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Venturelli A, Guaitoli G, Vanossi D, Saitta F, Fessas D, Vitiello S, Malpezzi G, Aiello D, Ferrari S, Tondi D, Ponterini G, Paola Costi M. Intersite communication in dimeric enzymes highlighted by structural and thermodynamic analysis of didansyltyrosine binding to thymidylate synthases. Bioorg Chem 2024; 151:107663. [PMID: 39088977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Intersite communication in dimeric enzymes, triggered by ligand binding, represents both a challenge and an opportunity in enzyme inhibition strategy. Though often understestimated, it can impact on the in vivo biological mechansim of an inhibitor and on its pharmacokinetics. Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a homodimeric enzyme present in almost all living organisms that plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis and cell replication. While its inhibition is a valid strategy in the therapy of several human cancers, designing specific inhibitors of bacterial TSs poses a challenge to the development of new anti-infective agents. N,O-didansyl-l-tyrosine (DDT) inhibits both Escherichia coli TS (EcTS) and Lactobacillus casei TS (LcTS). The available X-ray structure of the DDT:dUMP:EcTS ternary complex indicated an unexpected binding mode for DDT to EcTS, involving a rearrangement of the protein and addressing the matter of communication between the two active sites of an enzyme dimer. Combining molecular-level information on DDT binding to EcTS and LcTS extracted from structural and FRET-based fluorometric evidence with a thermodynamic characterization of these events obtained by fluorometric and calorimetric titrations, this study unveiled a negative cooperativity between the DDT bindings to the two monomers of each enzyme dimer. This result, complemented by the species-specific thermodynamic signatures of the binding events, implied that communication across the protein dimer was triggered by the first DDT binding. These findings could challenge the conventional understanding of TS inhibition and open the way for the development of novel TS inhibitors with a different mechanism of action and enhanced efficacy and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Venturelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giambattista Guaitoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Evotec SE, Biophysic - Essener Bogen 7, 22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davide Vanossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Saitta
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, DeFENS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Fessas
- Dipartimento di Scienze per gli Alimenti, la Nutrizione e l'Ambiente, DeFENS, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Vitiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Malpezzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy; Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM) PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Daniele Aiello
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Donatella Tondi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Glauco Ponterini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Pozzi C, Lopresti L, Tassone G, Mangani S. Targeting Methyltransferases in Human Pathogenic Bacteria: Insights into Thymidylate Synthase (TS) and Flavin-Dependent TS (FDTS). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081638. [PMID: 31027295 PMCID: PMC6514825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In cells, thymidylate synthases provide the only de novo source of 2′-deoxythymidine-5′-monophosphate (dTMP), required for DNA synthesis. The activity of these enzymes is pivotal for cell survival and proliferation. Two main families of thymidylate synthases have been identified in bacteria, folate-dependent thymidylate synthase (TS) and flavin-dependent TS (FDTS). TS and FDTS are highly divergent enzymes, characterized by exclusive catalytic mechanisms, involving different sets of cofactors. TS and FDTS mechanisms of action have been recently revised, providing new perspectives for the development of antibacterial drugs targeting these enzymes. Nonetheless, some catalytic details still remain elusive. For bacterial TSs, half-site reactivity is still an open debate and the recent evidences are somehow controversial. Furthermore, different behaviors have been identified among bacterial TSs, compromising the definition of common mechanisms. Moreover, the redox reaction responsible for the regeneration of reduced flavin in FDTSs is not completely clarified. This review describes the recent advances in the structural and functional characterization of bacterial TSs and FDTSs and the current understanding of their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, the recent progresses in the development of inhibitors targeting TS and FDTS in human pathogenic bacteria are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pozzi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy⁻Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Ludovica Lopresti
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy⁻Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Giusy Tassone
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy⁻Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy⁻Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Structural Comparison of Enterococcus faecalis and Human Thymidylate Synthase Complexes with the Substrate dUMP and Its Analogue FdUMP Provides Hints about Enzyme Conformational Variabilities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24071257. [PMID: 30935102 PMCID: PMC6479881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24071257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is an enzyme of paramount importance as it provides the only de novo source of deoxy-thymidine monophosphate (dTMP). dTMP, essential for DNA synthesis, is produced by the TS-catalyzed reductive methylation of 2′-deoxyuridine-5′-monophosphate (dUMP) using N5,N10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (mTHF) as a cofactor. TS is ubiquitous and a validated drug target. TS enzymes from different organisms differ in sequence and structure, but are all obligate homodimers. The structural and mechanistic differences between the human and bacterial enzymes are exploitable to obtain selective inhibitors of bacterial TSs that can enrich the currently available therapeutic tools against bacterial infections. Enterococcus faecalis is a pathogen fully dependent on TS for dTMP synthesis. In this study, we present four new crystal structures of Enterococcus faecalis and human TSs in complex with either the substrate dUMP or the inhibitor FdUMP. The results provide new clues about the half-site reactivity of Enterococcus faecalis TS and the mechanisms underlying the conformational changes occurring in the two enzymes. We also identify relevant differences in cofactor and inhibitor binding between Enterococcus faecalis and human TS that can guide the design of selective inhibitors against bacterial TSs.
