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Huang M, Sun H, Seufert F, Friedrich A, Marder TB, Hu J. Photoredox/Cu-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Coupling to Access C(sp 3)-Rich gem-Diborylalkanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401782. [PMID: 38818649 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
gem-Diborylalkanes are highly valuable building blocks in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry due to their ability to participate in multi-step cross-coupling transformations, allowing for the rapid generation of molecular complexity. While progress has been made in their synthetic metholodology, the construction of β-tertiary and C(sp3)-rich gem-diborylalkanes remains a synthetic challenge due to substrate limitations and steric hindrance issues. An approach is presented that utilizes synergistic photoredox and copper catalysis to achieve efficient C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling of alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide esters, which can easily be obtained from alkyl carboxylic acids, with diborylmethyl species, providing a series of C(sp3)-rich gem-diborylalkanes with 1°, 2°, and even 3° β positions. Furthermore, this approach can also be applied to complex medicinal compounds and natural products, offering rapid access to molecular complexity and late-stage functionalization of C(sp3)-rich drug candidates. Mechanistic experiments revealed that diborylmethyl Cu(I) species participated in both the photoredox process and the key C(sp3)-C(sp3) bond-forming step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Huang
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Huaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Florian Seufert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jiefeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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2
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Abimbola Salubi C, Abbo HS, Jahed N, Titinchi S. Medicinal chemistry perspectives on the development of piperazine-containing HIV-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 99:117605. [PMID: 38246116 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most perilous diseases known to humankind. A 2023 estimate put the number of people living with HIV around 40 million worldwide, with the majority benefiting from various antiretroviral therapies. Consequently, the urgent need for the development of effective drugs to combat this virus cannot be overstated. In the realm of medicinal and organic chemistry, the synthesis and identification of novel compounds capable of inhibiting HIV enzymes at different stages of their life cycle are of paramount importance. Notably, the spotlight is on the progress made in enhancing the potency of HIV inhibitors through the use of piperazine-based compounds. Multiple studies have revealed that the incorporation of a piperazine moiety results in a noteworthy enhancement of anti-HIV activity. The piperazine ring assumes a pivotal role in shaping the pharmacophore responsible for inhibiting HIV-1 at critical stage, including attachment, reverse transcription, integration, and protease activity. This review also sheds light on the various opportunities that can be exploited to develop effective antiretroviral targets and eliminate latent HIV reservoirs. The advancement of highly potent analogues in HIV inhibitor research has been greatly facilitated by contemporary medicinal strategies, including molecular/fragment hybridization, structure-based drug design, and bioisosterism. These techniques have opened up new avenues for the development of compounds with enhanced efficacy in combating the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Abimbola Salubi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hanna S Abbo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nazeeen Jahed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Salam Titinchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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3
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Synthesis and Evaluation of the Biological Activity of New Succinimides Substituted at the Nitrogen Atom with Benzenesulfonamides. Pharm Chem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-023-02810-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
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4
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Hartz RA, Xu L, Sit SY, Chen J, Venables BL, Lin Z, Zhang S, Li Z, Parker D, Simmons TS, Jenkins S, Hanumegowda UM, Dicker I, Krystal M, Meanwell NA, Regueiro-Ren A. Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel C-17 Amine Derivatives Based on GSK3640254 as HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors with Broad Spectrum Activity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15935-15966. [PMID: 36441509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the structure-activity relationships of a series of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors (MIs) based on GSK3640254 (4) was conducted by incorporating novel C-17 amine substituents to reduce the overall basicity of the resultant analogues. We found that replacement of the distal amine on the C-17 sidechain present in 4 with a tertiary alcohol in combination with either a heterocyclic ring system or a cyclohexyl ring substituted with polar groups provided potent wild-type HIV-1 MIs that also retained excellent potency against a T332S/V362I/prR41G variant, a laboratory strain that served as a surrogate to assess HIV-1 polymorphic virus coverage. Compound 26 exhibited broad-spectrum HIV-1 activity against an expanded panel of clinically relevant Gag polymorphic viruses and had the most desirable overall profile in this series of compounds. In pharmacokinetic studies, 26 had low clearance and exhibited 24 and 31% oral bioavailability in rats and dogs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hartz
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Sing-Yuen Sit
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Brian L Venables
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Zeyu Lin
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Zhufang Li
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Dawn Parker
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Tara S Simmons
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Umesh M Hanumegowda
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Ira Dicker
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Mark Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
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Kodr D, Stanková J, Rumlová M, Džubák P, Řehulka J, Zimmermann T, Křížová I, Gurská S, Hajdúch M, Drašar PB, Jurášek M. Betulinic Acid Decorated with Polar Groups and Blue Emitting BODIPY Dye: Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, Cell-Cycle Analysis and Anti-HIV Profiling. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091104. [PMID: 34572290 PMCID: PMC8472287 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA) is a potent triterpene, which has shown promising potential in cancer and HIV-1 treatment. Here, we report a synthesis and biological evaluation of 17 new compounds, including BODIPY labelled analogues derived from BA. The analogues terminated by amino moiety showed increased cytotoxicity (e.g., BA had on CCRF-CEM IC50 > 50 μM, amine 3 IC50 0.21 and amine 14 IC50 0.29). The cell-cycle arrest was evaluated and did not show general features for all the tested compounds. A fluorescence microscopy study of six derivatives revealed that only 4 and 6 were detected in living cells. These compounds were colocalized with the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, indicating possible targets in these organelles. The study of anti-HIV-1 activity showed that 8, 10, 16, 17 and 18 have had IC50i > 10 μM. Only completely processed p24 CA was identified in the viruses formed in the presence of compounds 4 and 12. In the cases of 2, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17 and 18, we identified not fully processed p24 CA and p25 CA-SP1 protein. This observation suggests a similar mechanism of inhibition as described for bevirimat.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kodr
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
| | - Jarmila Stanková
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Petr Džubák
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Jiří Řehulka
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Tomáš Zimmermann
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
| | - Ivana Křížová
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (M.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Soňa Gurská
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Marián Hajdúch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital in Olomouc, 77900 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (J.S.); (P.D.); (J.Ř.); (S.G.); (M.H.)
