1
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Deutscher RCE, Safa Karagöz M, Purder PL, Kolos JM, Meyners C, Oki Sugiarto W, Krajczy P, Tebbe F, Geiger TM, Ünal C, Hellmich UA, Steinert M, Hausch F. [4.3.1]Bicyclic FKBP Ligands Inhibit Legionella Pneumophila Infection by LpMip-Dependent and LpMip-Independent Mechanisms. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300442. [PMID: 37489700 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, a serious form of pneumonia. Its macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip), a member of a highly conserved family of FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), plays a major role in the proliferation of the gram-negative bacterium in host organisms. In this work, we test our library of >1000 FKBP-focused ligands for inhibition of LpMip. The [4.3.1]-bicyclic sulfonamide turned out as a highly preferred scaffold and provided the most potent LpMip inhibitors known so far. Selected compounds were non-toxic to human cells, displayed antibacterial activity and block bacterial proliferation in cellular infection-assays as well as infectivity in human lung tissue explants. The results confirm [4.3.1]-bicyclic sulfonamides as anti-legionellal agents, although their anti-infective properties cannot be explained by inhibition of LpMip alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin C E Deutscher
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - M Safa Karagöz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Patrick L Purder
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jürgen M Kolos
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Meyners
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Wisely Oki Sugiarto
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Patryk Krajczy
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Frederike Tebbe
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Germany, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas M Geiger
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Can Ünal
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ute A Hellmich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Germany, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankurt/Main, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technical University Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
- Centre for Synthetic Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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2
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Veitch M, Beaumont K, Pouwer R, Chew HY, Frazer IH, Soyer HP, Campbell S, Dymock BW, Harvey A, Cock TA, Wells JW. Local blockade of tacrolimus promotes T-cell-mediated tumor regression in systemically immunosuppressed hosts. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e006783. [PMID: 37678918 PMCID: PMC10496666 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-006783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive drugs such as tacrolimus have revolutionized our ability to transplant organs between individuals. Tacrolimus acts systemically to suppress the activity of T-cells within and around transplanted organs. However, tacrolimus also suppresses T-cell function in the skin, contributing to a high incidence of skin cancer and associated mortality and morbidity in solid organ transplant recipients. Here, we aimed to identify a compound capable of re-establishing antitumor T-cell control in the skin despite the presence of tacrolimus. METHODS In this study, we performed time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer to identify molecules capable of antagonizing the interaction between tacrolimus and FKBP12. The capacity of these molecules to rescue mouse and human T-cell function in the presence of tacrolimus was determined in vitro, and the antitumor effect of the lead compound, Q-2361, was assessed in "regressor" models of skin cancer in immunosuppressed mice. Systemic CD8 T-cell depletion and analyses of intratumoral T-cell activation markers and effector molecule production were performed to determine the mechanism of tumor rejection. Pharmacokinetic studies of topically applied Q-2361 were performed to assess skin and systemic drug exposure. RESULTS Q-2361 potently blocked the interaction between tacrolimus and FKBP12 and reversed the inhibition of the nuclear factor of activated T cells activation by tacrolimus following T-cell receptor engagement in human Jurkat cells. Q-2361 rescued T-cell function in the presence of tacrolimus, rapamycin, and everolimus. Intratumoral injection of Q-2361-induced tumor regression in mice systemically immune suppressed with tacrolimus. Mechanistically, Q-2361 treatment permitted T-cell activation, proliferation, and effector function within tumors. When CD8 T cells were depleted, Q-2361 could not induce tumor regression. A simple solution-based Q-2361 topical formulation achieved high and sustained residence in the skin with negligible drug in the blood. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the local application of Q-2361 permits T-cells to become activated driving tumor rejection in the presence of tacrolimus. The data presented here suggests that topically applied Q-2361 has great potential for the reactivation of T-cells in the skin but not systemically, and therefore represents a promising strategy to prevent or treat skin malignancies in immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Veitch
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kimberly Beaumont
- Queensland Emory Drug Discovery Initiative, UniQuest, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pouwer
- Queensland Emory Drug Discovery Initiative, UniQuest, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hui Yi Chew
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian H Frazer
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Frazer Institute, Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Dermatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott Campbell
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brian W Dymock
- Queensland Emory Drug Discovery Initiative, UniQuest, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Harvey
- Queensland Emory Drug Discovery Initiative, UniQuest, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Terrie-Anne Cock
- Queensland Emory Drug Discovery Initiative, UniQuest, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James W Wells
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Frazer Institute, Dermatology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Buffa V, Knaup FH, Heymann T, Springer M, Schmidt MV, Hausch F. Analysis of the Selective Antagonist SAFit2 as a Chemical Probe for the FK506-Binding Protein 51. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:361-371. [PMID: 36926456 PMCID: PMC10012253 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
The FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) has emerged as an important regulator of the mammalian stress response and is involved in persistent pain states and metabolic pathways. The FK506 analog SAFit2 (short for selective antagonist of FKBP51 by induced fit) was the first potent and selective FKBP51 ligand with an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile. At present, SAFit2 represents the gold standard for FKBP51 pharmacology and has been extensively used in numerous biological studies. Here we review the current knowledge on SAFit2 as well as guidelines for its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Buffa
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clemens-Schöpf-Institute, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fabian H. Knaup
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clemens-Schöpf-Institute, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tim Heymann
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clemens-Schöpf-Institute, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Margherita Springer
- Research
Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias V. Schmidt
- Research
Group Neurobiology of Stress Resilience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clemens-Schöpf-Institute, Technical University Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss Straße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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4
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Lerma Romero JA, Meyners C, Christmann A, Reinbold LM, Charalampidou A, Hausch F, Kolmar H. Binding pocket stabilization by high-throughput screening of yeast display libraries. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:1023131. [DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1023131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein dynamics have a great influence on the binding pockets of some therapeutic targets. Flexible protein binding sites can result in transient binding pocket formation which might have a negative impact on drug screening efforts. Here, we describe a protein engineering strategy with FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) as a model protein, which is a promising target for stress-related disorders. High-throughput screening of yeast display libraries of FKBP51 resulted in the identification of variants exhibiting higher affinity binding of conformation-specific FKBP51 selective inhibitors. The gene libraries of a random mutagenesis and site saturation mutagenesis of the FK1 domain of FKBP51 encoding sequence were used to create a yeast surface display library. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting for FKBP51 variants that bind conformation-specific fluorescently labeled ligands with high affinity allowed for the identification of 15 different protein variants with improved binding to either, or both FKBP51-specific ligands used in the screening, with improved affinities up to 34-fold compared to the wild type. These variants will pave the way to a better understanding of the conformational flexibility of the FKBP51 binding pocket and may enable the isolation of new selective ligands that preferably and selectively bind the active site of the protein in its open conformation state.
