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Marin JJG, Cives-Losada C, Macias RIR, Romero MR, Marijuan RP, Hortelano-Hernandez N, Delgado-Calvo K, Villar C, Gonzalez-Santiago JM, Monte MJ, Asensio M. Impact of liver diseases and pharmacological interactions on the transportome involved in hepatic drug disposition. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 228:116166. [PMID: 38527556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The liver plays a pivotal role in drug disposition owing to the expression of transporters accounting for the uptake at the sinusoidal membrane and the efflux across the basolateral and canalicular membranes of hepatocytes of many different compounds. Moreover, intracellular mechanisms of phases I and II biotransformation generate, in general, inactive compounds that are more polar and easier to eliminate into bile or refluxed back toward the blood for their elimination by the kidneys, which becomes crucial when the biliary route is hampered. The set of transporters expressed at a given time, i.e., the so-called transportome, is encoded by genes belonging to two gene superfamilies named Solute Carriers (SLC) and ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC), which account mainly, but not exclusively, for the uptake and efflux of endogenous substances and xenobiotics, which include many different drugs. Besides the existence of genetic variants, which determines a marked interindividual heterogeneity regarding liver drug disposition among patients, prevalent diseases, such as cirrhosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, viral hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and several cholestatic liver diseases, can alter the transportome and hence affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat these patients. Moreover, hepatic drug transporters are involved in many drug-drug interactions (DDI) that challenge the safety of using a combination of agents handled by these proteins. Updated information on these questions has been organized in this article by superfamilies and families of members of the transportome involved in hepatic drug disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J G Marin
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Candela Cives-Losada
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocio I R Macias
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta R Romero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca P Marijuan
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Kevin Delgado-Calvo
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Villar
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus M Gonzalez-Santiago
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maitane Asensio
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), University of Salamanca, IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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Rollison HE, Mitra P, Chanteux H, Fang Z, Liang X, Park SH, Costales C, Hanna I, Thakkar N, Vergis JM, Bow DAJ, Hillgren KM, Brumm J, Chu X, Hop CECA, Lai Y, Li CY, Mahar KM, Salphati L, Sane R, Shen H, Taskar K, Taub M, Tohyama K, Xu C, Fenner KS. Survey of Pharmaceutical Industry's Best Practices around In Vitro Transporter Assessment and Implications for Drug Development: Considerations from the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality for Pharmaceutical Development Transporter Working Group. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:582-596. [PMID: 38697852 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development Transporter Working Group had a rare opportunity to analyze a crosspharma collation of in vitro data and assay methods for the evaluation of drug transporter substrate and inhibitor potential. Experiments were generally performed in accordance with regulatory guidelines. Discrepancies, such as not considering the impact of preincubation for inhibition and free or measured in vitro drug concentrations, may be due to the retrospective nature of the dataset and analysis. Lipophilicity was a frequent indicator of crosstransport inhibition (P-gp, BCRP, OATP1B, and OCT1), with high molecular weight (MW ≥500 Da) also common for OATP1B and BCRP inhibitors. A high level of overlap in in vitro inhibition across transporters was identified for BCRP, OATP1B1, and MATE1, suggesting that prediction of DDIs for these transporters will be common. In contrast, inhibition of OAT1 did not coincide with inhibition of any other transporter. Neutrals, bases, and compounds with intermediate-high lipophilicity tended to be P-gp and/or BCRP substrates, whereas compounds with MW <500 Da tended to be OAT3 substrates. Interestingly, the majority of in vitro inhibitors were not reported to be followed up with a clinical study by the submitting company, whereas those compounds identified as substrates generally were. Approaches to metabolite testing were generally found to be similar to parent testing, with metabolites generally being equally or less potent than parent compounds. However, examples where metabolites inhibited transporters in vitro were identified, supporting the regulatory requirement for in vitro testing of metabolites to enable integrated clinical DDI risk assessment. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: A diverse dataset showed that transporter inhibition often correlated with lipophilicity and molecular weight (>500 Da). Overlapping transporter inhibition was identified, particularly that inhibition of BCRP, OATP1B1, and MATE1 was frequent if the compound inhibited other transporters. In contrast, inhibition of OAT1 did not correlate with the other drug transporters tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Rollison
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Pallabi Mitra
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Hugues Chanteux
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Zhizhou Fang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Xiaomin Liang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Seong Hee Park
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Chester Costales
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Imad Hanna
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Nilay Thakkar
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - James M Vergis
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Daniel A J Bow
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kathleen M Hillgren
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Jochen Brumm
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Xiaoyan Chu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Cornelis E C A Hop
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Cindy Yanfei Li
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kelly M Mahar
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Rucha Sane
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Hong Shen
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kunal Taskar
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Mitchell Taub
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Kimio Tohyama
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Christine Xu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
| | - Katherine S Fenner
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom (H.E.R., K.S.F.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut (P.M., M.T.); Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, Development Sciences, UCB Biopharma SRL, Braine-L'Alleud, Belgium (H.C.); NCE Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, the healthcare business of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany (Z.F.); Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City, California (X.L., Y.L.); Preclinical Sciences and Translational Safety, Janssen R&D LLC, Spring House, Pennsylvania (S.H.P.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design, Worldwide R&D, Pfizer Inc, Groton, Connecticut (C.C.); Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey (I.H.); Clinical Pharmacology Modelling and Simulations, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Collegeville, Pennsylvania (N.T., K.M.M.); IQ Secretariat, Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath, LLP., Washington DC (J.M.V.); Quantitative, Translational and ADME Sciences, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois (D.A.J.B.); Investigative Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly Inc, Indianapolis, Indiana (K.M.H.); Nonclinical Biostatistics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California (J.B.); ADME and Discovery Toxicity, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey (X.C.); Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.E.C.A.H., L.S.) and Clinical Pharmacology (R.S.), Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc. South San Francisco, California (C.Y.L.); Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey (H.S.); DMPK Modeling, IVIVT, Research, GSK, Stevenage, United Kingdom (Ku.T.); Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Fujisawa, Japan (Ki.T.); and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi US, Bridgewater, NJ (C.X.)
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3
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Löscher W, Gramer M, Römermann K. Heterogeneous brain distribution of bumetanide following systemic administration in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2024; 45:138-148. [PMID: 38823029 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Bumetanide is used widely as a tool and off-label treatment to inhibit the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1 in the brain and thereby to normalize intra-neuronal chloride levels in several brain disorders. However, following systemic administration, bumetanide only poorly penetrates into the brain parenchyma and does not reach levels sufficient to inhibit NKCC1. The low brain penetration is a consequence of both the high ionization rate and plasma protein binding, which restrict brain entry by passive diffusion, and of brain efflux transport. In previous studies, bumetanide was determined in the whole brain or a few brain regions, such as the hippocampus. However, the blood-brain barrier and its efflux transporters are heterogeneous across brain regions, so it cannot be excluded that bumetanide reaches sufficiently high brain levels for NKCC1 inhibition in some discrete brain areas. Here, bumetanide was determined in 14 brain regions following i.v. administration of 10 mg/kg in rats. Because bumetanide is much more rapidly eliminated by rats than humans, its metabolism was reduced by pretreatment with piperonyl butoxide. Significant, up to 5-fold differences in regional bumetanide levels were determined with the highest levels in the midbrain and olfactory bulb and the lowest levels in the striatum and amygdala. Brain:plasma ratios ranged between 0.004 (amygdala) and 0.022 (olfactory bulb). Regional brain levels were significantly correlated with local cerebral blood flow. However, regional bumetanide levels were far below the IC50 (2.4 μM) determined previously for rat NKCC1. Thus, these data further substantiate that the reported effects of bumetanide in rodent models of brain disorders are not related to NKCC1 inhibition in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Translational Neuropharmacology Laboratory, NIFE, Department of Experimental Otology of the ENT Clinics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Gramer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Prieto Garcia L, Vildhede A, Nordell P, Ahlström C, Montaser AB, Terasaki T, Lennernäs H, Sjögren E. Physiologically based pharmacokinetics modeling and transporter proteomics to predict systemic and local liver and muscle disposition of statins. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024; 13:1029-1043. [PMID: 38576225 PMCID: PMC11179708 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins are used to reduce liver cholesterol levels but also carry a dose-related risk of skeletal muscle toxicity. Concentrations of statins in plasma are often used to assess efficacy and safety, but because statins are substrates of membrane transporters that are present in diverse tissues, local differences in intracellular tissue concentrations cannot be ruled out. Thus, plasma concentration may not be an adequate indicator of efficacy and toxicity. To bridge this gap, we used physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling to predict intracellular concentrations of statins. Quantitative data on transporter clearance were scaled from in vitro to in vivo conditions by integrating targeted proteomics and transporter kinetics data. The developed PBPK models, informed by proteomics, suggested that organic anion-transporting polypeptide 2B1 (OATP2B1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) play a pivotal role in the distribution of statins in muscle. Using these PBPK models, we were able to predict the impact of alterations in transporter function due to genotype or drug-drug interactions on statin systemic concentrations and exposure in liver and muscle. These results underscore the potential of proteomics-guided PBPK modeling to scale transporter clearance from in vitro data to real-world implications. It is important to evaluate the role of drug transporters when predicting tissue exposure associated with on- and off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Prieto Garcia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Translational Drug Discovery and DevelopmentUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Anna Vildhede
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Pär Nordell
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Christine Ahlström
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Ahmed B. Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Translational Drug Discovery and DevelopmentUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Erik Sjögren
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Translational Drug Discovery and DevelopmentUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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5
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Taggi V, Schäfer AM, Dolce A, Meyer Zu Schwabedissen HE. A face-to-face comparison of the BBB cell models hCMEC/D3 and hBMEC for their applicability to adenoviral expression of transporters. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38735840 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a structure mainly formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BCEC) whose role is to regulate the exchange of compounds between the blood and the brain. In this process efflux and uptake transporters play a key role. Aim of this study was to compare the two previously established cell lines hCMEC/D3 and hBMEC as BBB cell models for the application of an adenoviral system to transiently express OATP2B1 and Pgp. Comparison of hCMEC/D3 and hBMEC mRNA and protein levels of BBB markers showed a unique expression pattern for each cell line. While showing similar expression of the efflux transporter BCRP, transferrin receptor (TFRC) and of the tight junctions proteins Occludin and ZO-1, hCMEC/D3 displayed higher levels of the endothelial marker PECAM1, VE-cadherin, Von Willebrand Factor (VWF) and of the efflux transporter Pgp. Moreover, measuring integrity of the monolayer by determining the Trans-Endothelial Electrical Resistance (TEER), electrical capacitance (CCl), and inulin apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) revealed higher TEER and lower CCl for hBMEC but comparable Papp in the two cell lines. Following adenoviral infection, enhanced OATP2B1 and Pgp expression and functionality could be observed only in hBMEC. Importantly, the adenoviral expression system did not affect expression of BBB markers and permeability in both cell lines. Taken together, our results provide first evidence that hBMEC is an applicable human BBB cell model in which adenoviral infection can be used to transiently express and investigate transporters of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Taggi
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bas, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anima M Schäfer
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bas, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Asaél Dolce
- Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bas, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Gulnaz A, Lee KR, Kang MJ, Chang JE, Chae YJ. Roles of breast cancer resistance protein and organic anion transporting polypeptide 2B1 in gastrointestinal toxicity induced by SN-38 under inflammatory conditions. Toxicol Lett 2024; 394:57-65. [PMID: 38423481 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Drug transporters are among the factors that determine the pharmacokinetic profiles after drug administration. In this study, we investigated the roles of drug transporters involved in transport of SN-38, which is an active metabolite of irinotecan, in the intestine under inflammatory conditions in vitro and determined their functional consequences. The expression alterations of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 were determined at the mRNA and protein levels, and the subsequent functional alterations were evaluated via an accumulation study with the representative transporter substrates [prazosin and dibromofluorescein (DBF)] and SN-38. We also determined the cytotoxicity of SN-38 under inflammatory conditions. Decreased BCRP expression and increased OATP2B1 expression were observed under inflammatory conditions in vitro, which led to altered accumulation profiles of prazosin, DBF, and SN-38, and the subsequent cytotoxic profiles of SN-38. Treatment with rifampin or novobiocin supported the significant roles of BCRP and OATP2B1 in the transport and cytotoxic profile of SN-38. Collectively, these results suggest that BCRP and OATP2B1 are involved in the increased cytotoxicity of SN-38 under inflammatory conditions in vitro. Further comprehensive research is warranted to completely understand SN-38-induced gastrointestinal cytotoxicity and aid in the successful treatment of cancer with irinotecan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Gulnaz
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryoon Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Cheongju 28116, Republic of Korea; Department of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ji Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Eun Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jee Chae
- College of Pharmacy, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Duan H, Lou C, Gu Y, Wang Y, Li W, Liu G, Tang Y. In Silico prediction of inhibitors for multiple transporters via machine learning methods. Mol Inform 2024; 43:e202300270. [PMID: 38235949 DOI: 10.1002/minf.202300270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Transporters play an indispensable role in facilitating the transport of nutrients, signaling molecules and the elimination of metabolites and toxins in human cells. Contemporary computational methods have been employed in the prediction of transporter inhibitors. However, these methods often focus on isolated endpoints, overlooking the interactions between transporters and lacking good interpretation. In this study, we integrated a comprehensive dataset and constructed models to assess the inhibitory effects on seven transporters. Both conventional machine learning and multi-task deep learning methods were employed. The results demonstrated that the MLT-GAT model achieved superior performance with an average AUC value of 0.882. It is noteworthy that our model excels not only in prediction performance but also in achieving robust interpretability, aided by GNN-Explainer. It provided valuable insights into transporter inhibition. The reliability of our model's predictions positioned it as a promising and valuable tool in the field of transporter inhibition research. Related data and code are available at https://gitee.com/wutiantian99/transporter_code.git.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Duan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Chaofeng Lou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yaxin Gu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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8
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Yin M, Balhara A, Marie S, Tournier N, Gáborik Z, Unadkat JD. Successful Prediction of Human Hepatic Concentrations of Transported Drugs Using the Proteomics-Informed Relative Expression Factor Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:595-605. [PMID: 38037845 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Tissue drug concentrations determine the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. When a drug is the substrate of transporters that are present at the blood:tissue barrier, the steady-state unbound tissue drug concentrations cannot be predicted from their corresponding plasma concentrations. To accurately predict transporter-modulated tissue drug concentrations, all clearances (CLs) mediating the drug's entry and exit (including metabolism) from the tissue must be accurately predicted. Because primary cells of most tissues are not available, we have proposed an alternative approach to predict such CLs, that is the use of transporter-expressing cells/vesicles (TECs/TEVs) and relative expression factor (REF). The REF represents the abundance of the relevant transporters in the tissue vs. in the TECs/TEVs. Here, we determined the transporter-based intrinsic CL of glyburide (GLB) and pitavastatin (PTV) in OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, and NTCP-expressing cells and MRP3-, BCRP-, P-gp-, and MRP2-expressing vesicles and scaled these CLs to in vivo using REF. These predictions fell within a priori set twofold range of the hepatobiliary CLs of GLB and PTV, estimated from their hepatic positron emission tomography imaging data: 272.3 and 607.8 mL/min for in vivo hepatic sinusoidal uptake CL, 47.8 and 17.4 mL/min for sinusoidal efflux CL, and 0 and 4.20 mL/min for biliary efflux CL, respectively. Moreover, their predicted hepatic concentrations (area under the hepatic concentration-time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax )), fell within twofold of their mean observed data. These data, together with our previous findings, confirm that the REF approach can successfully predict transporter-based drug CLs and tissue concentrations to enhance success in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ankit Balhara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Solène Marie
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
| | - Zsuzsanna Gáborik
- SOLVO Biotechnology, Charles River Laboratories Hungary, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jashvant D Unadkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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9
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Liu R, Ma B, Mok MM, Murray BP, Subramanian R, Lai Y. Assessing Pleiotropic Effects of a Mixed-Mode Perpetrator Drug, Rifampicin, by Multiple Endogenous Biomarkers in Dogs. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:236-241. [PMID: 38123963 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rifampicin (RIF) is a mixed-mode perpetrator that produces pleiotropic effects on liver cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporters. To assess the complex drug-drug interaction liabilities of RIF in vivo, a known probe substrate, midazolam (MDZ), along with multiple endogenous biomarkers were simultaneously monitored in beagle dogs before and after a 7-day treatment period by RIF at 20 mg/kg per day. Confirmed by the reduced MDZ plasma exposure and elevated 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4β-HC, biomarker of CYP3A activities) level, CYP3A was significantly induced after repeated RIF doses, and such induction persisted for 3 days after cessation of the RIF administration. On the other hand, increased plasma levels of coproporphyrin (CP)-I and III [biomarkers of organic anion transporting polypeptides 1b (Oatp1b) activities] were observed after the first dose of RIF. Plasma CPs started to decline as RIF exposure decreased, and they returned to baseline 3 days after cessation of the RIF administration. The data suggested the acute (inhibitory) and chronic (inductive) effects of RIF on Oatp1b and CYP3A enzymes, respectively, and a 3-day washout period is deemed adequate to remove superimposed Oatp1b inhibition from CYP3A induction. In addition, apparent self-induction of RIF was observed as its terminal half-life was significantly altered after multiple doses. Overall, our investigation illustrated the need for appropriate timing of modulator dosing to differentiate between transporter inhibition and enzyme induction. As further indicated by the CP data, induction of Oatp1b activities was not likely after repeated RIF administration. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This investigation demonstrated the utility of endogenous biomarkers towards complex drug-drug interactions by rifampicin (RIF) and successfully determined the optimal timing to differentiate between transporter inhibition and enzyme induction. Based on experimental evidence, Oatp1b induction following repeated RIF administration was unlikely, and apparent self-induction of RIF elimination was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renmeng Liu
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Bin Ma
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | - Marilyn M Mok
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
| | | | | | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, California
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10
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Fan Y, Zhou Z, Zhang L. Effect of Oregon grape root extracts on P-glycoprotein mediated transport in in vitro cell lines. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2024; 26:11927. [PMID: 38304488 PMCID: PMC10830684 DOI: 10.3389/jpps.2023.11927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aims to investigate the potential of Oregon grape root extracts to modulate the activity of P-glycoprotein. Methods: We performed 3H-CsA or 3H-digoxin transport experiments in the absence or presence of two sources of Oregon grape root extracts (E1 and E2), berberine or berbamine in Caco-2 and MDCKII-MDR1 cells. In addition, real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed in Caco-2 and LS-180 cells to investigate the mechanism of modulating P-glycoprotein. Results: Our results showed that in Caco-2 cells, Oregon grape root extracts (E1 and E2) (0.1-1 mg/mL) inhibited the efflux of CsA and digoxin in a dose-dependent manner. However, 0.05 mg/mL E1 significantly increased the absorption of digoxin. Ten µM berberine and 30 µM berbamine significantly reduced the efflux of CsA, while no measurable effect of berberine was observed with digoxin. In the MDCKII-MDR1 cells, 10 µM berberine and 30 µM berbamine inhibited the efflux of CsA and digoxin. Lastly, in real time RT-PCR study, Oregon grape root extract (0.1 mg/mL) up-regulated mRNA levels of human MDR1 in Caco-2 and LS-180 cells at 24 h. Conclusion: Our study showed that Oregon grape root extracts modulated P-glycoprotein, thereby may affect the bioavailability of drugs that are substrates of P-glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- Division of Clinical Review, Office of Safety and Clinical Evaluation, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Zhu Zhou
- York College, The City University of New York, Jamaica, NY, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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11
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Courchesne M, Manrique G, Bernier L, Moussa L, Cresson J, Gutzeit A, Froehlich JM, Koh DM, Chartrand-Lefebvre C, Matoori S. Gender Differences in Pharmacokinetics: A Perspective on Contrast Agents. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:8-17. [PMID: 38230293 PMCID: PMC10789139 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Gender is an important risk factor for adverse drug reactions. Women report significantly more adverse drug reactions than men. There is a growing consensus that gender differences in drug PK is a main contributor to higher drug toxicity in women. These differences stem from physiological differences (body composition, plasma protein concentrations, and liver and kidney function), drug interactions, and comorbidities. Contrast agents are widely used to enhance diagnostic performance in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Despite their broad use, these contrast agents can lead to important adverse reactions including hypersensitivity reactions, nephropathy, and hyperthyroidism. Importantly, female gender is one of the main risk factors for contrast agent toxicity. As these adverse reactions may be related to gender differences in PK, this perspective aims to describe distribution and elimination pathways of commonly used contrast agents and to critically discuss gender differences in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Courchesne
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2940 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Gabriela Manrique
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2940 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Laurie Bernier
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2940 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Leen Moussa
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2940 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jeanne Cresson
- Clinical
Research Group, Klus Apotheke Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Gutzeit
- Department
of Health Sciences and Medicine, University
of Lucerne, Frohburgstaße 3, 6002 Luzern, Switzerland
- Institute
of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine and Breast Center St. Anna, Hirslanden Klinik St. Anna, 6006 Lucerne, Switzerland
- Department
of Radiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Dow-Mu Koh
- Cancer Research
UK Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research Group, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Chartrand-Lefebvre
- Radiology
Department, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université
de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 3E4, Canada
- Centre
de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de
Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Simon Matoori
- Faculté
de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, 2940 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
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12
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Shan Z, Yang X, Liu H, Yuan Y, Xiao Y, Nan J, Zhang W, Song W, Wang J, Wei F, Zhang Y. Cryo-EM structures of human organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP1B1. Cell Res 2023; 33:940-951. [PMID: 37674011 PMCID: PMC10709409 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the solute carrier organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATPs) family function as transporters for a large variety of amphipathic organic anions including endogenous metabolites and clinical drugs, such as bile salts, steroids, thyroid hormones, statins, antibiotics, antivirals, and anticancer drugs. OATP1B1 plays a vital role in transporting such substances into the liver for hepatic clearance. FDA and EMA recommend conducting in vitro testing of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) involving OATP1B1. However, the structure and working mechanism of OATPs still remains elusive. In this study, we determined cryo-EM structures of human OATP1B1 bound with representative endogenous metabolites (bilirubin and estrone-3-sulfate), a clinical drug (simeprevir), and a fluorescent indicator (2',7'-dichlorofluorescein), in both outward- and inward-open states. These structures reveal major and minor substrate binding pockets and conformational changes during transport. In combination with mutagenesis studies and molecular dynamics simulations, our work comprehensively elucidates the transport mechanism of OATP1B1 and provides the structural basis for DDI predictions involving OATP1B1, which will greatly promote our understanding of OATPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Shan
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yafei Yuan
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Nan
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenqi Song
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jufang Wang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiwen Wei
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Zhang
- Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Biali M, Auvity S, Cisternino S, Smirnova M, Hacker M, Zeitlinger M, Mairinger S, Tournier N, Bauer M, Langer O. Dissimilar Effect of P-Glycoprotein and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein Inhibition on the Distribution of Erlotinib to the Retina and Brain in Humans and Mice. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:5877-5887. [PMID: 37883694 PMCID: PMC10630959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) are two ATP-binding cassette efflux transporters that are coexpressed at the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-retina barrier (BRB). While pharmacological inhibition of P-gp and/or BCRP results in increased brain distribution of dual P-gp/BCRP substrate drugs, such as the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib, the effect of P-gp and/or BCRP inhibition on the retinal distribution of such drugs has hardly been investigated. In this study, we used positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to assess the effect of transporter inhibition on the distribution of [11C]erlotinib to the human retina and brain. Twenty two healthy volunteers underwent two PET scans after intravenous (i.v.) injection of a microdose (<5 μg) of [11C]erlotinib, a baseline scan, and a second scan either with concurrent i.v. infusion of tariquidar to inhibit P-gp (n = 5) or after oral intake of single ascending doses of erlotinib (300 mg, 650 mg, or 1000 mg, n = 17) to saturate erlotinib transport. In addition, transport of [3H]erlotinib to the retina and brain was assessed in mice by in situ carotid perfusion under various drug transporter inhibition settings. In comparison to the baseline PET scan, coadministration of tariquidar or erlotinib led to a significant decrease of [11C]erlotinib total volume of distribution (VT) in the human retina by -25 ± 8% (p ≤ 0.05) and -41 ± 16% (p ≤ 0.001), respectively. In contrast, erlotinib intake led to a significant increase in [11C]erlotinib VT in the human brain (+20 ± 16%, p ≤ 0.001), while administration of tariquidar did not result in any significant changes. In situ carotid perfusion experiments showed that both P-gp and BCRP significantly limit the distribution of erlotinib to the mouse retina and brain but revealed a similar discordant effect at the mouse BRB and BBB following co-perfusion with tariquidar and erlotinib as in humans. Co-perfusion with prototypical inhibitors of solute carrier transporters did not reveal a significant contribution of organic cation transporters (e.g., OCTs and OCTNs) and organic anion-transporting polypeptides (e.g., OATP2B1) to the retinal and cerebral distribution of erlotinib. In conclusion, we observed a dissimilar effect after P-gp and/or BCRP inhibition on the retinal and cerebral distribution of [11C]erlotinib. The exact mechanism for this discrepancy remains unclear but may be related to the function of an unidentified erlotinib uptake carrier sensitive to tariquidar inhibition at the BRB. Our study highlights the great potential of PET to study drug distribution to the human retina and to assess the functional impact of membrane transporters on ocular drug distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam
El Biali
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvain Auvity
- Inserm
UMRS1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Service
Pharmacie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire-Necker-Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Inserm
UMRS1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
- Service
Pharmacie, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire-Necker-Enfants Malades, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Maria Smirnova
- Inserm
UMRS1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided
Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided
Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire
d’Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BioMaps), CEA, CNRS,
Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Université Paris-Saclay, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Martin Bauer
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Division
of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided
Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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14
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Avvari SK, Cusumano JA, Jogiraju VK, Manchandani P, Taft DR. PBPK Modeling of Azithromycin Systemic Exposure in a Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery Patient Population. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2520. [PMID: 38004500 PMCID: PMC10674169 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In this investigation, PBPK modeling using the Simcyp® Simulator was performed to evaluate whether Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery impacts the oral absorption and bioavailability of azithromycin. An RYGB surgery patient population was adapted from the published literature and verified using the same probe medications, atorvastatin and midazolam. Next, a PBPK model of azithromycin was constructed to simulate changes in systemic drug exposure after the administration of different oral formulations (tablet, suspension) to patients pre- and post-RYGB surgery using the developed and verified population model. Clinically observed changes in azithromycin systemic exposure post-surgery following oral administration (single-dose tablet formulation) were captured using PBPK modeling based on the comparison of model-predicted exposure metrics (Cmax, AUC) to published clinical data. Model simulations predicted a 30% reduction in steady-state AUC after surgery for three- and five-day multiple dose regimens of an azithromycin tablet formulation. The relative bioavailability of a suspension formulation was 1.5-fold higher than the tablet formulation after multiple dosing. The changes in systemic exposure observed after surgery were used to evaluate the clinical efficacy of azithromycin against two of the most common pathogens causing community acquired pneumonia based on the corresponding AUC24/MIC pharmacodynamic endpoint. The results suggest lower bioavailability of the tablet formulation post-surgery may impact clinical efficacy. Overall, the research demonstrates the potential of a PBPK modeling approach as a framework to optimize oral drug therapy in patients post-RYGB surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarchala Kiranmai Avvari
- Samuel J. and Joan B. Williamson Institute for Pharmacometrics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA;
| | - Jaclyn A. Cusumano
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA;
| | | | | | - David R. Taft
- Samuel J. and Joan B. Williamson Institute for Pharmacometrics, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Arnold & Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Long Island University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA;
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15
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Arntz PJW, Deroose CM, Marcus C, Sturesson C, Panaro F, Erdmann J, Manevska N, Moadel R, de Geus-Oei LF, Bennink RJ. Joint EANM/SNMMI/IHPBA procedure guideline for [ 99mTc]Tc-mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy SPECT/CT in the quantitative assessment of the future liver remnant function. HPB (Oxford) 2023; 25:1131-1144. [PMID: 37394397 DOI: 10.1016/j.hpb.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this joint EANM/SNMMI/IHPBA procedure guideline is to provide general information and specific recommendations and considerations on the use of [99mTc]Tc-mebrofenin hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) in the quantitative assessment and risk analysis before surgical intervention, selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT) or before and after liver regenerative procedures. Although the gold standard to estimate future liver remnant (FLR) function remains volumetry, the increasing interest in HBS and the continuous request for implementation in major liver centers worldwide, demands standardization. METHODS This guideline concentrates on the endorsement of a standardized protocol for HBS elaborates on the clinical indications and implications, considerations, clinical appliance, cut-off values, interactions, acquisition, post-processing analysis and interpretation. Referral to the practical guidelines for additional post-processing manual instructions is provided. CONCLUSION The increasing interest of major liver centers worldwide in HBS requires guidance for implementation. Standardization facilitates applicability of HBS and promotes global implementation. Inclusion of HBS in standard care is not meant as substitute for volumetry, but rather to complement risk evaluation by identifying suspected and unsuspected high-risk patients prone to develop post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) and post-SIRT liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter J W Arntz
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Christophe M Deroose
- Nuclear Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charles Marcus
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christian Sturesson
- Division of Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabrizio Panaro
- Department of Surgery, Division of HBP Surgery & Transplantation, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier University Hospital, School of Medicine, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Joris Erdmann
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nevena Manevska
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Nuclear Medicine, Acad Isak S. Tadzer, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Renee Moadel
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lioe-Fee de Geus-Oei
- Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, University of Twente, Enschede, the Netherlands; Department of Radiation Science and Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Roel J Bennink
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Murray M. Mechanisms and Clinical Significance of Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions Mediated by FDA and EMA-approved Hepatitis C Direct-Acting Antiviral Agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 2023; 62:1365-1392. [PMID: 37731164 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of patients infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been revolutionised by the development of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) that target specific HCV proteins involved in viral replication. The first DAAs were associated with clinical problems such as adverse drug reactions and pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Current FDA/EMA-approved treatments are combinations of DAAs that simultaneously target the HCV N5A-protein, the HCV N5B-polymerase and the HCV NS3/4A-protease. Adverse events and DDIs are less likely with these DAA combinations but several DDIs of potential clinical significance remain. Much of the available information on the interaction of DAAs with CYP drug-metabolising enzymes and influx and efflux transporters is contained in regulatory summaries and is focused on DDIs of likely clinical importance. Important DDIs perpetrated by current DAAs include increases in the pharmacokinetic exposure to statins and dabigatran. Some mechanistic information can be deduced. Although the free concentrations of DAAs in serum are very low, a number of these DDIs are likely mediated by the inhibition of systemic influx transporters, especially OATP1B1/1B3. Other DDIs may arise by DAA-mediated inhibition of intestinal efflux transporters, which increases the systemic concentrations of some coadministered drugs. Conversely, DAAs are victims of DDIs mediated by cyclosporin, ketoconazole, omeprazole and HIV antiretroviral drug combinations, especially when boosted by ritonavir and, to a lesser extent, cobicistat. In addition, concurrent administration of inducers, such as rifampicin, carbamazepine and efavirenz, decreases exposure to some DAAs. Drug-drug interactions that increase the accumulation of HCV N3/4A-protease inhibitors like grazoprevir may exacerbate hepatic injury in HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Murray
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
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17
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Yang J, Sundqvist ML, Zheng X, Jiao T, Collado A, Tratsiakovich Y, Mahdi A, Tengbom J, Mergia E, Catrina SB, Zhou Z, Carlström M, Akaike T, Cortese-Krott MM, Weitzberg E, Lundberg JO, Pernow J. Hypoxic erythrocytes mediate cardioprotection through activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and release of cyclic GMP. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167693. [PMID: 37655658 PMCID: PMC10471167 DOI: 10.1172/jci167693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) mediate cardioprotection via nitric oxide-like bioactivity, but the signaling and the identity of any mediator released by the RBCs remains unknown. We investigated whether RBCs exposed to hypoxia release a cardioprotective mediator and explored the nature of this mediator. Perfusion of isolated hearts subjected to ischemia-reperfusion with extracellular supernatant from mouse RBCs exposed to hypoxia resulted in improved postischemic cardiac function and reduced infarct size. Hypoxia increased extracellular export of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) from mouse RBCs, and exogenous cGMP mimicked the cardioprotection induced by the supernatant. The protection induced by hypoxic RBCs was dependent on RBC-soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP transport and was sensitive to phosphodiesterase 5 and activated cardiomyocyte protein kinase G. Oral administration of nitrate to mice to increase nitric oxide bioactivity further enhanced the cardioprotective effect of hypoxic RBCs. In a placebo-controlled clinical trial, a clear cardioprotective, soluble guanylate cyclase-dependent effect was induced by RBCs collected from patients randomized to 5 weeks nitrate-rich diet. It is concluded that RBCs generate and export cGMP as a response to hypoxia, mediating cardioprotection via a paracrine effect. This effect can be further augmented by a simple dietary intervention, suggesting preventive and therapeutic opportunities in ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangning Yang
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela L. Sundqvist
- Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tong Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aida Collado
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yahor Tratsiakovich
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Mahdi
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Tengbom
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evanthia Mergia
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sergiu-Bogdan Catrina
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Miriam M. Cortese-Krott
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Myocardial Infarction Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O. Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Pernow
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Cataldi M, Celentano C, Bencivenga L, Arcopinto M, Resnati C, Manes A, Dodani L, Comnes L, Vander Stichele R, Kalra D, Rengo G, Giallauria F, Trama U, Ferrara N, Cittadini A, Taglialatela M. Identification of Drugs Acting as Perpetrators in Common Drug Interactions in a Cohort of Geriatric Patients from Southern Italy and Analysis of the Gene Polymorphisms That Affect Their Interacting Potential. Geriatrics (Basel) 2023; 8:84. [PMID: 37736884 PMCID: PMC10514861 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics8050084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacogenomic factors affect the susceptibility to drug-drug interactions (DDI). We identified drug interaction perpetrators among the drugs prescribed to a cohort of 290 older adults and analysed the prevalence of gene polymorphisms that can increase their interacting potential. We also pinpointed clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) that incorporate pharmacogenomic factors in DDI risk evaluation. METHODS Perpetrator drugs were identified using the Drug Interactions Flockhart Table, the DRUGBANK website, and the Mayo Clinic Pharmacogenomics Association Table. Allelic variants affecting their activity were identified with the PharmVar, PharmGKB, dbSNP, ensembl and 1000 genome databases. RESULTS Amiodarone, amlodipine, atorvastatin, digoxin, esomperazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, simvastatin and rosuvastatin were perpetrator drugs prescribed to >5% of our patients. Few allelic variants affecting their perpetrator activity showed a prevalence >2% in the European population: CYP3A4/5*22, *1G, *3, CYP2C9*2 and *3, CYP2C19*17 and *2, CYP2D6*4, *41, *5, *10 and *9 and SLC1B1*15 and *5. Few commercial CDSS include pharmacogenomic factors in DDI-risk evaluation and none of them was designed for use in older adults. CONCLUSIONS We provided a list of the allelic variants influencing the activity of drug perpetrators in older adults which should be included in pharmacogenomics-oriented CDSSs to be used in geriatric medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cataldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Camilla Celentano
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Leonardo Bencivenga
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.B.); (M.A.); (G.R.); (F.G.); (N.F.); (A.C.)
