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Duan L, Calhoun S, Perez RE, Macias V, Mir F, Pergande MR, Gattuso P, Borgia JA, Maki CG. Prolyl Carboxypeptidase Maintains Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Signaling and Is a Potential Therapeutic Target in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030739. [PMID: 35159006 PMCID: PMC8833515 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive cancer type with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. Our research has revealed that a protein called prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a potential therapy target for TNBC. We found that high levels of PRCP in tumors coincides with worse prognosis in TNBC patients. Inhibition of PRCP with a small molecule inhibitor blocked TNBC cell and tumor growth and inhibited the activity of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), proteins that are located on the surface of cells and that are important for cancer development and progression. Our findings suggest that PRCP is a novel prognostic factor for TNBC and that specific inhibitors of PRCP could be developed for TNBC treatment. Abstract TNBC is an aggressive cancer sub-type with limited treatment options and poor prognosis. New therapeutic targets are needed to improve outcomes in TNBC patients. PRCP is a lysosomal serine protease that cleaves peptide substrates when the penultimate amino acid is proline. A role for PRCP in TNBC or other cancers, and its potential as a therapy target has not yet been tested. In the current study, we found high tumor expression of PRCP associates with worse outcome and earlier recurrence in TNBC patients. Knockdown of PRCP or treatment with a small molecule PRCP inhibitor blocked proliferation and survival in TNBC cell lines and inhibited growth of TNBC tumors in mice. Mechanistically, we found PRCP maintains signaling from multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), potentially by promoting crosstalk between RTKs and G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Lastly, we found that the PRCP inhibitor caused synergistic killing of TNBC cells when combined with the EGFR and ErbB2 inhibitor lapatinib. Our results suggest that PRCP is potential prognostic marker for TNBC patient outcome and a novel therapeutic target for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Duan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina Ave, AcFac 507, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.D.); (S.C.); (R.E.P.); (M.R.P.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Sarah Calhoun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina Ave, AcFac 507, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.D.); (S.C.); (R.E.P.); (M.R.P.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Ricardo E. Perez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina Ave, AcFac 507, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.D.); (S.C.); (R.E.P.); (M.R.P.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Virgilia Macias
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, 909 S. Wolcott St, Rm 6128, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Fatima Mir
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (F.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Melissa R. Pergande
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina Ave, AcFac 507, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.D.); (S.C.); (R.E.P.); (M.R.P.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Paolo Gattuso
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (F.M.); (P.G.)
| | - Jeffrey A. Borgia
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina Ave, AcFac 507, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.D.); (S.C.); (R.E.P.); (M.R.P.); (J.A.B.)
| | - Carl G. Maki
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, 600 S. Paulina Ave, AcFac 507, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (L.D.); (S.C.); (R.E.P.); (M.R.P.); (J.A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +312-563-3380
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Vanston CR, Nicholls TP, Bissember AC, Gardiner MG, Ho CC. Cationic Charge-Appended Abnormal Carbenes: Synthesis and Study of Electronically Modified Abnormal N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:622-632. [PMID: 34941242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A range of palladium complexes featuring electronically modified, imidazole-based abnormal N-heterocyclic carbene (aNHC) ligands have been prepared in the hopes of accessing a new class of cationic aNHC ligands electronically distinct from normal NHCs and aNHCs. These palladium complexes represent the first examples of transition metal-ligated aNHC complexes featuring a cationic moiety adjacent to the abnormal carbene center. It was anticipated that these design principles could facilitate electron transfer between the imidazolinylidene and the cationic heterocycle, thus reducing the electron density at the abnormal carbene center. However, this case study suggests that greater conformational restrictions that allow for heterocycle coplanarity are necessary to achieve significant electron transfer and enable access to a new class of cationic charge-appended aNHCs with unique electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona R Vanston
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Thomas P Nicholls
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Alex C Bissember
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Michael G Gardiner
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Curtis C Ho
- School of Natural Sciences-Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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De Hert E, Bracke A, Lambeir AM, Van der Veken P, De Meester I. The C-terminal cleavage of angiotensin II and III is mediated by prolyl carboxypeptidase in human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114738. [PMID: 34418354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system, with the octapeptide angiotensin II as key player, is important in the renal, cardiac and vascular physiology. Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP), prolyl endopeptidase (PREP) and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) are reported to be involved in the conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin (1-7). Previous investigations showed that the processing of angiotensin II is cell- and species-specific and little is known about its conversion in human endothelial cells. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the C-terminal processing of angiotensin II and III in comparison to the processing of des-Arg9-bradykinin in human endothelial cells. To this end, human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells (HUVEC and HAoEC) were incubated with the peptides for different time periods. Mass spectrometry analysis was performed on the supernatants to check for cleavage products. Contribution of PRCP, ACE2 and PREP to the peptide cleavage was evaluated by use of the selective inhibitors compound 8o, DX600 and KYP-2047. The use of these selective inhibitors revealed that the C-terminal cleavage of angiotensin II and III was PRCP-dependent in HUVEC and HAoEC. In contrast, the C-terminal cleavage of des-Arg9-bradykinin was PRCP-dependent in HUVEC and PRCP- and ACE2-dependent in HAoEC. With this study, we contribute to a better understanding of the processing of peptides involved in the alternative renin-angiotensin system. We conclude that PRCP is the main enzyme for the C-terminal processing of angiotensin peptides in human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells. For the first time the contribution of PRCP was investigated by use of a selective PRCP-inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie De Hert
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - An Bracke