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5
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Zheng S, Smit W, Spannenberg A, Tin S, de Vries JG. Synthesis of α-Keto Aldehydes via Selective Cu(I)-catalyzed Oxidation of α-Hydroxy Ketones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4639-4642. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00773h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient approach to synthesize α-keto aldehydes was established through selective oxidation of α-hydroxy ketones catalyzed by Cu(I) using oxygen as oxidant. A wide array of α-keto aldehydes was prepared...
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6
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Han JT, Zhu Y, Pan DB, Xue HX, Wang S, Peng Y, Liu H, He YX, Yao X. Discovery of pentapeptide-inhibitor hits targeting FKBP51 by combining computational modeling and X-ray crystallography. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:4079-4091. [PMID: 34401048 PMCID: PMC8329522 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
FKBP51 is well-known as a cochaperone of Hsp90 machinery and implicated in many human diseases including stress-related diseases, tau-mediated neurodegeneration and cancers, which makes FKBP51 an attractive drug target for the therapy of FKBP51-associated diseases. However, it has been reported that only nature product rapamycin, cyclosporine A, FK506 and its derivatives exhibit good binding affinities when bound to FKBP51 by now. Given the advantages of peptide-inhibitors, we designed and obtained 20 peptide-inhibitor hits through structure-based drug design. We further characterized the interaction modes of the peptide-inhibitor hits on the FK1 domain of FKBP51 by biochemical and structural biology methods. Structural analysis revealed that peptide-inhibitor hits form U-shaped conformations and occupy the FK506 binding pocket and share similar interaction modes with FK506. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we delved into the interaction dynamics and found that hits are anchored to the FK506 binding pocket in a quite stable conformation. Meanwhile, it was shown that interactions between FK1 and peptide-inhibitor hits are mainly attributed to the hydrogen bond networks comprising I87 and Y113 and FPF cores of peptide-inhibitors involved extensive hydrophobic interactions. We presumed that the peptide design strategy based on the small molecule structure probably shed new lights on the peptide-inhibitor discovery of other targets. The findings presented here could also serve as a structural basis and starting point facilitating the optimization and generation of FKBP51 peptide-inhibitors with better bio-activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ting Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yongchang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Da-Bo Pan
- Department of Medical Technology, Qiandongnan Vocational & Technical College for Nationalities, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, China
| | - Hong-Xiang Xue
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yali Peng
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yong-Xing He
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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7
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Atack TC, Raymond DD, Blomquist CA, Pasaje CF, McCarren PR, Moroco J, Befekadu HB, Robinson FP, Pal D, Esherick LY, Ianari A, Niles JC, Sellers WR. Targeted Covalent Inhibition of Plasmodium FK506 Binding Protein 35. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:2131-2138. [PMID: 33209191 PMCID: PMC7667655 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
FK506-binding
protein 35, FKBP35, has been implicated as an essential
malarial enzyme. Rapamycin and FK506 exhibit antiplasmodium activity
in cultured parasites. However, due to the highly conserved nature
of the binding pockets of FKBPs and the immunosuppressive properties
of these drugs, there is a need for compounds that selectively inhibit
FKBP35 and lack the undesired side effects. In contrast to human FKBPs,
FKBP35 contains a cysteine, C106, adjacent to the rapamycin binding
pocket, providing an opportunity to develop targeted covalent inhibitors
of Plasmodium FKBP35. Here, we synthesize inhibitors
of FKBP35, show that they directly bind FKBP35 in a model cellular
setting, selectively covalently modify C106, and exhibit antiplasmodium
activity in blood-stage cultured parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C. Atack
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Donald D. Raymond
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Christa A. Blomquist
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Charisse Flerida Pasaje
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Patrick R. McCarren
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jamie Moroco
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Henock B. Befekadu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Foxy P. Robinson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Debjani Pal
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Lisl Y. Esherick
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alessandra Ianari
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Jacquin C. Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William R. Sellers
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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8
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Wang H, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Fang S, Li J, Wan X. Oxidative Coupling of Diazo and NH4I: A Route to Primary Oxamates and α-Ketoamides. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3050-3058. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanghang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yonggao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Shangwen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Wan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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9
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Studies on the constituents of Helleborus purpurascens: use of derivatives from calix[6]arene, homooxacalix[3]arene and homoazacalix[3]arene as extractant agents for amino acids from the aqueous extract. Amino Acids 2019; 52:55-72. [PMID: 31853707 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02809-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The task of this work was to investigate the extraction capacity of various calixarenes for free and esterified amino acids from aqueous acid phases. Furthermore, this method was applied to aqueous extracts of Helleborus purpurascens. Generally, it is known that calixarenes can be used as extractants for ammonium compounds due to π-cation and lone pair cation interactions. As first, tert-Butyl-calix[6]arene and derivatives thereof were used. They had already proven their worth in previous investigations. In addition, tert-Butyl-hexahomooxa-calix[3]arene was used also, which can also enter into lone pair cation interactions. In addition to these well-known calixarenes, new calixarenes were produced and tested. Based on the tert-Butyl-hexahomooxa-calix[3]arene, a phosphor(III)bridged derivative was prepared, combining the three aromatic hydroxyl groups to a phosphite. As a seldom-described class of calixarenes, tert-Butyl-hexahomoaza-calix[3]arene derivatives were used. The nitrogen analogues of tert-Butyl-hexahomooxa-calix[3]arene could be produced as N-benzyl derivatives. The structure of the esterified carboxymethylated derivative of N,N',N″-Tribenzyl-tert-Butyl-hexahomoaza-calix[3]arene could be verified by X-ray structure analysis. It crystallized as a partial cone. The extraction capacity of the described calixarenes was investigated for amino acids from aqueous acidic solutions into an organic phase. For the testing were chosen asparagine, aspartic acid, tyrosine, tryptophane, phenylalanine and pipecolinic acid and their methyl esters. The amino acids and their methyl esters were dissolved in water at different pH values. The calixarenes were dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM) or chloroform. After this preparation, the aqueous acidic amino acid solutions were mixed with the solutions and shaken intensively. In addition, blank values were determined by extracting the aqueous stock solutions of the amino acids and their methyl esters with pure solvents. To determine the extraction rate, the phases were separated and each analysed using GC-FID, partially GC-MS(EI). The evaluation is performed in two ways. On the one hand the depletion in the aqueous phase and on the other hand the content in the organic phase was determined.
