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Li Z, Zhang H, Zhao L, Ma Y, Wu Q, Ren H, Lin Z, Zheng J, Yu X. Metal-free β,γ-C(sp 3)-H difunctionalization of propanols: DMP-initiated asymmetric spirocyclopropanation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3579-3582. [PMID: 38470069 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00116h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
A DMP-initiated metal-free effective β,γ-asymmetric spirocyclopropanation of propanols strategy using oxidative iminium activation is described. This process has been realized by a synergistic amine-catalyzed one-pot cascade oxidation-Michael addition cyclopropanation for "one-pot" access to various spirocyclopropyl propionaldehydes/propanols from diverse 3-arylpropanols and α-brominated active methylene compounds under mild conditions and with high enantioselectivity (ee up to >99%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyao Li
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Huiwen Zhang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lin Zhao
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yueyue Ma
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qiufang Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Haosong Ren
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Zhongren Lin
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Jun Zheng
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Xinhong Yu
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Reactors, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Chaverra-Muñoz L, Briem T, Hüttel S. Optimization of the production process for the anticancer lead compound illudin M: downstream processing. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:165. [PMID: 35978411 PMCID: PMC9382783 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Secondary metabolites have played a key role as starting points for drug development programs due to their often unique features compared with synthetically derived molecules. However, limitations related to the discovery and supply of these molecules by biotechnological means led to the retraction of big pharmaceutical companies from this field. The reasons included problems associated with strain culturing, screening, re-discovery, purification and characterization of novel molecules from natural sources. Nevertheless, recent reports have described technical developments that tackle such issues. While many of these reports focus on the identification and characterization of such molecules to enable subsequent chemical synthesis, a biotechnological supply strategy is rarely reported. This may be because production processes usually fall under proprietary research and/or few processes may meet the requirements of a pharmaceutical development campaign. We aimed to bridge this gap for illudin M—a fungal sesquiterpene used for the development of anticancer agents—with the intention to show that biotechnology can be a vital alternative to synthetic processes dealing with small molecules. Results We used µL-scale models to develop an adsorption and extraction strategy for illudin M recovery from culture supernatant of Omphalotus nidiformis and these findings were successfully transferred into lab-scale. By adsorbing and eluting the product using a fixed resin-bed we reduced the working volume by ~ 90% and removed the aqueous phase from the process. After a washing step, a highly concentrated illudin M fraction was obtained by isocratic elution with 80% methanol. The fraction was dried and extracted using a water/heptane mixture, enriching illudin M in the heptane phase. From heptane illudin M could be instantly crystalized by concentrating the solution, achieving a final purity > 95%. Conclusion We have developed a robust, scalable and low-cost downstream process to obtain highly pure illudin M. By using solid phase extraction we reduced the production of solvent waste. Heptane from the final purification step could be recycled. The reduced amounts of solvents required, and the short purification time render this method a very economic and ecologic alternative to published processes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01886-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillibeth Chaverra-Muñoz
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Theresa Briem
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Stephan Hüttel
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany.