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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De Hert E, De Meester I. Use of Nonspecific Protease Inhibitors in Research: An Underestimated Problem. J Am Coll Cardiol 2021; 78:542-543. [PMID: 34325847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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De Hert E, Bracke A, Pintelon I, Janssens E, Lambeir AM, Van Der Veken P, De Meester I. Prolyl Carboxypeptidase Mediates the C-Terminal Cleavage of (Pyr)-Apelin-13 in Human Umbilical Vein and Aortic Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136698. [PMID: 34206648 PMCID: PMC8268575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the C-terminal cleavage of (pyr)-apelin-13 in human endothelial cells with respect to the role and subcellular location of prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP). Human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells, pre-treated with prolyl carboxypeptidase-inhibitor compound 8o and/or angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)-inhibitor DX600, were incubated with (pyr)-apelin-13 for different time periods. Cleavage products of (pyr)-apelin-13 in the supernatant were identified by mass spectrometry. The subcellular location of PRCP was examined via immunocytochemistry. In addition, PRCP activity was measured in supernatants and cell lysates of LPS-, TNFα-, and IL-1β-stimulated cells. PRCP cleaved (pyr)-apelin-13 in human umbilical vein and aortic endothelial cells, while ACE2 only contributed to this cleavage in aortic endothelial cells. PRCP was found in endothelial cell lysosomes. Pro-inflammatory stimulation induced the secretion of PRCP in the extracellular environment of endothelial cells, while its intracellular level remained intact. In conclusion, PRCP, observed in endothelial lysosomes, is responsible for the C-terminal cleavage of (pyr)-apelin-13 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, while in aortic endothelial cells ACE2 also contributes to this cleavage. These results pave the way to further elucidate the relevance of the C-terminal Phe of (pyr)-apelin-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie De Hert
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - An Bracke
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Eline Janssens
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
| | - Pieter Van Der Veken
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (E.D.H.); (A.B.); (E.J.); (A.-M.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-3265-2741
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Dunaevsky YE, Tereshchenkova VF, Oppert B, Belozersky MA, Filippova IY, Elpidina EN. Human proline specific peptidases: A comprehensive analysis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang C, Abegg D, Dwyer BG, Adibekian A. Discovery and Evaluation of New Activity‐Based Probes for Serine Hydrolases. Chembiochem 2019; 20:2212-2216. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33418 USA
| | - Daniel Abegg
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33418 USA
| | - Brendan G. Dwyer
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33418 USA
| | - Alexander Adibekian
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute 130 Scripps Way Jupiter FL 33418 USA
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Huang T, Wu X, Yu Y, An L, Yin X. A convenient synthesis of 2-acyl benzothiazoles/thiazoles from benzothiazole/thiazole and N,N'-carbonyldiimidazole activated carboxylic acids. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jud W, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Catalyst-Free Oxytrifluoromethylation of Alkenes through Paired Electrolysis in Organic-Aqueous Media. Chemistry 2018; 24:17234-17238. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jud
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW); Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW); Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CC FLOW); Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE); Inffeldgasse 13 8010 Graz Austria
- Institute of Chemistry; University of Graz; Heinrichstrasse 28 8010 Graz Austria
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11
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Rinne P, Lyytikäinen LP, Raitoharju E, Kadiri JJ, Kholova I, Kähönen M, Lehtimäki T, Oksala N. Pro-opiomelanocortin and its Processing Enzymes Associate with Plaque Stability in Human Atherosclerosis - Tampere Vascular Study. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15078. [PMID: 30305673 PMCID: PMC6180013 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33523-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is processed from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and mediates anti-inflammatory actions in leukocytes. α-MSH also promotes macrophage reverse cholesterol transport by inducing ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1. Here we investigated the regulation of POMC and α-MSH expression in atherosclerosis. First, transcript levels of POMC and its processing enzymes were analyzed in human arterial plaques (n = 68) and non-atherosclerotic controls (n = 24) as well as in whole blood samples from coronary artery disease patients (n = 55) and controls (n = 45) by microarray. POMC expression was increased in femoral plaques compared to control samples as well as in unstable advanced plaques. α-MSH-producing enzyme, carboxypeptidase E, was down-regulated, whereas prolylcarboxypeptidase, an enzyme inactivating α-MSH, was up-regulated in unstable plaques compared to stable plaques, suggesting a possible reduction in intraplaque α-MSH levels. Second, immunohistochemical analyses revealed the presence of α-MSH in atherosclerotic plaques and its localization in macrophages and other cell types. Lastly, supporting the role of α-MSH in reverse cholesterol transport, POMC expression correlated with ABCA1 and ABCG1 in human plaque and whole blood samples. In conclusion, α-MSH is expressed in atherosclerotic plaques and its processing enzymes associate with plaque stability, suggesting that measures to enhance the local bioavailability of α-MSH might protect against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petteri Rinne
- Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Leo-Pekka Lyytikäinen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Emma Raitoharju
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - James J Kadiri
- Research Center for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ivana Kholova
- Department of Pathology, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Niku Oksala
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland. .,Department of Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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Jiang CS, Zhou ZF, Yang XH, Lan LF, Gu YC, Ye BP, Guo YW. Antibacterial sorbicillin and diketopiperazines from the endogenous fungus Penicillium sp. GD6 associated Chinese mangrove Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 16:358-365. [PMID: 29860997 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(18)30068-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One new sorbicillin derivative, 2-deoxy-sohirnone C (1), one new diketopiperazine alkaloid, 5S-hydroxynorvaline-S-Ile (2), and two naturally occurring diketopiperazines, 3S-hydroxylcyclo(S-Pro-S-Phe) (3) and cyclo(S-Phe-S-Gln) (4), together with three known compounds were isolated from the Chinese mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. GD6. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with literature data. The absolute configuration of 3-hydroxyl moiety in 3 was determined by Mosher's method, while the absolute stereochemistry of 2 and 4 was established by comparison with the CD spectra of natural and synthesized diketopiperazines. Compound 1 showed moderate antibacterial activity against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC value of 80 μg·mL-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Shi Jiang