| | - Pavel B. Drašar
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
| | - Michal Jurášek
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.K.); (T.Z.); (P.B.D.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Ghimire D, Kc Y, Timilsina U, Goel K, Nitz TJ, Wild CT, Gaur R. A single G10T polymorphism in HIV-1 subtype C Gag-SP1 regulates sensitivity to maturation inhibitors. Retrovirology 2021; 18:9. [PMID: 33836787 PMCID: PMC8033686 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maturation inhibitors (MIs) potently block HIV-1 maturation by inhibiting the cleavage of the capsid protein and spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1). Bevirimat (BVM), a highly efficacious first-in-class MI against HIV-1 subtype B isolates, elicited sub-optimal efficacy in clinical trials due to polymorphisms in the CA-SP1 region of the Gag protein (SP1:V7A). HIV-1 subtype C inherently contains this polymorphism thus conferring BVM resistance, however it displayed sensitivity to second generation BVM analogs. RESULTS In this study, we have assessed the efficacy of three novel second-generation MIs (BVM analogs: CV-8611, CV-8612, CV-8613) against HIV-1 subtype B and C isolates. The BVM analogs were potent inhibitors of both HIV-1 subtype B (NL4-3) and subtype C (K3016) viruses. Serial passaging of the subtype C, K3016 virus strain in the presence of BVM analogs led to identification of two mutant viruses-Gag SP1:A1V and CA:I201V. While the SP1:A1V mutant was resistant to the MIs, the CA:I120V mutant displayed partial resistance and a MI-dependent phenotype. Further analysis of the activity of the BVM analogs against two additional HIV-1 subtype C strains, IndieC1 and ZM247 revealed that they had reduced sensitivity as compared to K3016. Sequence analysis of the three viruses identified two polymorphisms at SP1 residues 9 and 10 (K3016: N9, G10; IndieC1/ZM247: S9, T10). The N9S and S9N mutants had no change in MI-sensitivity. On the other hand, replacing glycine at residue 10 with threonine in K3016 reduced its MI sensitivity whereas introducing glycine at SP1 10 in place of threonine in IndieC1 and ZM247 significantly enhanced their MI sensitivity. Thus, the specific glycine residue 10 of SP1 in the HIV-1 subtype C viruses determined sensitivity towards BVM analogs. CONCLUSIONS We have identified an association of a specific glycine at position 10 of Gag-SP1 with an MI susceptible phenotype of HIV-1 subtype C viruses. Our findings have highlighted that HIV-1 subtype C viruses, which were inherently resistant to BVM, may also be similarly predisposed to exhibit a significant degree of resistance to second-generation BVM analogs. Our work has strongly suggested that genetic differences between HIV-1 subtypes may produce variable MI sensitivity that needs to be considered in the development of novel, potent, broadly-active MIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibya Ghimire
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Yuvraj Kc
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Uddhav Timilsina
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kriti Goel
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - T J Nitz
- DFH Pharma, Gaithersburg, MD, 20886, USA
| | | | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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8
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Zhao Y, Chen CH, Morris-Natschke SL, Lee KH. Design, synthesis, and structure activity relationship analysis of new betulinic acid derivatives as potent HIV inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 215:113287. [PMID: 33639343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prior modification of betulinic acid (1), a natural product lead with promising anti-HIV activity, produced 3-O-(3',3'-dimethylsuccinyl)betulinic acid (bevirimat, 3), the first-in-class HIV maturation inhibitor. After 3-resistant variants were found during Phase I and IIa clinical trials, further modification of 3 produced 4 with improved activity against wild-type and 3-resistant HIV-1. In continued efforts to optimize 1, 63 final products have now been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for anti-HIV-1 replication activity against HIV-1NL4-3 infected MT-4 cell lines. Five known and 21 new derivatives were as or more potent than 3 (EC50 0.065 μM), while eight new derivatives were as or more potent than 4 (EC50 0.019 μM). These derivatives feature expanded structural diversity and chemical space that may improve the antiviral activity and address the growing resistance crisis. Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) correlations were thoroughly analyzed, and a 3D Quantitative SAR model with high predictability was constructed to facilitate further rational design and development of new potent derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7568, USA.
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Duke University Medical Center, Box 2926, Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7568, USA
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7568, USA; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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9
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Kleinpeter AB, Freed EO. HIV-1 Maturation: Lessons Learned from Inhibitors. Viruses 2020; 12:E940. [PMID: 32858867 PMCID: PMC7552077 DOI: 10.3390/v12090940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of HIV and AIDS in the early 1980s, the development of safe and effective therapies has accompanied a massive increase in our understanding of the fundamental processes that drive HIV biology. As basic HIV research has informed the development of novel therapies, HIV inhibitors have been used as probes for investigating basic mechanisms of HIV-1 replication, transmission, and pathogenesis. This positive feedback cycle has led to the development of highly effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), which has helped stall the progression to AIDS, prolong lives, and reduce transmission of the virus. However, to combat the growing rates of virologic failure and toxicity associated with long-term therapy, it is important to diversify our repertoire of HIV-1 treatments by identifying compounds that block additional steps not targeted by current drugs. Most of the available therapeutics disrupt early events in the replication cycle, with the exception of the protease (PR) inhibitors, which act at the virus maturation step. HIV-1 maturation consists of a series of biochemical changes that facilitate the conversion of an immature, noninfectious particle to a mature infectious virion. These changes include proteolytic processing of the Gag polyprotein by the viral protease (PR), structural rearrangement of the capsid (CA) protein, and assembly of individual CA monomers into hexamers and pentamers that ultimately form the capsid. Here, we review the development and therapeutic potential of maturation inhibitors (MIs), an experimental class of anti-HIV-1 compounds with mechanisms of action distinct from those of the PR inhibitors. We emphasize the key insights into HIV-1 biology and structure that the study of MIs has provided. We will focus on three distinct groups of inhibitors that block HIV-1 maturation: (1) compounds that block the processing of the CA-spacer peptide 1 (SP1) cleavage intermediate, the original class of compounds to which the term MI was applied; (2) CA-binding inhibitors that disrupt capsid condensation; and (3) allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) that block the packaging of the viral RNA genome into the condensing capsid during maturation. Although these three classes of compounds have distinct structures and mechanisms of action, they share the ability to block the formation of the condensed conical capsid, thereby blocking particle infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric O. Freed
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
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10
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Wu HF, Morris-Natschke SL, Xu XD, Yang MH, Cheng YY, Yu SS, Lee KH. Recent advances in natural anti-HIV triterpenoids and analogs. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2339-2385. [PMID: 32666531 DOI: 10.1002/med.21708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic is one of the world's most serious health challenges. Although combination antiretroviral therapy provides effective viral suppression, current medicines used against HIV cannot completely eradicate the infectious disease and often have associated toxicities and severe side effects in addition to causing drug resistance. Therefore, the continued development of new antiviral agents with diverse structures and novel mechanisms of action remains a vital need for the management of HIV/AIDS. Natural products are an important source of drug discovery, and certain triterpenes and their analogs have demonstrated potential as pharmaceutical precursors for the treatment of HIV. Over the past decade, natural triterpenoids and analogs have been extensively studied to find new anti-HIV drugs. This review discusses the anti-HIV triterpenoids and analogs reported during the period of 2009-2019. The article includes not only a comprehensive review of the recent anti-HIV agent development from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, but also discusses structure-activity relationship analyses of the described triterpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Wu
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xu-Dong Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery based on Classic Chinese Medicine Prescription, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yung-Yi Cheng
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Shan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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11
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Chen Y, Wang X, Zhu Y, Si L, Zhang B, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Zhou D, Xiao S. Synthesis of a Hexavalent Betulinic Acid Derivative as a Hemagglutinin-Targeted Influenza Virus Entry Inhibitor. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:2546-2554. [PMID: 32426985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yinbiao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Longlong Si
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, CNRS UMR 8232, Sorbonne Université, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Demin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Sulong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
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12
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Dick A, Cocklin S. Recent Advances in HIV-1 Gag Inhibitor Design and Development. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071687. [PMID: 32272714 PMCID: PMC7181048 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) treatment with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has improved the life quality of many patients since its implementation. However, resistance mutations and the accumulation of severe side effects associated with cART remain enormous challenges that need to be addressed with the continual design and redesign of anti-HIV drugs. In this review, we focus on the importance of the HIV-1 Gag polyprotein as the master coordinator of HIV-1 assembly and maturation and as an emerging drug target. Due to its multiple roles in the HIV-1 life cycle, the individual Gag domains are attractive but also challenging targets for inhibitor design. However, recent encouraging developments in targeting the Gag domains such as the capsid protein with highly potent and potentially long-acting inhibitors, as well as the exploration and successful targeting of challenging HIV-1 proteins such as the matrix protein, have demonstrated the therapeutic viability of this important protein. Such Gag-directed inhibitors have great potential for combating the AIDS pandemic and to be useful tools to dissect HIV-1 biology.
