1
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Agrahari V, Anderson SM, Peet MM, Wong AP, Singh ON, Doncel GF, Clark MR. Long-acting HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) approaches: Recent advances, emerging technologies and development challenges. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1365-1380. [PMID: 36252277 PMCID: PMC9639748 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2135699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Poor or inconsistent adherence to daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has emerged as a key barrier to effective HIV prevention. The advent of potent long-acting (LA) antiretrovirals (ARVs) in conjunction with advances in controlled release technologies has enabled LA ARV drug delivery systems (DDS) capable of providing extended dosing intervals and overcome the challenge of suboptimal drug adherence with daily oral dosing. Areas covered: This review discusses the current state of the LA PrEP field, recent advances, and emerging technologies, including ARV prodrug modifications and new DDS. Technological challenges, knowledge gaps, preclinical testing considerations, and future directions important in the context of clinical translation and implementation of LA HIV PrEP are discussed. Expert opinion: The HIV prevention field is evolving faster than ever and the bar for developing next-generation LA HIV prevention options continues to rise. The requirements for viable LA PrEP products to be implemented in resource-limited settings are challenging, necessitating proactive consideration and product modifications during the design and testing of promising new candidates. If successfully translated, next-generation LA PrEP that are safe, affordable, highly effective, and accepted by both end-users and key stakeholders will offer significant potential to curb the HIV pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Agrahari
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew P. Wong
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Onkar N. Singh
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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2
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Agarwal HK, Chhikara BS, Ye G, Bhavaraju S, Dixit A, Kumar A, Doncel GF, Parang K. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 5'- O-Fatty Acyl Ester Derivatives of 3'-Fluoro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine as Potential Anti-HIV Microbicides. Molecules 2022; 27:3352. [PMID: 35630829 PMCID: PMC9143043 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of 5′-O-fatty acyl derivatives of 3′-fluoro-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (FLT, 1) were synthesized. These conjugates were evaluated for their potential as topical microbicides with anti-HIV activity against cell-free (X4 and R5), cell-associated, and multidrug-resistant viruses. Compared to FLT and 3′-azido-2′,3′-dideoxythymidine (AZT), 5′-O-(12-azidododecanoyl) (5), 5′-O-myristoyl (6), and 5′-O-(12-thioethyldodecanoyl) (8) derivatives of FLT were found to be more active against both cell-free viruses (lymphocytotropic and monocytotropic strains) with EC50 values of 0.4 μM, 1.1 μM, and <0.2 μM, respectively, as well as cell-associated virus with EC50 values of 12.6, 6.4, and 2.3 μM, respectively. Conjugates 5, 6, and 8 exhibited >4 and >30 times better antiviral index than FLT and AZT, respectively. Conjugates 5 and 8 were significantly more potent than FLT against many multidrug-resistant strains. A comparison of the anti-HIV activity with the corresponding non-hydrolyzable ether conjugates suggested that ester hydrolysis to FLT and fatty acids is critical to enable anti-HIV activity. Cellular uptake studies were conducted using fluorescent derivatives of FLT attached with 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein through either β-alanine (23) or 12-aminododecanoic acid (24) spacers. The lipophilic fluorescent analog with a long chain (24) showed more than 12 times higher cellular uptake profile than the fluorescent analog with a short chain (23). These studies further confirmed that the attachment of fatty acids improved the cellular uptake of nucleoside conjugates. In addition, 5, 6, and 8 were the least cytotoxic and did not alter vaginal cell and sperm viability compared to the positive control, a commercial topical spermicide (N-9), which significantly decreased sperm and vaginal cell viability inducing the generation of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K. Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, South University, 709 Mall Boulevard, Savannah, GA 31406, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Bhupender S. Chhikara
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Guofeng Ye
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Sitaram Bhavaraju
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Ajay Dixit
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
- ITC Life Science & Technology Center, #3, 1st Main, Peenya Industrial Area, 1st Phase, Bangalore 560058, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
| | - Gustavo F. Doncel
- CONRAD, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA; (B.S.C.); (G.Y.); (S.B.); (A.D.); (A.K.)
