1
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Zhu Z, Tang W, Qiu X, Xin X, Zhang J. Advances in targeting Phosphodiesterase 1: From mechanisms to potential therapeutics. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 263:115967. [PMID: 38000211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1) is an enzyme entrusted with the hydrolysis of the second messengers cAMP and cGMP, thereby governing a plethora of metabolic processes, encompassing ion channel modulation and cellular apoptosis. Recent advancements in the realm of small molecule structural variations have greatly facilitated the exploration of innovative applications for PDE1. Remarkably, a recent series of PDE1 inhibitors (PDE1i) have been meticulously formulated and devised, showcasing enhanced selectivity and potency. Among them, ITI-214 has entered Phase II clinical trials, holding promise for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and heart failure. Nevertheless, the majority of current PDE1 inhibitors have encountered substantial side effects in clinical trials attributable to their limited selectivity, this predicament presents a formidable obstacle in the development of specific small molecule inhibitors targeting PDE1. This Perspective endeavors to illuminate the potential design approaches, structure-activity relationships, and biological activities of current PDE1i, aiming to offer support and insights for clinical practice and the development of novel PDE1i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Wentao Tang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuemei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Joint Research Institution of Altitude Health and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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2
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ElHady AK, El-Gamil DS, Abdel-Halim M, Abadi AH. Advancements in Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors: Unveiling Present and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1266. [PMID: 37765073 PMCID: PMC10536424 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors presented themselves as important players in the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway, thus exerting a profound impact on various physiological and pathological processes. Beyond their well-known efficacy in treating male erectile dysfunction (ED) and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a plethora of studies have unveiled their significance in the treatment of a myriad of other diseases, including cognitive functions, heart failure, multiple drug resistance in cancer therapy, immune diseases, systemic sclerosis and others. This comprehensive review aims to provide an updated assessment of the crucial role played by PDE5 inhibitors (PDE5-Is) as disease-modifying agents taking their limiting side effects into consideration. From a medicinal chemistry and drug discovery perspective, the published PDE5-Is over the last 10 years and their binding characteristics are systemically discussed, and advancement in properties is exposed. A persistent challenge encountered with these agents lies in their limited isozyme selectivity; considering this obstacle, this review also highlights the breakthrough development of the recently reported PDE5 allosteric inhibitors, which exhibit an unparalleled level of selectivity that was rarely achievable by competitive inhibitors. The implications and potential impact of these novel allosteric inhibitors are meticulously explored. Additionally, the concept of multi-targeted ligands is critically evaluated in relation to PDE5-Is by inspecting the broader spectrum of their molecular interactions and effects. The objective of this review is to provide insight into the design of potent, selective PDE5-Is and an overview of their biological function, limitations, challenges, therapeutic potentials, undergoing clinical trials, future prospects and emerging uses, thus guiding upcoming endeavors in both academia and industry within this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K. ElHady
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire Hosted by Global Academic Foundation, New Administrative Capital, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
| | - Dalia S. El-Gamil
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, Cairo 12451, Egypt;
| | - Mohammad Abdel-Halim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Ashraf H. Abadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11835, Egypt;
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3
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TPN171H alleviates pulmonary hypertension via inhibiting inflammation in hypoxia and monocrotaline-induced rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 145:107017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Zhang B, Huang Y, Zhang SR, Huang MX, Zhang C, Luo HB. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazolopyrimidone derivatives as potent PDE1 inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105104. [PMID: 34186466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase-1 (PDE1) is a promising drug target closely related to central and peripheral diseases. With the assistance of molecular docking and dynamics simulations, we designed and synthesized a novel series of pyrazolopyrimidone derivatives as effective and metabolically stable inhibitors against PDE1. Most compounds have good inhibitory activities against PDE1 at the concentration of 20 nM. Compound 2j with the IC50 of 21 nM against PDE1B, shows good metabolic stability in the rat liver microsomes (RLM) (t1/2 of 28.5 min), indicating that compound 2j can be used as a tool to explore the molecular recognition mechanism between inhibitors and the target protein PDE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yue Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Si-Rui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Meng-Xing Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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5