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Liu S, Da Y, Wang F, Yan R, Shu Y, Lin P, Lin J. Targeted selective degradation of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase by PROTACs. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02526-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Nicolaou KC, Shelke YG, Dherange BD, Kempema A, Lin B, Gu C, Sandoval J, Hammond M, Aujay M, Gavrilyuk J. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Investigation of Epothilone B Analogues Featuring Lactone, Lactam, and Carbocyclic Macrocycles, Epoxide, Aziridine, and 1,1-Difluorocyclopropane and Other Fluorine Residues. J Org Chem 2020; 85:2865-2917. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. C. Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yogesh G. Shelke
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Balu D. Dherange
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Aaron Kempema
- AbbVie, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Baiwei Lin
- AbbVie, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christine Gu
- AbbVie, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph Sandoval
- AbbVie, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mikhail Hammond
- AbbVie, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Monette Aujay
- AbbVie, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Julia Gavrilyuk
- AbbVie, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Recent Achievements in Medicinal and Supramolecular Chemistry of Betulinic Acid and Its Derivatives ‡. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193546. [PMID: 31574991 PMCID: PMC6803882 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The subject of this review article refers to the recent achievements in the investigation of pharmacological activity and supramolecular characteristics of betulinic acid and its diverse derivatives, with special focus on their cytotoxic effect, antitumor activity, and antiviral effect, and mostly covers a period 2015–2018. Literature sources published earlier are referred to in required coherences or from historical points of view. Relationships between pharmacological activity and supramolecular characteristics are included if such investigation has been done in the original literature sources. A wide practical applicability of betulinic acid and its derivatives demonstrated in the literature sources is also included in this review article. Several literature sources also focused on in silico calculation of physicochemical and ADME parameters of the developed compounds, and on a comparison between the experimental and calculated data.
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Liu Q, Cheng YY, Li W, Huang L, Asada Y, Hsieh MT, Morris-Natschke SL, Chen CH, Koike K, Lee KH. Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Correlations of Gnidimacrin Derivatives as Potent HIV-1 Inhibitors and HIV Latency Reversing Agents. J Med Chem 2019; 62:6958-6971. [PMID: 31343875 PMCID: PMC7442216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, due to the HIV latency mechanism, the search continues for effective drugs to combat this issue and provide a cure for AIDS. Gnidimacrin activates latent HIV-1 replication and inhibits HIV-1 infection at picomolar concentrations. This natural diterpene was able to markedly reduce the latent HIV-1 DNA level and the frequency of latently infected cells. Therefore, gnidimacrin is an excellent lead compound, and its anti-HIV potential merits further investigation. Twenty-nine modified gnidimacrin derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in assays for HIV replication and latency activation to establish which molecular structures must be maintained and which can tolerate changes that may be needed for better pharmacological properties. The results indicated that hydroxyl substituents at C-5 and C-20 are essential, while derivatives modified at 3-OH with aromatic esters retain anti-HIV replication and latent activation activities. The half-lives of the potent GM derivatives are over 20 h, which implies that they are stable in the plasm even though they contain ester linkages. The established structure-activity relationship should be useful in the development of gnidimacrin or structurally related compounds as clinical trial candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Liu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi 274-8510, Chiba, Japan
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yung-Yi Cheng
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi 274-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Li Huang
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Yoshihisa Asada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi 274-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Min-Tsang Hsieh
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Susan L. Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi 274-8510, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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Li J, Chang LC, Hsieh KY, Hsu PL, Capuzzi SJ, Zhang YC, Li KP, Morris-Natschke SL, Goto M, Lee KH. Design, synthesis and evaluation of antiproliferative activity of fluorinated betulinic acid. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:2871-2882. [PMID: 31126820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, exhibits broad spectrum antiproliferative activity, but generally with only modest potency. To improve BA's pharmacological properties, fluorine was introduced as a single atom at C-2, creating two diastereomers, or in a trifluoromethyl group at C-3. We evaluated the impact of these groups on antiproliferative activity against five human tumor cell lines. A racemic 2-F-BA (compound 6) showed significantly improved antiproliferative activity, while each diastereomer exhibited similar effects. We also demonstrated that 2-F-BA is a topoisomerase (Topo) I and IIα dual inhibitor in cell-based and cell-free assays. A hypothetical mode of binding to the Topo I-DNA suggested a difference between the hydrogen bonding of BA and 2-F-BA to DNA, which may account for the difference in bioactivity against Topo I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Li
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun 130023, China; Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Ling-Chu Chang
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kan-Yen Hsieh
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Pei-Ling Hsu
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Stephen J Capuzzi
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Ying-Chao Zhang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Kang-Po Li
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Masuo Goto
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Urano E, Timilsina U, Kaplan JA, Ablan S, Ghimire D, Pham P, Kuruppu N, Mandt R, Durell SR, Nitz TJ, Martin DE, Wild CT, Gaur R, Freed EO. Resistance to Second-Generation HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors. J Virol 2019; 93:e02017-18. [PMID: 30567982 PMCID: PMC6401422 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02017-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A betulinic acid-based compound, bevirimat (BVM), inhibits HIV-1 maturation by blocking a late step in protease-mediated Gag processing: the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) intermediate to mature CA. Previous studies showed that mutations conferring resistance to BVM cluster around the CA-SP1 cleavage site. Single amino acid polymorphisms in the SP1 region of Gag and the C terminus of CA reduced HIV-1 susceptibility to BVM, leading to the discontinuation of BVM's clinical development. We recently reported a series of "second-generation" BVM analogs that display markedly improved potency and breadth of activity relative to the parent molecule. Here, we demonstrate that viral clones bearing BVM resistance mutations near the C terminus of CA are potently inhibited by second-generation BVM analogs. We performed de novo selection experiments to identify mutations that confer resistance to these novel compounds. Selection experiments with subtype B HIV-1 identified an Ala-to-Val mutation at SP1 residue 1 and a Pro-to-Ala mutation at CA residue 157 within the major homology region (MHR). In selection experiments with subtype C HIV-1, we identified mutations at CA residue 230 (CA-V230M) and SP1 residue 1 (SP1-A1V), residue 5 (SP1-S5N), and residue 10 (SP1-G10R). The positions at which resistance mutations arose are highly conserved across multiple subtypes of HIV-1. We demonstrate that the mutations confer modest to high-level maturation inhibitor resistance. In most cases, resistance was not associated with a detectable increase in the kinetics of CA-SP1 processing. These results identify mutations that confer resistance to second-generation maturation inhibitors and provide novel insights into the mechanism of resistance.