- China State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Zhen-Fang Zhou
- China State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Yang
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Le-Fu Lan
- China State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Bo-Ping Ye
- School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- China State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Chen HX, Kang J, Chang R, Zhang YL, Duan HZ, Li YM, Chen YX. Synthesis of α,α-Difluorinated Phosphonate pSer/pThr Mimetics via Rhodium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Difluorophosphonomethyl α-(Acylamino)acrylates. Org Lett 2018; 20:3278-3281. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Kang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun-Lai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Duan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Kehoe K, Noels H, Theelen W, De Hert E, Xu S, Verrijken A, Arnould T, Fransen E, Hermans N, Lambeir AM, Venge P, Van Gaal L, De Meester I. Prolyl carboxypeptidase activity in the circulation and its correlation with body weight and adipose tissue in lean and obese subjects. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197603. [PMID: 29772029 PMCID: PMC5957431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP) is involved in the regulation of body weight, likely by hydrolysing alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and apelin in the hypothalamus and in the periphery. A link between PRCP protein concentrations in plasma and metabolic disorders has been reported. In this study, we investigated the distribution of circulating PRCP activity and assessed its relation with body weight and adipose tissue in obese patients and patients who significantly lost weight. Methods PRCP activity was measured using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography in different isolated blood fractions and primary human cells to investigate the distribution of circulating PRCP. PRCP activity was measured in serum of individuals (n = 75) categorized based on their body mass index (BMI < 25.0; 25.0–29.9; 30.0–39.9; ≥ 40.0 kg/m2) and the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Differences in serum PRCP activity were determined before and six months after weight loss, either by diet (n = 45) or by bariatric surgery (n = 24). Potential correlations between serum PRCP activity and several metabolic and biochemical parameters were assessed. Additionally, plasma PRCP concentrations were quantified using a sensitive ELISA in the bariatric surgery group. Results White blood cells and plasma contributed the most to circulating PRCP activity. Serum PRCP activity in lean subjects was 0.83 ± 0.04 U/L and increased significantly with a rising BMI (p<0.001) and decreased upon weight loss (diet, p<0.05; bariatric surgery, p<0.001). The serum PRCP activity alteration reflected body weight changes and was found to be positively correlated with several metabolic parameters, including: total, abdominal and visceral adipose tissue. Plasma PRCP concentration was found to be significantly correlated to serum PRCP activity (0.865; p<0.001). Additionally, a significant decrease (p<0.001) in plasma PRCP protein concentration (mean ± SD) before (18.2 ± 3.7 ng/mL) and 6 months after bariatric surgery (15.7 ± 2.7 ng/mL) was found. Conclusion Our novel findings demonstrate that white blood cells and plasma contributed the most to circulating PRCP activity. Additionally, we have shown that there were significant correlations between serum PRCP activity and various metabolic parameters, and that plasma PRCP concentration was significantly correlated to serum PRCP activity. These novel findings on PRCP activity in serum support further investigation of its in vivo role and involvement in several metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Kehoe
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wendy Theelen
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Emilie De Hert
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Shenguan Xu
- Section of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - An Verrijken
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics (LEMP), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thierry Arnould
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (URBC), Namur Research Institute for Life Sciences (NARILIS), University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nina Hermans
- Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis (NatuRA), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne-Marie Lambeir
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Per Venge
- Section of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Luc Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Paediatrics (LEMP), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid De Meester
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Graham TH. Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors and the therapeutic uses thereof: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:1077-1088. [PMID: 28699813 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1349104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) is a serine protease that produces or degrades signaling proteins in several important pathways including the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) system. PrCP has the potential to be a therapeutic target for cardiovascular, inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Numerous classes of PrCP inhibitors have been developed by rational drug design and from high-throughput screening hits. These inhibitors have been tested in mouse models to assess their potential as new therapeutics. Areas Covered: This review covers the relevant studies that support PrCP as a target for drug discovery. All the significant patent applications and primary literature concerning the development of PrCP inhibitors are discussed. Expert Opinion: The pathways where PrCP is known to operate are complex and many aspects remain to be characterized. Many potent inhibitors of PrCP have been tested in vivo. The variable results obtained from in vivo studies with PrCP inhibitors suggest that additional understanding of the biochemistry and the required therapeutic inhibitor levels is necessary. Additional fundamental research into the signaling pathways is likely required before the true therapeutic potential of PrCP inhibition will be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Graham
- a Merck Research Laboratories , Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
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16
