1
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Vaskevych A, Dekhtyar M, Vovk M. Cyclizations of Alkenyl(Alkynyl)-Functionalized Quinazolinones and their Heteroanalogues: A Powerful Strategy for the Construction of Polyheterocyclic Structures. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300255. [PMID: 37830463 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Quinazolin-4-one, its heteroanalogues, and derivatives represent an outstandingly important class of compounds in modern organic, medicinal, and pharmaceutical chemistry, as these molecular structures are noted for their wide synthetic and pharmacological potential. In the last years, ever-increasing research attention has been paid to quinazolinone derivatives bearing alkenyl and alkynyl substituents on the pyrimidinone nucleus. The original structural combination of synthetically powerful endocyclic amidine (or amidine-related) and exocyclic unsaturated moieties provides a driving force for cyclizations, which offer an efficient toolkit to construct a variety of fused pyrimidine systems with saturated N- and N,S-heterocycles. In this connection, the present review article is mainly aimed at systematic coverage of the progress in using alkenyl(alkynyl)quinazolinones and their heteroanalogues as convenient bifunctional substrates for regioselective annulation of small- and medium-sized heterocyclic nuclei. Much attention is paid to elucidating the structural and electronic effects of reagents on the regio- and stereoselectivity of the cyclizations as well as to clarifying the relevant reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Vaskevych
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Kukhar str., 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Maryna Dekhtyar
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Kukhar str., 5, Kyiv, 02660, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo Vovk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician Kukhar str., 5, Kyiv, 02660, Ukraine
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2
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Zhang Y, Luo Z, Guo L, Zhang H, Su T, Tan Z, Ren Q, Zhang C, Fu Y, Xing R, Guo R, Shi X, Guo H, Liu Y, Wang L. Discovery of novel tumor-targeted near-infrared probes with 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as targeting ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115914. [PMID: 37925763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the overexpression of folate receptors (FRs) in certain types of cancers, a variety of FR-targeted fluorescent probes for tumor detection have been developed. However, the reported probes almost all have the same targeting ligand of folic acid with various fluorophores and/or linkers. In the present study, a series of novel tumor-targeted near-infrared (NIR) molecular fluorescent probes were designed and synthesized based on previously reported 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates. All newly synthesized probes showed specific FR binding in vitro, whereas GT-NIR-4 and GT-NIR-5 with a benzene and a thiophene ring, respectively, on the side chain of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine exhibited better FR binding affinity than that of GT-NIR-6 with folic acid as targeting ligand. GT-NIR-4 also showed high tumor uptake in KB tumor-bearing mice with good pharmacokinetic properties and biological safety. This work demonstrates the first attempt to replace folic acid with antifolates as targeting ligands for tumor-targeted NIR probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Zijun Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Lixiao Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Haofeng Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Tongdan Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Tan
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Qian Ren
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Can Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Yan Fu
- Core Facilities and Centers, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Ruijuan Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Ran Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Xiaowei Shi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Huicai Guo
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, 361 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Research and Evaluation, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
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3
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Synthesis, antitumor activities and functional mechanism of purine derivatives harboring phenyl moieties through three carbon bridges. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-023-03038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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4
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Matherly LH, Schneider M, Gangjee A, Hou Z. Biology and therapeutic applications of the proton-coupled folate transporter. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:695-706. [PMID: 36239195 PMCID: PMC9637735 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2136071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT; SLC46A1) was discovered in 2006 as the principal mechanism by which folates are absorbed in the intestine and the causal basis for hereditary folate malabsorption (HFM). In 2011, it was found that PCFT is highly expressed in many tumors. This stimulated interest in using PCFT for cytotoxic drug targeting, taking advantage of the substantial levels of PCFT transport and acidic pH conditions commonly associated with tumors. AREAS COVERED We summarize the literature from 2006 to 2022 that explores the role of PCFT in the intestinal absorption of dietary folates and its role in HFM and as a transporter of folates and antifolates such as pemetrexed (Alimta) in relation to cancer. We provide the rationale for the discovery of a new generation of targeted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates with selective PCFT transport and inhibitory activity toward de novo purine biosynthesis in solid tumors. We summarize the benefits of this approach to cancer therapy and exciting new developments in the structural biology of PCFT and its potential to foster refinement of active structures of PCFT-targeted anti-cancer drugs. EXPERT OPINION We summarize the promising future and potential challenges of implementing PCFT-targeted therapeutics for HFM and a variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry H. Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Mathew Schneider
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
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5
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Newstead S. Structural basis for recognition and transport of folic acid in mammalian cells. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 74:102353. [PMID: 35303537 PMCID: PMC7612623 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Structural studies on mammalian vitamin transport lag behind other metabolites. Folates, also known as B9 vitamins, are essential cofactors in one-carbon transfer reactions in biology. Three different systems control folate uptake in the human body; folate receptors function to capture and internalise extracellular folates via endocytosis, whereas two major facilitator superfamily transporters, the reduced folate carrier (RFC; SLC19A1) and proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT; SLC46A1) control the transport of folates across cellular membranes. Targeting specific folate transporters is being pursued as a route to developing new antifolates with improved pharmacology. Recent structures of the proton-coupled folate transporter, PCFT, revealed key insights into antifolate recognition and the mechanism of proton-coupled transport. Combined with previously determined structures of folate receptors and new predictions for the structure of the RFC, we are now able to develop a structure-based understanding of folate and antifolate recognition to accelerate efforts in antifolate drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Newstead