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 maturation inhibitors are a class of small-molecule compounds that block a late step in the viral protease-mediated processing of the Gag polyprotein precursor, the viral protein responsible for the formation of virus particles. The first-in-class HIV-1 maturation inhibitor bevirimat was highly effective in blocking HIV-1 replication, but its activity was compromised by naturally occurring sequence polymorphisms within Gag. Recently developed bevirimat analogs, referred to as "second-generation" maturation inhibitors, overcome this issue. To understand more about how these second-generation compounds block HIV-1 maturation, here we selected for HIV-1 mutants that are resistant to these compounds. Selections were performed in the context of two different subtypes of HIV-1. We identified a small set of mutations at highly conserved positions within the capsid and spacer peptide 1 domains of Gag that confer resistance. Identification and analysis of these maturation inhibitor-resistant mutants provide insights into the mechanisms of resistance to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Urano
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Uddhav Timilsina
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Justin A Kaplan
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sherimay Ablan
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dibya Ghimire
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Phuong Pham
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nishani Kuruppu
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Mandt
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stewart R Durell
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Insight into the mechanism of action of EP-39, a bevirimat derivative that inhibits HIV-1 maturation. Antiviral Res 2019; 164:162-175. [PMID: 30825471 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maturation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles is a key step for viral infectivity. This process can be blocked using maturation inhibitors (MIs) that affect the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) junction. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the activity of EP-39, a bevirimat (BVM) derivative with better hydrosolubility. To this aim, we selected in vitro EP-39- and BVM-resistant mutants. We found that EP-39-resistant viruses have four mutations within the CA domain (CA-A194T, CA-T200N, CA-V230I, and CA-V230A) and one in the first residue of SP1 (SP1-A1V). We also identified six mutations that confer BVM resistance (CA-A194T, CA-L231F, CA-L231M, SP1-A1V, SP1-S5N and SP1-V7A). To characterize the EP-39 and BVM-resistant mutants, we studied EP-39 effects on mutant virus replication and performed a biochemical analysis with both MIs. We observed common and distinct characteristics, suggesting that, although EP-39 and BVM share the same chemical skeleton, they could interact in a different way with the Gag polyprotein precursor (Pr55Gag). Using an in silico approach, we observed that EP-39 and BVM present different predicted positions on the hexameric crystal structure of the CACTD-SP1 Gag fragment. To clearly understand the relationship between assembly and maturation, we investigated the impact of all identified mutations on virus assembly by expressing Pr55Gag mutants. Finally, using NMR, we have shown that the interaction of EP-39 with a peptide carrying the SP1-A1V mutation (CA-SP1(A1V)-NC) is almost suppressed in comparison with the wild type peptide. These results suggest that EP-39 and BVM could interact differently with the Pr55Gag lattice and that the mutation of the first SP1 residue induces a loss of interaction between Pr55Gag and EP-39.
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Sun L, Cao J, Chen K, Cheng L, Zhou C, Yan B, Qian W, Li J, Duan W, Ma J, Qi D, Wu E, Wang Z, Liu Q, Ma Q, Xu Q. Betulinic acid inhibits stemness and EMT of pancreatic cancer cells via activation of AMPK signaling. Int J Oncol 2018; 54:98-110. [PMID: 30365057 PMCID: PMC6254859 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are found in various types of human cancer, including pancreatic cancer, possess elevated metastatic potential, lead to tumor recurrence and cause chemoradiotherapy resistance. Alterations in cellular bioenergetics through the regulation of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling may be a prerequisite to stemness. Betulinic acid (BA) is a well-known bioactive compound with antiretroviral and anti-inflammatory potential, which has been reported to exert anticancer effects on various types of cancer, including pancreatic cancer. The present study aimed to investigate whether BA could inhibit pancreatic CSCs via regulation of AMPK signaling. The proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells was examined by MTT and colony formation assays. The migratory and invasive abilities of pancreatic cancer cells were assessed using wound-scratch and Transwell invasion assays. In addition, the expression levels of candidate genes were measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. The results revealed that BA inhibited the proliferation and tumorsphere formation of pancreatic cancer cells, suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration and invasion, and reduced the expression of three pluripotency factors [SRY-box 2 (Sox2), octamer-binding protein 4 (Oct4) and Nanog]. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that there was a significant inverse association between the expression levels of phosphorylated (P)-AMPK and Sox2 in pancreatic cancer, and it was revealed that BA may activate AMPK signaling. Notably, knockdown of AMPK reversed the suppressive effects of BA on EMT and stemness of pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, BA reversed the effects of gemcitabine on stemness and enhanced the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer cells to gemcitabine. Collectively, these results indicated that BA may effectively inhibit pluripotency factor expression (Sox2, Oct4 and Nanog), EMT and the stem-like phenotype of pancreatic cancer cells via activating AMPK signaling. Therefore, BA may be considered an attractive therapeutic candidate and an effective inhibitor of the stem-like phenotype in pancreatic cancer cells. Further investigation into the development of BA as an anticancer drug is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liankang Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Junyu Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Cancan Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Weikun Qian
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wanxing Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiguang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Dan Qi
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 78508, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 78508, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qinhong Xu
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Structure and Anti-HIV Activity of Betulinic Acid Analogues. Curr Med Sci 2018; 38:387-397. [PMID: 30074203 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-018-1891-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Firstly discovered in 1980s, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to affect more and more people. However, there is no effective drug available for the therapy of HIV infection. Betulinic acid existing in various medicinal herbs and fruits exhibits multiple biological effects, especially its outstanding anti-HIV activity, which has drawn the attentions of many pharmacists. Among the derivatives of betulinic acid, some compounds exhibited inhibitory activities at the nanomolar concentration, and have entered phase II clinical trials. This paper summarizes the current investigations on the anti-HIV activity of betulinic acid analogues, and provides valuable data for subsequent researches.