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Maier C, Schadock I, Haber PK, Wysocki J, Ye M, Kanwar Y, Flask CA, Yu X, Hoit BD, Adams GN, Schmaier AH, Bader M, Batlle D. Prolylcarboxypeptidase deficiency is associated with increased blood pressure, glomerular lesions, and cardiac dysfunction independent of altered circulating and cardiac angiotensin II. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:473-486. [PMID: 28160049 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1513-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a carboxypeptidase that cleaves angiotensin II (AngII) forming Ang(1-7). The impact of genetic PRCP deficiency on AngII metabolism, blood pressure (BP), kidney histology, and cardiac phenotype was investigated in two lines of PRCP-deficient mice: KST302 derived in C57BL/6 background and GST090 derived in FVB/N background. The GST090 line had increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) (113.7 ± 2.07 vs. WT 105.0 ± 1.23 mmHg; p < 0.01) and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (ratio of diastolic left ventricular posterior wall dimension to left ventricular diameter 0.239 ± 0.0163 vs. WT 0.193 ± 0.0049; p < 0.05). Mice in the KST302 line also had mild hypertension and LVH. Cardiac defects, increased glomerular size, and glomerular mesangial expansion were also observed. After infusion of AngII to mice in the KST302 line, both MAP and LVH increased, but the constitutive differences between the gene trap mice and controls were no longer observed. Plasma and cardiac AngII and Ang(1-7) were not significantly different between PRCP-deficient mice and controls. Thus, PRCP deficiency is associated with elevated blood pressure and cardiac alterations including LVH and cardiac defects independently of systemic or cardiac AngII and Ang(1-7). An ex vivo assay showed that recombinant PRCP, unlike recombinant ACE2, did not degrade AngII to form Ang(1-7) in plasma at pH 7.4. PRCP was localized in α-intercalated cells of the kidney collecting tubule. The low pH prevailing at this site and the acidic pH preference of PRCP suggest a role of this enzyme in regulating AngII degradation in the collecting tubule where this peptide increases sodium reabsorption and therfore BP. However, there are other potential mechanisms for increased BP in this model that need to be considered as well. PRCP converts AngII to Ang(1-7) but only at an acidic pH. Global PRCP deficiency causes heart and kidney alterations and a moderate rise in BP. PRCP is abundant in the kidney collecting tubules, where the prevailing pH is low. In collecting tubules, PRCP deficiency could result in impaired AngII degradation. Increased AngII at this nephron site stimulates Na reabsorption and increases BP. KEY MESSAGE Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) converts AngII to Ang (1-7) but only at an acidic pH. Global PRCP deficiency causes heart and kidney alterations and a moderate rise in BP. PRCP is abundant in the kidney collecting tubules, where the prevailing pH is low. In collecting tubules, PRCP deficiency could result in impaired AngII degradation. Increased AngII at this nephron site stimulates Na reabsorption and increases BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Maier
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Schadock
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp K Haber
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Wysocki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Minghao Ye
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yashpal Kanwar
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher A Flask
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xin Yu
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian D Hoit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gregory N Adams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alvin H Schmaier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Batlle
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
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17
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Gopinath G, Sankeshi V, perugu S, Alaparthi MD, Bandaru S, Pasala VK, Chittineni PR, Krupadanam G, Sagurthi SR. Design and synthesis of chiral 2 H -chromene- N -imidazolo-amino acid conjugates as aldose reductase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 124:750-762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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18
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Mali JK, Mali DA, Telvekar VN. Copper-II mediated tandem reaction between aromatic ketones and 2-aminobenzenethiol for the synthesis of 2-aroylbenzothiazoles. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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POURBASHEER ESLAM, VAHDANI SAADAT, AALIZADEH REZA, BANAEI ALIREZA, GANJALI MOHAMMADREZA. QSAR study of prolylcarboxypeptidase inhibitors by genetic algorithm: Multiple linear regressions. J CHEM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-015-0893-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Chen XL, Li X, Qu LB, Tang YC, Mai WP, Wei DH, Bi WZ, Duan LK, Sun K, Chen JY, Ke DD, Zhao YF. Peroxides as “Switches” of Dialkyl H-Phosphonate: Two Mild and Metal-Free Methods for Preparation of 2-Acylbenzothiazoles and Dialkyl Benzothiazol-2-ylphosphonates. J Org Chem 2014; 79:8407-16. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501791n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Chen
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Bo Qu
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
- Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering School, Henan University of Technology, Henan Province Zhengzhou 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chun Tang
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Peng Mai
- Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering School, Henan University of Technology, Henan Province Zhengzhou 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hui Wei
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhu Bi
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Kun Duan
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Sun
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Yu Chen
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dian-Dian Ke
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fen Zhao
- College
of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan
Province Zhengzhou, 450052, People’s Republic of China
- Department
of Chemistry, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
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21
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Bachovchin DA, Koblan LW, Wu W, Liu Y, Li Y, Zhao P, Woznica I, Shu Y, Lai JH, Poplawski SE, Kiritsy CP, Healey SE, DiMare M, Sanford DG, Munford RS, Bachovchin WW, Golub TR. A high-throughput, multiplexed assay for superfamily-wide profiling of enzyme activity. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:656-63. [PMID: 24997602 PMCID: PMC5953424 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The selectivity of an enzyme inhibitor is a key determinant of its usefulness as a tool compound or its safety as a drug. Yet selectivity is never assessed comprehensively in the early stages of the drug discovery process, and only rarely in the later stages, because technical limitations prohibit doing otherwise. Here, we report EnPlex, an efficient, high-throughput method for simultaneously assessing inhibitor potency and specificity, and pilot its application to 96 serine hydrolases. EnPlex analysis of widely used serine hydrolase inhibitors revealed numerous previously unrecognized off-target interactions, some of which may help to explain previously confounding adverse effects. In addition, EnPlex screening of a hydrolase-directed library of boronic acid- and nitrile-containing compounds provided structure-activity relationships in both potency and selectivity dimensions from which lead candidates could be more effectively prioritized. Follow-up of a series of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors showed that EnPlex indeed predicted efficacy and safety in animal models. These results demonstrate the feasibility and value of high-throughput, superfamily-wide selectivity profiling and suggest that such profiling can be incorporated into the earliest stages of drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke W. Koblan
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Wengen Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Youhua Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Iwona Woznica
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Ying Shu
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Jack H. Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Sarah E. Poplawski
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | | | - Sarah E. Healey
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Matthew DiMare
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - David G. Sanford