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10
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Feng X, Sippel C, Knaup FH, Bracher A, Staibano S, Romano MF, Hausch F. A Novel Decalin-Based Bicyclic Scaffold for FKBP51-Selective Ligands. J Med Chem 2019; 63:231-240. [PMID: 31800244 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibition of FKBP51 has emerged as possible novel treatment for diseases like major depressive disorder, obesity, chronic pain, and certain cancers. The current FKBP51 inhibitors are rather large, flexible, and have to be further optimized. By using a structure-based rigidification strategy, we hereby report the design and synthesis of a novel promising bicyclic scaffold for FKBP51 ligands. The structure-activity analysis revealed the decalin scaffold as the best moiety for the selectivity-enabling subpocket of FBKP51. The resulting compounds retain high potency for FKBP51 and excellent selectivity over the close homologue FKBP52. With the cocrystal structure of an advanced ligand in this novel series, we show how the decalin locks the key selectivity-inducing cyclohexyl moiety of the ligand in a conformation typical for FKBP51-selective binding. The best compound 29 produces cell death in a HeLa-derived KB cell line, a cellular model of cervical adenocarcinoma, where FKBP51 is highly overexpressed. Our results show how FKBP51 inhibitors can be rigidified and extended while preserving FKBP51 selectivity. Such inhibitors might be novel tools in the treatment of human cancers with deregulated FKBP51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Feng
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Kraepelinstrasse 2 , 80804 Munich , Germany
| | - Claudia Sippel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Kraepelinstrasse 2 , 80804 Munich , Germany
| | - Fabian H Knaup
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Andreas Bracher
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18 , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Stefania Staibano
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences , Federico II University of Naples , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Maria F Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies , Federico II University , 80131 Naples , Italy
| | - Felix Hausch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry , Technische Universität Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 4 , D-64287 Darmstadt , Germany
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11
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Hähle A, Geiger TM, Merz S, Meyners C, Tianqi M, Kolos J, Hausch F. FKBP51 and FKBP12.6-Novel and tight interactors of Glomulin. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221926. [PMID: 31490997 PMCID: PMC6730887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein factor Glomulin (Glmn) is a regulator of the SCF (Skp1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex. Mutations of Glmn lead to glomuvenous malformations. Glmn has been reported to be associated with FK506-binding proteins (FKBP). Here we present in vitro binding analyses of the FKBP—Glmn interaction. Interestingly, the previously described interaction of Glmn and FKBP12 was found to be comparatively weak. Instead, the closely related FKBP12.6 and FKBP51 emerged as novel binding partners. We show different binding affinities of full length and truncated FKBP51 and FKBP52 mutants. Using FKBP51 as a model system, we show that two amino acids lining the FK506-binding site are essential for binding Glmn and that the FKBP51-Glmn interaction is blocked by FKBP ligands. This data suggest FKBP inhibition as a pharmacological approach to regulate Glmn and Glmn-controlled processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hähle
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Geiger
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephanie Merz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Meyners
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mao Tianqi
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kolos
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
- * E-mail:
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12
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Jagtap PKA, Asami S, Sippel C, Kaila VRI, Hausch F, Sattler M. Selective Inhibitors of FKBP51 Employ Conformational Selection of Dynamic Invisible States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar Ankush Jagtap
- Lehrstuhl für Biomolekulare NMR-SpektroskopieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Sam Asami
- Lehrstuhl für Biomolekulare NMR-SpektroskopieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Claudia Sippel
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Kraepelinstr. 2–10 80804 Munich Germany
| | - Ville R. I. Kaila
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry Kraepelinstr. 2–10 80804 Munich Germany
- Present address: Structure-Based Drug ResearchTechnische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Lehrstuhl für Biomolekulare NMR-SpektroskopieTechnische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
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13
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chen J, Yin B, Pang L, Wang W, Zhang JZH, Zhu T. Binding modes and conformational changes of FK506-binding protein 51 induced by inhibitor bindings: insight into molecular mechanisms based on multiple simulation technologies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2141-2155. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1624616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong chen
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baohua Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Laixue Pang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan, China
| | - John Z. H. Zhang
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- NYU-ECNU Center for Computational Chemistry at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics & New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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14
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Jagtap PKA, Asami S, Sippel C, Kaila VRI, Hausch F, Sattler M. Selective Inhibitors of FKBP51 Employ Conformational Selection of Dynamic Invisible States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9429-9433. [PMID: 31100184 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The recently discovered SAFit class of inhibitors against the Hsp90 co-chaperone FKBP51 show greater than 10 000-fold selectivity over its closely related paralogue FKBP52. However, the mechanism underlying this selectivity remained unknown. By combining NMR spectroscopy, biophysical and computational methods with mutational analysis, we show that the SAFit molecules bind to a transient pocket in FKBP51. This represents a weakly populated conformation resembling the inhibitor-bound state of FKBP51, suggesting conformational selection rather than induced fit as the major binding mechanism. The inhibitor-bound conformation of FKBP51 is stabilized by an allosteric network of residues located away from the inhibitor-binding site. These residues stabilize the Phe67 side chain in a dynamic outward conformation and are distinct in FKBP52, thus rationalizing the basis for the selectivity of SAFit inhibitors. Our results represent a paradigm for the selective inhibition of transient binding pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kumar Ankush Jagtap
- Lehrstuhl für Biomolekulare NMR-Spektroskopie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Sam Asami
- Lehrstuhl für Biomolekulare NMR-Spektroskopie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Claudia Sippel
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany
| | - Ville R I Kaila
- Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804, Munich, Germany.,Present address: Structure-Based Drug Research, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Lehrstuhl für Biomolekulare NMR-Spektroskopie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
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15
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Jørgensen FP, Madsen D, Meldal M, Olsen JV, Petersen M, Granhøj J, Bols M. Synthesis of Shld Derivatives, Their Binding to the Destabilizing Domain, and Influence on Protein Accumulation in Transgenic Plants. J Med Chem 2019; 62:5191-5216. [PMID: 31059249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of 35 analogues of Shld with modifications in the A-residue and the C-residues were prepared and investigated for binding to FKBP and GFP accumulation in transgenic plants. The modifications investigated explored variations that were supposedly inside or outside the receptor binding site with the latter being important by influencing the overall polarity of the compounds in order to improve the absorption in plants. The binding of the new compounds to the destabilizing domain was determined using a fluorescence polarization competition assay, and the GFP expression in engineered Arabidopsis thaliana was studied. The results showed that modifications of the C-building block phenol with acidic, basic, and neutral groups led to better ligands with some being better than Shld in the plant. Generally small, polar substituents showed the best GFP accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Præstholm Jørgensen
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Daniel Madsen
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Morten Meldal
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jacob Valdbjørn Olsen
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Morten Petersen
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Granhøj
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mikael Bols
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology , University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 5 , 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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16
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Abstract
The FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) has emerged as a key regulator of endocrine stress responses in mammals and as a potential therapeutic target for stress-related disorders (depression, post-traumatic stress disorder), metabolic disorders (obesity and diabetes) and chronic pain. Recently, FKBP51 has been implicated in several cellular pathways and numerous interacting protein partners have been reported. However, no consensus on the underlying molecular mechanisms has yet emerged. Here, we review the protein interaction partners reported for FKBP51, the proposed pathways involved, their relevance to FKBP51’s physiological function(s), the interplay with other FKBPs, and implications for the development of FKBP51-directed drugs.