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Linciano P, Pozzi C, Iacono LD, di Pisa F, Landi G, Bonucci A, Gul S, Kuzikov M, Ellinger B, Witt G, Santarem N, Baptista C, Franco C, Moraes CB, Müller W, Wittig U, Luciani R, Sesenna A, Quotadamo A, Ferrari S, Pöhner I, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Mangani S, Costantino L, Costi MP. Enhancement of Benzothiazoles as Pteridine Reductase-1 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Trypanosomatidic Infections. J Med Chem 2019; 62:3989-4012. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Linciano
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia dello Iacono
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Flavio di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giacomo Landi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessio Bonucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Sheraz Gul
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Screening Port, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Kuzikov
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Screening Port, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Ellinger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Screening Port, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gesa Witt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology Screening Port, 22525 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nuno Santarem
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina Baptista
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Caio Franco
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisaem Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina B. Moraes
- Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisaem Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), 13083-100 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rosaria Luciani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Antony Sesenna
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Antonio Quotadamo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | | | - Anabela Cordeiro-da-Silva
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto and Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Costantino
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Costi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Yuan YC, Bruneau C, Dorcet V, Roisnel T, Gramage-Doria R. Ru-Catalyzed Selective C–H Bond Hydroxylation of Cyclic Imides. J Org Chem 2019; 84:1898-1907. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chao Yuan
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Vincent Dorcet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR – UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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Synthesis, biochemical evaluation and computational simulations of new cytochrome bc1 complex inhibitors based on N-(4-aryloxyphenyl) phthalimides. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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7
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Shi R, Liao F, Niu H, Lei A. Selective formation of phthalimides from amines, aldehydes and CO by Pd-catalyzed oxidative C–H aminocarbonylation. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00282g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The Pd/Cu-catalyzed intramolecular C–H bond aminocarbonylation utilizing imines as the amine source has been developed. This transformation provides an efficient and straightforward protocol for the synthesis of phthalimides which widely exist in natural products, pharmaceutical and functional materials. Various functional groups are tolerated and the yields are up to 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Shi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Fan Liao
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis
- Jiangxi Normal University
- Nanchang 330022
- P. R. China
| | - Huiying Niu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS)
- Wuhan University
- Wuhan 430072
- P. R. China
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8
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Jarmuła A, Wilk P, Maj P, Ludwiczak J, Dowierciał A, Banaszak K, Rypniewski W, Cieśla J, Dąbrowska M, Frączyk T, Bronowska AK, Jakowiecki J, Filipek S, Rode W. Crystal structures of nematode (parasitic T. spiralis and free living C. elegans), compared to mammalian, thymidylate synthases (TS). Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations in search for nematode-specific inhibitors of TS. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 77:33-50. [PMID: 28826032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three crystal structures are presented of nematode thymidylate synthases (TS), including Caenorhabditis elegans (Ce) enzyme without ligands and its ternary complex with dUMP and Raltitrexed, and binary complex of Trichinella spiralis (Ts) enzyme with dUMP. In search of differences potentially relevant for the development of species-specific inhibitors of the nematode enzyme, a comparison was made of the present Ce and Ts enzyme structures, as well as binary complex of Ce enzyme with dUMP, with the corresponding mammalian (human, mouse and rat) enzyme crystal structures. To complement the comparison, tCONCOORD computations were performed to evaluate dynamic behaviors of mammalian and nematode TS structures. Finally, comparative molecular docking combined with molecular dynamics and free energy of binding calculations were carried out to search for ligands showing selective affinity to T. spiralis TS. Despite an overall strong similarity in structure and dynamics of nematode vs mammalian TSs, a pool of ligands demonstrating predictively a strong and selective binding to TsTS has been delimited. These compounds, the E63 family, locate in the dimerization interface of TsTS where they exert species-specific interactions with certain non-conserved residues, including hydrogen bonds with Thr174 and hydrophobic contacts with Phe192, Cys191 and Tyr152. The E63 family of ligands opens the possibility of future development of selective inhibitors of TsTS and effective agents against trichinellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Jarmuła
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland; Macromolecular Crystallography (BESSY-MX), Berlin, Germany
| | - Piotr Maj
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jan Ludwiczak
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland; Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Dowierciał
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Banaszak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rypniewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Cieśla
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dąbrowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Tomasz Frączyk
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Wojciech Rode
