeled Glutamate-ureido inhibitors are the most prevalent PSMA-targeting agents for nuclear medicine applications. CONCLUSION PSMA represents for researchers the most attractive target for the detection and treatment of patients affected by PCa using nuclear medicine modalities. [99mTc]MIP-1404 is considered the tracer of choice for SPECT imaging and [68Ga]PSMA-11 is the leading diagnostic for PET imaging by general consensus. [18F]DCFPyL and [18F]PSMA-1007 are clearly the emerging PET PSMA candidates for their great potential for a widespread commercial distribution. After paving the way with new imaging tools, academic and industrial R&Ds are now focusing on the development of PSMA inhibitors labeled with alpha or beta minus emitters for a theragnostic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pastorino
- Nuclear Medicine Department, S. Andrea Hospital, Via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19124 La Spezia, Italy
| | - Mattia Riondato
- Nuclear Medicine Department, S. Andrea Hospital, Via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19124 La Spezia, Italy
| | - Licia Uccelli
- Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine Department, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, University Hospital, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampiero Giovacchini
- Nuclear Medicine Department, S. Andrea Hospital, Via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19124 La Spezia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Giovannini
- Nuclear Medicine Department, S. Andrea Hospital, Via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19124 La Spezia, Italy
| | - Valerio Duce
- Nuclear Medicine Department, S. Andrea Hospital, Via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19124 La Spezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciarmiello
- Nuclear Medicine Department, S. Andrea Hospital, Via Vittorio Veneto 197, 19124 La Spezia, Italy
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Abstract
The major applications for molecular imaging with PET in clinical practice concern cancer imaging. Undoubtedly, 18F-FDG represents the backbone of nuclear oncology as it remains so far the most widely employed positron emitter compound. The acquired knowledge on cancer features, however, allowed the recognition in the last decades of multiple metabolic or pathogenic pathways within the cancer cells, which stimulated the development of novel radiopharmaceuticals. An endless list of PET tracers, substantially covering all hallmarks of cancer, has entered clinical routine or is being investigated in diagnostic trials. Some of them guard significant clinical applications, whereas others mostly bear a huge potential. This chapter summarizes a selected list of non-FDG PET tracers, described based on their introduction into and impact on clinical practice.
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Sgouros G, Bodei L, McDevitt MR, Nedrow JR. Radiopharmaceutical therapy in cancer: clinical advances and challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020; 19:589-608. [PMID: 32728208 PMCID: PMC7390460 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-0073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT) is emerging as a safe and effective targeted approach to treating many types of cancer. In RPT, radiation is systemically or locally delivered using pharmaceuticals that either bind preferentially to cancer cells or accumulate by physiological mechanisms. Almost all radionuclides used in RPT emit photons that can be imaged, enabling non-invasive visualization of the biodistribution of the therapeutic agent. Compared with almost all other systemic cancer treatment options, RPT has shown efficacy with minimal toxicity. With the recent FDA approval of several RPT agents, the remarkable potential of this treatment is now being recognized. This Review covers the fundamental properties, clinical development and associated challenges of RPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sgouros
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lisa Bodei
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jessie R Nedrow