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
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6
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Golani LK, Islam F, O'Connor C, Dekhne AS, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as tumor-targeting agents with selectivity for tumor uptake by high affinity folate receptors over the reduced folate carrier. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115544. [PMID: 32503687 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-targeted 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine benzoyl compounds based on 2 were isosterically modified at the 4-carbon bridge by replacing the vicinal (C11) carbon by heteroatoms N (4), O (5) or S (6), or with an N-substituted formyl (7), trifluoroacetyl (8) or acetyl (9). Replacement with sulfur (6) afforded the most potent KB tumor cell inhibitor, ~6-fold better than the parent 2. In addition, 6 retained tumor transport selectivity via folate receptor (FR) α and -β over the ubiquitous reduced folate carrier (RFC). FRα-mediated cell inhibition for 6 was generally equivalent to 2, while the FRβ-mediated activity was improved by 16-fold over 2. N (4) and O (5) substitutions afforded similar tumor cell inhibitions as 2, with selectivity for FRα and -β over RFC. The N-substituted analogs 7-9 also preserved transport selectivity for FRα and -β over RFC. For FRα-expressing CHO cells, potencies were in the order of 8 > 7 > 9. Whereas 8 and 9 showed similar results with FRβ-expressing CHO cells, 7 was ~16-fold more active than 2. By nucleoside rescue experiments, all the compounds inhibited de novo purine biosynthesis, likely at the step catalyzed by glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase. Thus, heteroatom replacements of the CH2 in the bridge of 2 afford analogs with increased tumor cell inhibition that could provide advantages over 2, as well as tumor transport selectivity over clinically used antifolates including methotrexate and pemetrexed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Golani
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
| | - Farhana Islam
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Carrie O'Connor
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Aamod S Dekhne
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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7
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Discovery of amide-bridged pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as tumor targeted classical antifolates with selective uptake by folate receptor α and inhibition of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115125. [PMID: 31679978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that classical 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates bind to folate receptor (FR) α and the target purine biosynthetic enzyme glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase) with different cis and trans conformations. In this study, we designed novel analogs of this series with an amide moiety in the bridge region that can adopt both the cis and trans lowest energy conformations. This provides entropic benefit, by restricting the number of side-chain conformations of the unbound ligand to those most likely to promote binding to FRα and the target enzyme required for antitumor activity. NMR of the most active compound 7 showed both cis and trans amide bridge conformations in ~1:1 ratio. The bridge amide group in the best docked poses of 7 in the crystal structures of FRα and GARFTase adopted both cis and trans conformations, with the lowest energy conformations predicted by Maestro and evidenced by NMR within 1 kcal/mol. Compound 7 showed ~3-fold increased inhibition of FRα-expressing cells over its non-restricted parent analog 1 and was selectively internalized by FRα over the reduced folate carrier (RFC), resulting in significant in vitro antitumor activity toward FRα-expressing KB human tumor cells. Antitumor activity of 7 was abolished by treating cells with adenosine but was incompletely protected by 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) at higher drug concentrations, suggesting GARFTase and AICA ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFTase) in de novo purine biosynthesis as the likely intracellular targets. GARFTase inhibition by compound 7 was confirmed by an in situ cell-based activity assay. Our results identify a "first-in-class" classical antifolate with a novel amide linkage between the scaffold and the side chain aryl L-glutamate that affords exclusive selectivity for transport via FRα over RFC and antitumor activity resulting from inhibition of GARFTase and likely AICARFTase. Compound 7 offers significant advantages over clinically used inhibitors of this class that are transported by the ubiquitous RFC, resulting in dose-limiting toxicities.
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8
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Choudhary S, Singh A, Yadav J, Mir NA, Anthal S, Kant R, Kumar I. A simple route to tetracyclic oxazepine-fused pyrroles via metal-free [3+2] annulation between dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines and aqueous succinaldehyde. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj04861d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A direct method for the synthesis of tetracyclic oxazepine-fused pyrroles has been developed through [3+2] annulation between aqueous succinaldehyde and dibenzo[b,f][1,4]oxazepines under metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Choudhary
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333 031
- India
| | - Anoop Singh
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333 031
- India
| | - Jyothi Yadav
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333 031
- India
| | - Nisar A. Mir
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333 031
- India
| | - Sumati Anthal
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics & Electronics
- University of Jammu
- Jammu 180 006
- India
| | - Rajni Kant
- X-ray Crystallography Laboratory
- Post-Graduate Department of Physics & Electronics
- University of Jammu
- Jammu 180 006
- India
| | - Indresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science
- Pilani 333 031
- India
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9
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Chavan RR, Hosamani KM, Kulkarni BD, Joshi SD. Molecular docking studies and facile synthesis of most potent biologically active N-tert-butyl-4-(4-substituted phenyl)-2-((substituted-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl)methylthio)-6-oxo-1,6-dihydropyrimidine-5-carboxamide hybrids: An approach for microwave-assisted syntheses and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2018; 78:185-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Shah K, Raghavan S, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Development and validation of chemical features-based proton-coupled folate transporter/activity and reduced folate carrier/activity models (pharmacophores). J Mol Graph Model 2018; 81:125-133. [PMID: 29550744 PMCID: PMC5959037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