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, CHU de Toulouse, Cité de la Santé, Place Lange, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Michele Arcopinto
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.B.); (M.A.); (G.R.); (F.G.); (N.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Chiara Resnati
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Annalaura Manes
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Loreta Dodani
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (M.T.)
| | - Lucia Comnes
- Datawizard, Via Salaria 719a, 00138 Rome, Italy;
| | - Robert Vander Stichele
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (R.V.S.); (D.K.)
- European Institute for Innovation through Health Data, c/o Department Medical Informatics and Statistics, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dipak Kalra
- Heymans Institute of Pharmacology, Ghent University, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (R.V.S.); (D.K.)
- European Institute for Innovation through Health Data, c/o Department Medical Informatics and Statistics, Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Rengo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.B.); (M.A.); (G.R.); (F.G.); (N.F.); (A.C.)
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici—ICS Maugeri S.p.A., Via Bagni Vecchi 1, 82037 Telese, Italy
| | - Francesco Giallauria
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.B.); (M.A.); (G.R.); (F.G.); (N.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Ugo Trama
- General Directorate for Health Protection and Coordination of the Regional Health System, Regione Campania, Centro Direzionale Is. C3, 80132 Naples, Italy;
| | - Nicola Ferrara
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.B.); (M.A.); (G.R.); (F.G.); (N.F.); (A.C.)
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici—ICS Maugeri S.p.A., Via Bagni Vecchi 1, 82037 Telese, Italy
| | - Antonio Cittadini
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.B.); (M.A.); (G.R.); (F.G.); (N.F.); (A.C.)
| | - Maurizio Taglialatela
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, Federico II University of Naples, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (C.C.); (C.R.); (A.M.); (L.D.); (M.T.)
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19
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Jiao T, Collado A, Mahdi A, Tengbom J, Tratsiakovich Y, Milne GT, Alvarsson M, Lundberg JO, Zhou Z, Yang J, Pernow J. Stimulation of Erythrocyte Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Induces cGMP Export and Cardioprotection in Type 2 Diabetes. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:907-918. [PMID: 37719424 PMCID: PMC10504399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity in red blood cells (RBCs) is critical for augmented myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in type 2 diabetes. This study identified the nature of "NO bioactivity" by stimulating the intracellular NO receptor soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) in RBCs. sGC stimulation in RBCs from patients with type 2 diabetes increased export of cyclic guanosine monophosphate from RBCs and activated cardiac protein kinase G, thereby attenuating ischemia-reperfusion injury. These results provide novel insight into RBC signaling by identifying cyclic guanosine monophosphate from RBC as a mediator of protection against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury induced by sGC stimulation in RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jiao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aida Collado
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Mahdi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Tengbom
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yahor Tratsiakovich
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Michael Alvarsson
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhichao Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiangning Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Pernow
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Vascular Division, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Li Y, Drabison T, Nepal M, Ho RH, Leblanc AF, Gibson AA, Jin Y, Yang W, Huang KM, Uddin ME, Chen M, DiGiacomo DF, Chen X, Razzaq S, Tonniges JR, McTigue DM, Mims AS, Lustberg MB, Wang Y, Hummon AB, Evans WE, Baker SD, Cavaletti G, Sparreboom A, Hu S. Targeting a xenobiotic transporter to ameliorate vincristine-induced sensory neuropathy. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164646. [PMID: 37347545 PMCID: PMC10443802 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vincristine is a widely used chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of multiple malignant diseases that causes a dose-limiting peripheral neurotoxicity. There is no clinically effective preventative treatment for vincristine-induced sensory peripheral neurotoxicity (VIPN), and mechanistic details of this side effect remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that VIPN is dependent on transporter-mediated vincristine accumulation in dorsal root ganglion neurons. Using a xenobiotic transporter screen, we identified OATP1B3 as a neuronal transporter regulating the uptake of vincristine. In addition, genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the murine orthologue transporter OATP1B2 protected mice from various hallmarks of VIPN - including mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and changes in digital maximal action potential amplitudes and neuronal morphology - without negatively affecting plasma levels or antitumor effects of vincristine. Finally, we identified α-tocopherol from an untargeted metabolomics analysis as a circulating endogenous biomarker of neuronal OATP1B2 function, and it could serve as a companion diagnostic to guide dose selection of OATP1B-type transport modulators given in combination with vincristine to prevent VIPN. Collectively, our findings shed light on the fundamental basis of VIPN and provide a rationale for the clinical development of transporter inhibitors to prevent this debilitating side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Division of Outcomes and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas Drabison
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Mahesh Nepal
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Division of Outcomes and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard H. Ho
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alix F. Leblanc
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Alice A. Gibson
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Yan Jin
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Wenjian Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kevin M. Huang
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Muhammad Erfan Uddin
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Duncan F. DiGiacomo
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Xihui Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Sobia Razzaq
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | | | - Dana M. McTigue
- The Belford Center for Spinal Cord Injury & Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, and
| | - Alice S. Mims
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maryam B. Lustberg
- The Breast Center at Smilow Cancer Hospital at Yale, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yijia Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda B. Hummon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - William E. Evans
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sharyn D. Baker
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- Experimental Neurology Unit and Milan Center for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Alex Sparreboom
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Shuiying Hu
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
- Division of Outcomes and Translational Sciences, College of Pharmacy & Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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21
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Sztandera K, Gorzkiewicz M, Zizzi EA, Dybczak N, Poltorak L, Deriu MA, Klajnert-Maculewicz B. Cellular uptake of rose bengal is mediated by OATP1B1/1B3 transporters. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 152:108449. [PMID: 37130506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to its fluorescent properties and high yield of singlet oxygen, rose bengal (RB) is one of the most promising photosensitizers for cancer treatment. However, the negative charge of RB molecule may significantly hamper its intracellular delivery by passive diffusion through the cell membrane. Thus, specific membrane protein transporters may be needed. The organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are a well-characterized group of membrane protein transporters, responsible for cellular uptake of a number of drugs. To our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates cellular transport of RB mediated by the OATP transporter family. First, electrified liquid-liquid interface, together with biophysical analysis and molecular dynamics simulations were used to characterize the interaction of RB with several models of a cellular membranes. These experiments proved that RB interacts only with the membrane's surface, without spontaneously crossing the lipid bilayer. Evaluation of intracellular uptake of RB by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy showed significant differences in uptake between liver and intestinal cell line models differing in expression of OATP transporters. The use of specific pharmacological inhibitors of OATPs, together with Western blotting and in silico analysis, indicated that OATPs are crucial for cellular uptake of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sztandera
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - M Gorzkiewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland; Department of Molecular Medicine II, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - E A Zizzi
- PolitoBIOMedLab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - N Dybczak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - L Poltorak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91-403 Lodz, Poland
| | - M A Deriu
- PolitoBIOMedLab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Turin, Italy
| | - B Klajnert-Maculewicz
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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22
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Kayesh R, Tambe V, Xu C, Yue W. Differential Preincubation Effects of Nicardipine on OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-Mediated Transport in the Presence and Absence of Protein: Implications in Assessing OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1020. [PMID: 36986880 PMCID: PMC10052025 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired transport activity of hepatic OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 due to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) often leads to increased systemic exposure to substrate drugs (e.g., lipid-lowering statins). Since dyslipidemia and hypertension frequently coexist, statins are often concurrently used with antihypertensives, including calcium channel blockers (CCBs). OATP1B1/1B3-related DDIs in humans have been reported for several CCBs. To date, the OATP1B1/1B3-mediated DDI potential of CCB nicardipine has not been assessed. The current study was designed to assess the OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated DDI potential of nicardipine using the R-value model, following the US-FDA guidance. IC50 values of nicardipine against OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 were determined in transporter-overexpressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells using [3H]-estradiol 17β-D-glucuronide and [3H]-cholecystokinin-8 as substrates, respectively, with or without nicardipine-preincubation in protein-free Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) or in fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing culture medium. Preincubation with nicardipine for 30 min in protein-free HBSS buffer produced lower IC50 and higher R-values for both OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 compared to in FBS-containing medium, yielding IC50 values of 0.98 and 1.63 µM and R-values of 1.4 and 1.3 for OATP1B1 and OATP1B3, respectively. The R-values were higher than the US-FDA cut-off value of 1.1, supporting that nicardipine has the potential to cause OATP1B1/3-mediated DDIs. Current studies provide insight into the consideration of optimal preincubation conditions when assessing the OATP1B1/3-mediated DDIs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhul Kayesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Vishakha Tambe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Wei Yue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA
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23
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Zapol’skii VA, Kaul S, Karge B, Brönstrup M, Gjikaj M, Kaufmann DE. A New Way to 2,3,4-Trisubstituted Benzo[h]quinolines: Synthesis, Consecutive Reactions and Cellular Activities †. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062479. [PMID: 36985452 PMCID: PMC10058827 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction of mercaptoacetic acid esters with pentachloro-2-nitro-1,3-butadiene provides the appropriate precursors for the synthesis of 2,3,4-trisubstituted benzo[h]quinolines. These heterocycles are easily accessible via a single-step reaction with naphthalen-1-amine or anthracen-1-amine as the precursor. Due to the steric bulk and high electron density ring, the ring closure of benzo[h]quinolines takes place exclusively. Such highly substituted annelated pyridine systems can be modified in subsequent, selective reactions to build up new N-heterocycles with promising microbiological properties. The antibacterial and antiproliferative assays against four mammalian cell lines demonstrate that some of the sulfur-substituted benzo[h]quinoline analogs display potent phenotypic bioactivities in the single-digit micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor A. Zapol’skii
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Sandra Kaul
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Bianka Karge
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mark Brönstrup
- Department of Chemical Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mimoza Gjikaj
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Paul-Ernst-Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Dieter E. Kaufmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
- Correspondence:
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24
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Özvegy-Laczka C, Ungvári O, Bakos É. Fluorescence-based methods for studying activity and drug-drug interactions of hepatic solute carrier and ATP binding cassette proteins involved in ADME-Tox. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115448. [PMID: 36758706 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
In humans, approximately 70% of drugs are eliminated through the liver. This process is governed by the concerted action of membrane transporters and metabolic enzymes. Transporters mediating hepatocellular uptake of drugs belong to the SLC (Solute carrier) superfamily of transporters. Drug efflux either toward the portal vein or into the bile is mainly mediated by active transporters of the ABC (ATP Binding Cassette) family. Alteration in the function and/or expression of liver transporters due to mutations, disease conditions, or co-administration of drugs or food components can result in altered pharmacokinetics. On the other hand, drugs or food components interacting with liver transporters may also interfere with liver function (e.g., bile acid homeostasis) and may even cause liver toxicity. Accordingly, certain transporters of the liver should be investigated already at an early stage of drug development. Most frequently radioactive probes are applied in these drug-transporter interaction tests. However, fluorescent probes are cost-effective and sensitive alternatives to radioligands, and are gaining wider application in drug-transporter interaction tests. In our review, we summarize our current understanding about hepatocyte ABC and SLC transporters affected by drug interactions. We provide an update of the available fluorescent and fluorogenic/activable probes applicable in in vitro or in vivo testing of these ABC and SLC transporters, including near-infrared transporter probes especially suitable for in vivo imaging. Furthermore, our review gives a comprehensive overview of the available fluorescence-based methods, not directly relying on the transport of the probe, suitable for the investigation of hepatic ABC or SLC-type drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Hungary.
