1
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Weinmann J, Kirchner L, Engstler M, Meinel L, Holzgrabe U. Design, synthesis and biological evaluations of quinolone amides against African trypanosomiasis with improved solubility. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115176. [PMID: 36805945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human African trypanosomiasis is a devastating parasitic infection, which is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly. An untreated infection usually results in death and only few drugs with significant drawbacks are currently available for treatment. Previous investigations revealed the quinolone amide MB007 as a lead compound with an excellent selectivity for T. b. brucei. Here, new quinolone amides were synthesized for deeper insights into the structure-activity relationship. Furthermore, the aqueous solubility of the compounds was analyzed, as the poor solubility of previous quinolone amides impeded in vivo studies for target identification. The biological evaluation led to the new lead structure 9f, which exhibits a promising in vitro activity against T. b. brucei (IC50 = 22 nM) and showed no cytotoxicity against macrophages. Moreover, compounds 10b and 10c were discovered, which possessed an improved solubility combined with a decent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Weinmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Kirchner
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Engstler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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2
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A Comprehensive Overview of the Antibiotics Approved in the Last Two Decades: Retrospects and Prospects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041762. [PMID: 36838752 PMCID: PMC9962477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the overuse of antibiotics, bacterial resistance has markedly increased to become a global problem and a major threat to human health. Fortunately, in recent years, various new antibiotics have been developed through both improvements to traditional antibiotics and the discovery of antibiotics with novel mechanisms with the aim of addressing the decrease in the efficacy of traditional antibiotics. This manuscript reviews the antibiotics that have been approved for marketing in the last 20 years with an emphasis on the antibacterial properties, mechanisms, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and clinical safety of these antibiotics. Furthermore, the current deficiencies, opportunities for improvement, and prospects of antibiotics are thoroughly discussed to provide new insights for the design and development of safer and more potent antibiotics.
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3
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Dube PS, Legoabe LJ, Beteck RM. Quinolone: a versatile therapeutic compound class. Mol Divers 2022:10.1007/s11030-022-10581-8. [PMID: 36527518 PMCID: PMC9758687 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of nalidixic acid is one pinnacle in medicinal chemistry, which opened a new area of research that has led to the discovery of several life-saving antimicrobial agents (generally referred to as fluoroquinolones) for over decades. Although fluoroquinolones are frequently encountered in the literature, the utility of quinolone compounds extends far beyond the applications of fluoroquinolones. Quinolone-based compounds have been reported for activity against malaria, tuberculosis, fungal and helminth infections, etc. Hence, the quinolone scaffold is of great interest to several researchers in diverse disciplines. This article highlights the versatility of the quinolone pharmacophore as a therapeutic agent beyond the fluoroquinolone profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phelelisiwe S. Dube
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
| | - Lesetja J. Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
| | - Richard M. Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, 2520 South Africa
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Cullen DR, Gallagher A, Duncan CL, Pengon J, Rattanajak R, Chaplin J, Gunosewoyo H, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Payne A, Mocerino M. Synthesis and evaluation of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113861. [PMID: 34624822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei (T. b.), and affects communities in sub-Saharan Africa. Previously, analogues of a tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold were reported as having in vitro activity (IC50 = 0.25-70.5 μM) against T. b. rhodesiense. In this study the synthesis and antitrypanosomal activity of 80 compounds based around a core tetrahydroisoquinoline scaffold are reported. A detailed structure activity relationship was revealed, and five derivatives (two of which have been previously reported) with inhibition of T. b. rhodesiense growth in the sub-micromolar range were identified. Four of these (3c, 12b, 17b and 26a) were also found to have good selectivity over mammalian cells (SI > 50). Calculated logD values and preliminary ADME studies predict that these compounds are likely to have good absorption and metabolic stability, with the ability to passively permeate the blood brain barrier. This makes them excellent leads for a blood-brain barrier permeable antitrypanosomal scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica R Cullen
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Ashlee Gallagher
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
| | - Caitlin L Duncan
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Jutharat Pengon
- BIOTEC Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group - National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Roonglawan Rattanajak
- BIOTEC Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group - National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Jason Chaplin
- Epichem Pty Ltd. Suite 5, 3 Brodie-Hall Drive Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- Curtin Medical School - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- BIOTEC Medical Molecular Biotechnology Research Group - National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Alan Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Mauro Mocerino
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences - Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia.