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Robert S. Munford
- Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William W. Bachovchin
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Arisaph Pharmaceuticals, 100 High Street, Boston, MA 02110, USA
| | - Todd R. Golub
- The Eli and Edythe L. Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815, USA
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22
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Pyrazoles as non-classical bioisosteres in prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:1657-60. [PMID: 24636945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.02.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bioisosteres are integral components of modern pharmaceutical research that allow structural optimization to maximize in vivo efficacy and minimize adverse effects by selectively modifying pharmacodynamic, pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties. A recent medicinal chemistry campaign focused on identifying small molecule inhibitors of prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) initiated an investigation into the use of pyrazoles as bioisosteres for amides. The results indicate that pyrazoles are suitable bioisosteric replacements of amide functional groups. The study is an example of managing bioisosteric replacement by incorporating subsequent structural modifications to maintain potency against the selected target. A heuristic model for an embedded pharmacophore is also described.
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23
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Debenham JS, Graham TH, Verras A, Zhang Y, Clements MJ, Kuethe JT, Madsen-Duggan C, Liu W, Bhatt UR, Chen D, Chen Q, Garcia-Calvo M, Geissler WM, He H, Li X, Lisnock J, Shen Z, Tong X, Tung EC, Wiltsie J, Xu S, Hale JJ, Pinto S, Shen DM. Discovery and optimization of orally active cyclohexane-based prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6228-33. [PMID: 24157366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, SAR, binding affinities and pharmacokinetic profiles are described for a series of cyclohexane-based prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors discovered by high throughput screening. Compounds show high levels of ex vivo target engagement in mouse plasma 20 h post oral dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S Debenham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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Kehoe K, Verkerk R, Sim Y, Waumans Y, Van der Veken P, Lambeir AM, De Meester I. Validation of a specific prolylcarboxypeptidase activity assay and its suitability for plasma and serum measurements. Anal Biochem 2013; 443:232-9. [PMID: 24036038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP, EC 3.4.16.2), a lysosomal carboxypeptidase, was discovered 45 years ago. However, research has been hampered by a lack of well-validated assays that are needed to measure low activities in biological samples. Two reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) methods for quantifying PRCP activity in crude homogenates and plasma samples were optimized and validated. PRCP activity was determined by measuring the hydrolysis of N-benzyloxycarbonyl-l-proline (Z-Pro)-Phe. The enzymatically formed Z-Pro and Phe were measured independently under different HPLC conditions. The in-house methods showed good precision, linearity, accuracy, and specificity. Based on Michaelis-Menten constants, Z-Pro-Phe was chosen over Z-Pro-Ala as the substrate of preference. Cross-reactivity studies with dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) 2, 4, and 9 and prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP) confirmed the specificity of the PRCP activity assay. The average PRCP activity in plasma and serum of 32 healthy individuals was found to be 0.65 ± 0.02 and 0.72 ± 0.03 U/L, respectively. Both methods can be used to measure PRCP activity specifically in different biological samples and are well suited to evaluate PRCP inhibitors. These well-validated methods are valuable tools for studying PRCP's role in cardiovascular diseases, stroke, inflammation, and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Kehoe
- Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
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25
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Bakonyi B, Furegati M, Kramer C, La Vecchia L, Ossola F. Synthesis of All Four Stereoisomers of 3-(tert-Butoxycarbonyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylic Acid. J Org Chem 2013; 78:9328-39. [DOI: 10.1021/jo4013282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Bakonyi
- Doetsch Grether AG, Falkensteinerstrasse 37, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Markus Furegati
- Preparations
Laboratories, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Kramer
- Institute
of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular
Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Luigi La Vecchia
- Preparations
Laboratories, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Ossola
- Preparations
Laboratories, Global Discovery Chemistry, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
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26
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Lee CH, Hsu WS, Chen CH, Sun CM. A Telescoping Synthesis of Chimeric Polyheterocycles through a Piperidine-Mediated Multicomponent Reaction. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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27
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Jeong JK, Diano S. Prolyl carboxypeptidase and its inhibitors in metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:61-7. [PMID: 23245768 PMCID: PMC3893043 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus integrate a variety of central and peripheral metabolic inputs, and regulate energy homeostasis by controlling energy expenditure and food intake. To accomplish this, a precise balance of production and degradation of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), an anorexigenic neuropeptide and product of the POMC gene, in the hypothalamus, is crucial. Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP) is a key enzyme that degrades α-MSH to an inactive form unable to inhibit food intake. Because it represents a new therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes, efforts have been made to generate potent, brain-penetrant PRCP inhibitors. Here, we discuss the role of PRCP on energy metabolism and the development of PRCP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kwon Jeong
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Kwon Jeong J, Dae Kim J, Diano S. Ghrelin regulates hypothalamic prolyl carboxypeptidase expression in mice. Mol Metab 2013; 2:23-30. [PMID: 24024131 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic Prolyl carboxypeptidase (PRCP) plays a role in the regulation of energy metabolism by inactivating hypothalamic α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) levels and thus affecting melanocortin signaling. Alpha-MSH production is highly regulated both at transcriptional and posttranslational levels. Here we show that fasting induces a hypothalamic-specific up-regulation of Prcp mRNA and protein levels. Since fasting is characterized by elevated circulating ghrelin levels, we tested the effect of peripheral and central administration of ghrelin, and found that ghrelin increases hypothalamic Prcp mRNA expression. No changes in Prcp mRNA levels were detected in ghrelin knockout mice compared to their controls. Finally, ghrelin effect on PRCP expression was ghrelin receptor-mediated. Altogether our data show that ghrelin is a key regulator of hypothalamic PRCP expression, and up-regulation of PRCP by ghrelin may be an additional mechanism to decrease melanocortin signaling.