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Golan H, Esa M, Moshkoviz K, Feldhaim A, Hoch B, Shalom E. Enhancing capacity and synthesis of [68Ga]68-Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC with the lyophilized ready-to-use kit for nuclear pharmacy applications. Nucl Med Commun 2020; 41:986-990. [PMID: 32796488 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The authors describe the newly proposed synthesis technique for the gallium-68 (Ga-68)-labeled tracer ([Ga]Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC) for imaging expression of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA). An effort was applied to design the lyophilized cold kit (isoPROtrace-11) as a time-saving technique resulting in increased radiochemical yields. PROCEDURES The initial material for labeling was obtained from a Ge/Ga-generator. For labeling with the lyophilized cold kit isoPROtrace-11, 2.5 ml 0.1 M HCl of the middle Ga-68 elution fraction were added to the kit, shook for dissolving the vial's contents and kept for 5 minutes at room temperature. A systematic comparison was carried out between results obtained with the cold kit technique and with previously used Modular-Lab module concerning the radiochemical yield, purity, and the time of producing. RESULTS Automated module-involved synthesis of [Ga]Ga-PSMA-HBED- CC resulted in a radiochemical yield of 84.2 ± 6.3% and purity of >95% after 25 minutes. The room temperature cold kit gave a radiochemical yield of >98% and purity of >95% after 5 minutes. CONCLUSION Using the kit method reduced the labeling time. The cold kit method increased production efficiency because less of the eluted Ga-68 was wasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Golan
- Theranostics and Molecular Imaging, Isotopia Molecular Imaging LTD
- Quality Assurance Department, Isotopia Molecular Imaging LTD
| | - Moad Esa
- Radiopharmacy Department, Isotopia Molecular Imaging LTD
| | | | - Asher Feldhaim
- Research and Development Department, Isotopia Molecular Imaging LTD, 39 Alexander Yanay St., Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Baruch Hoch
- Research and Development Department, Isotopia Molecular Imaging LTD, 39 Alexander Yanay St., Petach Tikva, Israel
| | - Eli Shalom
- Research and Development Department, Isotopia Molecular Imaging LTD, 39 Alexander Yanay St., Petach Tikva, Israel
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Kurash MM, Gill R, Khairulin M, Harbosh H, Keidar Z. 68Ga-labeled PSMA-11 (68Ga-isoPROtrace-11) synthesized with ready to use kit: normal biodistribution and uptake characteristics of tumour lesions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3109. [PMID: 32080309 PMCID: PMC7033090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
68Ga-PSMA-11, the radiotracer of choice for imaging of prostate cancer (PCa), may be produced with several radiolabeling techniques. Current study aimed to analyze various imaging parameters of the cold kit methodology produced 68Ga-PSMA-11 (68Ga-isoPROtrace-11) and to compare the results to available data in literature. Eighty 68Ga-PSMA-11 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans were evaluated. 68Ga-isoPROtrace-11 for all the studies was produced by the room temperature cold kit methodology using a lyophilized ready-to-use vial. Normal biodistribution of the tracer was recorded by measuring mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) and compared to the available published data. Pathological tracer uptake was measured using SUVmax in prostate gland (48 patients), lymph nodes (22 patients), bones (20 patients) and soft tissues (6 patients). Average tumour-to-background and tumour-to-liver contrast ratios were calculated. The data of 80 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT scans were analyzed. Radiochemical purity of the tracer was 91% or more. The highest normal tissue uptake value of 68Ga-isoPROtrace-11 was found in the kidneys (average SUVmean 41.7), followed by the parotid (average SUVmean 14.5) and submandibular glands (average SUVmean 13.02). Normal prostate tissue showed low tracer uptake (average SUVmean 2.4). The biodistribution of 68Ga-isoPROtrace-11 in normal tissues was found to be similar to other published results. Pathological uptake (average SUVmax ± standard deviation) in prostate gland was 11.3 ± 7.5, in lymph node metastases 14.6 ± 13.7, in bones 15.9 ± 15.9 and 24.2 ± 16.4 in soft tissues. Average tumour uptake of 68Ga-isoPROtrace-11 in prostate was 11.3, in lymph node metastases 14.6, in bone metastases 15.9 and in soft tissue metastases 24.2. Average tumour-to-liver and tumour-to-mediastinal blood pool ratios were 2.7 and 13.54 respectively. This study presents biodistribution data of 68Ga-isoPROtrace-11 in a large PCa patient subset, showing clinical applicability of the tracer. Using cold kit technology may enable a high quality and easy labeling process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronit Gill