| | - Orsolya Ungvári
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Hungary; Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bakos
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117 Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2., Hungary
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25
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Tuerkova A, Bongers BJ, Norinder U, Ungvári O, Székely V, Tarnovskiy A, Szakács G, Özvegy-Laczka C, van Westen GJP, Zdrazil B. Identifying Novel Inhibitors for Hepatic Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides by Machine Learning-Based Virtual Screening. J Chem Inf Model 2022; 62:6323-6335. [PMID: 35274943 PMCID: PMC9795544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Integration of statistical learning methods with structure-based modeling approaches is a contemporary strategy to identify novel lead compounds in drug discovery. Hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1) are classical off-targets, and it is well recognized that their ability to interfere with a wide range of chemically unrelated drugs, environmental chemicals, or food additives can lead to unwanted adverse effects like liver toxicity and drug-drug or drug-food interactions. Therefore, the identification of novel (tool) compounds for hepatic OATPs by virtual screening approaches and subsequent experimental validation is a major asset for elucidating structure-function relationships of (related) transporters: they enhance our understanding about molecular determinants and structural aspects of hepatic OATPs driving ligand binding and selectivity. In the present study, we performed a consensus virtual screening approach by using different types of machine learning models (proteochemometric models, conformal prediction models, and XGBoost models for hepatic OATPs), followed by molecular docking of preselected hits using previously established structural models for hepatic OATPs. Screening the diverse REAL drug-like set (Enamine) shows a comparable hit rate for OATP1B1 (36% actives) and OATP1B3 (32% actives), while the hit rate for OATP2B1 was even higher (66% actives). Percentage inhibition values for 44 selected compounds were determined using dedicated in vitro assays and guided the prioritization of several highly potent novel hepatic OATP inhibitors: six (strong) OATP2B1 inhibitors (IC50 values ranging from 0.04 to 6 μM), three OATP1B1 inhibitors (2.69 to 10 μM), and five OATP1B3 inhibitors (1.53 to 10 μM) were identified. Strikingly, two novel OATP2B1 inhibitors were uncovered (C7 and H5) which show high affinity (IC50 values: 40 nM and 390 nM) comparable to the recently described estrone-based inhibitor (IC50 = 41 nM). A molecularly detailed explanation for the observed differences in ligand binding to the three transporters is given by means of structural comparison of the detected binding sites and docking poses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Tuerkova
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Brandon J. Bongers
- Division
of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ulf Norinder
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden,MTM
Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-70182 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Orsolya Ungvári
- Drug
Resistance Research Group, Institute of
Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary,Doctoral
School of Biology and Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. stny. 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Virág Székely
- Drug
Resistance Research Group, Institute of
Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Gergely Szakács
- Drug
Resistance Research Group, Institute of
Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary,Department
of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer
Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Drug
Resistance Research Group, Institute of
Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gerard J. P. van Westen
- Division
of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands,.
Phone: +31 71 527 3511
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria,. Phone: +43-1-4277- 55113
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26
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Lane TR, Urbina F, Zhang X, Fye M, Gerlach J, Wright SH, Ekins S. Machine Learning Models Identify New Inhibitors for Human OATP1B1. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:4320-4332. [PMID: 36269563 PMCID: PMC9873312 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The uptake transporter OATP1B1 (SLC01B1) is largely localized to the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes and is a known victim of unwanted drug-drug interactions. Computational models are useful for identifying potential substrates and/or inhibitors of clinically relevant transporters. Our goal was to generate OATP1B1 in vitro inhibition data for [3H] estrone-3-sulfate (E3S) transport in CHO cells and use it to build machine learning models to facilitate a comparison of seven different classification models (Deep learning, Adaboosted decision trees, Bernoulli naïve bayes, k-nearest neighbors (knn), random forest, support vector classifier (SVC), logistic regression (lreg), and XGBoost (xgb)] using ECFP6 fingerprints to perform 5-fold, nested cross validation. In addition, we compared models using 3D pharmacophores, simple chemical descriptors alone or plus ECFP6, as well as ECFP4 and ECFP8 fingerprints. Several machine learning algorithms (SVC, lreg, xgb, and knn) had excellent nested cross validation statistics, particularly for accuracy, AUC, and specificity. An external test set containing 207 unique compounds not in the training set demonstrated that at every threshold SVC outperformed the other algorithms based on a rank normalized score. A prospective validation test set was chosen using prediction scores from the SVC models with ECFP fingerprints and were tested in vitro with 15 of 19 compounds (84% accuracy) predicted as active (≥20% inhibition) showed inhibition. Of these compounds, six (abamectin, asiaticoside, berbamine, doramectin, mobocertinib, and umbralisib) appear to be novel inhibitors of OATP1B1 not previously reported. These validated machine learning models can now be used to make predictions for drug-drug interactions for human OATP1B1 alongside other machine learning models for important drug transporters in our MegaTrans software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Lane
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Fabio Urbina
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Margret Fye
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Jacob Gerlach
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Stephen H. Wright
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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27
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Asiimwe IG, Pirmohamed M. Drug-Drug-Gene Interactions in Cardiovascular Medicine. Pharmgenomics Pers Med 2022; 15:879-911. [PMID: 36353710 PMCID: PMC9639705 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s338601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of both morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is widely accepted that both concomitant medications (drug-drug interactions, DDIs) and genomic factors (drug-gene interactions, DGIs) can influence cardiovascular drug-related efficacy and safety outcomes. Although thousands of DDI and DGI (aka pharmacogenomic) studies have been published to date, the literature on drug-drug-gene interactions (DDGIs, cumulative effects of DDIs and DGIs) remains scarce. Moreover, multimorbidity is common in cardiovascular disease patients and is often associated with polypharmacy, which increases the likelihood of clinically relevant drug-related interactions. These, in turn, can lead to reduced drug efficacy, medication-related harm (adverse drug reactions, longer hospitalizations, mortality) and increased healthcare costs. To examine the extent to which DDGIs and other interactions influence efficacy and safety outcomes in the field of cardiovascular medicine, we review current evidence in the field. We describe the different categories of DDIs and DGIs before illustrating how these two interact to produce DDGIs and other complex interactions. We provide examples of studies that have reported the prevalence of clinically relevant interactions and the most implicated cardiovascular medicines before outlining the challenges associated with dealing with these interactions in clinical practice. Finally, we provide recommendations on how to manage the challenges including but not limited to expanding the scope of drug information compendia, interaction databases and clinical implementation guidelines (to include clinically relevant DDGIs and other complex interactions) and work towards their harmonization; better use of electronic decision support tools; using big data and novel computational techniques; using clinically relevant endpoints, preemptive genotyping; ensuring ethnic diversity; and upskilling of clinicians in pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent G Asiimwe
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalized Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Munir Pirmohamed
- The Wolfson Centre for Personalized Medicine, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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28
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Ryu S, Woody N, Chang G, Mathialagan S, Varma MVS. Identification of Organic Anion Transporter 2 Inhibitors: Screening, Structure-Based Analysis, and Clinical Drug Interaction Risk Assessment. J Med Chem 2022; 65:14578-14588. [PMID: 36270005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporter 2 (OAT2 or SLC22A7) plays an important role in the hepatic uptake and renal secretion of several endogenous compounds and drugs. The goal of this work is to understand the structure activity of OAT2 inhibition and assess clinical drug interaction risk. A single-point inhibition assay using OAT2-transfected HEK293 cells was employed to screen about 150 compounds; and concentration-dependent inhibition potency (IC50) was measured for the identified "inhibitors". Acids represented about 65% of all inhibitors, and the frequency of bases-plus-zwitterions approximately doubled for "non-inhibitors". Interestingly, 9 of 10 most potent inhibitors (low IC50) are acids (pKa ∼ 3-5). Additionally, inhibitors are significantly larger and lipophilic than non-inhibitors. In silico (binary) models were developed to identify inhibitors and non-inhibitors. Finally, in vivo risk assessed via static drug-drug interaction models identified several inhibitors with potential for renal and hepatic OAT2 inhibition at clinical doses. This is the first study assessing the global pattern of OAT2-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Ryu
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nathaniel Woody
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - George Chang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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29
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Schnegelberger RD, Steiert B, Sandoval PJ, Hagenbuch B. Using a competitive counterflow assay to identify novel cationic substrates of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Front Physiol 2022; 13:969363. [PMID: 36160869 PMCID: PMC9493024 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.969363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 are two drug transporters that mediate the uptake of multiple endo- and xenobiotics, including many drugs, into human hepatocytes. Numerous inhibitors have been identified, and for some of them, it is not clear whether they are also substrates. Historically radiolabeled substrates or LC-MS/MS methods were needed to test for transported substrates, both of which can be limiting in time and money. However, the competitive counterflow (CCF) assay originally described for OCT2 and, more recently, for OCT1, OATP2B1, and OATP1A2 does not require radiolabeled substrates or LC-MS/MS methods and, as a result, is a more cost-effective approach to identifying substrates of multidrug transporters. We used a CCF assay based on the stimulated efflux of the common model substrate estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E17βG) and tested 30 compounds for OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated transport. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing OATP1B1 or OATP1B3 were preloaded with 10 nM [3H]-estradiol-17β-glucuronide. After the addition of known substrates like unlabeled estradiol-17β-glucuronide, estrone-3-sulfate, bromosulfophthalein, protoporphyrin X, rifampicin, and taurocholate to the outside of the preloaded CHO cells, we observed efflux of [3H]-estradiol-17β-glucuronide due to exchange with the added compounds. Of the tested 30 compounds, some organic cation transporter substrates like diphenhydramine, metformin, and salbutamol did not induce [3H]-estradiol-17β-glucuronide efflux, indicating that the two OATPs do not transport them. However, 22 (for OATP1B1) and 16 (for OATP1B3) of the tested compounds resulted in [3H]-estradiol-17β-glucuronide efflux, suggesting that they are OATP substrates. Among these compounds, we further tested clarithromycin, indomethacin, reserpine, and verapamil and confirmed that they are substrates of the two OATPs. These results demonstrate that the substrate spectrum of the well-characterized organic anion transporting polypeptides includes several organic cations. Furthermore, as for other drug uptake transporters, the CCF assay is an easy-to-use screening tool to identify novel OATP substrates.