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Chaverra-Muñoz L, Hüttel S. Optimization of the production process for the anticancer lead compound illudin M: process development in stirred tank bioreactors. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:145. [PMID: 35843931 PMCID: PMC9290264 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01870-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal natural products illudin S and M have been investigated as precursors for the development of semisynthetic anticancer agents such as Irofulven (illudin S derivative) which is currently in phase II clinical trials. Recently, illudin M derivatives have shown improved in vitro selectivity towards cancer cells encouraging further investigation. This requires a stable supply of the precursor which is produced by Basidiomycota of the genus Omphalotus. We have recently reported a robust shake flask process for the production of gram quantities of illudin M from Omphalotus nidiformis aiming to transfer that process into stirred tank bioreactors, which can be used in a commercial production set-up. However, process transfer across different systems is not straightforward and particularly challenging when the producer is morphologically complex. There are only a few reports that address the development of bioprocesses for the production of compounds from Basidiomycota as these organisms have not been extensively studied because of their complex life cycles and often are difficult to cultivate under laboratory conditions. RESULTS The recently developed shake flask process delivering stable titers of ~ 940 mg L-1 of illudin M was investigated using off-gas analysis to identify critical parameters which facilitated the transfer from shaken into stirred tank bioreactors. Comparable titers to the shake flask process were achieved in 2 L stirred tank bioreactors (1.5 L working volume) by controlling growth of biomass with a carefully timed pH-shift combined with an improved precursor-feeding strategy. A scale-up experiment in a 15 L bioreactor (10 L working volume), resembling the process at 1.5 L resulted in 523 mg L-1 and is the starting point for optimization of the identified parameters at that scale. CONCLUSION By identifying and controlling key process parameters, the production process for illudin M was transferred from shake flasks into 2 L stirred tank bioreactors reaching a comparable titer (> 900 mg L-1), which is significantly higher than any previously reported. The insights obtained from 10 L scale pave the way towards further scale-up studies that will enable a sustainable supply of illudin M to support preclinical and clinical development programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillibeth Chaverra-Muñoz
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Stephan Hüttel
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
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Chaverra-Muñoz L, Briem T, Hüttel S. Optimization of the production process for the anticancer lead compound illudin M: improving titers in shake-flasks. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:98. [PMID: 35643529 PMCID: PMC9148526 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal sesquiterpenes Illudin M and S are important base molecules for the development of new anticancer agents due to their strong activity against some resistant tumor cell lines. Due to nonspecific toxicity of the natural compounds, improvement of the pharmacophore is required. A semisynthetic derivative of illudin S (Irofulven) entered phase II clinical trials for the treatment of castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer. Several semisynthetic illudin M derivatives showed increased in vitro selectivity and improved therapeutic index against certain tumor cell lines, encouraging further investigation. This requires a sustainable supply of the natural compound, which is produced by Basidiomycota of the genus Omphalotus. We aimed to develop a robust biotechnological process to deliver illudin M in quantities sufficient to support medicinal chemistry studies and future preclinical and clinical development. In this study, we report the initial steps towards this goal. RESULTS After establishing analytical workflows, different culture media and commercially available Omphalotus strains were screened for the production of illudin M.Omphalotus nidiformis cultivated in a medium containing corn steep solids reached ~ 38 mg L-1 setting the starting point for optimization. Improved seed preparation in combination with a simplified medium (glucose 13.5 g L-1; corn steep solids 7.0 g L- 1; Dox broth modified 35 mL), reduced cultivation time and enhanced titers significantly (~ 400 mg L-1). Based on a reproducible cultivation method, a feeding strategy was developed considering potential biosynthetic bottlenecks. Acetate and glucose were fed at 96 h (8.0 g L-1) and 120 h (6.0 g L-1) respectively, which resulted in final illudin M titer of ~ 940 mg L-1 after eight days. This is a 25 fold increase compared to the initial titer. CONCLUSION After strict standardization of seed-preparation and cultivation parameters, a combination of experimental design, empirical trials and additional supply of limiting biosynthetic precursors, led to a highly reproducible process in shake flasks with high titers of illudin M. These findings are the base for further work towards a scalable biotechnological process for a stable illudin M supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillibeth Chaverra-Muñoz