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Mansha M, Taha M, Hassane Anouar E, Ullah N. The design of fluoroquinolone-based cholinesterase inhibitors: Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico docking studies. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Maheshwari KK, Bandyopadhyay D. Heterocycles in the Treatment of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:472-495. [PMID: 32072886 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200219141652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) affect a huge population of the world and the majority of the victims belong to the poor community of the developing countries. Until now, the World Health Organization (WHO) has identified 20 tropical diseases as NTDs that must be addressed with high priority. However, many heterocyclic scaffolds have demonstrated potent therapeutic activity against several NTDs. OBJECTIVE There are three major objectives: (1) To discuss the causes, symptoms, and current status of all the 20 NTDs; (2) To explore the available heterocyclic drugs, as well as their mechanisms of action (if known), that are being used to treat NTDs; (3) To develop general awareness on NTDs among the medicinal/health research community and beyond. METHODS The 20 NTDs have been discussed according to their alphabetic orders along with the possible heterocyclic remedies. The current status of treatment with an emphasis on the heterocyclic drugs (commercially available and investigational) has been outlined. In addition, a brief discussion of the impacts of NTDs on socio-economic conditions is included. RESULTS NTDs are often difficult to diagnose and the problem is worsened by the unhealthy hygiene, improper awareness, and inadequate healthcare in the developing countries where these diseases primarily affect poor people. The statistics include the duration of suffering, the number of individuals affected, and access to healthcare and medication. The mechanisms of action of various heterocyclic drugs, if reported, have been briefly summarized. CONCLUSION Scientists and pharmaceutical corporations should allocate more resources to reveal the in-depth mechanism of action of many heterocyclic drugs that are currently being used for the treatment of NTDs. Analysis of current heterocyclic compounds and the development of new medications can help in the fight to reduce/remove the devastating effects of NTDs. An opinion-based concise review has been presented. Based on the available literature, this is the first attempt to present all the 20 NTDs and related heterocyclic compounds under the same umbrella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush K Maheshwari
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
| | - Debasish Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, 1201 West University Drive, Edinburg, Texas 78539, United States
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Repositioned Drugs for Chagas Disease Unveiled via Structure-Based Drug Repositioning. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228809. [PMID: 33233837 PMCID: PMC7699892 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, affects millions of people in South America. The current treatments are limited, have severe side effects, and are only partially effective. Drug repositioning, defined as finding new indications for already approved drugs, has the potential to provide new therapeutic options for Chagas. In this work, we conducted a structure-based drug repositioning approach with over 130,000 3D protein structures to identify drugs that bind therapeutic Chagas targets and thus represent potential new Chagas treatments. The screening yielded over 500 molecules as hits, out of which 38 drugs were prioritized following a rigorous filtering process. About half of the latter were already known to have trypanocidal activity, while the others are novel to Chagas disease. Three of the new drug candidates—ciprofloxacin, naproxen, and folic acid—showed a growth inhibitory activity in the micromolar range when tested ex vivo on T. cruzi trypomastigotes, validating the prediction. We show that our drug repositioning approach is able to pinpoint relevant drug candidates at a fraction of the time and cost of a conventional screening. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the power and potential of structure-based drug repositioning in the context of neglected tropical diseases where the pharmaceutical industry has little financial interest in the development of new drugs.