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30
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Hau RK, Tash JS, Georg GI, Wright SH, Cherrington NJ. Physiological Characterization of the Transporter-Mediated Uptake of the Reversible Male Contraceptive H2-Gamendazole Across the Blood-Testis Barrier. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 382:299-312. [PMID: 35779861 PMCID: PMC9426764 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.122.001195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-testis barrier (BTB) is formed by a tight network of Sertoli cells (SCs) to limit the movement of reproductive toxicants from the blood into the male genital tract. Transporters expressed at the basal membranes of SCs also influence the disposition of drugs across the BTB. The reversible, nonhormonal contraceptive, H2-gamendazole (H2-GMZ), is an indazole carboxylic acid analog that accumulates over 10 times more in the testes compared with other organs. However, the mechanism(s) by which H2-GMZ circumvents the BTB are unknown. This study describes the physiologic characteristics of the carrier-mediated process(es) that permit H2-GMZ and other analogs to penetrate SCs. Uptake studies were performed using an immortalized human SC line (hT-SerC) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Uptake of H2-GMZ and four analogs followed Michaelis-Menten transport kinetics (one analog exhibited poor penetration). H2-GMZ uptake was strongly inhibited by indomethacin, diclofenac, MK-571, and several analogs. Moreover, H2-GMZ uptake was stimulated by an acidic extracellular pH, reduced at basic pHs, and independent of extracellular Na+, K+, or Cl- levels, which are intrinsic characteristics of OATP-mediated transport. Therefore, the characteristics of H2-GMZ transport suggest that one or more OATPs may be involved. However, endogenous transporter expression in wild-type Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK), and human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293) cells limited the utility of heterologous transporter expression to identify a specific OATP transporter. Altogether, characterization of the transporters involved in the flux of H2-GMZ provides insight into the selectivity of drug disposition across the human BTB to understand and overcome the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic difficulties presented by this barrier. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite major advancements in female contraceptives, male alternatives, including vasectomy, condom usage, and physical withdrawal, are antiquated and the widespread availability of nonhormonal, reversible chemical contraceptives is nonexistent. Indazole carboxylic acid analogs such as H2-GMZ are promising new reversible, antispermatogenic drugs that are highly effective in rodents. This study characterizes the carrier-mediated processes that permit H2-GMZ and other drugs to enter Sertoli cells and the observations made here will guide the development of drugs that effectively circumvent the BTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond K Hau
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.S.T.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.I.G.)
| | - Joseph S Tash
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.S.T.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.I.G.)
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.S.T.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.I.G.)
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.S.T.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.I.G.)
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy (R.K.H., N.J.C.), and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine (S.H.W.), The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, KU School of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas (J.S.T.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota (G.I.G.)
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31
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Zhu Y, Zhang X, You Q, Jiang Z. Recent applications of CBT-Cys click reaction in biological systems. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116881. [PMID: 35716587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry is a hot topic in many research fields. A biocompatible reaction from fireflies has attracted increasing attention since 2009. Herein, we focus on the firefly-sourced click reaction between cysteine (Cys) and 2-cyanobenzothiazole (2-CBT). This reaction has many excellent properties, such as rapidity, simplicity and high selectivity, which make it successfully applied in protein labeling, molecular imaging, drug discovery and other fields. Meanwhile, its unique ability to form nanoparticles expands its applications in biological systems. We review its principle, development, and latest applications in the past 5 years and hope this review provides more profound and comprehensive insights to its further application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhengyu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Smajić A, Grandits M, Ecker GF. Using Jupyter Notebooks for re-training machine learning models. J Cheminform 2022; 14:54. [PMID: 35964049 PMCID: PMC9375336 DOI: 10.1186/s13321-022-00635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) models require an extensive, user-driven selection of molecular descriptors in order to learn from chemical structures to predict actives and inactives with a high reliability. In addition, privacy concerns often restrict the access to sufficient data, leading to models with a narrow chemical space. Therefore, we propose a framework of re-trainable models that can be transferred from one local instance to another, and further allow a less extensive descriptor selection. The models are shared via a Jupyter Notebook, allowing the evaluation and implementation of a broader chemical space by keeping most of the tunable parameters pre-defined. This enables the models to be updated in a decentralized, facile, and fast manner. Herein, the method was evaluated with six transporter datasets (BCRP, BSEP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, MRP3, P-gp), which revealed the general applicability of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoša Smajić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Grandits
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Gerhard F Ecker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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33
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Korzekwa K, Radice C, Nagar S. A Permeability- and Perfusion-based PBPK model for Improved Prediction of Concentration-time Profiles. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2035-2052. [PMID: 35588513 PMCID: PMC9372417 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve predictions of concentration‐time (C‐t) profiles of drugs, a new physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling framework (termed ‘PermQ’) has been developed. This model includes permeability into and out of capillaries, cell membranes, and intracellular lipids. New modeling components include (i) lumping of tissues into compartments based on both blood flow and capillary permeability, and (ii) parameterizing clearances in and out of membranes with apparent permeability and membrane partitioning values. Novel observations include the need for a shallow distribution compartment particularly for bases. C‐t profiles were modeled for 24 drugs (7 acidic, 5 neutral, and 12 basic) using the same experimental inputs for three different models: Rodgers and Rowland (RR), a perfusion‐limited membrane‐based model (Kp,mem), and PermQ. Kp,mem and PermQ can be directly compared since both models have identical tissue partition coefficient parameters. For the 24 molecules used for model development, errors in Vss and t1/2 were reduced by 37% and 43%, respectively, with the PermQ model. Errors in C‐t profiles were reduced (increased EOC) by 43%. The improvement was generally greater for bases than for acids and neutrals. Predictions were improved for all 3 models with the use of parameters optimized for the PermQ model. For five drugs in a test set, similar results were observed. These results suggest that prediction of C‐t profiles can be improved by including capillary and cellular permeability components for all tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Casey Radice
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Yan D, Zhang H, Xu X, Ren C, Han C, Li Z. Theranostic nanosystem with supramolecular self-assembly for enhanced reactive oxygen species-mediated apoptosis guided by dual-modality tumor imaging. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Evaluation of Blood-CSF Barrier Transport by Quantitative Real Time Fluorescence Microscopy. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1469-1480. [PMID: 35411508 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transporters at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) play active roles in removing drugs and toxins from the CSF. The goal of this study is to develop a fluorescence microscopy approach to quantitatively study the transepithelial transport processes at the murine BCSFB in real time. METHODS Choroid plexus (CP) tissues were isolated from mouse lateral ventricles and incubated with anionic (fluorescein-methotrexate, 8-fluorescein-cAMP) or cationic (IDT307) fluorescent probes. The CSF-to-blood transport was imaged and quantified using compartmental segmentation and digital image analysis. Real time images were captured and analyzed to obtain kinetic information and identify the rate-limiting step. The effect of transporter inhibitors was also evaluated. RESULTS The transport processes of fluorescent probes can be captured and analyzed digitally. The intra- and inter- animal variability were 20.4% and 25.7%, respectively. Real time analysis showed distinct transport kinetics and rate-limiting step for anionic and cationic probes. A CP efflux index was proposed to distinguish between transepithelial flux and intracellular accumulation. Rifampin and MK571 decreased the overall transepithelial transport of anionic probes by more than 90%, indicating a possible involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptides (Oatps) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrps). CONCLUSIONS A CP isolation method was described, and a quantitative fluorescence imaging approach was developed to evaluate CSF-to-blood transport in mouse CP. The method is consistent, reproducible, and capable of tracking real time transepithelial transport with temporal and spatial resolution. The approach can be used to evaluate transport mechanisms, assess tissue drug accumulation, and assay potential drug-drug interactions at the BCSFB.