All clinically used antifolates lack transport selectivity for tumors over normal cells resulting in dose-limiting toxicities. There is growing interest in developing novel tumor-targeted cytotoxic antifolates with selective transport into tumors over normal cells via the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) over the ubiquitously expressed reduced folate carrier (RFC). A lack of X-ray crystal structures or predictive models for PCFT or RFC has hindered structure-aided drug design for PCFT-selective therapeutics. Four-point validated models (pharmacophores) were generated for PCFT/Activity (HBA, NI, RA, RA) and RFC/Activity (HBD, NI, HBA, HBA) based on inhibition (IC50) of proliferation of isogenic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells engineered to express only human PCFT or only RFC. Our results revealed substantial differences in structural features required for transport of novel molecules by these transporters which can be utilized for developing transporter-selective antifolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Shah
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Sudhir Raghavan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 421 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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11
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Ravindra M, Wilson MR, Tong N, O'Connor C, Karim M, Polin L, Wallace-Povirk A, White K, Kushner J, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Fluorine-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3- d]Pyrimidine Analogues with Tumor Targeting via Cellular Uptake by Folate Receptor α and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter and Inhibition of de Novo Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4228-4248. [PMID: 29701475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Novel fluorinated 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine analogues 7-12 were synthesized and tested for selective cellular uptake by folate receptors (FRs) α and β or the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) and for antitumor efficacy. Compounds 8, 9, 11, and 12 showed increased in vitro antiproliferative activities (∼11-fold) over the nonfluorinated analogues 2, 3, 5, and 6 toward engineered Chinese hamster ovary and HeLa cells expressing FRs or PCFT. Compounds 8, 9, 11, and 12 also inhibited proliferation of IGROV1 and A2780 epithelial ovarian cancer cells; in IGROV1 cells with knockdown of FRα, 9, 11, and 12 showed sustained inhibition associated with uptake by PCFT. All compounds inhibited glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase, a key enzyme in the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway. Molecular modeling studies validated in vitro cell-based results. NMR evidence supports the presence of an intramolecular fluorine-hydrogen bond. Potent in vivo efficacy of 11 was established with IGROV1 xenografts in severe compromised immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Ravindra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15282 , United States
| | - Mike R Wilson
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15282 , United States.,Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Nian Tong
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15282 , United States
| | - Carrie O'Connor
- Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Mohammad Karim
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15282 , United States
| | - Lisa Polin
- Molecular Therapeutics Program , Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 421 East Canfield Street , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Adrianne Wallace-Povirk
- Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Kathryn White
- Molecular Therapeutics Program , Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 421 East Canfield Street , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Juiwanna Kushner
- Molecular Therapeutics Program , Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 421 East Canfield Street , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program , Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 421 East Canfield Street , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program , Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 421 East Canfield Street , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15282 , United States
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12
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Ravindra M, Wallace-Povirk A, Karim MA, Wilson MR, O'Connor C, White K, Kushner J, Polin L, George C, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Tumor Targeting with Novel Pyridyl 6-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3- d]Pyrimidine Antifolates via Cellular Uptake by Folate Receptor α and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter and Inhibition of De Novo Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2027-2040. [PMID: 29425443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-targeted specificities of 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine analogues of 1, where the phenyl side-chain is replaced by 3',6' (5, 8), 2',5' (6, 9), and 2',6' (7, 10) pyridyls, were analyzed. Proliferation inhibition of isogenic Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing folate receptors (FRs) α and β were in rank order, 6 > 9 > 5 > 7 > 8, with 10 showing no activity, and 6 > 9 > 5 > 8, with 10 and 7 being inactive, respectively. Antiproliferative effects toward FRα- and FRβ-expressing cells were reflected in competitive binding with [3H]folic acid. Only compound 6 was active against proton-coupled folate receptor (PCFT)-expressing CHO cells (∼4-fold more potent than 1) and inhibited [3H]methotrexate uptake by PCFT. In KB and IGROV1 tumor cells, 6 showed <1 nM IC50, ∼2-3-fold more potent than 1. Compound 6 inhibited glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase in de novo purine biosynthesis and showed potent in vivo efficacy toward subcutaneous IGROV1 tumor xenografts in SCID mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Ravindra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15282 , United States
| | - Adrianne Wallace-Povirk
- Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Mohammad A Karim
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15282 , United States
| | - Mike R Wilson
- Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Carrie O'Connor
- Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Kathryn White
- Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Juiwanna Kushner
- Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Lisa Polin
- Molecular Therapeutics Program , Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 421 East Canfield Street , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Christina George
- Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program , Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 421 East Canfield Street , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program , Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 421 East Canfield Street , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Department of Oncology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit , Michigan 48201 , United States
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15282 , United States
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13
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Matherly LH, Hou Z, Gangjee A. The promise and challenges of exploiting the proton-coupled folate transporter for selective therapeutic targeting of cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 81:1-15. [PMID: 29127457 PMCID: PMC5756103 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review considers the "promise" of exploiting the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) for selective therapeutic targeting of cancer. PCFT was discovered in 2006 and was identified as the principal folate transporter involved in the intestinal absorption of dietary folates. The recognition that PCFT was highly expressed in many tumors stimulated substantial interest in using PCFT for cytotoxic drug targeting, taking advantage of its high level transport activity under the acidic pH conditions that characterize many tumors. For pemetrexed, among the best PCFT substrates, transport by PCFT establishes its importance as a clinically important transporter in malignant pleural mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer. In recent years, the notion of PCFT-targeting has been extended to a new generation of tumor-targeted 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine compounds that are structurally and functionally distinct from pemetrexed, and that exhibit near exclusive transport by PCFT and potent inhibition of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Based on compelling preclinical evidence in a wide range of human tumor models, it is now time to advance the most optimized PCFT-targeted agents with the best balance of PCFT transport specificity and potent antitumor efficacy to the clinic to validate this novel paradigm of highly selective tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 421 East Canfield Street, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