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17
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Menke A. Is the HPA Axis as Target for Depression Outdated, or Is There a New Hope? Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:101. [PMID: 30890970 PMCID: PMC6413696 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a very common stress-related mental disorder that carries a huge burden for affected patients and the society. It is associated with a high mortality that derives from suicidality and the development of serious medical conditions such as heart diseases, diabetes, and stroke. Although a range of effective antidepressants are available, more than 50% of the patients do not respond to the first treatment they are prescribed and around 30% fail to respond even after several treatment attempts. The heterogeneous condition of MDD, the lack of biomarkers matching patients with the right treatments and the situation that almost all available drugs are only targeting the serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine signaling, without regulating other potentially dysregulated systems may explain the insufficient treatment status. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is one of these other systems, there is numerous and robust evidence that it is implicated in MDD and other stress-related conditions, but up to date there is no specific drug targeting HPA axis components that is approved and no test that is routinely used in the clinical setting identifying patients for such a specific treatment. Is there still hope after these many years for a breakthrough of agents targeting the HPA axis? This review will cover tests detecting altered HPA axis function and the specific treatment options such as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists, corticotropin-releasing hormone 1 (CRH1) receptor antagonists, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) inhibitors and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5) receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Menke
- Center of Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
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18
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Kolos JM, Voll AM, Bauder M, Hausch F. FKBP Ligands-Where We Are and Where to Go? Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1425. [PMID: 30568592 PMCID: PMC6290070 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, many members of the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family were increasingly linked to various diseases. The binding domain of FKBPs differs only in a few amino acid residues, but their biological roles are versatile. High-affinity ligands with selectivity between close homologs are scarce. This review will give an overview of the most prominent ligands developed for FKBPs and highlight a perspective for future developments. More precisely, human FKBPs and correlated diseases will be discussed as well as microbial FKBPs in the context of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal therapeutics. The last section gives insights into high-affinity ligands as chemical tools and dimerizers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felix Hausch
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Darmstadt University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany
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19
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Lu L, Pei X, Mei Y, Deng Y, Zhang H, Zhang L, Lei A. Carbon Nanofibrous Microspheres Promote the Oxidative Double Carbonylation of Alkanes with CO. Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Menke A. Precision pharmacotherapy: psychiatry's future direction in preventing, diagnosing, and treating mental disorders. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2018; 11:211-222. [PMID: 30510440 PMCID: PMC6250105 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s146110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental disorders account for around one-third of disability worldwide and cause enormous personal and societal burden. Current pharmacotherapies and nonpharmacotherapies do help many patients, but there are still high rates of partial or no response, delayed effect, and unfavorable adverse effects. The current diagnostic taxonomy of mental disorders by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases relies on presenting signs and symptoms, but does not reflect evidence from neurobiological and behavioral systems. However, in the last decades, the understanding of biological mechanisms underlying mental disorders has grown and can be used for the development of precision medicine, that is, to deliver a patient-tailored individual treatment. Precision medicine may incorporate genetic variants contributing to the mental disorder and the response to pharmacotherapies, but also consider gene ¥ environment interactions, blood-based markers, neuropsychological tests, data from electronic health records, early life adversity, stressful life events, and very proximal factors such as lifestyle, nutrition, and sport. Methods such as artificial intelligence and the underlying machine learning and deep learning approaches provide the framework to stratify patients, initiate specific tailored treatments and thus increase response rates, reduce adverse effects and medical errors. In conclusion, precision medicine uses measurable health parameters to identify individuals at risk of a mental disorder, to improve the diagnostic process and to deliver a patient-tailored treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Menke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Germany,
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Germany,
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg 97080, Germany,
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21
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Pomplun S, Sippel C, Hähle A, Tay D, Shima K, Klages A, Ünal CM, Rieß B, Toh HT, Hansen G, Yoon HS, Bracher A, Preiser P, Rupp J, Steinert M, Hausch F. Chemogenomic Profiling of Human and Microbial FK506-Binding Proteins. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3660-3673. [PMID: 29578710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that display peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activities and act as coreceptors for immunosuppressants. Microbial macrophage-infectivity-potentiator (Mip)-type FKBPs can enhance infectivity. However, developing druglike ligands for FKBPs or Mips has proven difficult, and many FKBPs and Mips still lack biologically useful ligands. To explore the scope and potential of C5-substituted [4.3.1]-aza-bicyclic sulfonamides as a broadly applicable class of FKBP inhibitors, we developed a new synthesis method for the bicyclic core scaffold and used it to prepare an FKBP- and Mip-focused library. This allowed us to perform a systematic structure-activity-relationship analysis across key human FKBPs and microbial Mips, yielding highly improved inhibitors for all the FKBPs studied. A cocrystal structure confirmed the molecular-binding mode of the core structure and explained the affinity gained as a result of the preferred substituents. The best FKBP and Mip ligands showed promising antimalarial, antileginonellal, and antichlamydial properties in cellular models of infectivity, suggesting that substituted [4.3.1]-aza-bicyclic sulfonamides could be a novel class of anti-infectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pomplun
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , 80804 Munich , Germany
| | - Claudia Sippel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , 80804 Munich , Germany
| | - Andreas Hähle
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , 80804 Munich , Germany.,Technical University Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Donald Tay
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 Singapore
| | - Kensuke Shima
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology , University of Lübeck , 23562 Lübeck , Germany
| | - Alina Klages
- Technische Universität Braunschweig , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Can Murat Ünal
- Technische Universität Braunschweig , 38106 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Benedikt Rieß
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , 80804 Munich , Germany
| | - Hui Ting Toh
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 Singapore
| | | | - Ho Sup Yoon
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 Singapore
| | - Andreas Bracher
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Peter Preiser
- School of Biological Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 639798 Singapore
| | - Jan Rupp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology , University of Lübeck , 23562 Lübeck , Germany
| | - Michael Steinert
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology , University of Lübeck , 23562 Lübeck , Germany.,Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research , 38124 Braunschweig , Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , 80804 Munich , Germany.,Technical University Darmstadt , Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4 , 64287 Darmstadt , Germany
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22