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Gartrell J, Panetta JC, Baker SD, Chen YL, Hawkins DS, Ostrenga A, Scharschmidt TJ, Spunt SL, Wang D, Weiss AR. The effects of pazopanib on doxorubicin pharmacokinetics in children and adults with non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcoma: a report from Children's Oncology Group and NRG Oncology study ARST1321. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2022; 89:551-557. [PMID: 35083502 PMCID: PMC8958317 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-022-04397-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment for soft tissue sarcomas is increasing given promising signals of activity in a variety of tumor types. The recently completed study in non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft tissue sarcomas, ARST1321, demonstrated that the addition of pazopanib to neoadjuvant ifosfamide, doxorubicin, and radiation improved the pathological near complete response rate compared with chemoradiotherapy alone. Pharmacokinetic (PK) evaluation of doxorubicin with pazopanib has not been previously reported. As an exploratory aim, doxorubicin PK data were collected during the dose-finding phase of the study in patients receiving chemotherapy and pazopanib to assess the effect of pazopanib on doxorubicin PK parameters. METHODS Blood samples were collected during cycle 2 (week 4) of chemotherapy at the following time points from doxorubicin administration: predose, 5, 30, and 60 min, and 2, 4, 8, 24 ± 3, and 48 ± 3 h after dosing. The population pharmacokinetic and individual post hoc estimates of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol were determined by nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. RESULTS There were 52 doxorubicin and doxorubicinol samples from 7 individuals in this study (median age: 17 years; range 14-23). The doxorubicin clearance was 26.9 (16.1, 36.4, and 33.9) L/h/m2 (post hoc median and range) and 25.8 (23.3%) L/h/m2 [population estimate and IIV (CV%)]. The doxorubicinol apparent clearance was 67.5 (18.2, 1701) L/h/m2 (post hoc median and range) and 58.7 (63.7%) L/h/m2 [population estimate and IIV (CV%)]. CONCLUSION The PK data of seven patients treated on ARST1321 is consistent with previously reported population and post hoc doxorubicin clearance and doxorubicinol apparent clearance estimates, showing that the addition of pazopanib does not significantly alter doxorubicin pharmacokinetics. These data support the safety of administration of pazopanib with doxorubicin-containing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gartrell
- Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - J C Panetta
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - S D Baker
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Y L Chen
- Hematology/Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D S Hawkins
- Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - A Ostrenga
- Pharmacy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | | | - S L Spunt
- Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - D Wang
- Radiation Oncology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A R Weiss
- Pediatrics, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
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Marie S, Hernández-Lozano I, Le Vée M, Breuil L, Saba W, Goislard M, Goutal S, Truillet C, Langer O, Fardel O, Tournier N. Pharmacokinetic Imaging Using 99mTc-Mebrofenin to Untangle the Pattern of Hepatocyte Transporter Disruptions Induced by Endotoxemia in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040392. [PMID: 35455390 PMCID: PMC9028474 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endotoxemia-induced inflammation may impact the activity of hepatocyte transporters, which control the hepatobiliary elimination of drugs and bile acids. 99mTc-mebrofenin is a non-metabolized substrate of transporters expressed at the different poles of hepatocytes. 99mTc-mebrofenin imaging was performed in rats after the injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Changes in transporter expression were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction of resected liver samples. Moreover, the particular impact of pharmacokinetic drug–drug interactions in the context of endotoxemia was investigated using rifampicin (40 mg/kg), a potent inhibitor of hepatocyte transporters. LPS increased 99mTc-mebrofenin exposure in the liver (1.7 ± 0.4-fold). Kinetic modeling revealed that endotoxemia did not impact the blood-to-liver uptake of 99mTc-mebrofenin, which is mediated by organic anion-transporting polypeptide (Oatp) transporters. However, liver-to-bile and liver-to-blood efflux rates were dramatically decreased, leading to liver accumulation. The transcriptomic profile of hepatocyte transporters consistently showed a downregulation of multidrug resistance-associated proteins 2 and 3 (Mrp2 and Mrp3), which mediate the canalicular and sinusoidal efflux of 99mTc-mebrofenin in hepatocytes, respectively. Rifampicin effectively blocked both the Oatp-mediated influx and the Mrp2/3-related efflux of 99mTc-mebrofenin. The additive impact of endotoxemia and rifampicin led to a 3.0 ± 1.3-fold increase in blood exposure compared with healthy non-treated animals. 99mTc-mebrofenin imaging is useful to investigate disease-associated change in hepatocyte transporter function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Marie
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
- AP-HP, Université Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Pharmacie Clinique, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Marc Le Vée
- Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Louise Breuil
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Wadad Saba
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Maud Goislard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Sébastien Goutal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Charles Truillet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Fardel
- Univ. Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail)-UMR_S 1085, 35043 Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BIOMAPS, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4 Place du Général Leclerc, 91401 Orsay, France
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Stillemans G, Paquot A, Muccioli GG, Hoste E, Panin N, Åsberg A, Balligand J, Haufroid V, Elens L. Atorvastatin population pharmacokinetics in a real-life setting: Influence of genetic polymorphisms and association with clinical response. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:667-679. [PMID: 34761521 PMCID: PMC8932751 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential clinical relevance of estimating the apparent clearance (CL/F) of atorvastatin through population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) modeling with samples collected in a real-life setting in a cohort of ambulatory patients at risk of cardiovascular disease by using an opportunistic sampling strategy easily accessible in clinical routine. A total of 132 pharmacokinetic (PK) samples at a maximum of three visits were collected in the 70 included patients. The effects of demographic, genetic, and clinical covariates were also considered. With the collected data, we developed a two-compartment PopPK model that allowed estimating atorvastatin CL/F relatively precisely and considering the genotype of the patient for SLCO1B1 c.521T>C single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Our results indicate that the estimation of the CL/F of atorvastatin through our PopPK model might help in identifying patients at risk of myalgia. Indeed, we showed that a patient presenting a CL/F lower than 414.67 L h-1 is at risk of suffering from muscle discomfort. We also observed that the CL/F was correlated with the efficacy outcomes, suggesting that a higher CL/F is associated with a better drug efficacy (i.e., a greater decrease in total and LDL-cholesterol levels). In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PopPK modeling can be useful in daily clinics to estimate a patient' atorvastatin clearance. Notifying the clinician with this information can help in identifying patients at risk of myalgia and gives indication about the potential responsiveness to atorvastatin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Stillemans
- Integrated PharmacoMetrics, PharmacoGenomics and PharmacoKineticsLouvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied PharmacologyInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et CliniqueUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Adrien Paquot
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive LipidsLouvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive LipidsLouvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Emilia Hoste
- Integrated PharmacoMetrics, PharmacoGenomics and PharmacoKineticsLouvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied PharmacologyInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et CliniqueUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Nadtha Panin
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied PharmacologyInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et CliniqueUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
| | - Anders Åsberg
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Jean‐Luc Balligand
- Pole of Pharmacology and TherapeuticsInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et CliniqueUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Department of Internal MedicineCliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucBrusselsBelgium
| | - Vincent Haufroid
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied PharmacologyInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et CliniqueUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Department of Clinical ChemistryCliniques Universitaires Saint‐LucBrusselsBelgium
| | - Laure Elens
- Integrated PharmacoMetrics, PharmacoGenomics and PharmacoKineticsLouvain Drug Research InstituteUniversité catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
- Louvain Centre for Toxicology and Applied PharmacologyInstitut de Recherche Expérimentale et CliniqueUniversité Catholique de LouvainBrusselsBelgium
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Storelli F, Li CY, Sachar M, Kumar V, Heyward S, Sáfár Z, Kis E, Unadkat JD. Prediction of Hepatobiliary Clearances and Hepatic Concentrations of Transported Drugs in Humans Using Rosuvastatin as a Model Drug. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2022; 112:593-604. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Storelli
- Department of Pharmaceutics University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Cindy Yanfei Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Madhav Sachar
- Department of Pharmaceutics University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Vineet Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics University of Washington Seattle WA USA
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Järvinen E, Deng F, Kiander W, Sinokki A, Kidron H, Sjöstedt N. The Role of Uptake and Efflux Transporters in the Disposition of Glucuronide and Sulfate Conjugates. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:802539. [PMID: 35095509 PMCID: PMC8793843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.802539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucuronidation and sulfation are the most typical phase II metabolic reactions of drugs. The resulting glucuronide and sulfate conjugates are generally considered inactive and safe. They may, however, be the most prominent drug-related material in the circulation and excreta of humans. The glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs typically have limited cell membrane permeability and subsequently, their distribution and excretion from the human body requires transport proteins. Uptake transporters, such as organic anion transporters (OATs and OATPs), mediate the uptake of conjugates into the liver and kidney, while efflux transporters, such as multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), mediate expulsion of conjugates into bile, urine and the intestinal lumen. Understanding the active transport of conjugated drug metabolites is important for predicting the fate of a drug in the body and its safety and efficacy. The aim of this review is to compile the understanding of transporter-mediated disposition of phase II conjugates. We review the literature on hepatic, intestinal and renal uptake transporters participating in the transport of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of drugs, other xenobiotics and endobiotics. In addition, we provide an update on the involvement of efflux transporters in the disposition of glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Finally, we discuss the interplay between uptake and efflux transport in the intestine, liver and kidneys as well as the role of transporters in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacogenetics and species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkka Järvinen
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Feng Deng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wilma Kiander
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alli Sinokki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Sjöstedt
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Neuhoff S, Harwood MD, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Achour B. Application of proteomic data in the translation of in vitro observations to associated clinical outcomes. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 39:13-22. [PMID: 34906322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Translation of information on drug exposure and effect is facilitated by in silico models that enable extrapolation of in vitro measurements to in vivo clinical outcomes. These models integrate drug-specific data with information describing physiological processes and pathological changes, including alterations to proteins involved in drug absorption, distribution and elimination. Over the past 15 years, quantitative proteomics has contributed a wealth of protein expression data, which are currently used for a variety of systems pharmacology applications, as a complement or a surrogate for activity of the corresponding proteins. In this review, we explore current and emerging applications of targeted and global (untargeted) proteomics in translational pharmacology as well as strategies for improved integration into model-based drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Neuhoff
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Matthew D Harwood
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Certara UK Limited, Simcyp Division, 1 Concourse Way, Sheffield, S1 2BJ, UK; Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research (CAPKR), School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Marić P, Ahel M, Maraković N, Lončar J, Mihaljević I, Smital T. Selective interaction of microcystin congeners with zebrafish (Danio rerio) Oatp1d1 transporter. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131155. [PMID: 34182632 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are the most studied cyanotoxins. The uptake of MCs in cells and tissues of mammals and fish species is mostly mediated by organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs in humans and rodents; Oatps in other species), and the Oatp1d1 appears to be a major transporter for MCs in fish. In this study, six MC congeners of varying physicochemical properties (MC-LR, -RR, -YR, -LW, -LF, -LA) were tested by measuring their effect on the uptake of model Oatp1d1 fluorescent substrate Lucifer yellow (LY) in HEK293T cells transiently or stably overexpressing zebrafish Oatp1d1. MC-LW and -LF showed the strongest interaction resulting in an almost complete inhibition of LY transport with IC50 values of 0.21 and 0.26 μM, while congeners -LR, -YR and -LA showed lower inhibitory effects. To discern between Oatp1d1 substrates and inhibitors, results were complemented by Michaelis-Menten kinetics and chemical analytical determinations of MCs uptake, along with molecular docking studies performed using the developed zebrafish Oatp1d1 homology model. Our study showed that Oatp1d1-mediated transport of MCs could be largely dependent on their basic physicochemical properties, with log POW being the most obvious determinant. Finally, apart from determination of the chemical composition of cynobacterial blooms, a reliable risk assessment should take into account the interaction of identified MC congeners with Oatp1d1 as their primary transporter, and herewith we demonstrated that such a comprehensive approach could be based on the use of highly specific in vitro models, accompanied by chemical assessment and in silico molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Marić
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Ahel
- Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Organic Compounds, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jovica Lončar
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Mihaljević
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tvrtko Smital
- Laboratory for Molecular Ecotoxicology, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Takahashi S, Karayama M, Takahashi M, Watanabe J, Minami H, Yamamoto N, Kinoshita I, Lin CC, Im YH, Achiwa I, Kamiyama E, Okuda Y, Lee C, Bang YJ. Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Efficacy of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan with Concomitant Ritonavir or Itraconazole in Patients with HER2-Expressing Advanced Solid Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5771-5780. [PMID: 34426442 PMCID: PMC9401457 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate drug-drug interactions between the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted antibody-drug conjugate trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd; DS-8201a) and the OATP1B/CYP3A inhibitor ritonavir or the strong CYP3A inhibitor itraconazole. PATIENTS AND METHODS Patients with HER2-expressing advanced solid tumors were enrolled in this phase I, open-label, single-sequence crossover study (NCT03383692) and received i.v. T-DXd 5.4 mg/kg every 3 weeks. Patients received ritonavir (cohort 1) or itraconazole (cohort 2) from day 17 of cycle 2 through the end of cycle 3. Primary endpoints were maximum serum concentration (C max) and partial area under the concentration-time curve from beginning of cycle through day 17 (AUC17d) for T-DXd and deruxtecan (DXd) with (cycle 3) and without (cycle 2) ritonavir or itraconazole treatment. RESULTS Forty patients were enrolled (cohort 1, n = 17; cohort 2, n = 23). T-DXd C max was similar whether combined with ritonavir [cohort 1, cycle 3/cycle 2; 90% confidence interval (CI): 1.05 (0.98-1.13)] or itraconazole [cohort 2, 1.03 (0.96-1.09)]. T-DXd AUC17d increased from cycle 2 to 3; however, the cycle 3/cycle 2 ratio upper CI bound remained at ≤1.25 for both cohorts. For DXd (cycle 3/cycle 2), C max ratio was 0.99 (90% CI, 0.85-1.14) for cohort 1 and 1.04 (0.92-1.18) for cohort 2; AUC17d ratio was 1.22 (1.08-1.37) and 1.18 (1.11-1.25), respectively. The safety profile of T-DXd plus ritonavir or itraconazole was consistent with previous studies of T-DXd monotherapy. T-DXd demonstrated promising antitumor activity across HER2-expressing solid-tumor types. CONCLUSIONS T-DXd was safely combined with ritonavir or itraconazole without clinically meaningful impact on T-DXd or DXd pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunji Takahashi
- Cancer Institute Hospital of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Masato Takahashi
- National Hospital Organization Hokkaido Cancer Center, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Chia-Chi Lin
- National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | - Caleb Lee
- Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey
| | - Yung-Jue Bang
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Ling Y, Hao ZY, Liang D, Zhang CL, Liu YF, Wang Y. The Expanding Role of Pyridine and Dihydropyridine Scaffolds in Drug Design. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:4289-4338. [PMID: 34675489 PMCID: PMC8520849 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s329547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridine-based ring systems are one of the most extensively used heterocycles in the field of drug design, primarily due to their profound effect on pharmacological activity, which has led to the discovery of numerous broad-spectrum therapeutic agents. In the US FDA database, there are 95 approved pharmaceuticals that stem from pyridine or dihydropyridine, including isoniazid and ethionamide (tuberculosis), delavirdine (HIV/AIDS), abiraterone acetate (prostate cancer), tacrine (Alzheimer's), ciclopirox (ringworm and athlete's foot), crizotinib (cancer), nifedipine (Raynaud's syndrome and premature birth), piroxicam (NSAID for arthritis), nilvadipine (hypertension), roflumilast (COPD), pyridostigmine (myasthenia gravis), and many more. Their remarkable therapeutic applications have encouraged researchers to prepare a larger number of biologically active compounds decorated with pyridine or dihydropyridine, expandeing the scope of finding a cure for other ailments. It is thus anticipated that myriad new pharmaceuticals containing the two heterocycles will be available in the forthcoming decade. This review examines the prospects of highly potent bioactive molecules to emphasize the advantages of using pyridine and dihydropyridine in drug design. We cover the most recent developments from 2010 to date, highlighting the ever-expanding role of both scaffolds in the field of medicinal chemistry and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ling
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-You Hao
- School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory for TCM Evaluation and Translational Development, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan-Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Sato R, Akiyoshi T, Morita T, Katayama K, Yajima K, Kataoka H, Imaoka A, Ohtani H. Dual kinetics of OATP2B1: Inhibitory potency and pH-dependence of OATP2B1 inhibitors. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 41:100416. [PMID: 34619547 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 is expressed in the intestine and liver, and OATP2B1-mediated transport of estrone 3-sulfate is pH-dependent and consists of: the high-affinity component (Hc) and low-affinity component (Lc). This study aimed to evaluate the influence of pH on the transport kinetics of each component, along with the inhibitory nature of ten OATP2B1 inhibitors. The Michaelis constants (Km) were 4-fold and 1.5-fold lower at pH 6.3 than at pH 7.4, for Hc and Lc respectively. The inhibitory potencies of diclofenac, indomethacin, and ibuprofen towards Hc were 1.5-4.3 fold lower at pH 6.3 than at pH 7.4. Contrastingly, inhibitory potencies towards Lc were 9.0-52 fold lower at pH 7.4. Similarly, the inhibitory effect of naproxen was stronger towards Hc at pH 6.3 and towards Lc at pH 7.4. On the other hand, celecoxib selectively inhibited Lc transport at pH 7.4. Rifampicin inhibited both components at pH 6.3 and 7.4 to a similar extent, while bromosulphophthalein, naringin, and gefitinib selectively inhibited Hc irrespective of pH. Fexofenadine inhibited neither component. In conclusion, the transport affinities of both Hc and Lc were enhanced under acidic conditions. The influence of pH on the inhibitory potency towards each component varied among the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Akiyoshi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Tokio Morita
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Katayama
- School of Pharmacy, Nihon University, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8555, Japan.