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14
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Tian C, Wang M, Han Z, Fang F, Zhang Z, Wang X, Liu J. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 6-substituted pyrrolo [3,2-d] pyrimidine analogues as antifolate antitumor agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 138:630-643. [PMID: 28711701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 6-substituted pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine analogues (10a, 11a-13a, 15a, 17a, 18a, 27a and 28a) have been designed and synthesized as antifolate antitumor agents. The anti-proliferative activities of these compounds against HL60, A549, H1299, Hela, HCT116 and HT29 tumor cells were evaluated. Most of the compounds exhibited micromolar anti-proliferative potencies. Compound 15a, the most potent one, has GI50 value of 0.73, 1.72, and 8.92 μM against A549, H1299 and HL60 cells, respectively. The cell cycle distribution assay displayed that 15a could increase the accumulation of G2/M-phase cells. 15a showed low potency in induction of apoptosis. However, the inhibition of A549 cell colony formation was observed. These indicated that the tumor cell death relied on the irreversible effect of 15a on clonogenicity and cell proliferation. The identification of targeted pathway of 15a implied that the anti-proliferative potencies of 15a probably act through dual inhibition of thymidylate synthase (TS) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tian
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zifei Han
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhili Zhang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junyi Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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15
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Hou Z, Gattoc L, O'Connor C, Yang S, Wallace-Povirk A, George C, Orr S, Polin L, White K, Kushner J, Morris RT, Gangjee A, Matherly LH. Dual Targeting of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Via Folate Receptor α and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter with 6-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3- d]pyrimidine Antifolates. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:819-830. [PMID: 28138029 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Folate uptake in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) involves the reduced folate carrier (RFC) and the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT), both facilitative transporters and folate receptor (FR) α. Although in primary EOC specimens, FRα is widely expressed and increases with tumor stage, PCFT was expressed independent of tumor stage (by real-time RT-PCR and IHC). EOC cell line models, including cisplatin sensitive (IGROV1 and A2780) and resistant (SKOV3 and TOV112D) cells, expressed a 17-fold range of FRα and similar amounts (within ∼2-fold) of PCFT. Novel 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates AGF94 and AGF154 exhibited potent antiproliferative activities toward all of the EOC cell lines, reflecting selective cellular uptake by FRα and/or PCFT over RFC. When IGROV1 cells were pretreated with AGF94 at pH 6.8, clonogenicity was potently inhibited, confirming cell killing. FRα was knocked down in IGROV1 cells with lentiviral shRNAs. Two FRα knockdown clones (KD-4 and KD-10) showed markedly reduced binding and uptake of [3H]folic acid and [3H]AGF154 by FRα, but maintained high levels of [3H]AGF154 uptake by PCFT compared to nontargeted control cells. In proliferation assays, KD-4 and KD-10 cells preserved in vitro inhibition by AGF94 and AGF154, compared to a nontargeted control, attributable to residual FRα- and substantial PCFT-mediated uptake. KD-10 tumor xenografts in severe-compromised immune-deficient mice were likewise sensitive to AGF94 Collectively, our results demonstrate the substantial therapeutic potential of novel 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates with dual targeting of PCFT and FRα toward EOCs that express a range of FRα, along with PCFT, as well as cisplatin resistance. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 819-30. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Hou
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. .,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Leda Gattoc
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Carrie O'Connor
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Si Yang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Christina George
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Steve Orr
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Lisa Polin
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Kathryn White
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Juiwanna Kushner
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Robert T Morris
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan. .,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.,Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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16
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Ruddarraju R, Murugulla AC, Donthabakthuni S, Kotla R, Deshmukh S, Maroju R, Palle S. Efficient Synthesis of Pyrrolo [2,3-d] Pyrimidines Containing 1,4-Disubstituted-1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adharvana Chari Murugulla
- Dr. MACS Bio-Pharma Pvt. Ltd; Factory: Plot-79/B&C, Pashamylaram Patancheru Medak (Dist) 502307 India
| | - Shobha Donthabakthuni
- Dr. MACS Bio-Pharma Pvt. Ltd; Factory: Plot-79/B&C, Pashamylaram Patancheru Medak (Dist) 502307 India
| | - Ravindar Kotla
- Dr. MACS Bio-Pharma Pvt. Ltd; Factory: Plot-79/B&C, Pashamylaram Patancheru Medak (Dist) 502307 India
| | - Sandeep Deshmukh
- Dr. MACS Bio-Pharma Pvt. Ltd; Factory: Plot-79/B&C, Pashamylaram Patancheru Medak (Dist) 502307 India
| | - Ravichandar Maroju
- Department of Physics and Chemistry; Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology; Gandipet Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Sadhanandam Palle
- Centre for Chemical Sciences and Technology, IST; Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University; Kukatpally Hyderabad 500 085 Telangana India
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17
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Wang C, Wang T, Huang L, Hou Y, Lu W, He H. Facile synthetic approach for 5-aryl-9-hydroxypyrano [3,2-f] indole-2(8H)-one. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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18