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maria Khairulin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hanan Harbosh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Zohar Keidar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Calabria F, Pichler R, Leporace M, Wolfsgruber J, Coscarelli P, Dunzinger A, Schillaci O, Cascini GL, Bagnato A. 68Ga/64Cu PSMA Bio-Distribution in Prostate Cancer Patients: Potential Pitfalls for Different Tracers. Curr Radiopharm 2020; 12:238-246. [PMID: 31113354 DOI: 10.2174/1874471012666190515090755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 68Ga-PSMA is a widely useful PET/CT tracer for prostate cancer imaging. Being a transmembrane protein acting as a glutamate carboxypeptidase enzyme, PSMA is highly expressed in prostate cancer cells. PSMA can also be labeled with 64Cu, offering a longer half-life and different resolution imaging. Several studies documented bio-distribution and pitfalls of 68Ga-PSMA as well as of 64Cu- PSMA. No data are reported on differences between these two variants of PSMA. Our aim was to evaluate physiological distribution of these two tracers and to analyze false positive cases. METHODS We examined tracer bio-distribution in prostate cancer patients with negative 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT (n=20) and negative 64Ga-PSMA PET/CT (n=10). A diagnostic pitfall for each tracer was documented. RESULT Bio-distribution of both tracers was similar, with some differences due to renal excretion of 68Ga- PSMA and biliary excretion of 64Cu-PSMA. 68Ga-PSMA uptake was observed in sarcoidosis while 64Cu- PSMA uptake was recorded in pneumonitis. DISCUSSION Both tracers may present similar bio-distribution in the human body, with similar uptake in exocrine glands and high intestinal uptake. Similarly to other tracers, false positive cases cannot be excluded in clinical practice. CONCLUSION The knowledge of difference in bio-distribution between two tracers may help in interpretation of PET data. Diagnostic pitfalls can be documented, due to the possibility of PSMA uptake in inflammation. Our results are preliminary to future studies comparing diagnostic accuracies of 68Ga-PSMA and 64Cu-PSMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Calabria
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Theranostics, National Public Hospital "Mariano Santo", 87100, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Robert Pichler
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Kepler University Hospital, Neuromed Campus, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, A-4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Leporace
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Theranostics, National Public Hospital "Mariano Santo", 87100, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | | | - Andreas Dunzinger
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Kepler University Hospital, Neuromed Campus, Wagner-Jauregg Weg 15, A-4021 Linz, Austria
| | - Orazio Schillaci
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University "Tor Vergata", 00133, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS INM Neuromed, 86077, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lucio Cascini
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Nuclear Medicine Unit, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Bagnato
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Theranostics, National Public Hospital "Mariano Santo", 87100, Cosenza, Italy
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Role of Early PET/CT Imaging with 68Ga-PSMA in Staging and Restaging of Prostate Cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2705. [PMID: 32066750 PMCID: PMC7026091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59296-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ga-68 Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT is a new tool for the assessment of prostate cancer. Standard imaging time is 60 minutes post injection of radiotracer. At 60 minutes, there is physiologic accumulation of radiotracer in the urinary bladder which may cause some lesions in its vicinity to be obscured. Our aim is to determine if early imaging at 3 minutes in addition to standard imaging at 60 minutes can improve the detection of PSMA-avid lesions. A retrospective review of 167 consecutive patients was conducted. Overall, 115 patients (68.9%) were ruled to have prostate cancer based on imaging as seen on early or standard PET/CT images. In 106/115 (64%), the lesions were detected on both early and standard imaging; in 8/115 (6.9%), the lesions were only detected on early imaging; in 1/115 (0.6%) the lesion was detected only on standard imaging. The addition of early imaging significantly improved the overall detection rate of PSMA-avid lesions (p = 0.039). The ratio of patients with lesions detected on early imaging but not on standard imaging in restaging group was 7/88 and was higher than that in staging group 1/79 (p = 0.043). We recommend early imaging in addition to the standard imaging in Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT, particularly in patients presenting for restaging of prostate cancer.