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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3
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Sheervalilou R, Shirvaliloo M, Dadashzadeh N, Shirvalilou S, Shahraki O, Pilehvar‐Soltanahmadi Y, Ghaznavi H, Khoei S, Nazarlou Z. COVID-19 under spotlight: A close look at the origin, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of the 2019-nCoV disease. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8873-8924. [PMID: 32452539 PMCID: PMC7283670 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Months after the outbreak of a new flu-like disease in China, the entire world is now in a state of caution. The subsequent less-anticipated propagation of the novel coronavirus disease, formally known as COVID-19, not only made it to headlines by an overwhelmingly high transmission rate and fatality reports, but also raised an alarm for the medical community all around the globe. Since the causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, is a recently discovered species, there is no specific medicine for downright treatment of the infection. This has led to an unprecedented societal fear of the newly born disease, adding a psychological aspect to the physical manifestation of the virus. Herein, the COVID-19 structure, epidemiology, pathogenesis, etiology, diagnosis, and therapy have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Sheervalilou
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis InstituteZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | | | - Nahid Dadashzadeh
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine OrganizationTehranIran
| | - Sakine Shirvalilou
- Finetech in Medicine Research CenterIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Omolbanin Shahraki
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis InstituteZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | - Younes Pilehvar‐Soltanahmadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Cellular and Molecular MedicineUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran
| | | | - Samideh Khoei
- Department of Medical PhysicsSchool of Medicine, Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Ziba Nazarlou
- Material Engineering DepartmentCollege of Science Koç UniversityIstanbulTurkey
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4
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Tungadi R, Tuloli TS, Abdulkadir W, Thomas N, Madania M, Hasan AM, Sapiun Z. COVID-19: Clinical Characteristics and Molecular Levels of Candidate Compounds of Prospective Herbal and Modern Drugs in Indonesia. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.34172/ps.2020.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Tungadi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Teti Sutriyati Tuloli
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Widysusanti Abdulkadir
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Nurain Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Madania Madania
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sport and Health, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Ani Mustapa Hasan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
| | - Zulfiayu Sapiun
- Department of Pharmacy, Health Polytechnic of Gorontalo, Gorontalo, Indonesia
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5
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Agarwal HK, Chhikara BS, Doncel GF, Parang K. Synthesis and anti-HIV activities of unsymmetrical long chain dicarboxylate esters of dinucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1934-1937. [PMID: 28351588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of 11 unsymmetrical dicarboxylate conjugates of dinucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were synthesized. Three dicarboxylic acids, succinic acid, suberic acid and 1,14-tetradecandioc acid, were diesterified with either 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (AZT), 3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (FLT), 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC), or 5-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (FTC). The anti-HIV activity of synthesized compounds was evaluated against HIV-1 X4 (IIIB) and R5 (BaL) viral strains in single-round infection assays. Results indicated that the tetradecandioate esters of nucleosides were more active against HIV than the corresponding parent nucleosides and nucleoside conjugates. The tetradecandioate conjugate of FLT and FTC (5) was found to be the most potent compounds with EC50 values of 47 and 75nM against X4 and R5 HIV-1 strains, respectively, while the EC50 values for the parent analogs, FLT and FTC, ranged from 700 to 3300nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K Agarwal
- School of Pharmacy, South University, 10 Science Court, Columbia, SC 29203, United States
| | - Bhupender S Chhikara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Aditi Mahavidyalaya, Bawana, Delhi 110039, India
| | - Gustavo F Doncel
- CONRAD, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 601 Colley Avenue, Norfolk, VA 23507, United States
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, United States.