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Shi D, Bai Q, Zhou S, Liu X, Liu H, Yao X. Molecular dynamics simulation, binding free energy calculation and unbinding pathway analysis on selectivity difference between FKBP51 and FKBP52: Insight into the molecular mechanism of isoform selectivity. Proteins 2017; 86:43-56. [PMID: 29023988 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As co-chaperones of the 90-kDa heat shock protein(HSP90), FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) and FK506 binding protein 52 (FKBP52) modulate the maturation of steroid hormone receptor through their specific FK1 domains (FKBP12-like domain 1). The inhibitors targeting FK1 domains are potential therapies for endocrine-related physiological disorders. However, the structural conservation of the FK1 domains between FKBP51 and FKBP52 make it difficult to obtain satisfactory selectivity in FK506-based drug design. Fortunately, a series of iFit ligands synthesized by Hausch et al exhibited excellent selectivity for FKBP51, providing new opportunity for design selective inhibitors. We performed molecular dynamics simulation, binding free energy calculation and unbinding pathway analysis to reveal selective mechanism for the inhibitor iFit4 binding with FKBP51 and FKBP52. The conformational stability evaluation of the "Phe67-in" and "Phe67-out" states implies that FKBP51 and FKBP52 have different preferences for "Phe67-in" and "Phe67-out" states, which we suggest as the determinant factor for the selectivity for FKBP51. The binding free energy calculations demonstrate that nonpolar interaction is favorable for the inhibitors binding, while the polar interaction and entropy contribution are adverse for the inhibitors binding. According to the results from binding free energy decomposition, the electrostatic difference of residue 85 causes the most significant thermodynamics effects on the binding of iFit4 to FKBP51 and FKBP52. Furthermore, the importance of substructure units on iFit4 were further evaluated by unbinding pathway analysis and residue-residue contact analysis between iFit4 and the proteins. The results will provide new clues for the design of selective inhibitors for FKBP51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Bai
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuangyan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanxiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojun Yao
- Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau, China
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23
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Studies on the constituents of Helleborus purpurascens: analysis and biological activity of the aqueous and organic extracts. Amino Acids 2017; 50:163-188. [PMID: 29027024 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2502-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In Southeast Europe, the ethnomedicinal use of Helleborus species has a very long tradition. Cardiac steroids (Hellebrin), cysteine-rich proteins (Hellethionins) and several steroidal saponins have been identified in these plants. Aim of the present work was to investigate the amino acid composition of native extracts from the root and rootstock of Helleborus purpurascens. The amino acids have been identified by the GC-MS technique on the previously derivatised (Phenomenex Faast Kit) extract samples by comparison with the mass spectra and retention-time of the standards. A remarkable finding was a relatively intensive peak attributed to the non-proteinogenic Pipecolic acid (Pic). A cyclisation of the derivatised glutamine was observed during the GC measurement and a mechanistic pathway is described. Samples of the extract and of some isolated fractions have also been tested on; altogether 12 cancer cell lines aimed to identify further potentially cytostatic components which should be less toxic than Hellebrin. The finding of one Hellebrin-free fraction (IC50 = 0.007 mg/L) with higher cytotoxicity than Hellebrin (IC50 = 0.008 mg/L) is remarkable.
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24
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Alchemical determination of drug-receptor binding free energy: Where we stand and where we could move to. J Mol Graph Model 2017; 71:233-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Dunyak BM, Gestwicki JE. Peptidyl-Proline Isomerases (PPIases): Targets for Natural Products and Natural Product-Inspired Compounds. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9622-9644. [PMID: 27409354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl-proline isomerases (PPIases) are a chaperone superfamily comprising the FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), cyclophilins, and parvulins. PPIases catalyze the cis/trans isomerization of proline, acting as a regulatory switch during folding, activation, and/or degradation of many proteins. These "clients" include proteins with key roles in cancer, neurodegeneration, and psychiatric disorders, suggesting that PPIase inhibitors could be important therapeutics. However, the active site of PPIases is shallow, solvent-exposed, and well conserved between family members, making selective inhibitor design challenging. Despite these hurdles, macrocyclic natural products, including FK506, rapamycin, and cyclosporin, bind PPIases with nanomolar or better affinity. De novo attempts to derive new classes of inhibitors have been somewhat less successful, often showcasing the "undruggable" features of PPIases. Interestingly, the most potent of these next-generation molecules tend to integrate features of the natural products, including macrocyclization or proline mimicry strategies. Here, we review recent developments and ongoing challenges in the inhibition of PPIases, with a focus on how natural products might inform the creation of potent and selective inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Dunyak
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School , 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jason E Gestwicki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California at San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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26
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Timcodar (VX-853) Is a Non-FKBP12 Binding Macrolide Derivative That Inhibits PPARγ and Suppresses Adipogenesis. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:6218637. [PMID: 27190501 PMCID: PMC4848453 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6218637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient overload and genetic factors have led to a worldwide epidemic of obesity that is the underlying cause of diabetes, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we used macrolide drugs such as FK506, rapamycin, and macrolide derived, timcodar (VX-853), to determine their effects on lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. Rapamycin and FK506 bind to FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs), such as FKBP12, which causes suppression of the immune system and inhibition of mTOR. Rapamycin has been previously reported to inhibit the adipogenic process and lipid accumulation. However, rapamycin treatment in rodents caused immune suppression and glucose resistance, even though the mice lost weight. Here we show that timcodar (1 μM), a non-FKBP12-binding drug, significantly (p < 0.001) inhibited lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. A comparison of the same concentration of timcodar (1 μM) and rapamycin (1 μM) showed that both are inhibitors of lipid accumulation during adipogenesis. Importantly, timcodar potently (p < 0.01) suppressed transcriptional regulators of adipogenesis, PPARγ and C/EBPα, resulting in the inhibition of genes involved in lipid accumulation. These studies set the stage for timcodar as a possible antiobesity therapy, which is rapidly emerging as a pandemic.
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27
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Gaali S, Feng X, Hähle A, Sippel C, Bracher A, Hausch F. Rapid, Structure-Based Exploration of Pipecolic Acid Amides as Novel Selective Antagonists of the FK506-Binding Protein 51. J Med Chem 2016; 59:2410-22. [PMID: 26954324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51) is a key regulator of stress hormone receptors and an established risk factor for stress-related disorders. Drug development for FKBP51 has been impaired by the structurally similar but functionally opposing homologue FKBP52. High selectivity between FKBP51 and FKBP52 can be achieved by ligands that stabilize a recently discovered FKBP51-favoring conformation. However, drug-like parameters for these ligands remained unfavorable. In the present study, we replaced the potentially labile pipecolic ester group of previous FKBP51 ligands by various low molecular weight amides. This resulted in the first series of pipecolic acid amides, which had much lower molecular weights without affecting FKBP51 selectivity. We discovered a geminally substituted cyclopentyl amide as a preferred FKBP51-binding motif and elucidated its binding mode to provide a new lead structure for future drug optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Gaali
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Xixi Feng
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Hähle
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Sippel
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bracher
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany
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28
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Feng X, Sippel C, Bracher A, Hausch F. Structure–Affinity Relationship Analysis of Selective FKBP51 Ligands. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7796-806. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Feng
- Department
of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Sippel
- Department
of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bracher
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Felix Hausch
- Department
of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2, 80804 Munich, Germany
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29
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Abstract
Anxiety-related psychiatric disorders represent one of the largest health burdens worldwide. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51) gene have been repeatedly associated with anxiety-related disorders and stress sensitivity. Given the intimate relationship of stress and anxiety, we hypothesized that amygdala FKBP51 may mediate anxiety-related behaviors. Mimicking the stress effect by specifically overexpressing FKBP51 in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) or central amygdala resulted in increased anxiety-related behavior, respectively. In contrast, application of a highly selective FKBP51 point mutant antagonist, following FKBP51(mut) BLA-overexpression, reduced the anxiogenic phenotype. We subsequently tested a novel FKBP51 antagonist, SAFit2, in wild-type mice via BLA microinjections, which reduced anxiety-related behavior. Remarkably, the same effect was observed following peripheral administration of SAFit2. To our knowledge, this is the first in vivo study using a specific FKBP51 antagonist, thereby unraveling the role of FKBP51 and its potential as a novel drug target for the improved treatment of anxiety-related disorders.