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Theresa Briem
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Stephan Hüttel
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany
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Matabaro E, Song H, Chepkirui C, Kaspar H, Witte L, Naismith JH, Freeman MF, Künzler M. Enzyme-mediated backbone N-methylation in ribosomally encoded peptides. Methods Enzymol 2021; 656:429-458. [PMID: 34325794 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Backbone N-methylation as a posttranslational modification was recently discovered in a class of ribosomally encoded peptides referred to as borosins. The founding members of the borosins are the omphalotins (A-I), backbone N-methylated, macrocyclic dodecapeptides produced by the mushroom Omphalotus olearius. Omphalotins display a strong and selective toxicity toward the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita. The primary product omphalotin A is synthesized via a concerted action of the omphalotin precursor protein (OphMA) and the dual function prolyloligopeptidase/macrocyclase (OphP). OphMA consists of α-N-methyltransferase domain that autocatalytically methylates the core peptide fused to its C-terminus via a clasp domain. Genome mining uncovered over 50 OphMA homologs from the fungal phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. However, the derived peptide natural products have not been described yet, except for lentinulins, dendrothelins and gymnopeptides produced by the basidiomycetes Lentinula edodes, Dendrothele bispora and Gymnopus fusipes, respectively. In this chapter, we describe methods used to isolate and characterize these backbone N-methylated peptides and their precursor proteins both in their original hosts and in the heterologous hosts Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. These methods may pave the path for both the discovery of novel borosins with interesting bioactivities. In addition, understanding of borosin biosynthetic pathways may allow setting up a biotechnological platform for the production of pharmaceutical leads for orally available peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Matabaro
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Haigang Song
- The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Chepkirui
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hannelore Kaspar
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luca Witte
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - James H Naismith
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford, United Kingdom; The Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom; The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, United Kingdom
| | - Michael F Freeman
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics and BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States
| | - Markus Künzler
- Department of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Rothemund M, Bär A, Klatt F, Weidler S, Köhler L, Unverzagt C, Kuhn CD, Schobert R. N-Metallocenoylsphingosines as targeted ceramidase inhibitors: Syntheses and antitumoral effects. Bioorg Chem 2020; 97:103703. [PMID: 32143017 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three N-metallocenoylsphingosines with variance in the central metal (Fe, Co, Ru), the charge (neutral or cationic), and the arene ligands (Cp2, Cp*Ph) were synthesized from serine and metallocene carboxylic acids as substrate-analogous inhibitors of human acid ceramidase (AC). Their inhibitory potential was examined using the recombinant full length ASAH1 enzyme, expressed and secreted from High Five insect cells, and the fluorescent substrate Rbm14-12. All complexes inhibited AC, most strongly so ruthenium(II) complex 13a. Some antitumoral effects of the complexes, such as the interference with the microtubular and F-actin cytoskeleton of cancer cells, were correlated to their AC-inhibition, whereas others, e.g. their cytotoxicity and their induction of caspase-3/-7 activity in cancer cells, were not. All complexes accumulated preferentially in the lysosomes of cancer cells like their target AC, arrested the cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle, and displayed cytotoxicity with mostly single-digit micromolar IC50 values while inducing cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rothemund
- Department of Chemistry, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alexander Bär
- Department of Chemistry, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Felix Klatt
- Gene Regulation by Non-Coding RNA, Elite Network of Bavaria and University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sascha Weidler
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonhard Köhler
- Department of Chemistry, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Claus-D Kuhn