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Key Words
- (ARC), Arcuate nucleus
- (AgRP), Agouti related peptide
- (CTX), Cortex
- (DMH), Dorsomedial nucleus
- (GHS-R), Growth hormone secretagogue receptor
- (Hcrt), Hypocretin
- (LH), Lateral hypothalamus
- (MCH), Melanin concentrating hormone
- (NPY), Neuropeptide Y
- (POMC), Proopiomelanocortin
- (PRCP), Prolyl carboxypeptidase
- (Prcpgt/gt), Prcp-ablated mice
- (VMH), Ventromedial nucleus
- (α-MSH), α-Melanocyte stimulating hormone
- Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone
- Fasting
- Ghrelin
- Hypothalamus
- Prolyl carboxypeptidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kwon Jeong
- Program in Integrative Cell Signaling and Neurobiology of Metabolism, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA ; Department of Ob/Gyn & Reproductive Sciences, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Buga AM, Scholz CJ, Kumar S, Herndon JG, Alexandru D, Cojocaru GR, Dandekar T, Popa-Wagner A. Identification of new therapeutic targets by genome-wide analysis of gene expression in the ipsilateral cortex of aged rats after stroke. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50985. [PMID: 23251410 PMCID: PMC3521001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because most human stroke victims are elderly, studies of experimental stroke in the aged rather than the young rat model may be optimal for identifying clinically relevant cellular responses, as well for pinpointing beneficial interventions. Methodology/Principal Findings We employed the Affymetrix platform to analyze the whole-gene transcriptome following temporary ligation of the middle cerebral artery in aged and young rats. The correspondence, heat map, and dendrogram analyses independently suggest a differential, age-group-specific behaviour of major gene clusters after stroke. Overall, the pattern of gene expression strongly suggests that the response of the aged rat brain is qualitatively rather than quantitatively different from the young, i.e. the total number of regulated genes is comparable in the two age groups, but the aged rats had great difficulty in mounting a timely response to stroke. Our study indicates that four genes related to neuropathic syndrome, stress, anxiety disorders and depression (Acvr1c, Cort, Htr2b and Pnoc) may have impaired response to stroke in aged rats. New therapeutic options in aged rats may also include Calcrl, Cyp11b1, Prcp, Cebpa, Cfd, Gpnmb, Fcgr2b, Fcgr3a, Tnfrsf26, Adam 17 and Mmp14. An unexpected target is the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A synthase 1 in aged rats, a key enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Post-stroke axonal growth was compromised in both age groups. Conclusion/Significance We suggest that a multi-stage, multimodal treatment in aged animals may be more likely to produce positive results. Such a therapeutic approach should be focused on tissue restoration but should also address other aspects of patient post-stroke therapy such as neuropathic syndrome, stress, anxiety disorders, depression, neurotransmission and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Buga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine, Rostock, Germany
- Department of Functional Sciences, University of Medicine, Craiova, Romania
| | - Claus Jürgen Scholz
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Lab for Microarray Applications, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Senthil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - James G. Herndon
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center of Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dragos Alexandru
- Department of Functional Sciences, University of Medicine, Craiova, Romania
| | | | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Aurel Popa-Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine, Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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O’Donoghue AJ, Eroy-Reveles AA, Knudsen GM, Ingram J, Zhou M, Statnekov JB, Greninger AL, Hostetter DR, Qu G, Maltby DA, Anderson MO, DeRisi JL, McKerrow JH, Burlingame AL, Craik CS. Global identification of peptidase specificity by multiplex substrate profiling. Nat Methods 2012; 9:1095-100. [PMID: 23023596 PMCID: PMC3707110 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.2182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We developed a simple and rapid multiplex substrate-profiling method to reveal the substrate specificity of any endo- or exopeptidase using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry sequencing. We generated a physicochemically diverse library of peptides by incorporating all combinations of neighbor and near-neighbor amino acid pairs into decapeptide sequences that are flanked by unique dipeptides at each terminus. Addition of a panel of evolutionarily diverse peptidases to a mixture of these tetradecapeptides generated information on prime and nonprime sites as well as on substrate specificity that matched or expanded upon known substrate motifs. This method biochemically confirmed the activity of the klassevirus 3C protein responsible for polypeptide processing and allowed granzyme B substrates to be ranked by enzymatic turnover efficiency using label-free quantitation of precursor-ion abundance. Additionally, the proteolytic secretions from schistosome parasitic flatworm larvae and a pancreatic cancer cell line were deconvoluted in a subtractive strategy using class-specific peptidase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Alegra Eroy-Reveles
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University
| | | | | | - Min Zhou
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, UCSF
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc O. Anderson
- Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Dept. of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UCSF
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31