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6
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Champagne PA, Desroches J, Hamel JD, Vandamme M, Paquin JF. Monofluorination of Organic Compounds: 10 Years of Innovation. Chem Rev 2015; 115:9073-174. [PMID: 25854146 DOI: 10.1021/cr500706a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 664] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Alexandre Champagne
- Canada Research Chair in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CGCC, PROTEO, Département de Chimie, Université Laval , 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (QC), Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Justine Desroches
- Canada Research Chair in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CGCC, PROTEO, Département de Chimie, Université Laval , 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (QC), Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jean-Denys Hamel
- Canada Research Chair in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CGCC, PROTEO, Département de Chimie, Université Laval , 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (QC), Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Mathilde Vandamme
- Canada Research Chair in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CGCC, PROTEO, Département de Chimie, Université Laval , 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (QC), Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jean-François Paquin
- Canada Research Chair in Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CGCC, PROTEO, Département de Chimie, Université Laval , 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (QC), Canada G1V 0A6
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7
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Chhikara BS, Rao MS, Rao VK, Kumar A, Buckheit KW, Buckheit Jr. RW, Parang K. Carbocyclodipeptides as modified nucleosides: synthesis and anti-HIV activities. CAN J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2014-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A new class of nucleoside analogues were synthesized using cyclic dipeptides and modified 2′-deoxyfuranoribose sugars to introduce flexibility by peptides in place of common nucleoside bases and to determine their biological properties. The synthesis was carried out by coupling of a protected ribose sugar with synthesized dipeptides in the presence of hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylsilyltriflate. The final products were characterized by NMR and high-resolution MS-TOF spectroscopy. The compounds were evaluated for anti-HIV activities. 1-(4-Azido-5-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)-3,6-diisopropylpiperazine-2,5-dione (compound 14) containing 3- and 6-isopropyl groups in the base and 3′-azide (EC50 = 1.96 μmol/L) was the most potent compound among all of the synthesized analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupender S. Chhikara
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - M. Sudershan Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031 Rajasthan, India
| | - V. Kameshwara Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031 Rajasthan, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031 Rajasthan, India
| | - Karen W. Buckheit
- ImQuest BioSciences Inc., 7340 Executive Way, Suite R, Frederick, MD 21704, USA
| | | | - Keykavous Parang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, 7 Greenhouse Road, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031 Rajasthan, India
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, 9401 Jeronimo Road, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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8
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Dobkowski M, Szychowska A, Pieszko M, Miszka A, Wojciechowska M, Alenowicz M, Ruczyński J, Rekowski P, Celewicz L, Barciszewski J, Mucha P. ‘Click’ chemistry synthesis and capillary electrophoresis study of 1,4-linked 1,2,3-triazole AZT-systemin conjugate. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:696-703. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Dobkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology; University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Pieszko
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Anna Miszka
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Monika Wojciechowska
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Magdalena Alenowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Jarosław Ruczyński
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Piotr Rekowski
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
| | - Lech Celewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry; Adam Mickiewicz University; Poznań Poland
| | - Jan Barciszewski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Poznań Poland
| | - Piotr Mucha
- Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Wita Stwosza 63 Gdańsk 80-308 Poland
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9
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Ries O, Büschleb M, Granitzka M, Stalke D, Ducho C. Amino acid motifs in natural products: synthesis of O-acylated derivatives of (2S,3S)-3-hydroxyleucine. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:1135-42. [PMID: 24991264 PMCID: PMC4077382 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(2S,3S)-3-Hydroxyleucine can be found in an increasing number of bioactive natural products. Within the context of our work regarding the total synthesis of muraymycin nucleoside antibiotics, we have developed a synthetic approach towards (2S,3S)-3-hydroxyleucine building blocks. Application of different protecting group patterns led to building blocks suitable for C- or N-terminal derivatization as well as for solid-phase peptide synthesis. With respect to according motifs occurring in natural products, we have converted these building blocks into 3-O-acylated structures. Utilizing an esterification and cross-metathesis protocol, (2S,3S)-3-hydroxyleucine derivatives were synthesized, thus opening up an excellent approach for the synthesis of bioactive natural products and derivatives thereof for structure activity relationship (SAR) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ries