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PSA and PSA Kinetics Thresholds for the Presence of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT-Detectable Lesions in Patients With Biochemical Recurrent Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020398. [PMID: 32046318 PMCID: PMC7072299 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
68Ga-PSMA-11 positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) is commonly used for restaging recurrent prostate cancer (PC) in European clinical practice. The goal of this study is to determine the optimum time for performing these PET/CT scans in a large cohort of patients by identifying the prostate-specific-antigen (PSA) and PSA kinetics thresholds for detecting and localizing recurrent PC. This retrospective analysis includes 581 patients with biochemical recurrence (BC) by definition. The performance of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT in relation to the PSA value at the scan time as well as PSA kinetics was assessed by the receiver-operating-characteristic-curve (ROC) generated by plotting sensitivity versus 1-specificity. Malignant prostatic lesions were identified in 77%. For patients that were treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) a PSA value of 1.24 ng/mL was found to be the optimal cutoff level for predicting positive and negative scans, while for patients previously treated with radiotherapy (RT) it was 5.75 ng/mL. In RP-patients with PSA value <1.24 ng/mL, 52% scans were positive, whereas patients with PSA ≥1.24 ng/mL had positive scan results in 87%. RT-patients with PSA <5.75 ng/mL had positive scans in 86% and for those with PSA ≥5.75 ng/mL 94% had positive scans. This study identifies the PSA and PSA kinetics threshold levels for the presence of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT-detectable PC-lesions in BC patients.
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de Carvalho L, Vieira D. Evaluation of genotoxic potential of peptides used in nuclear medicine (PSMA -617 and -11, and ubiquicidine 29-41) using a flow-cytometric, semi-automated analysis of micronuclei frequency in cell cultures. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:304-316. [PMID: 32071884 PMCID: PMC7016341 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Assays that rely on the assessment of frequency of micronuclei are important standard techniques currently used to quantify potential genotoxic damage after exposure to chemical or physical agents, such as ionizing radiation, or in pre-clinical studies, to assessment of the genotoxic potential of drugs or its components. The experiments are usually performed using conventional microscopy, but currently the protocols are being upgraded to automated approaches based on flow cytometry protocols based on the elimination of the plasma membrane by chemical agents, allowing quantification by flow cytometry. In this work, the genotoxic potential of peptides used as components of radiopharmaceuticals (PSMA-617 and 11 and Ubiquicidine) was evaluated exposing CHO-KI cells to a wide range of concentration (0.1X and 100X the maximum allowed concentration to human adults). Incubation with PSMA-11 or UBI29-41 did not induce genotoxicity. After 24 h of incubation, PSMA-617 induced genotoxicity only in non-practical concentration (100-fold). Results corroborate the safety of the pre-drugs and the wide detection range of technique.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D.P. Vieira
- Laboratório de Radiobiologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Av. Lineu Prestes 2242, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Potemkin R, Strauch B, Kuwert T, Prante O, Maschauer S. Development of 18F-Fluoroglycosylated PSMA-Ligands with Improved Renal Clearance Behavior. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:933-943. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Potemkin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brigitte Strauch
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torsten Kuwert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Prante
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simone Maschauer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Molecular Imaging and Radiochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander University (FAU), Schwabachanlage 12, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Synthesis and Evaluation of 99mTc-Tricabonyl Labeled Isonitrile Conjugates for Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) Image. INORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics8010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a biomarker expressed on the surface of prostate cancer (PCa). In an effort to improve the detection and treatment of PCa, small urea-based PSMA inhibitors have been studied extensively. In the present study, we aimed to develop 99mTc-tricabonyl labeled urea-based PSMA conjugates containing isonitrile (CN-R)-coordinating ligands ([99mTc]Tc-15 and [99mTc]Tc-16). Both the PSMA conjugates were obtained at high radiochemical efficiency (≥98.5%). High in vitro binding affinity was observed for [99mTc]Tc-15 and [99mTc]Tc-16 (Kd = 5.5 and 0.2 nM, respectively) in PSMA-expressing 22Rv1 cells. Tumor xenografts were conducted using 22Rv1 cells and rapid accumulation of [99mTc]Tc-16 (1.87 ± 0.11% ID/g) was observed at 1 h post-injection, which subsequently increased to (2.83 ± 0.26% ID/g) at 4 h post-injection. However, [99mTc]Tc-15 showed moderate tumor uptake (1.48 ± 0.18% ID/g), which decreased at 4 h post-injection (0.81 ± 0.09% ID/g). [99mTc]Tc-16 was excreted from non-targeted tissues with high tumor-to-blood (17:1) and tumor-to-muscle ratio (41:1) at 4 h post-injection at approximately 4 times higher levels than [99mTc]Tc-15. Uptakes of [99mTc]Tc-15 and [99mTc]Tc-16 to PSMA-expressing tumor and tissues were significantly blocked by co-injection of 2-(Phosphonomethyl)-pentandioic acid (2-PMPA), suggesting that their uptakes are mediated by PSMA specifically. Whole-body single photon emission computed tomography imaging of [99mTc]Tc-16 verified the ex vivo biodistribution results and demonstrated clear visualization of tumors and tissues expressing PSMA compared to [99mTc]Tc-15. In conclusion, using [99mTc]Tc-16 rather than [99mTc]Tc-15 may be the preferable because of its relatively high tumor uptake and retention.