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8
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Recent advances in the synthetic and medicinal perspective of quinolones: A review. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103291. [PMID: 31561107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the modern scenario, the quinolone scaffold has emerged as a very potent motif considering its clinical significance. Quinolones possess wide range of pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, carbonic anhydrase inhibitory and diuretic activity etc. The versatile synthetic approaches have been successfully applied and several of the resulted synthesized compounds exhibit fascinating biological activities in numerous fields. This has prompted to discover quinolone-based analogues among the researchers due to its great diversity in biological activities. In the past few years, various new, efficient and convenient synthetic approaches (including green chemistry and microwave-assisted synthesis) have been designed and developed to synthesize diverse quinolone-based scaffolds which represent a growing area of interest in academic and industry as well as to explore their biological activities. In this review, an attempt has been made by the authors to summarize (1) One of the most comprehensive listings of quinolone-based drugs or agents in the market or under various stages of clinical development; (2) Recent advances in the synthetic strategies for quinolone derivatives as well as their biological implications including insight of mechanistic studies. (3) Further, the biological data is correlated with structure-activity relationship studies to provide an insight into the rational design of more active agents.
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Peeters S, Berntsen LN, Rongved P, Bonge-Hansen T. Cyclopropanation–ring expansion of 3-chloroindoles with α-halodiazoacetates: novel synthesis of 4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid and norfloxacin. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:2156-2160. [PMID: 31579067 PMCID: PMC6753669 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a short and efficient way of synthesizing two synthetically versatile 4-quinolone-3-carboxylate building blocks by cyclopropanation-ring expansion of 3-chloroindoles with α-halodiazoacetates as the key step. This novel transformation was applied towards the synthesis of the antibiotic drug norfloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Peeters
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Linn Neerbye Berntsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Rongved
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Bonge-Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315 Oslo, Norway
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10
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Pyrih A, Berninger M, Gzella A, Lesyk R, Holzgrabe U. Synthesis and evaluation of antitrypanosomal activity of some thiosemicarbazide derivatives of 1-butyl-6-fluoro-7-morpholino-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2018.1476889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Pyrih
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Michael Berninger
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
| | - Andrzej Gzella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Roman Lesyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, Germany
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11
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Fluorine walk: The impact of fluorine in quinolone amides on their activity against African sleeping sickness. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 152:377-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Berninger M, Schmidt I, Ponte-Sucre A, Holzgrabe U. Novel lead compounds in pre-clinical development against African sleeping sickness. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1872-1890. [PMID: 30108710 PMCID: PMC6072528 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as African sleeping sickness, is caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Trypanosoma. As the disease progresses, the parasites cross the blood brain barrier and are lethal for the patients if the disease is left untreated. Current therapies suffer from several drawbacks due to e.g. toxicity of the respective compounds or resistance to approved antitrypanosomal drugs. In this review, the different strategies of drug development against HAT are considered, namely the target-based approach, the phenotypic high throughput screening and the drug repurposing strategy. The most promising compounds emerging from these approaches entering an in vivo evaluation are mentioned herein. Of note, it may turn out to be difficult to confirm in vitro activity in an animal model of infection; however, possible reasons for the missing efficacy in unsuccessful in vivo studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Berninger
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Ines Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
| | - Alicia Ponte-Sucre
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology , Institute of Experimental Medicine , Luis Razetti School of Medicine , Faculty of Medicine , Universidad Central de Venezuela Caracas , Venezuela . Tel: +0931 31 85461
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany .