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Golani LK, Wallace-Povirk A, Deis SM, Wong J, Ke J, Gu X, Raghavan S, Wilson MR, Li X, Polin L, de Waal PW, White K, Kushner J, O'Connor C, Hou Z, Xu HE, Melcher K, Dann CE, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Tumor Targeting with Novel 6-Substituted Pyrrolo [2,3-d] Pyrimidine Antifolates with Heteroatom Bridge Substitutions via Cellular Uptake by Folate Receptor α and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter and Inhibition of de Novo Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7856-76. [PMID: 27458733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Targeted antifolates with heteroatom replacements of the carbon vicinal to the phenyl ring in 1 by N (4), O (8), or S (9), or with N-substituted formyl (5), acetyl (6), or trifluoroacetyl (7) moieties, were synthesized and tested for selective cellular uptake by folate receptor (FR) α and β or the proton-coupled folate transporter. Results show increased in vitro antiproliferative activity toward engineered Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing FRs by 4-9 over the CH2 analogue 1. Compounds 4-9 inhibited de novo purine biosynthesis and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). X-ray crystal structures for 4 with FRα and GARFTase showed that the bound conformations of 4 required flexibility for attachment to both FRα and GARFTase. In mice bearing IGROV1 ovarian tumor xenografts, 4 was highly efficacious. Our results establish that heteroatom substitutions in the 3-atom bridge region of 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines related to 1 provide targeted antifolates that warrant further evaluation as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Golani
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Adrianne Wallace-Povirk
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Siobhan M Deis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jennifer Wong
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jiyuan Ke
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Xin Gu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Sudhir Raghavan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Mike R Wilson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Xinxin Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Lisa Polin
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Parker W de Waal
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Kathryn White
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Juiwanna Kushner
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Carrie O'Connor
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - H Eric Xu
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States.,Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, VARI-SIMM Center, Center for Structure and Function of Drug Targets, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Laboratory of Structural Sciences and Laboratory of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Van Andel Research Institute , 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503, United States
| | - Charles E Dann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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19
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Deis SM, Doshi A, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A, Dann CE. Structural and Enzymatic Analysis of Tumor-Targeted Antifolates That Inhibit Glycinamide Ribonucleotide Formyltransferase. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4574-82. [PMID: 27439469 PMCID: PMC5238714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pemetrexed and methotrexate are antifolates used for cancer chemotherapy and inflammatory diseases. These agents have toxic side effects resulting, in part, from nonspecific cellular transport by the reduced folate carrier (RFC), a ubiquitously expressed facilitative transporter. We previously described 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates with modifications of the side chain linker and aromatic ring that are poor substrates for RFC but are efficiently transported via folate receptors (FRs) and the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). These targeted antifolates are cytotoxic in vitro toward FR- and PCFT-expressing tumor cells and in vivo with human tumor xenografts in immune-compromised mice, reflecting selective cellular uptake. Antitumor efficacy is due to inhibition of glycinamide ribonucleotide (GAR) formyltransferase (GARFTase) activity in de novo synthesis of purine nucleotides. This study used purified human GARFTase (formyltransferase domain) to assess in vitro inhibition by eight novel thieno- and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates. Seven analogues (AGF23, AGF71, AGF94, AGF117, AGF118, AGF145, and AGF147) inhibited GARFTase with Ki values in the low- to mid-nanomolar concentration range, whereas AGF50 inhibited GARFTase with micromolar potency similar to that of PMX. On the basis of crystal structures of ternary complexes with GARFTase, β-GAR, and the monoglutamyl antifolates, differences in inhibitory potencies correlated well with antifolate binding and the positions of the terminal carboxylates. Our data provide a mechanistic basis for differences in inhibitory potencies between these novel antifolates and a framework for future structure-based drug design. These analogues could be more efficacious than clinically used antifolates, reflecting their selective cellular uptake by FRs and PCFT and potent GARFTase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan M. Deis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Arpit Doshi
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Larry H. Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Charles E. Dann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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20
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Synthesis of 8-alkoxy-6-alkylamino-2-alkylthiopurine nucleosides with a straightforward multiple-functionalization strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Saikia L, Roudragouda P, Thakur AJ. A one pot, two-step synthesis of 5-arylpyrrolo[2,3- d ]pyrimidines and screening of their preliminary antibacterial properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:992-998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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De Coen LM, Heugebaert TSA, García D, Stevens CV. Synthetic Entries to and Biological Activity of Pyrrolopyrimidines. Chem Rev 2015; 116:80-139. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurens M. De Coen
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thomas S. A. Heugebaert
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel García
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V. Stevens
- Department of Sustainable
Organic Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Coupure links
653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Comparison of carbon-sulfur and carbon-amine bond in therapeutic drug: 4β-S-aromatic heterocyclic podophyllum derivatives display antitumor activity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14814. [PMID: 26443888 PMCID: PMC4595834 DOI: 10.1038/srep14814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein is a first effort to systematically study the significance of carbon-sulfur (C-S) and carbon-amine (C-NH) bonds on the antitumor proliferation activity of podophyllum derivatives and their precise mechanism of apoptosis. Compared with the derivative modified by a C-NH bond, the derivative modified by a C-S bond exhibited superior antitumor activity, the inhibition activity of target proteins tubulin or Topo II, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis induction. Antitumor mechanistic studies showed that the death receptor and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathways were simultaneously activated by the C-S bond modified aromatic heterocyclic podophyllum derivatives with a higher cellular uptake percentage of 60-90% and induction of a higher level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Only the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was activated by the C-NH bond modified aromatic heterocyclic podophyllum derivatives, with a lower cellular uptake percentage of 40-50%. This study provided insight into effects of the C-S and C-NH bond modification on the improvement of the antitumor activity of Podophyllum derivatives.