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Maurer T, Graefen M, van der Poel H, Hamdy F, Briganti A, Eiber M, Wester HJ, van Leeuwen FW. Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen–Guided Surgery. J Nucl Med 2019; 61:6-12. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.232330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Hoffmann MA, Buchholz HG, Wieler HJ, Höfner T, Müller-Hübenthal J, Trampert L, Schreckenberger M. The positivity rate of 68Gallium-PSMA-11 ligand PET/CT depends on the serum PSA-value in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6124-6137. [PMID: 31693724 PMCID: PMC6817454 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study is to analyze the efficacy of 68Gallium (Ga)-PSMA-11 PET/CT for detecting and localizing recurrent prostate carcinoma (PC) in patients with different prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSA velocity (PSAvel) and doubling time (PSAdt).
Results: The PR of 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT showed a positive relationship with PSA levels. Even at restaging PSA-values (PSAV) of lower than 0.2 ng/ml, PR was 41%. For PSAV of 0.2-<0.5 ng/ml the PR was 45%, 62% for PSAV of 0.5-<1.0 and 72% for PSAV of 1.0-<2.0 ng/ml. The PR increased to 85% for PSAV of 2.0-<5.0 and reached 94% at PSAV of ≥5.0 ng/ml. At PSA of <1 ng/ml/y the PR of PSAvel was 50% and increased to 98% at PSA >5 ng/ml/y. No significant association was found for PSAdt.
Methods: PET/CT scans of 660 patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after primary therapy of PC were included in the analysis. We correlated serum PSA levels, measured at the time of imaging with PSMA PET/CT-positivity rates (PR) as well as PSAvel (in 225 patients) and PSAdt (660 patients). Additionally we compared the incidence of localized disease to metastases as related to these PSA-biomarkers.