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Chen CH, Chen CY, Lin PT, Sun CM. Novel ionic liquid supported-multicomponent reaction toward chimeric bis-heterocycles. Mol Divers 2012; 16:503-12. [PMID: 22722958 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-012-9383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel multicomponent reaction between IL-anchored 2-aminobenzoimidazoles, aldehydes, and electron-deficient dienophiles has been explored. The strategy was utilized to develop a rapid parallel synthesis for novel bis-heterocyclic skeleton of benzimidazole-linked dihydropyrimidine on an ionic liquid support. This multicomponent reaction is compatible with a wide range of substrates and furnishes the new chimeric scaffolds with high purity and excellent yields. Use of the ionic liquid as a soluble support facilitates purification by simple precipitation along with advantages like high loading capacity, homogeneous reaction conditions, and monitoring of the reaction progress by conventional NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hau Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300-10, Taiwan
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32
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Wu Y, Yang H, Yang B, Yang K, Xiao C. Association of polymorphisms in prolylcarboxypeptidase and chymase genes with essential hypertension in the Chinese Han population. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012; 14:263-70. [PMID: 22679278 DOI: 10.1177/1470320312448949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) gene encodes a membrane protein that acts on angiotensin II (Ang II) and kallikrein to release vasoactive peptides. The chymase (CMA1) gene is important for Ang II generation. Therefore, the two genes might be involved in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension (EH). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PRCP gene and four tag SNPs and G-1903A (rs1800875) polymorphism in the CMA1 gene were genotyped in the Chinese Han population (n=1020) using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS In the PRCP gene, single site analyses indicated that the rs7104980 G allele was a susceptible factor for EH (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.98, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.62-2.43, p=0.3×10(-10)). The protective effect of Hap3 GAGCACTAACA was observed without carrying the susceptible rs7104908 G allele (OR=0.67, 95% CI 0.56-0.81, p=0.3×10(-4)) by haplotype analyses. In the case of the CMA1 gene, no associations with EH were found through single site analyses. However, haplotype analyses showed that Hap16 TTTA significantly increased the risk of EH with OR=3.15 (p=0.0002) which may be driven by interaction with a nearby SNP combination. CONCLUSIONS The present results indicated PRCP rs7104980 can be considered as a marker for EH and Hap3 GAGCACTAACA (PRCP) and Hap16 TTTA (CMA1) might be associated with EH in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrui Wu
- Cell Biology and Genetics Department, Kunming Medical University, China
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33
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Xu S, Lind L, Zhao L, Lindahl B, Venge P. Plasma prolylcarboxypeptidase (angiotensinase C) is increased in obesity and diabetes mellitus and related to cardiovascular dysfunction. Clin Chem 2012; 58:1110-5. [PMID: 22539806 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.179291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolylcarboxypeptidase (PRCP) (angiotensinase C) has 3 major targets, angiotensin II, prekallikrein, and α-melanocyte stimulating hormone(1-13). The truncation of the latter leads to loss in appetite regulation and obesity in experimental animals. The objectives of this study were to purify PRCP from a native source, establish a sensitive immunoassay for PRCP, and relate plasma PRCP concentrations to signs and symptoms of obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular dysfunction. METHODS Purification of PRCP from human neutrophils and establishment of a sensitive ELISA was carried out with the use of samples from study participants. Three cohorts were studied: healthy individuals (n = 40); a chest pain cohort (Fast Assessment of Thoracic Pain by Neural Networks) (n = 165); and a community-based cohort [Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors (PIVUS)] (n = 1004). RESULTS PRCP was purified to homogeneity. Mean (SD) plasma concentrations in healthy individuals were 12.9 (3.2) μg/L and were increased in patients with chest pain and in patients with obesity and/or diabetes mellitus (P < 0.0001). In the PIVUS cohort the concentrations were related to several measures of arterial plaque formation, thickness of arterial intima media and posterior wall of the heart (P = 0.04-0.000005); the Framingham score (r = 0.14, P < 0.0001); and concentrations of C-reactive protein (r = 0.16, P < 0.0001) and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (r = -0.13, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Plasma concentrations of PRCP may be used to reflect metabolic conditions in individuals with obesity and diabetes mellitus. The associations of PRCP concentrations with signs of cardiovascular dysfunction and cardiovascular abnormalities suggest a pivotal role of the enzyme in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Xu
- Section of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
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Graham TH, Liu W, Verras A, Reibarkh M, Bleasby K, Bhatt UR, Chen Q, Garcia-Calvo M, Geissler WM, Gorski JN, He H, Lassman ME, Lisnock J, Li X, Shen Z, Tong X, Tung EC, Wiltsie J, Xie D, Xu S, Xiao J, Hale JJ, Pinto S, Shen DM. A new class of prolylcarboxypeptidase inhibitors, part 2: the aminocyclopentanes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2818-22. [PMID: 22444685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A series of potent inhibitors of prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) was developed by modifying a lead structure that was discovered by high-throughput screening. The tert-butyl pyrrolidine was replaced by an aminocyclopentane to reduce the metabolic liabilities of the original lead. The compounds demonstrated sub-nanomolar in vitro IC(50) values, minimal activity shifts in pure plasma and improved pharmacokinetics. Complete ex vivo plasma target engagement was achieved with low brain exposure at the 20 h time point following p.o. dosing in a mouse. The results indicate that the aminocyclopentanes are useful tools for studying the therapeutic potential of peripheral (non-CNS) PrCP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Graham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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35