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30
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Hausch F. FKBPs and their role in neuronal signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2035-40. [PMID: 25615537 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligands for FK506-binding proteins, also referred to as neuroimmunophilin ligands, have repeatedly been described as neuritotrophic, neuroprotective or neuroregenerative agents. However, the precise molecular mechanism of action underlying the observed effects has remained elusive, which eventually led to a reduced interest in FKBP ligand development. SCOPE OF REVIEW A survey is presented on the pharmacology of neuroimmunophilin ligands, of the current understanding of individual FKBP homologs in neuronal processes and an assessment of their potential as drug targets for CNS disorders. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS FKBP51 is the major target accounting for the neuritotrophic effect of neuroimmunophilin ligands. Selectivity against the homolog FKBP52 is essential for optimal neuritotrophic efficacy. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Selectivity within the FKBP family, in particular selective inhibition of FKBP12 or FKBP51, is possible. FKBP51 is a pharmacologically tractable target for stress-related disorders. The role of FKBPs in neurodegeneration remains to be clarified. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Proline-directed Foldases: Cell Signaling Catalysts and Drug Targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hausch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany.
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31
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Selective inhibitors of the FK506-binding protein 51 by induced fit. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 11:33-7. [PMID: 25436518 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51, encoded by the FKBP5 gene) is an established risk factor for stress-related psychiatric disorders such as major depression. Drug discovery for FKBP51 has been hampered by the inability to pharmacologically differentiate against the structurally similar but functional opposing homolog FKBP52, and all known FKBP ligands are unselective. Here, we report the discovery of the potent and highly selective inhibitors of FKBP51, SAFit1 and SAFit2. This new class of ligands achieves selectivity for FKBP51 by an induced-fit mechanism that is much less favorable for FKBP52. By using these ligands, we demonstrate that selective inhibition of FKBP51 enhances neurite elongation in neuronal cultures and improves neuroendocrine feedback and stress-coping behavior in mice. Our findings provide the structural and functional basis for the development of mechanistically new antidepressants.
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32
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Pomplun S, Wang Y, Kirschner A, Kozany C, Bracher A, Hausch F. Rationales Design und asymmetrische Synthese potenter neuritotropher Liganden für FK506‐bindende Proteine (FKBPs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pomplun
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Psychiatrie, Kraepelinstraße 2–10, 80804 München (Deutschland)
| | - Yansong Wang
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Psychiatrie, Kraepelinstraße 2–10, 80804 München (Deutschland)
- Derzeitige Adresse: Europäisches Labor für Molekularbiologie, 69117 Heidelberg (Deutschland)
| | - Alexander Kirschner
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Psychiatrie, Kraepelinstraße 2–10, 80804 München (Deutschland)
| | - Christian Kozany
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Psychiatrie, Kraepelinstraße 2–10, 80804 München (Deutschland)
| | - Andreas Bracher
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Biochemie, 82152 Martinsried (Deutschland)
| | - Felix Hausch
- Max‐Planck‐Institut für Psychiatrie, Kraepelinstraße 2–10, 80804 München (Deutschland)
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33
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Pomplun S, Wang Y, Kirschner A, Kozany C, Bracher A, Hausch F. Rational design and asymmetric synthesis of potent and neurotrophic ligands for FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:345-8. [PMID: 25412894 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To create highly efficient inhibitors for FK506-binding proteins, a new asymmetric synthesis for pro-(S)-C(5) -branched [4.3.1] aza-amide bicycles was developed. The key step of the synthesis is an HF-driven N-acyliminium cyclization. Functionalization of the C(5) moiety resulted in novel protein contacts with the psychiatric risk factor FKBP51, which led to a more than 280-fold enhancement in affinity. The most potent ligands facilitated the differentiation of N2a neuroblastoma cells with low nanomolar potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Pomplun
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804 Munich (Germany)
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34
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Bischoff M, Sippel C, Bracher A, Hausch F. Stereoselective construction of the 5-hydroxy diazabicyclo[4.3.1]decane-2-one scaffold, a privileged motif for FK506-binding proteins. Org Lett 2014; 16:5254-7. [PMID: 25286062 DOI: 10.1021/ol5023195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective synthesis of a derivatized bicyclic [4.3.1]decane scaffold based on an acyclic precursor is described. The key steps involve a Pd-catalyzed sp(3)-sp(2) Negishi-coupling, an asymmetric Shi epoxidation, and an intramolecular epoxide opening. Representative derivatives of this novel scaffold were synthesized and found to be potent inhibitors of the psychiatric risk factor FKBP51, which bound to FKBP51 with the intended molecular binding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Bischoff
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Kraepelinstr. 2, 80804 München, Germany
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35
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Huang H, He G, Zhu X, Jin X, Qiu S, Zhu H. Iodine-Mediated Oxidation of Ynamides: A Facile Access toN-Monosubstituted α-Ketoamides and α-Ketoimides. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Hinds TD, Stechschulte LA, Elkhairi F, Sanchez ER. Analysis of FK506, timcodar (VX-853) and FKBP51 and FKBP52 chaperones in control of glucocorticoid receptor activity and phosphorylation. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:e00076. [PMID: 25505617 PMCID: PMC4186452 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive ligand FK506 and the FK506-binding protein FKBP52 are stimulatory to glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity. Here, we explore the underlying mechanism by comparing GR activity and phosphorylation status in response to FK506 and the novel nonimmunosuppressive ligand timcodar (VX-853) and in the presence and absence of FKBP52 and the closely related protein FKBP51. Using mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) deficient knockout (KO) in FKBP51 or FKBP52, we show decreased GR activity at endogenous genes in 52KO cells, but increased activity in 51KO cells. In 52KO cells, elevated phosphorylation occurred at inhibitory serine 212 and decreased phosphorylation at the stimulatory S220 residue. In contrast, 51KO cells showed increased GR phosphorylation at the stimulatory residues S220 and S234. In wild-type (WT) MEF cells, timcodar, like FK506, potentiated dexamethasone-induced GR transcriptional activity at two endogenous genes. Using 52KO and 51KO MEF cells, FK506 potentiated GR activity in 51KO cells but could not do so in 52KO cells, suggesting FKBP52 as the major target of FK506 action. Like FK506, timcodar potentiated GR in 51KO cells, but it also increased GR activity in 52KO cells. Knock-down of FKBP51 in the 52KO cells showed that the latter effect of timcodar required FKBP51. Thus, timcodar appears to have a dual specificity for FKBP51 and FKBP52. This work demonstrates phosphorylation as an important mechanism in FKBP control of GR and identifies the first nonimmunosuppressive macrolide capable of targeting GR action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry D Hinds
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, Ohio, 43614 ; Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Lance A Stechschulte
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Fadel Elkhairi
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, Ohio, 43614
| | - Edwin R Sanchez
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine Toledo, Ohio, 43614
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37