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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Catalano A, Luciani R, Carocci A, Cortesi D, Pozzi C, Borsari C, Ferrari S, Mangani S. X-ray crystal structures of Enterococcus faecalis thymidylate synthase with folate binding site inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 123:649-664. [PMID: 27517810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by Enterococcus faecalis (Ef) represent nowadays a relevant health problem. We selected Thymidylate synthase (TS) from this organism as a potential specific target for antibacterial therapy. We have previously demonstrated that species-specific inhibition of the protein can be achieved despite the relatively high structural similarity among bacterial TSs and human TS. We had previously obtained the EfTS crystal structure of the protein in complex with the metabolite 5-formyl-tetrahydrofolate (5-FTHF) suggesting the protein role as metabolite reservoir; however, protein-inhibitors complexes were still missing. In the present work we identified some inhibitors bearing the phthalimidic core from our in-house library and we performed crystallographic screening towards EfTS. We obtained two X-ray crystallographic structures: the first with a weak phthalimidic inhibitor bound in one subunit and 5-hydroxymethylene-6-hydrofolic acid (5-HMHF) in the other subunit; a second X-ray structure complex with methotrexate. The structural information achieved confirm the role of EfTS as an enzyme involved in the folate pool system and provide a structural basis for structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catalano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Rosaria Luciani
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessia Carocci
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Debora Cortesi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Cecilia Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Chiara Borsari
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Nyíri K, Vértessy BG. Perturbation of genome integrity to fight pathogenic microorganisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3593-3612. [PMID: 27217086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance against antibiotics is unfortunately still a major biomedical challenge for a wide range of pathogens responsible for potentially fatal diseases. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this study, we aim at providing a critical assessment of the recent advances in design and use of drugs targeting genome integrity by perturbation of thymidylate biosynthesis. MAJOR CONCLUSION We find that research efforts from several independent laboratories resulted in chemically highly distinct classes of inhibitors of key enzymes within the routes of thymidylate biosynthesis. The present article covers numerous studies describing perturbation of this metabolic pathway in some of the most challenging pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum, and Staphylococcus aureus. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our comparative analysis allows a thorough summary of the current approaches to target thymidylate biosynthesis enzymes and also include an outlook suggesting novel ways of inhibitory strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Science for Life" Guest Editor: Dr. Austen Angell, Dr. Salvatore Magazù and Dr. Federica Migliardo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Nyíri
- Dept. Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 4 Szent Gellért tér, Budapest HU 1111, Hungary; Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, Budapest HU 1117, Hungary.
| | - Beáta G Vértessy
- Dept. Biotechnology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 4 Szent Gellért tér, Budapest HU 1111, Hungary; Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Magyar tudósok körútja, Budapest HU 1117, Hungary.
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11
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Kobayashi K, Matsumoto K, Shirai Y, Ishikawa H, Inouchi H, Tanmatsu M. Generation of Aryl(2-lithiophenyl)methanoneO-Methyl Oximes and Their Use for the Synthesis ofN-(3-Alkyl-1-aryl- or 1,3-diaryl-1H-isoindol-1-yl)-O-methylhydroxylaminesviathe Reaction with Nitriles. Helv Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201400067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Ferrari S, Calò S, Leone R, Luciani R, Costantino L, Sammak S, Di Pisa F, Pozzi C, Mangani S, Costi MP. 2'-Deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate substrate displacement in thymidylate synthase through 6-hydroxy-2H-naphtho[1,8-bc]furan-2-one derivatives. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9356-60. [PMID: 24147825 DOI: 10.1021/jm4014086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a target for antifolate-based chemotherapies of microbial and human diseases. Here, ligand-based, synthetic, and X-ray crystallography studies led to the discovery of 6-(3-cyanobenzoyloxy)-2-oxo-2H-naphto[1,8-bc]furan, a novel inhibitor with a Ki of 310 nM against Pneumocystis carinii TS. The X-ray ternary complex with Escherichia coli TS revealed, for the first time, displacement of the substrate toward the dimeric protein interface, thus providing new opportunities for further design of specific inhibitors of microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia , Via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Pozzi C, Ferrari S, Cortesi D, Luciani R, Stroud RM, Catalano A, Costi MP, Mangani S. The structure of Enterococcus faecalis thymidylate synthase provides clues about folate bacterial metabolism. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:1232-41. [PMID: 22948925 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444912026236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance to therapeutic antibiotics poses a challenge to the identification of novel targets and drugs for the treatment of infectious diseases. Infections caused by Enterococcus faecalis are a major health problem. Thymidylate synthase (TS) from E. faecalis is a potential target for antibacterial therapy. The X-ray crystallographic structure of E. faecalis thymidylate synthase (EfTS), which was obtained as a native binary complex composed of EfTS and 5-formyltetrahydrofolate (5-FTHF), has been determined. The structure provides evidence that EfTS is a half-of-the-sites reactive enzyme, as 5-FTHF is bound to two of the four independent subunits present in the crystal asymmetric unit. 5-FTHF is a metabolite of the one-carbon transfer reaction catalysed by 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase. Kinetic studies show that 5-FTHF is a weak inhibitor of EfTS, suggesting that the EfTS-5-FTHF complex may function as a source of folates and/or may regulate one-carbon metabolism. The structure represents the first example of endogenous 5-FTHF bound to a protein involved in folate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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