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Chen Y, Sit SY, Chen J, Swidorski JJ, Liu Z, Sin N, Venables BL, Parker DD, Nowicka-Sans B, Lin Z, Li Z, Terry BJ, Protack T, Rahematpura S, Hanumegowda U, Jenkins S, Krystal M, Dicker ID, Meanwell NA, Regueiro-Ren A. The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships associated with C28 amine-based betulinic acid derivatives as inhibitors of HIV-1 maturation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1550-1557. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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23
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Zirak M, Jamali Garegeshlagi E. Picolinimidoamide-Cu(II) complex anchored on Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell magnetic nanoparticles: an efficient reusable catalyst for click reaction. J COORD CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2018.1450975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zirak
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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Tang J, Jones SA, Jeffrey JL, Miranda SR, Galardi CM, Irlbeck DM, Brown KW, McDanal CB, Johns BA. Discovery of a novel and potent class of anti-HIV-1 maturation inhibitors with improved virology profile against gag polymorphisms. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2689-2694. [PMID: 28454672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new class of betulin-derived α-keto amides was identified as HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. Through lead optimization, GSK8999 was identified with IC50 values of 17nM, 23nM, 25nM, and 8nM for wild type, Q369H, V370A, and T371A respectively. When tested in a panel of 62 HIV-1 isolates covering a diversity of CA-SP1 genotypes including A, AE, B, C, and G using a PBMC based assay, GSK8999 was potent against 57 of 62 isolates demonstrating an improvement over the first generation maturation inhibitor BVM. The data disclosed here also demonstrated that the new α-keto amide GSK8999 has a mechanism of action consistent with inhibition of the proteolytic cleavage of CA-SP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Stacey A Jones
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jerry L Jeffrey
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sonia R Miranda
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cristin M Galardi
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David M Irlbeck
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kevin W Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charlene B McDanal
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Brian A Johns
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Infectious Diseases Therapy Area Unit, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Insights into the activity of maturation inhibitor PF-46396 on HIV-1 clade C. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43711. [PMID: 28252110 PMCID: PMC5333120 DOI: 10.1038/srep43711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV maturation inhibitors are an emerging class of anti-retroviral compounds that inhibit the viral protease-mediated cleavage of the Gag, CA-SP1 (capsid-spacer peptide 1) peptide to mature CA. The first-in-class maturation inhibitor bevirimat (BVM) displayed potent activity against HIV-1 clade B but was ineffective against other HIV-1 clades including clade C. Another pyridone-based maturation inhibitor, PF-46396 displayed potent activity against HIV-1 clade B. In this study, we aimed at determining the activity of PF-46396 against HIV-1 clade C. We employed various biochemical and virological assays to demonstrate that PF-46396 is effective against HIV-1 clade C. We observed a dose dependent accumulation of CA-SP1 intermediate in presence of the compound. We carried out mutagenesis in the CA- SP1 region of HIV-1 clade C Gag and observed that the mutations conferred resistance against the compound. Many mutations inhibited Gag processing thereby reducing virus release in the absence of the compound. However, presence of PF-46396 rescued these defects and enhanced virus release, replication capacity and infectivity of HIV-1 clade C. These results put together identify PF-46396 as a broadly active maturation inhibitor against HIV-1 clade B and C and help in rational designing of novel analogs with reduced toxicity and increased efficacy for its potential use in clinics.
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Kim S, Chen Y, Ho EA, Liu S. Reversibly pH-responsive polyurethane membranes for on-demand intravaginal drug delivery. Acta Biomater 2017; 47:100-112. [PMID: 27717914 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To provide better protection for women against sexually transmitted infections, on-demand intravaginal drug delivery was attempted by synthesizing reversibly pH-sensitive polyether-polyurethane copolymers using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and 1,4-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine (HEP). Chemical structure and thermo-characteristics of the synthesized polyurethanes were confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and melting point testing. Membranes were cast by solvent evaporation method using the prepared pH-sensitive polyurethanes. The impact of varying pH on membrane swelling and surface morphology was evaluated via swelling ratio change and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The prepared pH-responsive membranes showed two times higher swelling ratio at pH 4 than pH 7 and pH-triggered switchable surface morphology change. The anionic anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium (NaDF) was used as a model compound for release studies. The prepared pH-responsive polyurethane membranes allowed continuous NaDF release for 24h and around 20% release of total NaDF within 3h at pH 7 but little-to-no drug release at pH 4.5. NaDF permeation across the prepared membranes demonstrated a reversible pH-responsiveness. The pH-responsive polyurethane membranes did not show any noticeable negative impact on vaginal epithelial cell viability or induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared to controls. Overall, the non-cytotoxic HEP-based pH-responsive polyurethane demonstrated its potential to be used in membrane-based implants such as intravaginal rings to achieve on-demand "on-and-off" intravaginal drug delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE A reversible and sharp switch between "off" and "on" drug release is achieved for the first time through new pH-sensitive polyurethane membranes, which can serve as window membranes in reservoir-type intravaginal rings for on-demand drug delivery to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Close to zero drug release occurs at the normal vaginal pH (4.5) for minimal side effects. Drug release is only triggered by elevation of pH to 7 during heterosexual intercourse. The reversibly sharp and fast "on-and-off" switch arises from the creative incorporation of a pH-sensitive monomer in the soft segment of polyurethane. This polyurethane biomaterial holds great potential to better protect women who are generally at higher risk and are more vulnerable to STIs.
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Synthesis, characterization and augmented anticancer potential of PEG-betulinic acid conjugate. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 73:616-626. [PMID: 28183653 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Betulinic acid (BA), a pentacyclic lupine-type triterpene, is reported to inhibit cell growth in a variety of cancers. However, its efficacy is limited by its poor aqueous solubility and relatively short half-life. In this study, BA-monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) conjugate was synthesized by covalent coupling the C-28 carboxylic acid position of BA with amine groups of mPEG, in order to improve its solubility and anticancer efficacy. mPEG-BA conjugate was characterized using various analytical techniques including NMR, FT-IR and MALDI-MS. The mPEG-BA conjugate was cytotoxic, demonstrated internalization and induced cell apoptosis in Hep3B and Huh7 hepatic cancer cells. The western-blot analysis revealed, marked decrease in Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and increase in cleaved-PARP and cleaved-caspase-3 expressions. In vivo studies in Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) model following intravenous administration demonstrated significant reduction in tumor volume in case of PEGylated BA as compare to native BA. Furthermore, PEGylated BA treated EAT mice showed no biochemical and histological toxicities. These findings demonstrate the potential of PEGylated BA in cancer therapy, with improved water solubility and efficacy.