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Schmidt I, Göllner S, Fuß A, Stich A, Kucharski A, Schirmeister T, Katzowitsch E, Bruhn H, Miliu A, Krauth-Siegel RL, Holzgrabe U. Bistacrines as potential antitrypanosomal agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:4526-4531. [PMID: 28698054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is caused by two subspecies of the genus Trypanosoma, namely Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. The disease is fatal if left untreated and therapy is limited due to only five non-adequate drugs currently available. In preliminary studies, dimeric tacrine derivatives were found to inhibit parasite growth with IC50-values in the nanomolar concentration range. This prompted the synthesis of a small, but smart library of monomeric and dimeric tacrine-type compounds and their evaluation of antiprotozoal activity. Rhodesain, a lysosomal cathepsin-L like cysteine protease of T. brucei rhodesiense is essential for parasite survival and likely target of the tacrine derivatives. In addition, the inhibition of trypanothione reductase by bistacrines was found. This flavoprotein oxidoreductase is the main defense against oxidative stress in the thiol redox system unique for protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Schmidt
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Göllner
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Fuß
- Medical Mission Institute, Hermann-Schell-Strasse 7, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - August Stich
- Medical Mission Institute, Hermann-Schell-Strasse 7, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kucharski
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute for Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Staudinger Weg 5, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Elena Katzowitsch
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike Bruhn
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Miliu
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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14
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Cullen DR, Pengon J, Rattanajak R, Chaplin J, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Mocerino M. Scoping Studies into the Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) of Phenylephrine-Derived Analogues as Inhibitors ofTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danica R. Cullen
- Department of Chemistry; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
| | - Jutharat Pengon
- BIOTEC Medical Molecular Biology Research Unit; National Science and Technology Development Agency; 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Roonglawan Rattanajak
- BIOTEC Medical Molecular Biology Research Unit; National Science and Technology Development Agency; 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Jason Chaplin
- Epichem Pty Ltd; Suite 5, 3 Brodie-Hall Drive Bentley WA 6102 Australia
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- BIOTEC Medical Molecular Biology Research Unit; National Science and Technology Development Agency; 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120 Thailand
| | - Mauro Mocerino
- Department of Chemistry; Curtin University; GPO Box U1987 Perth WA 6845 Australia
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15
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Quinolone Amides as Antitrypanosomal Lead Compounds with In Vivo Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4442-52. [PMID: 27139467 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01757-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a major tropical disease for which few drugs for treatment are available, driving the need for novel active compounds. Recently, morpholino-substituted benzyl amides of the fluoroquinolone-type antibiotics were identified to be compounds highly active against Trypanosoma brucei brucei Since the lead compound GHQ168 was challenged by poor water solubility in previous trials, the aim of this study was to introduce structural variations to GHQ168 as well as to formulate GHQ168 with the ultimate goal to increase its aqueous solubility while maintaining its in vitro antitrypanosomal activity. The pharmacokinetic parameters of spray-dried GHQ168 and the newly synthesized compounds GHQ242 and GHQ243 in mice were characterized by elimination half-lives ranging from 1.5 to 3.5 h after intraperitoneal administration (4 mice/compound), moderate to strong human serum albumin binding for GHQ168 (80%) and GHQ243 (45%), and very high human serum albumin binding (>99%) for GHQ242. For the lead compound, GHQ168, the apparent clearance was 112 ml/h and the apparent volume of distribution was 14 liters/kg of body weight (BW). Mice infected with T. b. rhodesiense (STIB900) were treated in a stringent study scheme (2 daily applications between days 3 and 6 postinfection). Exposure to spray-dried GHQ168 in contrast to the control treatment resulted in mean survival durations of 17 versus 9 days, respectively, a difference that was statistically significant. Results that were statistically insignificantly different were obtained between the control and the GHQ242 and GHQ243 treatments. Therefore, GHQ168 was further profiled in an early-treatment scheme (2 daily applications at days 1 to 4 postinfection), and the results were compared with those obtained with a control treatment. The result was statistically significant mean survival times exceeding 32 days (end of the observation period) versus 7 days for the GHQ168 and control treatments, respectively. Spray-dried GHQ168 demonstrated exciting antitrypanosomal efficacy.