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Differential conformational dynamics in the closely homologous FK506-binding domains of FKBP51 and FKBP52. Biochem J 2014; 461:115-23. [PMID: 24749623 PMCID: PMC4060953 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As co-chaperones of Hsp90 (heat-shock protein 90), FKBP51 (FK506-binding protein of 51 kDa) and FKBP52 (FK506-binding protein of 52 kDa) act as antagonists in regulating the hormone affinity and nuclear transport of steroid receptor complexes. Exchange of Leu119 in FKBP51 for Pro119 in FKBP52 has been shown to largely reverse the steroid receptor activities of FKBP51 and FKBP52. To examine whether differences in conformational dynamics/plasticity might correlate with changes in the reported receptor activities, 15N-NMR relaxation measurements were carried out on the N-terminal FKBP domains of FKBP51 and FKBP52 as well as their residue-swapped variants. Both proteins exhibit a similar pattern of motion in the picosecond–nanosecond timeframe as well as a small degree of 15N line-broadening, indicative of motion in the microsecond–millisecond timeframe, in the β3a strand of the central sheet. Only the FKBP51 domain exhibits much larger line-broadening in the adjacent β3 bulge (40′s loop of FKBP12) and throughout the long β4–β5 loop (80′s loop of FKBP12). The L119P mutation at the tip of the β4–β5 loop completely suppressed the line-broadening in this loop while partially suppressing the line-broadening in the neighbouring β2 and β3a strands. The complementary P119L and P119L/P124S variants of FKBP52 yielded similar patterns of line-broadening for the β4–β5 loop as that for FKBP51, although only 20% and 60% as intense respectively. However, despite the close structural similarity in the packing interactions between the β4–β5 loop and the β3a strand for FKBP51 and FKBP52, the line-broadening in the β3a strand is unaffected by the P119L or P119L/P124S mutations in FKBP52. Unlike FKBP52, the FK1 domain of FKBP51 exhibits microsecond–millisecond conformational dynamics in the β3 bulge and the β4–β5 loop, known sites of protein signalling interactions. Swapping residue 119 yields altered conformational dynamics in a pattern reminiscent of reported modulations in steroid receptor activity.
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38
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Rajan S, Baek K, Yoon HS. C-H…O hydrogen bonds in FK506-binding protein-ligand interactions. J Mol Recognit 2014; 26:550-5. [PMID: 24089362 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonds are important interaction forces observed in protein structures. They can be classified as stronger or weaker depending on their energy, thereby reflecting on the type of donor. The contribution of weak hydrogen bonds is deemed as an important factor toward structure stability along with the stronger bonds. One such bond, the C-H…O type hydrogen bond, is shown to make a contribution in maintaining three dimensional structures of proteins. Apart from their presence within protein structures, the role of these bonds in protein-ligand interactions is also noteworthy. In this study, we present a statistical analysis on the presence of C-H…O hydrogen bonds observed between FKBPs and their cognate ligands. The FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) carry peptidyl cis-trans isomerase activity apart from the immunosuppressive property by binding to the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 or rapamycin. Because the active site of FKBPs is lined up by many hydrophobic residues, we speculated that the prevalence of C-H…O hydrogen bonds will be considerable. In a total of 25 structures analyzed, a higher frequency of C-H…O hydrogen bonds is observed in comparison with the stronger hydrogen bonds. These C-H…O hydrogen bonds are dominated by a highly conserved donor, the C(α/β) of Val55 and an acceptor, the backbone oxygen of Glu54. Both these residues are positioned in the β4-α1 loop, whereas the other residues Tyr26, Phe36 and Phe99 with higher frequencies are lined up at the opposite face of the active site. These preferences could be implicated in FKBP pharmacophore models toward enhancing the ligand affinity. This study could be a prelude to studying other proteins with hydrophobic pockets to gain better insights into ligand recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreekanth Rajan
- School of Biological Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
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39
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Yasui Y, Benohoud M, Sato I, Hayashi Y. Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Formaldehyde Catalyzed by Diarylprolinol. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.131199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yasui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
| | - Meryem Benohoud
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
| | - Itaru Sato
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
| | - Yujiro Hayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University
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40
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Procacci P, Bizzarri M, Marsili S. Energy-Driven Undocking (EDU-HREM) in Solute Tempering Replica Exchange Simulations. J Chem Theory Comput 2013; 10:439-50. [DOI: 10.1021/ct400809n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Piero Procacci
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Bizzarri
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Simone Marsili
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
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41
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Hsp90-binding immunophilins as a potential new platform for drug treatment. Future Med Chem 2013; 5:591-607. [PMID: 23573975 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunophilins are proteins that contain a PPIase domain as a family signature. Low-molecular-weight immunophilins were first described associated to immunosuppressive action and protein folding. Recent studies of other members of the family have led to the identification of their participation in basic processes such as protein-protein interactions, signal transduction cascades, cell differentiation, cell cycle progression, metabolic activity, apoptosis mechanisms, microorganisms infection, cancer, neurotrophism and neuroprotection, among several other physiological and pathophysiological processes. Due to all these emerging features, the development of specific ligands for immunophilins appears to have promising perspectives, in particular in the fields of cancer biology and neuroregeneration fields. We review the emerging role of immunophilins in protein transport, transcription regulation, malignancies development and neurotrophic action, in addition to a number of biological properties that transform these proteins in potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
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42
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Galat A. Functional diversity and pharmacological profiles of the FKBPs and their complexes with small natural ligands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3243-75. [PMID: 23224428 PMCID: PMC11113493 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1206-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
From 5 to 12 FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) are encoded in the genomes of disparate marine organisms, which appeared at the dawn of evolutionary events giving rise to primordial multicellular organisms with elaborated internal body plan. Fifteen FKBPs, several FKBP-like proteins and some splicing variants of them are expressed in humans. Human FKBP12 and some of its paralogues bind to different macrocyclic antibiotics such as FK506 or rapamycin and their derivatives. FKBP12/(macrocyclic antibiotic) complexes induce diverse pharmacological activities such as immunosuppression in humans, anticancerous actions and as sustainers of quiescence in certain organisms. Since the FKBPs bind to various assemblies of proteins and other intracellular components, their complexes with the immunosuppressive drugs may differentially perturb miscellaneous cellular functions. Sequence-structure relationships and pharmacological profiles of diverse FKBPs and their involvement in crucial intracellular signalization pathways and modulation of cryptic intercellular communication networks were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Galat
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, Direction des Sciences du Vivant, Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines, Bat. 152, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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43