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Thenin-Houssier S, Valente ST. HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitors as Antiretroviral Agents. Curr HIV Res 2016; 14:270-82. [PMID: 26957201 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x14999160224103555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The infectious human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) particle is characterized by a conical capsid that encloses the viral RNA genome. The capsid is essential for HIV-1 replication and plays crucial roles in both early and late stages of the viral life cycle. Early on, upon fusion of the viral and cellular membranes, the viral capsid is released into the host cell cytoplasm and dissociates in a process known as uncoating, tightly associated with the reverse transcription of the viral genome. During the late stages of viral replication, the Gag polyprotein, precursor of the capsid protein, assemble at the plasma membrane to form immature non-infectious viral particles. After a maturation step by the viral protease, the capsid assembles to form a fullerene-like conical shape characteristic of the mature infectious particle. Mutations affecting the uncoating process, or capsid assembly and maturation, have been shown to hamper viral infectivity. The key role of capsid in viral replication and the absence of approved drugs against this protein have promoted the development of antiretrovirals. Screening based on the inhibition of capsid assembly and virtual screening for molecules binding to the capsid have successfully identified a number of potential small molecule compounds. Unfortunately, none of these molecules is currently used in the clinic. CONCLUSION Here we review the discovery and the mechanism of action of the small molecules and peptides identified as capsid inhibitors, and discuss their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana T Valente
- Department Immunology and Microbial Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, 3C1, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Spearman P. HIV-1 Gag as an Antiviral Target: Development of Assembly and Maturation Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2016; 16:1154-66. [PMID: 26329615 DOI: 10.2174/1568026615666150902102143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 Gag is the master orchestrator of particle assembly. The central role of Gag at multiple stages of the HIV lifecycle has led to efforts to develop drugs that directly target Gag and prevent the formation and release of infectious particles. Until recently, however, only the catalytic site protease inhibitors have been available to inhibit late stages of HIV replication. This review summarizes the current state of development of antivirals that target Gag or disrupt late events in the retrovirus lifecycle such as maturation of the viral capsid. Maturation inhibitors represent an exciting new series of antiviral compounds, including those that specifically target CA-SP1 cleavage and the allosteric integrase inhibitors that inhibit maturation by a completely different mechanism. Numerous small molecules and peptides targeting CA have been studied in attempts to disrupt steps in assembly. Efforts to target CA have recently gained considerable momentum from the development of small molecules that bind CA and alter capsid stability at the post-entry stage of the lifecycle. Efforts to develop antivirals that inhibit incorporation of genomic RNA or to inhibit late budding events remain in preliminary stages of development. Overall, the development of novel antivirals targeting Gag and the late stages in HIV replication appears much closer to success than ever, with the new maturation inhibitors leading the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Spearman
- Department of Pediatrics; Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University, 2015 Uppergate Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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Zhao Y, Gu Q, Morris-Natschke SL, Chen CH, Lee KH. Incorporation of Privileged Structures into Bevirimat Can Improve Activity against Wild-Type and Bevirimat-Resistant HIV-1. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9262-9268. [PMID: 27676157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Two "privileged fragments", caffeic acid and piperazine, were integrated into bevirimat producing new derivatives with improved activity against HIV-1/NL4-3 and NL4-3/V370A carrying the most prevalent bevirimat-resistant polymorphism. The activity of one of these, 18c, was increased by 3-fold against NL4-3 and 51-fold against NL4-3/V370A. Moreover, 18c is a maturation inhibitor with improved metabolic stability. Our study suggested that integration of privileged motifs into promising natural product skeletons is an effective strategy for discovering potent derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Qiong Gu
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States.,Research Center for Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Oncology Research Facility, Duke University Medical Center , Box 2926, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7568, United States.,Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital , 404 Taichung, Taiwan
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Structure-Activity Relationships of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Maturation Inhibitor PF-46396. J Virol 2016; 90:8181-97. [PMID: 27384665 PMCID: PMC5008107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01075-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 maturation inhibitors are a novel class of antiretroviral compounds that consist of two structurally distinct chemical classes: betulinic acid derivatives and the pyridone-based compound PF-46396. It is currently believed that both classes act by similar modes of action to generate aberrant noninfectious particles via inhibition of CA-SP1 cleavage during Gag proteolytic processing. In this study, we utilized a series of novel analogues with decreasing similarity to PF-46396 to determine the chemical groups within PF-46396 that contribute to antiviral activity, Gag binding, and the relationship between these essential properties. A spectrum of antiviral activity (active, intermediate, and inactive) was observed across the analogue series with respect to CA-SP1 cleavage and HIV-1 (NL4-3) replication kinetics in Jurkat T cells. We demonstrate that selected inactive analogues are incorporated into wild-type (WT) immature particles and that one inactive analogue is capable of interfering with PF-46396 inhibition of CA-SP1 cleavage. Mutations that confer PF-46396 resistance can impose a defective phenotype on HIV-1 that can be rescued in a compound-dependent manner. Some inactive analogues retained the capacity to rescue PF-46396-dependent mutants (SP1-A3V, SP1-A3T, and CA-P157S), implying that they can also interact with mutant Gag. The structure-activity relationships observed in this study demonstrate that (i) the tert-butyl group is essential for antiviral activity but is not an absolute requirement for Gag binding, (ii) the trifluoromethyl group is optimal but not essential for antiviral activity, and (iii) the 2-aminoindan group is important for antiviral activity and Gag binding but is not essential, as its replacement is tolerated. IMPORTANCE Combinations of antiretroviral drugs successfully treat HIV/AIDS patients; however, drug resistance problems make the development of new mechanistic drug classes an ongoing priority. HIV-1 maturation inhibitors are novel as they target the Gag protein, specifically by inhibiting CA-SP1 proteolytic cleavage. The lack of high-resolution structural information of the CA-SP1 target in Gag has hindered our understanding of the inhibitor-binding pocket and maturation inhibitor mode of action. Therefore, we utilized analogues of the maturation inhibitor PF-46396 as chemical tools to determine the chemical components of PF-46396 that contribute to antiviral activity and Gag binding and the relationship between these essential properties. This is the first study to report structure-activity relationships of the maturation inhibitor PF-46396. PF-46396 is chemically distinct from betulinic acid-derived maturation inhibitors; therefore, our data provide a foundation of knowledge that will aid our understanding of how structurally distinct maturation inhibitors act by similar modes of action.
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Identification of potent maturation inhibitors against HIV-1 clade C. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27403. [PMID: 27264714 PMCID: PMC4893694 DOI: 10.1038/srep27403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has led to a profound improvement in the clinical care of HIV-infected patients. However, drug tolerability and the evolution of drug resistance have limited treatment options for many patients. Maturation inhibitors are a new class of antiretroviral agents for treatment of HIV-1. They act by interfering with the maturation of the virus by blocking the last step in Gag processing: the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) intermediate to mature CA by the viral protease (PR). The first-in-class maturation inhibitor bevirimat (BVM) failed against a subset of HIV-1 isolates in clinical trials due to polymorphisms present in the CA-SP1 region of the Gag protein. Sequence analysis indicated that these polymorphisms are more common in non-clade B strains of HIV-1 such as HIV-1 clade C. Indeed, BVM was found to be ineffective against HIV-1 clade C molecular clones tested in this study. A number of BVM analogs were synthesized by chemical modifications at the C-28 position to improve its activity. The new BVM analogs displayed potent activity against HIV-1 clade B and C and also reduced infectivity of the virus. This study identifies novel and broadly active BVM analogs that may ultimately demonstrate efficacy in the clinic.