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Alkhaldi AAM, Martinek J, Panicucci B, Dardonville C, Zíková A, de Koning HP. Trypanocidal action of bisphosphonium salts through a mitochondrial target in bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2015; 6:23-34. [PMID: 27054061 PMCID: PMC4805778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipophilic bisphosphonium salts are among the most promising antiprotozoal leads currently under investigation. As part of their preclinical evaluation we here report on their mode of action against African trypanosomes, the etiological agents of sleeping sickness. The bisphosphonium compounds CD38 and AHI-9 exhibited rapid inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei growth, apparently the result of cell cycle arrest that blocked the replication of mitochondrial DNA, contained in the kinetoplast, thereby preventing the initiation of S-phase. Incubation with either compound led to a rapid reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP levels decreased by approximately 50% within 1 h. Between 4 and 8 h, cellular calcium levels increased, consistent with release from the depolarized mitochondria. Within the mitochondria, the Succinate Dehydrogenase complex (SDH) was investigated as a target for bisphosphonium salts, but while its subunit 1 (SDH1) was present at low levels in the bloodstream form trypanosomes, the assembled complex was hardly detectable. RNAi knockdown of the SDH1 subunit produced no growth phenotype, either in bloodstream or in the procyclic (insect) forms and we conclude that in trypanosomes SDH is not the target for bisphosphonium salts. Instead, the compounds inhibited ATP production in intact mitochondria, as well as the purified F1 ATPase, to a level that was similar to 1 mM azide. Co-incubation with azide and bisphosphonium compounds did not inhibit ATPase activity more than either product alone. The results show that, in T. brucei, bisphosphonium compounds do not principally act on succinate dehydrogenase but on the mitochondrial FoF1 ATPase. Bisphosphonium salts display highly promising antiprotozoal activity. It has been reported that, in Leishmania, they act on the mitochondrial SDH complex. We show that in Trypanosoma brucei SDH is not essential and not the drug target. Instead, we present strong evidence that the F1F0 ATPase is the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulsalam A M Alkhaldi
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Martinek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre & Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Brian Panicucci
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre & Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | | | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre & Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.
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Vasudevan N, Jachak GR, Reddy DS. Breaking and Making of Rings: A Method for the Preparation of 4-Quinolone-3-carboxylic Acid Amides and the Expensive Drug Ivacaftor. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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18
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New heterocyclic compounds: Synthesis and antitrypanosomal properties. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5168-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Victor NJ, Muraleedharan KM. An Expeditious and Metal-Free Synthetic Route towards Quinolones, Naphthyridones and Benzonaphthyridones. Adv Synth Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201300891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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20
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1,2-substituted 4-(1H)-quinolones: synthesis, antimalarial and antitrypanosomal activities in vitro. Molecules 2014; 19:14204-20. [PMID: 25211002 PMCID: PMC6271202 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse array of 4-(1H)-quinolone derivatives bearing substituents at positions 1 and 2 were synthesized and evaluated for antiprotozoal activities against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, and cytotoxicity against L-6 cells in vitro. Furthermore, selectivity indices were also determined for both parasites. All compounds tested showed antimalarial activity at low micromolar concentrations, with varied degrees of selectivity against L-6 cells. Compound 5a was found to be the most active against P. falciparum, with an IC50 value of 90 nM and good selectivity for the malarial parasite compared to the L-6 cells. Compound 10a, on the other hand, showed a strong antitrypanosomal effect with an IC50 value of 1.25 µM. In this study side chain diversity was explored by varying the side chain length and substitution pattern on the aliphatic group at position-2 and a structure-antiprotozoal activity study revealed that the aromatic ring introduced at C-2 contributed significantly to the antiprotozoal activities.
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21
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Oh S, Kim S, Kong S, Yang G, Lee N, Han D, Goo J, Siqueira-Neto JL, Freitas-Junior LH, Song R. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives against Leishmania donovani and Trypanosoma cruzi. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:395-403. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Njoroge M, Njuguna NM, Mutai P, Ongarora DSB, Smith PW, Chibale K. Recent approaches to chemical discovery and development against malaria and the neglected tropical diseases human African trypanosomiasis and schistosomiasis. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11138-63. [PMID: 25014712 DOI: 10.1021/cr500098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Smith
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases , Singapore 138670, Singapore
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23
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Li X, Wang Z, Feng Y, Song T, Su P, Chen C, Chai G, Yang Y, Zhang Z. Two-face, two-turn α-helix mimetics based on a cross-acridine scaffold: analogues of the Bim BH3 domain. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1280-5. [PMID: 24838655 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The design of a cross-acridine scaffold mimicking the i, i+3, i+5, and i+7 residues distributed over a two-face, two-turn α-helix is described. Docking studies and 2D (1)H, (15)N HSQC NMR spectroscopy provide compelling evidence that compound 3 d accurately reproduces the arrangement of four hotspots in the Bim BH3 peptide to permit binding to the Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 proteins (Ki 0.079 and 0.056 μM, respectively). Furthermore, the hotspot mutation could also be mimicked by individual or multiple deletions of side chains on the scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116012 (P.R. China)
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24
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Drug discovery and human African trypanosomiasis: a disease less neglected? Future Med Chem 2014; 5:1801-41. [PMID: 24144414 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) has been neglected for a long time. The most recent drug to treat this disease, eflornithine, was approved by the US FDA in 2000. Current treatments exhibit numerous problematic side effects and are often ineffective against the debilitating CNS resident stage of the disease. Fortunately, several partnerships and initiatives have been formed over the last 20 years in an effort to eradicate HAT, along with a number of other neglected diseases. This has led to an increasing number of foundations and research institutions that are currently working on the development of new drugs for HAT and tools with which to diagnose and treat patients. New biochemical pathways as therapeutic targets are emerging, accompanied by increasing numbers of new antitrypanosomal compound classes. The future looks promising that this collaborative approach will facilitate eagerly awaited breakthroughs in the treatment of HAT.