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24
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Wang L, Wallace A, Raghavan S, Deis SM, Wilson MR, Yang S, Polin L, White K, Kushner J, Orr S, George C, O'Connor C, Hou Z, Mitchell-Ryan S, Dann CE, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. 6-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine Thienoyl Regioisomers as Targeted Antifolates for Folate Receptor α and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter in Human Tumors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6938-59. [PMID: 26317331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-4-oxo-6-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolate thiophene regioisomers of AGF94 (4) with a thienoyl side chain and three-carbon bridge lengths [AGF150 (5) and AGF154 (7)] were synthesized as potential antitumor agents. These analogues inhibited proliferation of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) sublines expressing folate receptors (FRs) α or β (IC50s < 1 nM) or the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) (IC50 < 7 nM). Compounds 5 and 7 inhibited KB, IGROV1, and SKOV3 human tumor cells at subnanomolar concentrations, reflecting both FRα and PCFT uptake. AGF152 (6) and AGF163 (8), 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thiophene regioisomers, also inhibited growth of FR-expressing CHO and KB cells. All four analogues inhibited glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). Crystal structures of human GARFTase complexed with 5 and 7 were reported. In severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing SKOV3 tumors, 7 was efficacious. The selectivity of these compounds for PCFT and for FRα and β over the ubiquitously expressed reduced folate carrier is a paradigm for selective tumor targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Adrianne Wallace
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Sudhir Raghavan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Siobhan M Deis
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Mike R Wilson
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Si Yang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Lisa Polin
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Kathryn White
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Juiwanna Kushner
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Steven Orr
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Christina George
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Carrie O'Connor
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Shermaine Mitchell-Ryan
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Charles E Dann
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute , 110 East Warren Avenue, Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, Michigan 48201, United States
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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Chen XB, Yan SJ, Su A, Liu W, Lin J. Catalyst-free three-component domino reactions for regioselective synthesis of multi-functional fused pyrroles. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Jansen G, Peters GJ. Novel insights in folate receptors and transporters: implications for disease and treatment of immune diseases and cancer. Pteridines 2015; 26:41-53. [DOI: 10.1515/pterid-2015-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Folate receptors and transporters as well as folate enzymes play an essential role in human disease and form important targets for the treatment of immune diseases and cancer. To discuss new developments in this area, every 2 years a multidisciplinary meeting is held, which aims to be an informal forum for fundamental scientists and clinicians. During this meeting, the regulation of folate transporters and folate enzymes is discussed at the level of expression, transcription, translation, post-translational modification, and splicing and enzyme regulation. Importantly, this knowledge is applied and translated into exciting clinical applications by clinicians with various backgrounds, such as surgeons, nephrologists, rheumatologists and oncologists. Moreover, the meeting provides an excellent forum for a scientific interaction between academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Jansen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Prieur V, Heindler N, Rubio-Martínez J, Guillaumet G, Pujol MD. One-pot synthesis of 4-aminated pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines from alkynylpyrimidines under metal-catalyst-free conditions. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Synthesis and antitumor activity of a novel series of 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as potential nonclassical antifolates targeting both thymidylate and purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:142-55. [PMID: 25668494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines were designed and synthesized as potential nonclassical antifolates targeting both thymidylate and purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Condensation of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine with ethyl-4-chloroacetoacetate and subsequent hydrolysis afforded the key intermediate, 2-amino-4-oxo-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-yl-acetic acid. Coupling with various amino acid methyl esters followed by saponification and condensation with 3-(aminomethyl)pyridine provided target compounds 1-9. The new compounds exhibited micromolar to submicromolar antiproliferative potencies against a panel of tumor cell lines including KB, A549 and HepG2. Growth inhibition of compound 2 toward KB cells resulted in cytotoxicity and G1/G2-phase accumulation, and was partially protected by excess thymidine and adenosine, but was completely reversed in the combination of thymidine and adenosine, indicating both thymidylate and de novo purine nucleotide synthesis as the targeted pathway. However, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) protection was incomplete, suggesting inhibition of both glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase) and AICA ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFTase). The results of the docking studies show that 2 could bind and inhibit both thymidylate synthase (TS) and the two folate-dependent purine biosynthetic enzymes (GARFTase and AICARFTase), which is consistent with the results of in vitro metabolic assays. Our studies establish that compound 2 is an excellent lead analog as a multitargeted antifolate for further structure optimization.