- Gene Regulation by Non-Coding RNA, Elite Network of Bavaria and University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Department of Chemistry, University Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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New (arene)ruthenium(II) complexes of 4‑aryl‑4H‑naphthopyrans with anticancer and anti-vascular activities. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 184:69-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Kowalski K. Recent developments in the chemistry of ferrocenyl secondary natural product conjugates. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Heras BL, Amesty Á, Estévez-Braun A, Hortelano S. Metal Complexes of Natural Product Like-compounds with Antitumor Activity. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2018; 19:48-65. [PMID: 29692264 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666180420165821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer continues to be one of the major causes of death worldwide. Despite many advances in the understanding of this complex disease, new approaches are needed to improve the efficacy of current therapeutic treatments against aggressive tumors. Natural products are one of the most consistently successful sources of drug leads. In recent decades, research activity into the clinical potential of this class of compounds in cancer has increased. Furthermore, a highly promising field is the use of metals and their complexes in the design and development of metal-based drugs for the treatment of cancer. Metal complexes offer unique opportunities due to their ability to alter pharmacology, improving the efficacy and/or reducing the negative side effects of drug molecules. In addition, transition metals as copper, iron, and manganese, among others, can interact with active sites of enzymes, playing important roles in multiple biological processes. Thus, these complexes not only possess higher activities but also reach their targets more efficiently. This review article highlights recent advances on the emerging and expanding field of metal-based drugs. The emphasis is on new therapeutic strategies consisting of metal complexes with natural product like-compounds as a starting point for the rational design of new antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz L Heras
- Departamento de Farmacologia. Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Amesty
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Organica Antonio Gonzalez, Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofisico Fco. Sanchez 2. 38206. La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Departamento de Quimica Organica, Instituto Universitario de Bio-Organica Antonio Gonzalez, Universidad de La Laguna. Avda. Astrofisico Fco. Sanchez 2. 38206. La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Hortelano
- Unidad de Terapias Farmacologicas. Area de Genetica Humana. Instituto de Investigacion de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Winter I, Lockhauserbäumer J, Lallinger-Kube G, Schobert R, Ersfeld K, Biersack B. Anti-trypanosomal activity of cationic N -heterocyclic carbene gold(I) complexes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 214:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Ahmad A, Mahal K, Padhye S, Sarkar FH, Schobert R, Biersack B. New ferrocene modified lawsone Mannich bases with anti-proliferative activity against tumor cells. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Targeting transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair overcomes resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2016; 31:1177-1186. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Genome of Diaporthe sp. provides insights into the potential inter-phylum transfer of a fungal sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1050-1063. [PMID: 27521636 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungi have highly active secondary metabolic pathways which enable them to produce a wealth of sesquiterpenoids that are bioactive. One example is Δ6-protoilludene, the precursor to the cytotoxic illudins, which are pharmaceutically relevant as anticancer therapeutics. To date, this valuable sesquiterpene has only been identified in members of the fungal division Basidiomycota. To explore the untapped potential of fungi belonging to the division Ascomycota in producing Δ6-protoilludene, we isolated a fungal endophyte Diaporthe sp. BR109 and show that it produces a diversity of terpenoids including Δ6-protoilludene. Using a genome sequencing and mining approach 17 putative novel sesquiterpene synthases were identified in Diaporthe sp. BR109. A phylogenetic approach was used to predict which gene encodes Δ6-protoilludene synthase, which was then confirmed experimentally. These analyses reveal that the sesquiterpene synthase and its putative sesquiterpene scaffold modifying cytochrome P450(s) may have been acquired by inter-phylum horizontal gene transfer from Basidiomycota to Ascomycota. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that inter-phylum transfer of these minimal sequiterpenoid secondary metabolic pathways may have occurred in other fungi. This work provides insights into the evolution of fungal sesquiterpenoid secondary metabolic pathways in the production of pharmaceutically relevant bioactive natural products.