Conclusion: We have shown, in a large cohort of patients, that 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT is a sensitive tool for restaging PC and has a high detection efficacy, even in patients with very low PSA levels (<0.2 ng/ml). Thus 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT both identify and localize recurrent disease with implications for a more direct treatment approach (localized vs. systemic therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela A Hoffmann
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, Supervisory Center for Radiation Protection, Federal Ministry of Defense, Bonn 53123, Germany.,Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55101, Germany.,Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Koblenz 56072, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Buchholz
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | - Helmut J Wieler
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Bundeswehr Central Hospital, Koblenz 56072, Germany
| | - Thomas Höfner
- Clinic of Urology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz 55101, Germany
| | | | - Ludwin Trampert
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Mutterhaus der Borromäerinnen, Trier 54290, Germany
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Tyrosine-based asymmetric urea ligand for prostate carcinoma: Tuning biological efficacy through in silico studies. Bioorg Chem 2019; 91:103154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Bispecific GRPR-Antagonistic Anti-PSMA/GRPR Heterodimer for PET and SPECT Diagnostic Imaging of Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11091371. [PMID: 31540122 PMCID: PMC6771040 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11091371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous targeting of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) could improve the diagnostic accuracy in prostate cancer (PCa). The aim of this study was to develop a PSMA/GRPR-targeting bispecific heterodimer for SPECT and positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostic imaging of PCa. The heterodimer NOTA-DUPA-RM26 was produced by manual solid-phase peptide synthesis. NOTA-DUPA-RM26 was labeled with 111In and 68Ga, with yields >98%, and demonstrated a high stability and binding specificity to PSMA and GRPR. IC50 values for natIn-NOTA-DUPA-RM26 were 4 ± 1 nM towards GRPR and 824 ± 230 nM towards PSMA. An in vivo binding specificity 1 h pi of 111In-NOTA-DUPA-RM26 in PC3-PIP-xenografted mice demonstrated partially blockable tumor uptake when co-injected with an excess of PSMA- or GRPR-targeting agents. Simultaneous co-injection of both agents induced pronounced blocking. The biodistribution of 111In-NOTA-DUPA-RM26 and 68Ga-NOTA-DUPA-RM26 revealed fast activity clearance from the blood and normal organs via the kidneys. Tumor uptake exceeded normal organ uptake for both analogs 1 h pi. 68Ga-NOTA-DUPA-RM26 had a significantly lower tumor uptake (8 ± 2%ID/g) compared to 111In-NOTA-DUPA-RM26 (12 ± 2%ID/g) 1 h pi. Tumor-to-organ ratios increased 3 h pi, but decreased 24 h pi, for 111In-NOTA-DUPA-RM26. MicroPET/CT and microSPECT/CT scans confirmed biodistribution data, suggesting that 68Ga-NOTA-DUPA-RM26 and 111In-NOTA-DUPA-RM26 are suitable candidates for the imaging of GRPR and PSMA expression in PCa shortly after administration.
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Kwon H, Son S, Byun Y. Prostate‐Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA)‐Targeted Radionuclide Probes for Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancer. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmok Kwon
- College of PharmacyKorea University 2511 Sejong-ro Sejong 30019 South Korea
| | - Sang‐Hyun Son
- College of PharmacyKorea University 2511 Sejong-ro Sejong 30019 South Korea
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of PharmacyKorea University 2511 Sejong-ro Sejong 30019 South Korea
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Choyke PL, Bouchelouche K. Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) imaging: the past is prologue. Transl Androl Urol 2019; 8:283-285. [PMID: 31555549 PMCID: PMC6732099 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.07.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter L. Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Bouchelouche
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Kumar P, Tripathi SK, Chen CP, Wickstrom E, Thakur ML. Evaluating Ga-68 Peptide Conjugates for Targeting VPAC Receptors: Stability and Pharmacokinetics. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 21:130-139. [PMID: 29802552 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1207-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the use of gallium-68 labeled receptor-specific peptides for imaging oncologic diseases. The objective was to examine the stability and pharmacokinetics of [68Ga]NODAGA and DOTA-peptide conjugate targeting VPAC [combined for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP)] receptors on tumor cells. PROCEDURES A VPAC receptor-specific peptide was chosen as a model peptide and conjugated to NODAGA and DOTA via solid-phase synthesis. The conjugates were characterized by HPLC and MALDI-TOF. Following Ga-68 chelation, the radiochemical purity of Ga-68 labeled peptide conjugate was determined by radio-HPLC. The stability was tested against transmetallation using 100 nM Fe3+/Zn2+/Ca2+ ionic solution and against transchelation using 200 μM DTPA solution. The ex vivo and in vivo stability of the