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Kobayashi K, Nakazawa K, Yuba S, Hiyoshi H, Umezu K. Synthesis of 7-Alkyl-6-amino-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carbonitriles by the Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of 4-(Alkylamino)-5-iodopyrimidines with Propanedinitrile. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-s(k)5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Golani LK, George C, Zhao S, Raghavan S, Orr S, Wallace A, Wilson MR, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Structure-activity profiles of novel 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates with modified amino acids for cellular uptake by folate receptors α and β and the proton-coupled folate transporter. J Med Chem 2014; 57:8152-66. [PMID: 25234128 PMCID: PMC4191586 DOI: 10.1021/jm501113m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationships for cellular uptake and inhibition of cell proliferation were studied for 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates in which the terminal l-glutamate of the parent structure (7) was replaced by natural or unnatural amino acids. Compounds 7 and 10-13 were selectively inhibitory toward folate receptor (FR) α-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Antiproliferative effects of compounds 7 and 9-13 toward FRα- and FRβ-expressing CHO cells were only partly reflected in binding affinities to FRα and FRβ or in the docking scores with molecular models of FRα and FRβ. Compounds 7 and 11 were potent inhibitors of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase in de novo purine biosynthesis in KB human tumor cells. These studies establish for the first time the importance of the α- and γ-carboxylic acid groups, the length of the amino acid, and the conformation of the side chain for transporter binding and biological activity of 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit K Golani
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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Avasthi K, Shukla L, Kant R, Ravikumar K. Folded conformations due to arene interactions in dissymmetric and symmetric butylidene-linker models based on pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, purine and 7-deazapurine. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 70:555-61. [PMID: 24898957 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229614009449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The butylidene-linker models 1-[2-(2,6-dimethylsulfanyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-2-methylidenepropyl]-4,6-bis(methylsulfanyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, C18H20N8S4, (XI), 7,7'-(2-methylidenepropane-1,3-diyl)bis[3-methyl-2-methylsulfanyl-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one], C20H22N6O2S2, (XIV), and 7-[2-(4,6-dimethylsulfanyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)-2-methylidenepropyl]-3-methyl-2-methylsulfanyl-3H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(7H)-one, C19H21N7OS3, (XV), show folded conformations in solution, as shown by (1)H NMR analysis. This folding carries over to the crystalline state. Intramolecular π-π interactions are observed in all three compounds, but only (XIV) shows additional intramolecular C-H···π interactions in the solid state. As far as can be established, this is the first report incorporating the pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleus for such a study. In addition to the π-π interactions, the crystal structures are also stabilized by other weak intermolecular C-H···S/N/O and/or S···N/S interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlakar Avasthi
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Lakshmi Shukla
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Ruchir Kant
- Molecular and Structural Biology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 031, India
| | - Krishnan Ravikumar
- Department of X-ray Crystallography, IICT Hydeabad, Hyderabad 500 007, India
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Matherly LH, Wilson MR, Hou Z. The major facilitative folate transporters solute carrier 19A1 and solute carrier 46A1: biology and role in antifolate chemotherapy of cancer. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:632-49. [PMID: 24396145 PMCID: PMC3965896 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.055723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the biology of the major facilitative membrane transporters, the reduced folate carrier (RFC) (Solute Carrier 19A1) and the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT) (Solute Carrier 46A1). Folates are essential vitamins, and folate deficiency contributes to a variety of health disorders. RFC is ubiquitously expressed and is the major folate transporter in mammalian cells and tissues. PCFT mediates the intestinal absorption of dietary folates and appears to be important for transport of folates into the central nervous system. Clinically relevant antifolates for cancer, such as methotrexate and pralatrexate, are transported by RFC, and loss of RFC transport is an important mechanism of methotrexate resistance in cancer cell lines and in patients. PCFT is expressed in human tumors, and is active at pH conditions associated with the tumor microenvironment. Pemetrexed is an excellent substrate for both RFC and PCFT. Novel tumor-targeted antifolates related to pemetrexed with selective membrane transport by PCFT over RFC are being developed. In recent years, there have been major advances in understanding the structural and functional properties and the regulation of RFC and PCFT. The molecular bases for methotrexate resistance associated with loss of RFC transport and for hereditary folate malabsorption, attributable to mutant PCFT, were determined. Future studies should continue to translate molecular insights from basic studies of RFC and PCFT biology into new therapeutic strategies for cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry H Matherly
- Department of Oncology (L.H.M., M.R.W., Z.H.) and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (L.H.M., Z.H.)
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Chen XB, Wang XY, Zhu DD, Yan SJ, Lin J. Three-component domino reaction synthesis of highly functionalized bicyclic pyrrole derivatives. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Prieur V, Rubio-Martínez J, Font-Bardia M, Guillaumet G, Pujol MD. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Hou Z, Matherly LH. Biology of the major facilitative folate transporters SLC19A1 and SLC46A1. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2014; 73:175-204. [PMID: 24745983 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800223-0.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the biology of the major facilitative membrane folate transporters, the reduced folate carrier (RFC), and the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). Folates are essential vitamins, and folate deficiency contributes to a variety of heath disorders. RFC is ubiquitously expressed and is the major folate transporter in mammalian cells and tissues. PCFT mediates intestinal absorption of dietary folates. Clinically relevant antifolates such as methotrexate (MTX) are transported by RFC, and the loss of RFC transport is an important mechanism of MTX resistance. PCFT is abundantly expressed in human tumors and is active under pH conditions associated with the tumor microenvironment. Pemetrexed (PMX) is an excellent substrate for PCFT as well as for RFC. Novel tumor-targeted antifolates related to PMX with selective membrane transport by PCFT over RFC are being developed. The molecular picture of RFC and PCFT continues to evolve relating to membrane topology, N-glycosylation, energetics, and identification of structurally and functionally important domains and amino acids. The molecular bases for MTX resistance associated with loss of RFC function, and for the rare autosomal recessive condition, hereditary folate malabsorption (HFM), attributable to mutant PCFT, have been established. From structural homologies to the bacterial transporters GlpT and LacY, homology models were developed for RFC and PCFT, enabling new mechanistic insights and experimentally testable hypotheses. RFC and PCFT exist as homo-oligomers, and evidence suggests that homo-oligomerization of RFC and PCFT monomeric proteins may be important for intracellular trafficking and/or transport function. Better understanding of the structure and function of RFC and PCFT should facilitate the rational development of new therapeutic strategies for cancer as well as for HFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Hou
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.