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Swidorski JJ, Liu Z, Sit SY, Chen J, Chen Y, Sin N, Venables BL, Parker DD, Nowicka-Sans B, Terry BJ, Protack T, Rahematpura S, Hanumegowda U, Jenkins S, Krystal M, Dicker IB, Meanwell NA, Regueiro-Ren A. Inhibitors of HIV-1 maturation: Development of structure-activity relationship for C-28 amides based on C-3 benzoic acid-modified triterpenoids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1925-30. [PMID: 26988305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported on the discovery of a C-3 benzoic acid (1) as a suitable replacement for the dimethyl succinate side chain of bevirimat (2), an HIV-1 maturation inhibitor that reached Phase II clinical trials before being discontinued. Recent SAR studies aimed at improving the antiviral properties of 2 have shown that the benzoic acid moiety conferred topographical constraint to the pharmacophore and was associated with a lower shift in potency in the presence of human serum albumin. In this manuscript, we describe efforts to improve the polymorphic coverage of the C-3 benzoic acid chemotype through modifications at the C-28 position of the triterpenoid core. The dimethylaminoethyl amides 17 and 23 delivered improved potency toward bevirimat-resistant viruses while increasing C24 in rat oral PK studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Swidorski
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sing-Yuen Sit
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ny Sin
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brian L Venables
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dawn D Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Beata Nowicka-Sans
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brian J Terry
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tricia Protack
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sandhya Rahematpura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ira B Dicker
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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Liu Z, Swidorski JJ, Nowicka-Sans B, Terry B, Protack T, Lin Z, Samanta H, Zhang S, Li Z, Parker DD, Rahematpura S, Jenkins S, Beno BR, Krystal M, Meanwell NA, Dicker IB, Regueiro-Ren A. C-3 benzoic acid derivatives of C-3 deoxybetulinic acid and deoxybetulin as HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1757-70. [PMID: 26968652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of C-3 phenyl- and heterocycle-substituted derivatives of C-3 deoxybetulinic acid and C-3 deoxybetulin was designed and synthesized as HIV-1 maturation inhibitors (MIs) and evaluated for their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity in cell culture. A 4-subsituted benzoic acid moiety was identified as an advantageous replacement for the 3'3'-dimethylsuccinate moiety present in previously disclosed MIs that illuminates new aspects of the topography of the pharmacophore. The new analogs exhibit excellent in vitro antiviral activity against wild-type (wt) virus and a lower serum shift when compared with the prototypical HIV-1 MI bevirimat (1, BVM), the first MI to be evaluated in clinical studies. Compound 9a exhibits comparable cell culture potency toward wt virus as 1 (WT EC50=16 nM for 9a compared to 10nM for 1). However, the potency of 9a is less affected by the presence of human serum, while the compound displays a similar pharmacokinetic profile in rats to 1. Hence 9a, the 4-benzoic acid derivative of deoxybetulinic acid, represents a new starting point from which to explore the design of a 2nd generation MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Jacob J Swidorski
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Beata Nowicka-Sans
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brian Terry
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tricia Protack
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Zeyu Lin
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Himadri Samanta
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Zhufang Li
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dawn D Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sandhya Rahematpura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brett R Beno
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ira B Dicker
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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Li J, Goto M, Yang X, Morris-Natschke SL, Huang L, Chen CH, Lee KH. Fluorinated betulinic acid derivatives and evaluation of their anti-HIV activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:68-71. [PMID: 26598461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several fluorinated derivatives of the anti-HIV maturation agent bevirimat (1) were synthesized and evaluated for anti-HIV replication activity. The modified positions were the C-2, C-3, C-28, and C-30 positions, either directly on the betulinic acid (2) skeleton or in the attached side chains. Compound 18, which has a trifluoromethyl group added to C-30 of its isopropenyl group, exhibited similar potency to 1 against HIV-1NL4-3. In total, our current studies support our prior conclusion that C-30 allylic modification is unlikely to be a pharmacophore for anti-HIV activity, but could be a meaningful route to manipulate other properties of 2-related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Li
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2519 Jiefang Road, Changchun 130023, China; Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Masuo Goto
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Li Huang
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Chin-Ho Chen
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Alkyl Amine Bevirimat Derivatives Are Potent and Broadly Active HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:190-7. [PMID: 26482309 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02121-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles from the infected cell, the viral protease cleaves the Gag polyprotein precursor at a number of sites to trigger virus maturation. We previously reported that a betulinic acid-derived compound, bevirimat (BVM), blocks HIV-1 maturation by disrupting a late step in protease-mediated Gag processing: the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) intermediate to mature CA. BVM was shown in multiple clinical trials to be safe and effective in reducing viral loads in HIV-1-infected patients. However, naturally occurring polymorphisms in the SP1 region of Gag (e.g., SP1-V7A) led to a variable response in some BVM-treated patients. The reduced susceptibility of SP1-polymorphic HIV-1 to BVM resulted in the discontinuation of its clinical development. To overcome the loss of BVM activity induced by polymorphisms in SP1, we carried out an extensive medicinal chemistry campaign to develop novel maturation inhibitors. In this study, we focused on alkyl amine derivatives modified at the C-28 position of the BVM scaffold. We identified a set of derivatives that are markedly more potent than BVM against an HIV-1 clade B clone (NL4-3) and show robust antiviral activity against a variant of NL4-3 containing the V7A polymorphism in SP1. One of the most potent of these compounds also strongly inhibited a multiclade panel of primary HIV-1 isolates. These data demonstrate that C-28 alkyl amine derivatives of BVM can, to a large extent, overcome the loss of susceptibility imposed by polymorphisms in SP1.
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Bhunia D, Pallavi PMC, Bonam SR, Reddy SA, Verma Y, Halmuthur MSK. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel 1,2,3-Triazole-Tethered Glycolipids as Vaccine Adjuvants. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2015; 348:689-703. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Bhunia
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory; Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad India
| | - Preethi M. C. Pallavi
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory; Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad India
| | - Srinivasa Reddy Bonam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory; Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad India
| | - Sandeep A. Reddy
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory; Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad India
| | - Yogesh Verma
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory; Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad India
| | - M. Sampath Kumar Halmuthur
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory; Natural Products Chemistry Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology; Hyderabad India
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38
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Synthesis of Betulin 28-(2-Bromoacetate) Conjugates with Uracil and its Methyl-Substituted Homologs. Chem Nat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-015-1325-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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39
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Callies O, Bedoya LM, Beltrán M, Muñoz A, Calderón PO, Osorio AA, Jiménez IA, Alcamí J, Bazzocchi IL. Isolation, Structural Modification, and HIV Inhibition of Pentacyclic Lupane-Type Triterpenoids from Cassine xylocarpa and Maytenus cuzcoina. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1045-55. [PMID: 25927586 DOI: 10.1021/np501025r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As a part of our investigation into new anti-HIV agents, we report herein the isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of six new (1-6) and 20 known (7-26) pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoids from the stem of Cassine xylocarpa and root bark of Maytenus cuzcoina. Their stereostructures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic and spectrometric methods, including 1D and 2D NMR techniques. To gain a more complete understanding of the structural requirements for anti-HIV activity, derivatives 27-48 were prepared by chemical modification of the main secondary metabolites. Sixteen compounds from this series displayed inhibitory effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication with IC50 values in the micromolar range, highlighting compounds 12, 38, and 42 (IC50 4.08, 4.18, and 1.70 μM, respectively) as the most promising anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Callies
- †Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luis M Bedoya
- ‡Unidad de Inmunopatología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo Km.2, 28220-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- §Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Beltrán
- ‡Unidad de Inmunopatología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo Km.2, 28220-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Muñoz
- ‡Unidad de Inmunopatología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo Km.2, 28220-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Obregón Calderón
- ‡Unidad de Inmunopatología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo Km.2, 28220-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex A Osorio
- †Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Ignacio A Jiménez
- †Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - José Alcamí
- ‡Unidad de Inmunopatología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo Km.2, 28220-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel L Bazzocchi