| | - Kodai Yajima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kataoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Ayuko Imaoka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Hisakazu Ohtani
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8512, Japan.
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Ungvári O, Király L, Bakos É, Özvegy-Laczka C. 8-acetoxy-trisulfopyrene as the first activatable fluorogenic probe for add-and-read assessment of Organic anion-transporting polypeptides, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21863. [PMID: 34411334 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100648r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1 are multispecific membrane proteins mediating the hepatocellular uptake of structurally diverse endo- and exogenous compounds, including various kinds of drugs. Co-administration of OATP1B/2B1 substrates may lead to altered pharmacokinetics or even toxicity. Therefore, the study of the interaction with these OATPs is essential in drug development and is recommended by international regulatory agencies, the FDA, EMA, and PMDA. In general, radiolabeled indicators are used to measure drug interactions of OATPs, and, lately, fluorescent probes are also gaining wider application in OATP tests. However, all of the currently available methods (either radioactive or fluorescence-based) comprise multiple steps, including the removal of the indicator in the end of the experiment. Hence, they are not ideally suited for high-throughput screening. In the current study, in order to find an indicator allowing real-time assessment of hepatic OATP function, we searched for an activatable fluorogenic OATP substrate. Here, we show that 8-acetoxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (Ace), a fluorogenic derivative of the hepatic OATP substrate pyranine (8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate) enters the cells via OATP1B1/3 or OATP2B1 function. In living cells, Ace is then converted into highly fluorescent pyranine, allowing "no-wash" measurement of OATP function and drug interactions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Ace can be used in an indirect assay termed as competitive counterflow suitable to distinguish between transported substrates and inhibitors of OATP1B1. The fluorescence-based methods described here are unique and open the way toward high-throughput screening of interactions between new molecular entities and OATPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Ungvári
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura Király
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Bakos
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
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47
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Madla CM, Gavins FKH, Merchant HA, Orlu M, Murdan S, Basit AW. Let's talk about sex: Differences in drug therapy in males and females. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113804. [PMID: 34015416 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Professor Henry Higgins in My Fair Lady said, 'Why can't a woman be more like a man?' Perhaps unintended, such narration extends to the reality of current drug development. A clear sex-gap exists in pharmaceutical research spanning from preclinical studies, clinical trials to post-marketing surveillance with a bias towards males. Consequently, women experience adverse drug reactions from approved drug products more often than men. Distinct differences in pharmaceutical response across drug classes and the lack of understanding of disease pathophysiology also exists between the sexes, often leading to suboptimal drug therapy in women. This review explores the influence of sex as a biological variable in drug delivery, pharmacokinetic response and overall efficacy in the context of pharmaceutical research and practice in the clinic. Prospective recommendations are provided to guide researchers towards the consideration of sex differences in methodologies and analyses. The promotion of disaggregating data according to sex to strengthen scientific rigour, encouraging innovation through the personalisation of medicines and adopting machine learning algorithms is vital for optimised drug development in the sexes and population health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Madla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca K H Gavins
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Hamid A Merchant
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Mine Orlu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Sudaxshina Murdan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Abdul W Basit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29 - 39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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48
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Marie S, Hernández-Lozano I, Langer O, Tournier N. Repurposing 99mTc-Mebrofenin as a Probe for Molecular Imaging of Hepatocyte Transporters. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1043-1047. [PMID: 33674399 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.261321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte transporters control the hepatobiliary elimination of many drugs, metabolites, and endogenous substances. Hepatocyte transporter function is altered in several pathophysiologic situations and can be modulated by certain drugs, with a potential impact for pharmacokinetics and drug-induced liver injury. The development of substrate probes with optimal properties for selective and quantitative imaging of hepatic transporters remains a challenge. 99mTc-mebrofenin has been used for decades for hepatobiliary scintigraphy, but the specific transporters controlling its liver kinetics have not been characterized until recently. These include sinusoidal influx transporters (organic anion-transporting polypeptides) responsible for hepatic uptake of 99mTc-mebrofenin, and efflux transporters (multidrug resistance-associated proteins) mediating its canalicular (liver-to-bile) and sinusoidal (liver-to-blood) excretion. Pharmacokinetic modeling enables molecular interpretation of 99mTc-mebrofenin scintigraphy data, thus offering a widely available translational method to investigate transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions in vivo. 99mTc-mebrofenin allows for phenotyping transporter function at the different poles of hepatocytes as a biomarker of liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale, BioMaps, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, INSERM, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, Orsay, France
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49
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Sargiacomo C, Stonehouse S, Moftakhar Z, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. MitoTracker Deep Red (MTDR) Is a Metabolic Inhibitor for Targeting Mitochondria and Eradicating Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs), With Anti-Tumor and Anti-Metastatic Activity In Vivo. Front Oncol 2021; 11:678343. [PMID: 34395247 PMCID: PMC8361836 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.678343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MitoTracker Deep Red (MTDR) is a relatively non-toxic, carbocyanine-based, far-red, fluorescent probe that is routinely used to chemically mark and visualize mitochondria in living cells. Previously, we used MTDR at low nano-molar concentrations to stain and metabolically fractionate breast cancer cells into Mito-high and Mito-low cell sub-populations, by flow-cytometry. Functionally, the Mito-high cell population was specifically enriched in cancer stem cell (CSC) activity, i) showing increased levels of ESA cell surface expression and ALDH activity, ii) elevated 3D anchorage-independent growth, iii) larger overall cell size (>12-μm) and iv) Paclitaxel-resistance. The Mito-high cell population also showed enhanced tumor-initiating activity, in an in vivo preclinical animal model. Here, we explored the hypothesis that higher nano-molar concentrations of MTDR could also be used to therapeutically target and eradicate CSCs. For this purpose, we employed an ER(+) cell line (MCF7) and two triple negative cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468), as model systems. Remarkably, MTDR inhibited 3D mammosphere formation in MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cells, with an IC-50 between 50 to 100 nM; similar results were obtained in MDA-MB-231 cells. In addition, we now show that MTDR exhibited near complete inhibition of mitochondrial oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and ATP production, in all three breast cancer cell lines tested, at a level of 500 nM. However, basal glycolytic rates in MCF7 and MDA-MB-468 cells remained unaffected at levels of MTDR of up to 1 μM. We conclude that MTDR can be used to specifically target and eradicate CSCs, by selectively interfering with mitochondrial metabolism, by employing nano-molar concentrations of this chemical entity. In further support of this notion, MTDR significantly inhibited tumor growth and prevented metastasis in vivo, in a xenograft model employing MDA-MB-231 cells, with little or no toxicity observed. In contrast, Abemaciclib, an FDA-approved CDK4/6 inhibitor, failed to inhibit metastasis. Therefore, in the future, MTDR could be modified and optimized via medicinal chemistry, to further increase its potency and efficacy, for its ultimate clinical use in the metabolic targeting of CSCs for their eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Federica Sotgia
- Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael P. Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, School of Science, Engineering and Environment (SEE), University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
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50
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Chen K, Li P, Zhu C, Xia Z, Xia Q, Zhong L, Xiao B, Cheng T, Wu C, Shen C, Zhang X, Zhu J. Mn(II) Complex of Lipophilic Group-Modified Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid (EDTA) as a New Hepatobiliary MRI Contrast Agent. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9182-9192. [PMID: 34152137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Liver-specific contrast agents (CAs) can improve the Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detection of focal and diffuse liver lesions by increasing the lesion-to-liver contrast. A novel Mn(II) complex, Mn-BnO-TyrEDTA, with a lipophilic group-modified ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) structure as a ligand to regulate its behavior in vivo, is superior to Gd-EOB-DTPA in terms of a liver-specific MRI contrast agent. An MRI study on mice demonstrated that Mn-BnO-TyrEDTA can be rapidly taken up by hepatocytes with a combination of hepatobiliary and renal clearance pathways. Bromosulfophthalein (BSP) inhibition imaging, biodistribution, and cellular uptake studies confirmed that the mechanism of hepatic targeting of Mn-BnO-TyrEDTA is the hepatic uptake of the amphiphilic anion contrast agent mediated by organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) expressed by functional hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pan Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Chengdu 610041, China
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