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Muenzner JK, Ahmad A, Rothemund M, Schrüfer S, Padhye S, Sarkar FH, Schobert R, Biersack B. Ferrocene-substituted 3,3′-diindolylmethanes with improved anticancer activity. Appl Organomet Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julienne K. Muenzner
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory; University of Bayreuth; Universitaetsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Aamir Ahmad
- Karmanos Cancer Institute; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit MI 48201 USA
| | - Matthias Rothemund
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory; University of Bayreuth; Universitaetsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Sebastian Schrüfer
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory; University of Bayreuth; Universitaetsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Subhash Padhye
- Abeda Inamdar Senior College; University of Pune; 2390 K. B. Hidayatullah Road , Azam Campus Pune 411 001 India
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Karmanos Cancer Institute; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit MI 48201 USA
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory; University of Bayreuth; Universitaetsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory; University of Bayreuth; Universitaetsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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Biersack B, Schobert R. Current State of Metal-Based Drugs for the Efficient Therapy of Lung Cancers and Lung Metastases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 893:211-224. [PMID: 26667346 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-24223-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the second most common cancer in both men and women and thus a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. New efficient treatments especially for its advanced stages and metastases are desperately needed, particularly with regard to overcoming the resistance which thwarts the efficacy of most clinically established drugs such as the platinum complexes. Glimpses of hope are new metal-based drugs that have emerged over the past decade which displayed efficacy in patients with platinum-resistant tumors and metastases. This chapter provides an overview of the latest developments of such metal-based drugs against lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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Abstract
Fungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) are prolific producers of structurally diverse terpenoid compounds. Classes of terpenoids identified in fungi include the sesqui-, di- and triterpenoids. Biosynthetic pathways and enzymes to terpenoids from each of these classes have been described. These typically involve the scaffold generating terpene synthases and cyclases, and scaffold tailoring enzymes such as e.g. cytochrome P450 monoxygenases, NAD(P)+ and flavin dependent oxidoreductases, and various group transferases that generate the final bioactive structures. The biosynthesis of several sesquiterpenoid mycotoxins and bioactive diterpenoids has been well-studied in Ascomycota (e.g. filamentous fungi). Little is known about the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways in Basidiomycota (e.g. mushroom forming fungi), although they produce a huge diversity of terpenoid natural products. Specifically, many trans-humulyl cation derived sesquiterpenoid natural products with potent bioactivities have been isolated. Biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for the production of trans-humulyl cation derived protoilludanes, and other sesquiterpenoids, can be rapidly identified by genome sequencing and bioinformatic methods. Genome mining combined with heterologous biosynthetic pathway refactoring has the potential to facilitate discovery and production of pharmaceutically relevant fungal terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen B Quin
- University of Minnesota, Dept. of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, 1479 Gortner Avenue, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Nguyen HV, Sallustrau A, Balzarini J, Bedford MR, Eden JC, Georgousi N, Hodges NJ, Kedge J, Mehellou Y, Tselepis C, Tucker JHR. Organometallic nucleoside analogues with ferrocenyl linker groups: synthesis and cancer cell line studies. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5817-22. [PMID: 24905419 DOI: 10.1021/jm500246h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Examples of organometallic compounds as nucleoside analogues are rare within the field of medicinal bioorganometallic chemistry. We report on the synthesis and properties of two chiral ferrocene derivatives containing a nucleobase and a hydroxyalkyl group. These so-called ferronucleosides show promising anticancer activity, with cytostatic studies on five different cancer cell lines indicating that both functional groups are required for optimal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy V Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, ‡School of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, §School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, and ∥School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, U.K
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19
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Spoerlein-Guettler C, Mahal K, Schobert R, Biersack B. Ferrocene and (arene)ruthenium(II) complexes of the natural anticancer naphthoquinone plumbagin with enhanced efficacy against resistant cancer cells and a genuine mode of action. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 138:64-72. [PMID: 24907976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of ferrocene and (arene)ruthenium(II) complexes attached to the naturally occurring anticancer naphthoquinones plumbagin and juglone was tested for efficacy against various cancer cell lines and for alterations in the mode of action. The plumbagin ferrocene and (p-cymene)Ru(II) conjugates 1c and 2a overcame the multi-drug drug resistance of KB-V1/Vbl cervix carcinoma cells and showed IC50 (72 h) values around 1 μM in growth inhibition assays using 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). They were further investigated for their influence on the cell cycle of KB-V1/Vbl and HCT-116 colon carcinoma cells, on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the latter cell line, for their substrate character for the P-glycoprotein drug eflux pump via the calcein-AM efflux assays, and for DNA affinity by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA). The derivatives 1c and 2a increased the number of dead cancer cells (sub-G0/G1 fraction) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. ROS levels were significantly increased upon treatment with 1c and 2a. These compounds also showed a greater affinity to linear DNA than plumbagin. While plumbagin did not affect calcein-AM transport by P-glycoprotein the derivatives 1c and 2a exhibited a 50% or 80% inhibition of the P-glycoprotein-mediated calcein-AM efflux relative to the clinically established sensitizer verapamil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Mahal