- †Instituto Universitario de Bio-Orgánica "Antonio González", Universidad de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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40
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Tedbury PR, Freed EO. HIV-1 gag: an emerging target for antiretroviral therapy. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 389:171-201. [PMID: 25731773 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The advances made in the treatment of HIV-1 infection represent a major success of modern biomedical research, prolonging healthy life and reducing virus transmission. There remain, however, many challenges relating primarily to side effects of long-term therapy and the ever-present danger of the emergence of drug-resistant strains. To counter these threats, there is a continuing need for new and better drugs, ideally targeting multiple independent steps in the HIV-1 replication cycle. The most successful current drugs target the viral enzymes: protease (PR), reverse transcriptase (RT), and integrase (IN). In this review, we outline the advances made in targeting the Gag protein and its mature products, particularly capsid and nucleocapsid, and highlight possible targets for future pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R Tedbury
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
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41
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Tang J, Jones SA, Jeffery JL, Miranda SR, Galardi CM, Irlbeck DM, Brown KW, McDanal CB, Han N, Gao D, Wu Y, Shen B, Liu C, Xi C, Yang H, Li R, Yu Y, Sun Y, Jin Z, Wang E, Johns BA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Macrocyclized Betulin Derivatives as a Novel Class of Anti-HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2014; 8:23-7. [PMID: 25250097 PMCID: PMC4157350 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501408010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A macrocycle provides diverse functionality and stereochemical complexity in a conformationally preorganized ring structure, and it occupies a unique chemical space in drug discovery. However, the synthetic challenge to access this structural class is high and hinders the exploration of macrocycles. In this study, efficient synthetic routes to macrocyclized betulin derivatives have been established. The macrocycle containing compounds showed equal potency compared to bevirimat in multiple HIV-1 antiviral assays. The synthesis and biological evaluation of this novel series of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stacey A Jones
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jerry L Jeffery
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sonia R Miranda
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cristin M Galardi
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David M Irlbeck
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kevin W Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charlene B McDanal
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nianhe Han
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Daxin Gao
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongyong Wu
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Shen
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Caiming Xi
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Heping Yang
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui Li
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yajun Yu
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yufei Sun
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhimin Jin
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Erjuan Wang
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Brian A Johns
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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42
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Wang C, Lu L, Na H, Li X, Wang Q, Jiang X, Xu X, Yu F, Zhang T, Li J, Zhang Z, Zheng B, Liang G, Cai L, Jiang S, Liu K. Conjugation of a Nonspecific Antiviral Sapogenin with a Specific HIV Fusion Inhibitor: A Promising Strategy for Discovering New Antiviral Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7342-54. [PMID: 25156906 DOI: 10.1021/jm500763m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries
of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of
Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Heya Na
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiangpeng Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries
of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of
Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xifeng Jiang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jinglai Li
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhenqing Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Baohua Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lifeng Cai
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries
of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of
Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Keliang Liu
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, 27 Tai-Ping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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43
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44
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Han X, Ouyang W, Liu B, Wang W, Tien P, Wu S, Zhou HB. Enantioselective inhibition of reverse transcriptase (RT) of HIV-1 by non-racemic indole-based trifluoropropanoates developed by asymmetric catalysis using recyclable organocatalysts. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:8463-75. [PMID: 24202207 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41667d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of efficient inhibitors of reverse transcriptase (RT) of HIV-1 based on indole-alkyl trifluoropyruvate derivatives by a TZM-bl cell assay. The inhibitory activities of the two enantiomers and the corresponding racemic mixture have been compared. TZM-bl cells exhibited strong enantioselective discrimination for the (R)-configuration, among these indole derivatives, the most active compound R-12, with a 5-NO2 substituent, gave the best result when tested in the TZM-bl cells on HIV virus type HIV-1IIIB, with an EC50 value of 0.019 μM, CC50 value of 210.697 μM and SI (selectivity index, CC50/EC50) value of 11,089, respectively. The cell test showed that, in most cases, the R-enantiomer was superior to the Rac-mixture, which was better than the corresponding S-enantiomer. The results indicated that the R-enantiomer is the most favorable configuration as an efficient HIV-1 inhibitor. Molecular modeling studies suggested a structural basis for the enantioselectivity of RT towards this class of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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45
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Synthesis, catalytic activity and phytotoxicity of a supported nickel(II) Schiff base complex. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-013-9759-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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46
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Coric P, Turcaud S, Souquet F, Briant L, Gay B, Royer J, Chazal N, Bouaziz S. Synthesis and biological evaluation of a new derivative of bevirimat that targets the Gag CA-SP1 cleavage site. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:453-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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47
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Dang Z, Ho P, Zhu L, Qian K, Lee KH, Huang L, Chen CH. New betulinic acid derivatives for bevirimat-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type-1. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2029-37. [PMID: 23379607 DOI: 10.1021/jm3016969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bevirimat (1, BVM) is an anti-HIV agent that blocks HIV-1 replication by interfering with HIV-1 Gag-SP1 processing at a late stage of viral maturation. However, clinical trials of 1 have revealed a high baseline drug resistance that is attributed to naturally occurring polymorphisms in HIV-1 Gag. To overcome the drug resistance, 28 new derivatives of 1 were synthesized and tested against compound 1-resistant (BVM-R) HIV-1 variants. Among them, compound 6 exhibited much improved activity against several HIV-1 strains carrying BVM-R polymorphisms. Compound 6 was at least 20-fold more potent than 1 against the replication of NL4-3/V370A, which carries the most prevalent clinical BVM-R polymorphism in HIV-1 Gag-SP1. Thus, compound 6 merits further development as a potential anti-AIDS clinical trial candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Dang
- Surgical Science, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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48
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Quan HY, Kim DY, Kim SJ, Jo HK, Kim GW, Chung SH. Betulinic acid alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver by inhibiting SREBP1 activity via the AMPK-mTOR-SREBP signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1330-40. [PMID: 23435355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is emerging as the most common liver disease in industrialized countries. The discovery of food components that can ameliorate NAFLD is therefore of interest. Betulinic acid (BA) is a triterpenoid with many pharmacological activities, but the effect of BA on fatty liver is as yet unknown. To explore the possible anti-fatty liver effects and their underlying mechanisms, we used insulin-resistant HepG2 cells, primary rat hepatocytes and liver tissue from ICR mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Oil Red O staining revealed that BA significantly suppressed excessive triglyceride accumulation in HepG2 cells and in the livers of mice fed a HFD. Ca(+2)-calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase (CAMKK) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were both activated by BA treatment. In contrast, the protein levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and S6 kinase (S6K) were all reduced when hepatocytes were treated with BA for up to 24h. We found that BA activates AMPK via phosphorylation, suppresses SREBP1 mRNA expression, nuclear translocation and repressed SREBP1 target gene expression in HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes, leading to reduced lipogenesis and lipid accumulation. These effects were completely abolished in the presence of STO-609 (a CAMKK inhibitor) or compound C (an AMPK inhibitor), indicating that the BA-induced reduction in hepatic steatosis was mediated via the CAMKK-AMPK-SREBP1 signaling pathway. Taken together, our results suggest that BA effectively ameliorates intracellular lipid accumulation in liver cells and thus is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention of fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yan Quan
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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49
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Salam N, Sinha A, Mondal P, Roy AS, Jana NR, Islam SM. Efficient and reusable graphene-γ-Fe2O3 magnetic nano-composite for selective oxidation and one-pot synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole using a green solvent. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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