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Graham TH, Liu W, Verras A, Sebhat IK, Xiong Y, Bleasby K, Bhatt UR, Chen Q, Garcia-Calvo M, Geissler WM, Gorski JN, He H, Lassman ME, Lisnock J, Li X, Shen Z, Tong X, Tung EC, Wiltsie J, Xiao J, Xie D, Xu S, Hale JJ, Pinto S, Shen DM. A new class of prolylcarboxypeptidase inhibitors, part 1: discovery and evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2811-7. [PMID: 22444683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A new structural class of potent prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors was discovered by high-throughput screening. The series possesses a tractable SAR profile with sub-nanomolar in vitro IC(50) values. Compared to prior inhibitors, the new series demonstrated minimal activity shifts in pure plasma and complete ex vivo plasma target engagement in mouse plasma at the 20 h post-dose time point (po). In addition, the in vivo level of CNS and non-CNS drug exposure was measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Graham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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36
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Shen HC, Ding FX, Jiang J, Verras A, Chabin RM, Xu S, Tong X, Chen Q, Xie D, Lassman ME, Bhatt UR, Garcia-Calvo MM, Geissler W, Shen Z, Murphy BA, Gorski JN, Wiltsie J, SinhaRoy R, Hale JJ, Pinto S, Shen DM. Discovery of benzodihydroisofurans as novel, potent, bioavailable and brain-penetrant prolylcarboxypeptidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1550-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Wu Z, Yang C, Graham TH, Verras A, Chabin RM, Xu S, Tong X, Xie D, Lassman ME, Bhatt UR, Garcia-Calvo MM, Shen Z, Chen Q, Bleasby K, Sinharoy R, Hale JJ, Tata JR, Pinto S, Colletti SL, Shen DM. Discovery of aminoheterocycles as potent and brain penetrant prolylcarboxypeptidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1727-30. [PMID: 22290078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efforts were dedicated to develop potent and brain penetrant prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors by replacing the amide group of original leads 1 and 2 with heterocycles. Aminopyrimidines including compound 32a were identified to display good PrCP inhibitory activity (32a, IC(50)=43 nM) and impressive ability to penetrate brain in mice (brain/plasma ratio: 1.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicai Wu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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Bachovchin DA, Cravatt BF. The pharmacological landscape and therapeutic potential of serine hydrolases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2012; 11:52-68. [PMID: 22212679 PMCID: PMC3665514 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Serine hydrolases perform crucial roles in many biological processes, and several of these enzymes are targets of approved drugs for indications such as type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and infectious diseases. Despite this, most of the human serine hydrolases (of which there are more than 200) remain poorly characterized with respect to their physiological substrates and functions, and the vast majority lack selective, in vivo-active inhibitors. Here, we review the current state of pharmacology for mammalian serine hydrolases, including marketed drugs, compounds that are under clinical investigation and selective inhibitors emerging from academic probe development efforts. We also highlight recent methodological advances that have accelerated the rate of inhibitor discovery and optimization for serine hydrolases, which we anticipate will aid in their biological characterization and, in some cases, therapeutic validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Bachovchin
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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40
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Discovery of a new class of potent prolylcarboxypeptidase inhibitors derived from alanine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:1774-8. [PMID: 22248857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to modify the central proline portion of lead compound 4 lead to the discovery of novel prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors. Especially, replacement with alanine afforded compound 19 displaying more potent human and mouse PrCP inhibitory activity than 4 and an overall comparable profile.
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Graham TH, Shen HC, Liu W, Xiong Y, Verras A, Bleasby K, Bhatt UR, Chabin RM, Chen D, Chen Q, Garcia-Calvo M, Geissler WM, He H, Lassman ME, Shen Z, Tong X, Tung EC, Xie D, Xu S, Colletti SL, Tata JR, Hale JJ, Pinto S, Shen DM. The discovery of non-benzimidazole and brain-penetrant prolylcarboxypeptidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:658-65. [PMID: 22079761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors with nanomolar IC(50) values were prepared by replacing the previously described dichlorobenzimidazole-substituted pyrrolidine amides with a variety of substituted benzylamine amides. In contrast to prior series, the compounds demonstrated minimal inhibition shift in whole serum and minimal recognition by P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporters. The compounds were also cell permeable and demonstrated in vivo brain exposure. The in vivo effect of compound (S)-6e on weight loss in an established diet-induced obesity (eDIO) mouse model was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Graham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065-0900, USA.
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Long JZ, Cravatt BF. The metabolic serine hydrolases and their functions in mammalian physiology and disease. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6022-63. [PMID: 21696217 DOI: 10.1021/cr200075y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Z Long
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Discovery of benzimidazole pyrrolidinyl amides as prolylcarboxypeptidase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:1299-305. [PMID: 21315588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of benzimidazole pyrrolidinyl amides containing a piperidinyl group were discovered as novel prolylcarboxypeptidase (PrCP) inhibitors. Low-nanomolar IC(50)'s were achieved for several analogs, of which compound 9b displayed modest ex vivo target engagement in eDIO mouse plasma. Compound 9b was also studied in vivo for its effect on weight loss and food intake in an eDIO mouse model and the results will be discussed.
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