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
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20
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Ng CH, Kong SM, Tiong YL, Maah MJ, Sukram N, Ahmad M, Khoo ASB. Selective anticancer copper(ii)-mixed ligand complexes: targeting of ROS and proteasomes. Metallomics 2014; 6:892-906. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mt00276d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ternary copper(ii) complexes 1–4 exhibited anticancer selectivity, as evidenced by MTT assay, % apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, ROS induction and DNA DSBs. Proteasome of cancer cells are also inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chew Hee Ng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- School of Pharmacy
- International Medical University
- 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siew Ming Kong
- Faculty of Science
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
- 31900 Kampar, Malaysia
| | - Yee Lian Tiong
- School of Postgraduate Studies and Research
- School of Medicine
- International Medical University
- 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Jamil Maah
- Chemistry Department
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurhazwani Sukram
- Molecular Pathology Unit
- Cancer Research Centre
- Institute for Medical Research
- , Malaysia
| | - Munirah Ahmad
- Molecular Pathology Unit
- Cancer Research Centre
- Institute for Medical Research
- , Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo Beng Khoo
- Molecular Pathology Unit
- Cancer Research Centre
- Institute for Medical Research
- , Malaysia
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana S. Braga
- QOPNA, Department
of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M. S. Silva
- QOPNA, Department
of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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22
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Monserrat JP, Tiwari KN, Quentin L, Pigeon P, Jaouen G, Vessières A, Chabot GG, Hillard EA. Ferrocenyl flavonoid-induced morphological modifications of endothelial cells and cytotoxicity against B16 murine melanoma cells. J Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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23
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[Zn(phen)(O,N,O)(H2O)] and [Zn(phen)(O,N)(H2O)] with O,N,O is 2,6-dipicolinate and N,O is l-threoninate: synthesis, characterization, and biomedical properties. J Biol Inorg Chem 2012; 17:1093-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s00775-012-0923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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24
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Salmon AJ, Williams ML, Wu QK, Morizzi J, Gregg D, Charman SA, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Poulsen SA. Metallocene-based inhibitors of cancer-associated carbonic anhydrase enzymes IX and XII. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5506-17. [PMID: 22540953 DOI: 10.1021/jm300427m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 20 metallocene-based compounds comprising extensive structural diversity were synthesized and evaluated as carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitors. These compounds proved moderate to good CA inhibitors in vitro, with several compounds displaying selectivity for cancer-associated isozymes CA IX and CA XII compared to off-target CA I and CA II. Compound 6 was the most potent ferrocene-based inhibitor with K(i)s of 5.9 and 6.8 nM at CA IX and XII, respectively. A selection of key drug-like parameters comprising Log P, Log D, solubility, and in vitro metabolic stability and permeability were measured for two of the ferrocene-based compounds, regioisomers 1 and 5. Compounds 1 and 5 were found to have characteristics consistent with lipophilic compounds, however, our findings show that the lipophilicity of the ferrocene moiety is not well modeled by replacement with either a naphthyl or a phenyl moiety in software prediction tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Salmon
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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25
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Gutiérrez-Hernández AI, López-Cortés JG, Ortega-Alfaro MC, Ramírez-Apan MT, Cázares-Marinero JDJ, Toscano RA. Ferrocenylselenoamides: Synthesis, Characterization and Cytotoxic Properties. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4652-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300150t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro I. Gutiérrez-Hernández
- Instituto de Química,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 México D.F.,
México
| | - José G. López-Cortés
- Instituto de Química,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 México D.F.,
México
| | - M. Carmen Ortega-Alfaro
- Instituto
de Ciencias Nucleares,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 México D.F.,
México
| | - M. Teresa Ramírez-Apan
- Instituto de Química,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 México D.F.,
México
| | - José de Jesús Cázares-Marinero
- Instituto de Química,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 México D.F.,
México
| | - Rubén A. Toscano
- Instituto de Química,
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior,
Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 México D.F.,
México
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