Ga-68 labeled peptide conjugate was tested in mouse plasma and urine. Receptor specificity was determined ex vivo by cell binding assays using human breast cancer BT474 cells. Positron emission tomography (PET)/X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging, tissue distribution, and blocking studies were performed in mice bearing BT474 xenografts. RESULTS The chemical and radiochemical purity was greater than 95 % and both conjugates were stable against transchelation and transmetallation. Ex vivo stability at 60 min showed that the NODAGA-peptide-bound Ga-68 reduced to 42.1 ± 3.7 % (in plasma) and 37.4 ± 2.9 % (in urine), whereas the DOTA-peptide-bound Ga-68 was reduced to 1.2 ± 0.3 % (in plasma) and 4.2 ± 0.4 % (in urine) at 60 min. Similarly, the in vivo stability for [68Ga]NODAGA-peptide was decreased to 2.1 ± 0.2 % (in plasma) and 2.2 ± 0.4 % (in urine). For [68Ga]DOTA-peptide, it was decreased to 1.4 ± 0.3 % (in plasma) and 1.2 ± 0.4 % (in urine) at 60 min. The specific BT474 cell binding was 53.9 ± 0.8 % for [68Ga]NODAGA-peptide, 25.8 ± 1.4 % for [68Ga]-DOTA-peptide, and 18.8 ± 2.5 % for [68Ga]GaCl3 at 60 min. Inveon microPET/CT imaging at 1 h post-injection showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher tumor to muscle (T/M) ratio for [68Ga]NODAGA-peptide (3.4 ± 0.3) as compared to [68Ga]DOTA-peptide (1.8 ± 0.6). For [68Ga]GaCl3 and blocked mice, their ratios were 1.5 ± 0.6 and 1.5 ± 0.3 respectively. The tissue distributions data were similar to the PET imaging data. CONCLUSION NODAGA is superior to DOTA in terms of radiolabeling kinetics. The method of radiolabeling was reproducible and yielded higher specific activity. Although both agents have relatively low in vivo stability, PET/CT imaging studies delineated BC tumors with [68Ga]NODAGA-peptide, but not with [68Ga]DOTA-peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardeep Kumar
- Departments of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sushil K Tripathi
- Departments of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - C P Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Eric Wickstrom
- Departments of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathew L Thakur
- Departments of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. .,Departments of Radiation Oncology, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, JAH Suite 359, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA. .,Departments of Urology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Assadi M, Dadgar H. Quality control and GMP synthesis of 68Ga-prostate-specific membrane antigen-11 for detection of low- and high-grade prostate cancer. World J Nucl Med 2019; 19:93-98. [PMID: 32939194 PMCID: PMC7478300 DOI: 10.4103/wjnm.wjnm_82_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) labeled with 68Ga routinely used with higher sensibility and specificity than other radiotracers for detection of low and high grades of prostate cancer using positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography. 68Ge/68Ga generators are generally used with automated modules for the syntheses of 68Ga radiopharmaceuticals. The aim of the current study is to describe the procedures for labeling PSMA with radiotracers and their standard QC tests. The automated synthesis method for 68Ga-PSMA-11 was taken and set of a quality control based on chromatographic and spectrometric methods used to determine radiochemical and radionuclide purity of the radiolabeled compound. Meanwhile, high-performance liquid chromatography and rainbow trail Lutheran camp are the best choices after stability tests for assessment of radiochemical purity at the optimized conditions. The clinical utility of the synthesized radiopharmaceuticals was ascertained by performing PET scans in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Assadi
- The Persian Gulf Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences,Bushehr, Iran.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy, Bushehr Medical University Hospital, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Habibollah Dadgar
- Cancer Research Center, Razavi Hospital, Imam Reza International University, Mashhad, Iran
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Dietlein F, Hohberg M, Kobe C, Zlatopolskiy BD, Krapf P, Endepols H, Täger P, Hammes J, Heidenreich A, Neumaier B, Drzezga A, Dietlein M. An 18F-Labeled PSMA Ligand for PET/CT of Prostate Cancer: First-in-Humans Observational Study and Clinical Experience with 18F-JK-PSMA-7 During the First Year of Application. J Nucl Med 2019; 61:202-209. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.229542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Incidental Finding of Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT. Clin Nucl Med 2019; 44:e529-e531. [PMID: 31306192 DOI: 10.1097/rlu.0000000000002712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PSMA PET/CT is known to show uptake in various benign and malignant processes. The following PSMA PET/CT was performed for prostate carcinoma staging (Gleason 3 + 4 left apex; PSA 5.8). It shows incidental diffuse PSMA marrow uptake, not typical for prostate metastatic disease. No treatment had been commenced at the time of the scan. Serology and bone marrow biopsy showed B-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia. Focal PSMA uptake in the right ischium was correlated with a T1 hypointense lesion on a previous MRI and was convincing for a skeletal metastasis. Alternative diagnoses in diffuse skeletal PSMA uptake need therefore to be considered.