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25
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Isothiocoumarin-3-carboxylic acid derivatives: Synthesis, anticancer and antitrypanosomal activity evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Srivastava N, Kumar A. Synthesis and study of 1-ethyl-3-carbohydrazide and 3-[1-oxo-2-hydrazino-3-{p-toluenesulfon}]quinolone derivatives against bacterial infections. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 67:464-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Lang S, Khalaf AI, Breen D, Huggan JK, Clements CJ, MacKay SP, Suckling CJ. Oligoamides of 2-amino-5-alkylthiazole 4-carboxylic acids: anti-trypanosomal compounds. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Sykes ML, Avery VM. Approaches to Protozoan Drug Discovery: Phenotypic Screening. J Med Chem 2013; 56:7727-40. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4004279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L. Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute
for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery Biology, Eskitis Institute
for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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29
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Pharmacological actions of multi-target-directed evodiamine. Molecules 2013; 18:1826-43. [PMID: 23434865 PMCID: PMC6270287 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18021826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine, a naturally occurring indole alkaloid, is one of the main bioactive ingredients of Evodiae fructus. With respect to the pharmacological actions of evodiamine, more attention has been paid to beneficial effects in insults involving cancer, obesity, nociception, inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, Alzheimer's disease, infectious diseases and themoregulative effects. evodiamine has evolved a superior ability to bind various proteins, so we also argue that it is good starting point for multi-target drugs. This review is primarily addressed to the description of the recent advances in the biological activity studies of evodiamine, with a focus on pharmacological mechanism. The present review also includes the pharmacokinetics and the detailed exploration of target-binding properties of evodiamine in an attempt to provide a direction for further multi-target drug design.
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30
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Chianese G, Fattorusso E, Scala F, Teta R, Calcinai B, Bavestrello G, Dien HA, Kaiser M, Tasdemir D, Taglialatela-Scafati O. Manadoperoxides, a new class of potent antitrypanosomal agents of marine origin. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7197-207. [PMID: 22859016 DOI: 10.1039/c2ob26124c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the marine sponge Plakortis cfr. lita afforded a library of endoperoxyketal polyketides, manadoperoxides B-K (3-5 and 7-13) and peroxyplakoric esters B(3) (6) and C (14). Eight of these metabolites are new compounds and some contain an unprecedented chlorine-bearing THF-type ring in the side chain. The library of endoperoxide derivatives was evaluated for in vitro activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Leishmania donovani. Some compounds, such as manadoperoxide B, exhibited ultrapotent trypanocidal activity (IC(50) = 3 ng mL(-1)) without cytotoxicity. Detailed examination of the antitrypanosomal activity data and comparison with those available in the literature for related dioxane derivatives enabled us to draw a series of structure-activity relationships. Interestingly, it appears that minor structural changes, such as a shift of the methyl group around the dioxane ring, can dramatically affect the antitrypanosomal activity. This information can be valuable to guide the design of optimized antitrypanosomal agents based on the dioxane scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Chianese
- Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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