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Liu F, Wang YQ, Meng L, Gu M, Tan RY. FK506-binding protein 12 ligands: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:1435-49. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.828695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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44
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Bracher A, Kozany C, Hähle A, Wild P, Zacharias M, Hausch F. Crystal structures of the free and ligand-bound FK1-FK2 domain segment of FKBP52 reveal a flexible inter-domain hinge. J Mol Biol 2013; 425:4134-44. [PMID: 23933011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2013.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human Hsp90 co-chaperone FKBP52 belongs to the family of FK506-binding proteins, which act as peptidyl-prolyl isomerases. FKBP52 specifically enhances the signaling of steroid hormone receptors, modulates ion channels and regulates neuronal outgrowth dynamics. In turn, small-molecule ligands of FKBP52 have been suggested as potential neurotrophic or anti-prostate cancer agents. The usefulness of available ligands is however limited by a lack of selectivity. The immunophilin FKBP52 is composed of three domains, an FK506-binding domain with peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity, an FKBP-like domain of unknown function and a TPR-clamp domain, which recognizes the C-terminal peptide of Hsp90 with high affinity. The herein reported crystal structures of FKBP52 reveal that the short linker connecting the FK506-binding domain and the FKBP-like domain acts as a flexible hinge. This enhanced flexibility and its modulation by phosphorylation might explain some of the functional antagonism between the closely related homologs FKBP51 and FKBP52. We further present two co-crystal structures of FKBP52 in complex with the prototypic ligand FK506 and a synthetic analog thereof. These structures revealed the molecular interactions in great detail, which enabled in-depth comparison with the corresponding complexes of the other cytosolic FKBPs, FKBP51 and FKBP12. The observed subtle differences provide crucial insights for the rational design of ligands with improved selectivity for FKBP52.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bracher
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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45
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Abstract
FK506-binding proteins (FKBP) belong to the immunophilin family and are best known for their ability to enable the immunosuppressive properties of FK506 and rapamycin. For rapamycin, this is achieved by inducing inhibitory ternary complexes with the kinase mTOR. The essential accessory protein for this gain-of-function was thought to be FKBP12. We recently showed that this view might be too restricted, since larger FK506-binding proteins can functionally substitute for FKBP12 in mammalian cells. Recent studies have also shown that FK506-binding proteins can modulate Akt-mTOR signaling in the absence of rapamycin. Here we discuss the role of FK506-binding proteins for the mechanism of rapamycin as well as their intrinsic actions on the Akt/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hausch
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry; Munich, Germany
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46
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Wang Y, Kirschner A, Fabian AK, Gopalakrishnan R, Kress C, Hoogeland B, Koch U, Kozany C, Bracher A, Hausch F. Increasing the efficiency of ligands for FK506-binding protein 51 by conformational control. J Med Chem 2013; 56:3922-35. [PMID: 23647266 DOI: 10.1021/jm400087k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The design of efficient ligands remains a key challenge in drug discovery. In the quest for lead-like ligands for the FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP51), we designed two new classes of bicyclic sulfonamides to probe the contribution of conformational energy in these ligands. The [4.3.1] scaffold had consistently higher affinity compared to the [3.3.1] or monocyclic scaffolds, which could be attributed to better preorganization of two key recognition motifs. Surprisingly, the binding of the rigid [4.3.1] scaffold was enthalpy-driven and entropically disfavored compared to the flexible analogues. Cocrystal structures at atomic resolution revealed that the sulfonamide nitrogen in the bicyclic scaffolds can accept an unusual hydrogen bond from Tyr(113) that mimics the putative FKBP transition state. This resulted in the first lead-like, functionally active ligand for FKBP51. Our work exemplifies how atom-efficient ligands can be achieved by careful conformational control even in very open and thus difficult binding sites such as FKBP51.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Wang
- AG Chemical Genomics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Kraepelinstraße 2, 80804 Munich, Germany
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47
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Abstract
The immunosuppressant and anticancer drug rapamycin works by inducing inhibitory protein complexes with the kinase mTOR, an important regulator of growth and proliferation. The obligatory accessory partner of rapamycin is believed to be FK506-binding protein 12 (FKBP12). Here we show that rapamycin complexes of larger FKBP family members can tightly bind to mTOR and potently inhibit its kinase activity. Cocrystal structures with FKBP51 and FKBP52 reveal the modified molecular binding mode of these alternative ternary complexes in detail. In cellular model systems, FKBP12 can be functionally replaced by larger FKBPs. When the rapamycin dosage is limiting, mTOR inhibition of S6K phosphorylation can be enhanced by FKBP51 overexpression in mammalian cells, whereas FKBP12 is dispensable. FKBP51 could also enable the rapamycin-induced hyperphosphorylation of Akt, which depended on higher FKBP levels than rapamycin-induced inhibition of S6K phosphorylation. These insights provide a mechanistic rationale for preferential mTOR inhibition in specific cell or tissue types by engaging specific FKBP homologs.
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48
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Martina MR, Tenori E, Bizzarri M, Menichetti S, Caminati G, Procacci P. The precise chemical-physical nature of the pharmacore in FK506 binding protein inhibition: ElteX, a New class of nanomolar FKBP12 ligands. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1041-51. [PMID: 23301792 DOI: 10.1021/jm3015052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to its central role in immunosuppression and cell proliferation and due to its specific peptidyl-prolyl-isomerase (PPI) function, the FKBP protein family is at the crossroad of several important metabolic pathways. Members of this family, and notably FK506 binding protein (FKBP12), are thought to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, as well as in proliferation disorders and cancer. Using an interdisciplinary approach based on computational, synthetic, and experimental techniques, we show that the best potential binders for FKBP proteins optimally expose the two contiguous carbonyl oxygen in the proline-mimetic chain for FKBP docking and are characterized by the abundance of rigid quasi-cyclic structures stabilized in aqueous solution by intraligand hydrophobic interactions mimicking the macrolide structure of the natural FKBP binders FK506 and Rapamycin. These peculiar structural and chemical-physical features define at the same time an ElteX compound and the minimal pharmacore in the FKBP family, shedding new light on the isomerization mechanism of the PPI domain. On the basis of the above hypothesis, we have successfully designed and synthesized several nanomolar ElteX FKBP12 ligands. Among these, ElteN378 is a new low atomic weight ligand with affinity comparable to that of the macrolide Rapamycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raffaella Martina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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49
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Hausch F, Holsboer F. The Seven Pillars of Molecular Pharmacology: GPCR Research Honored with Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12172-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201208565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Hausch F, Holsboer F. Die sieben Säulen der molekularen Pharmakologie: GPCR-Forschung mit Chemie-Nobelpreis geehrt. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201208565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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