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Büschleb
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Granitzka
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Stalke
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Ducho
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany ; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus C2 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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10
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Wang J, Sánchez-Roselló M, Aceña JL, del Pozo C, Sorochinsky AE, Fustero S, Soloshonok VA, Liu H. Fluorine in Pharmaceutical Industry: Fluorine-Containing Drugs Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001–2011). Chem Rev 2013; 114:2432-506. [DOI: 10.1021/cr4002879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3202] [Impact Index Per Article: 291.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Carlos del Pozo
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alexander E. Sorochinsky
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo, 36-5 Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- Institute
of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 1, 02660 Kyiv-94, Ukraine
| | - Santos Fustero
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicente Andrés Estellés, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Laboratorio
de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, C/ Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vadim A. Soloshonok
- Department
of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo, 36-5 Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hong Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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11
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Agarwal HK, Chhikara BS, Bhavaraju S, Mandal D, Doncel GF, Parang K. Emtricitabine prodrugs with improved anti-HIV activity and cellular uptake. Mol Pharm 2012; 10:467-76. [PMID: 22917277 DOI: 10.1021/mp300361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three fatty acyl conjugates of (-)-2',3'-dideoxy-5-fluoro-3'-thiacytidine (FTC, emtricitabine) were synthesized and evaluated against HIV-1 cell-free and cell-associated virus and compared with the corresponding parent nucleoside and physical mixtures of FTC and fatty acids. Among all the compounds, the myristoylated conjugate of FTC (5, EC(50) = 0.07-3.7 μM) displayed the highest potency. Compound 5 exhibited 10-24 and 3-13-times higher anti-HIV activity than FTC alone (EC(50) = 0.7-88.6 μM) and the corresponding physical mixtures of FTC and myristic acid (14, EC(50) = 0.2-20 μM), respectively. Cellular uptake studies confirmed that compound 5 accumulated intracellularly after 1 h of incubation and underwent intracellular hydrolysis in CCRF-CEM cells. Alternative studies were conducted using the carboxyfluorescein conjugated with FTC though β-alanine (12) and 12-aminododecanoic acid (13). Acylation of FTC with a long-chain fatty acid in 13 improved its cellular uptake by 8.5-20 fold in comparison to 12 with a short-chain β-alanine. Compound 5 (IC(90) = 15.7-16.1 nM) showed 6.6- and 35.2 times higher activity than FTC (IC(90) = 103-567 nM) against multidrug resistant viruses B-NNRTI and B-K65R, indicating that FTC conjugation with myristic acid generates a more potent analogue with a better resistance profile than its parent compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K Agarwal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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12
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Agarwal HK, Buckheit KW, Buckheit RW, Parang K. Synthesis and anti-HIV activities of symmetrical dicarboxylate esters of dinucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5451-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Chhikara BS, Tiwari R, Parang K. N-Myristoylglutamic Acid Derivative of 3'-Fluoro-3'-Deoxythymidine as an Organogel. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:5335-5337. [PMID: 23175585 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Designing microbicidal gels of anti-HIV drugs for local application to prevent HIV infection is a subject of major interest. 3'-Fluoro-3'-deoxythymidine (FLT), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), was conjugated with a N-myristoyl glutamate scaffold. The conjugate showed gelation at 1% (w/w) in different organic solvents, such as toluene, dichloromethane, and chloroform. The gels were opaque and stable at room temperature. The results indicate that myristoyl glutamate derivative of FLT can form an organogel. The gel could have potential application as a topical anti-HIV microbicidal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupender S Chhikara
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, 02881, USA
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14
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Liu JY, Zhang H, Feng BM, Jiang B, Wang SL, Tu SJ. A multicomponent synthetic strategy for two-carbon-tethered 1,3-oxathiole–indole pairs. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:5036-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25817j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 211116, P.R. China
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