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Diao W, Cai H, Chen L, Jin X, Liao X, Jia Z. Recent Advances in Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen-Based Radiopharmaceuticals. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:33-56. [PMID: 30706785 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190201100739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common sex-related malignancy with high mortality in men worldwide. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is overexpressed on the surface of most prostate tumor cells and considered a valuable target for both diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer. A series of radiolabeled agents have been developed based on the featured PSMA ligands in the previous decade and have demonstrated promising outcomes in clinical research of primary and recurrent PCa. Furthermore, the inspiring response and safety of lutetium-177-PSMA-617 (177Lu-PSMA-617) radiotherapy represent the potential for expanded therapeutic options for metastatic castration-resistant PCa. Retrospective cohort studies have revealed that radiolabeled PSMA agents are the mainstays of the current success, especially in detecting prostate cancer with metastasis and biochemical recurrence. OBJECTIVE This review is intended to present a comprehensive overview of the current literature on PSMA ligand-based agents for both radionuclide imaging and therapeutic approaches, with a focus on those that have been clinically adopted. CONCLUSION PSMA-based diagnosis and therapy hold great promise for improving the clinical management of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Diao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Huawei Cai
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xi Jin
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyang Liao
- Institute of Urology, Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyun Jia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
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Sengupta S, Asha Krishnan M, Chattopadhyay S, Chelvam V. Comparison of prostate-specific membrane antigen ligands in clinical translation research for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1169. [PMID: 32721116 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), overexpressed on prostate cancer (PCa), is a well-characterized cell surface protein to selectively diagnose PCa. PSMA's unique characteristics and its 1000-fold higher expression in PCa compared with other tissues renders it as a suitable biomarker for detection of PCa in its early stage. In this report, we critically analyze and recommend the requirements needed for the development of variety of PSMA-targeted molecular imaging agents based on antibodies, small molecule ligands, peptides, and aptamers. The targeting moieties are either conjugated to radionuclear isotopes or near-infrared agents for efficient diagnosis of PCa. RECENT FINDINGS From the analysis, it was found that several small molecule-derived PCa imaging agents are approved for clinical trials in Europe and the United States, and few are already in the clinical use for diagnosis of PCa. Even though 111In-labeled capromab pendetide was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other engineered antibodies are available for detection of PCa, but high production cost, low shelf life (less than 1 month at 4°C), possibility of human immuno reactions, and low blood clearance rate necessitated a need for developing new imaging agents, which are serum stable, cost-effective, and possesses longer shelf life (6 months), have fast clearance rate from nontargeted tissues during the diagnosis process. It is found that small molecule ligand-derived imaging agents possesses most of the desired properties expected for an ideal diagnostic agent when compared with other targeting moieties. CONCLUSION This report discusses in detail the homing moieties used in the development of targeted diagnostic tools for detection of PCa. The merits and demerits of monoclonal antibodies, small molecule ligands, peptides, and aptamers for imaging of PCa and intraoperative guided surgery are extensively analyzed. Among all, urea-based ligands were found to be most successful in preclinical and clinical trials and show a major promise for future commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagnik Sengupta
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Mena Asha Krishnan
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Sudeshna Chattopadhyay
- Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.,Discipline of Physics, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.,Discipline of Metallurgy Engineering and Material Science, School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Venkatesh Chelvam
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.,Discipline of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
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Mishiro K, Hanaoka H, Yamaguchi A, Ogawa K. Radiotheranostics with radiolanthanides: Design, development strategies, and medical applications. Coord Chem Rev 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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