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Mitchell-Ryan S, Wang Y, Raghavan S, Ravindra MP, Hales E, Orr S, Cherian C, Hou Z, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Discovery of 5-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates as dual-acting inhibitors of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase in de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis: implications of inhibiting 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase to ampk activation and antitumor activity. J Med Chem 2013; 56:10016-10032. [PMID: 24256410 DOI: 10.1021/jm401328u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized 5-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates (compounds 5-10) with one-to-six bridge carbons and a benozyl ring in the side chain as antitumor agents. Compound 8 with a 4-carbon bridge was the most active analogue and potently inhibited proliferation of folate receptor (FR) α-expressing Chinese hamster ovary and KB human tumor cells. Growth inhibition was reversed completely or in part by excess folic acid, indicating that FRα is involved in cellular uptake, and resulted in S-phase accumulation and apoptosis. Antiproliferative effects of compound 8 toward KB cells were protected by excess adenosine but not thymidine, establishing de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis as the targeted pathway. However, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) protection was incomplete, suggesting inhibition of both AICA ribonucleotide formyltransferase (AICARFTase) and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase). Inhibition of GARFTase and AICARFTase by compound 8 was confirmed by cellular metabolic assays and resulted in ATP pool depletion. To our knowledge, this is the first example of an antifolate that acts as a dual inhibitor of GARFTase and AICARFTase as its principal mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yiqiang Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Sudhir Raghavan
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Manasa Punaha Ravindra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
| | - Eric Hales
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Ave, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Steven Orr
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Ave, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Christina Cherian
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Ave, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Ave, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, 110 East Warren Ave, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201.,Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15282
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Wang Y, Cherian C, Orr S, Mitchell-Ryan S, Hou Z, Raghavan S, Matherly LH, Gangjee A. Tumor-targeting with novel non-benzoyl 6-substituted straight chain pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates via cellular uptake by folate receptor α and inhibition of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. J Med Chem 2013; 56:8684-95. [PMID: 24111942 DOI: 10.1021/jm401139z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 6-substituted straight side chain pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 3a-d with varying chain lengths (n = 5-8) was designed and synthesized as part of our program to provide targeted antitumor agents with folate receptor (FR) cellular uptake specificity and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase) inhibition. Carboxylic acids 4a-d were converted to the acid chlorides and reacted with diazomethane, followed by 48% HBr to generate the α-bromomethylketones 5a-d. Condensation of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine 6 with 5a-d afforded the 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines 7a-d. Hydrolysis and subsequent coupling with diethyl l-glutamate and saponification afforded target compounds 3a-d. Compounds 3b-d showed selective cellular uptake via FRα and -β, associated with high affinity binding and inhibition of de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis via GARFTase, resulting in potent inhibition against FR-expressing Chinese hamster cells and human KB tumor cells in culture. Our studies establish, for the first time, that a side chain benzoyl group is not essential for tumor-selective drug uptake by FRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiang Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University , 600 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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Cherian C, Kugel Desmoulin S, Wang L, Polin L, White K, Kushner J, Stout M, Hou Z, Gangjee A, Matherly LH. Therapeutic targeting malignant mesothelioma with a novel 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolate via its selective uptake by the proton-coupled folate transporter. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2013; 71:999-1011. [PMID: 23412628 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-013-2094-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined whether the novel 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolate, compound 2, might be an effective treatment for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), reflecting its selective membrane transport by the proton-coupled folate transport (PCFT) over the reduced folate carrier (RFC). METHODS HeLa sublines expressing exclusively PCFT (R1-11-PCFT4) or RFC (R1-11-RFC6) and H2452 MPM cells were assayed for transport with [(3)H]compound 2. [(3)H]Polyglutamate metabolites of compound 2 were measured in R1-11-PCFT4 and H2452 cells. In vitro cell proliferation assays and colony formation assays were performed. Inhibition of glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFTase) was assayed by nucleoside protection assays and in situ GARFTase assays with [(14)C]glycine. In vivo efficacy was established with early- and advanced-stage H2452 xenografts in severe-combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice administered intravenous compound 2. RESULTS [(3)H]Compound 2 was selectively transported by PCFT and was metabolized to polyglutamates. Compound 2 selectively inhibited proliferation of R1-11-PCFT4 cells over R1-11-RFC6 cells. H2452 human MPM cells were sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of compound 2. By colony-forming assays with H2452 cells, compound 2 was cytotoxic. Compound 2 inhibited GARFTase in de novo purine biosynthesis. In vivo efficacy was confirmed toward early- and advanced-stage H2452 xenografts in SCID mice administered compound 2. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate potent antitumor efficacy of compound 2 toward H2452 MPM cells in vitro and in vivo, reflecting its efficient membrane transport by PCFT, synthesis of polyglutamates, and inhibition of GARFTase. Selectivity for non-RFC cellular uptake processes by tumor-targeted antifolates such as compound 2 presents an exciting new opportunity for treating solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cherian
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Desmoulin SK, Hou Z, Gangjee A, Matherly LH. The human proton-coupled folate transporter: Biology and therapeutic applications to cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:1355-73. [PMID: 22954694 PMCID: PMC3542225 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.22020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the biology of the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). PCFT was identified in 2006 as the primary transporter for intestinal absorption of dietary folates, as mutations in PCFT are causal in hereditary folate malabsorption (HFM) syndrome. Since 2006, there have been major advances in understanding the mechanistic roles of critical amino acids and/or domains in the PCFT protein, many of which were identified as mutated in HFM patients, and in characterizing transcriptional control of the human PCFT gene. With the recognition that PCFT is abundantly expressed in human tumors and is active at pHs characterizing the tumor microenvironment, attention turned to exploiting PCFT for delivering novel cytotoxic antifolates for solid tumors. The finding that pemetrexed is an excellent PCFT substrate explains its demonstrated clinical efficacy for mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer, and prompted development of more PCFT-selective tumor-targeted 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolates that derive their cytotoxic effects by targeting de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Kugel Desmoulin
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit, MI USA
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Gonen N, Assaraf YG. Antifolates in cancer therapy: Structure, activity and mechanisms of drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2012; 15:183-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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