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Nadur NF, de Azevedo LL, Caruso L, Graebin CS, Lacerda RB, Kümmerle AE. The long and winding road of designing phosphodiesterase inhibitors for the treatment of heart failure. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 212:113123. [PMID: 33412421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a superfamily of enzymes known to play a critical role in the indirect regulation of several intracellular metabolism pathways through the selective hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds of specific second messenger substrates such as cAMP (3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) and cGMP (3',5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate), influencing the hypertrophy, contractility, apoptosis and fibroses in the cardiovascular system. The expression and/or activity of multiple PDEs is altered during heart failure (HF), which leads to changes in levels of cyclic nucleotides and function of cardiac muscle. Within the cardiovascular system, PDEs 1-5, 8 and 9 are expressed and are interesting targets for the HF treatment. In this comprehensive review we will present a briefly description of the biochemical importance of each cardiovascular related PDE to the HF, and cover almost all the "long and winding road" of designing and discovering ligands, hits, lead compounds, clinical candidates and drugs as PDE inhibitors in the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Fonseca Nadur
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Luiz de Azevedo
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas Caruso
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Cedric Stephan Graebin
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | - Arthur Eugen Kümmerle
- Laboratório de Diversidade Molecular e Química Medicinal (LaDMol-QM, Molecular Diversity and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory), Chemistry Institute, Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Gradução em Química (PPGQ), Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil.
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6
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Zheng W, Wang Z, Jiang X, Zhao Q, Shen J. Targeted Drugs for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15153-15186. [PMID: 33314936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a devastating disease that can lead to right ventricular failure and premature death. Although approved drugs have been shown to be safe and effective, PAH remains a severe clinical condition, and the long-term survival of patients with PAH is still suboptimal. Thus, potential therapeutic targets and new agents to treat PAH are urgently needed. In recent years, a variety of related pathways and potential therapeutic targets have been found, which brings new hope for PAH therapy. In this perspective, not only are the marketed drugs used to treat PAH summarized but also the recently developed novel pharmaceutical therapies currently in clinical trials are discussed. Furthermore, the advances in natural products as potential treatment for PAH are also updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingjie Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jingshan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Tachikawa H, Nishiyama R, Ichikawa-Kaji Y, Uemura N, Takaku Y, Kishimoto K, Ono Y, Tayama K, Suzuki T, Suzuki J, Moriyasu T. Structure elucidation of a PDE5 inhibitor detected as an illegal adulteration in a libido-boosting dietary supplement. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2023-2032. [PMID: 33136535 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1826582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A compound with potent inhibitory activity for phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) was identified as an illegal adulteration in a libido-boosting dietary supplement being sold at a store in Tokyo. This compound was identified as 5,6-diethyl-2-{5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulphonyl]-2-propoxyphenyl}pyrimidin-4(3H)-one using liquid chromatography-diode array detector (LC-DAD), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS), LC-HRMS, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray crystallography. The IC50 value of the inhibitory activity for PDE5A1 (one of the PDE5 isoforms) was 2.0 nM (sildenafil IC50 value was 4.5 nM). This compound was previously synthesised as a PDE5 inhibitor by Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica. The dietary supplement contained 85 mg of this compound in a capsule, which was about 26% of the capsule content (320 mg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Tachikawa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Ichikawa-Kaji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Uemura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takaku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Kishimoto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ono
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Tayama
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshinari Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jin Suzuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takako Moriyasu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health , Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Zhang M, Liu H, He J, Gui Y, Qian H, Jia J, Yu C, Wang Z, Shen JS, Liu G. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for TPN171 in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 191:113634. [PMID: 32987249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple, rapid and accurate method for quantitative analysis of a highly selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor (PDE5), TPN171 by high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry in human plasma was proposed and validated successfully using D3-TPN171 as internal standards (ISTD). An aliquot of 100 μL of plasma was mixed with internal standard and was precipitated with acetonitrile. Gradient elution was performed on a ACQUITY HSS T3 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) coupled with a ACQUITY column in-line filter at 40℃, by 5 mM ammonium acetate in water containing 0.1 % formic acid and 0.1 % formic acid in acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The total analytical run time was 3.5 min. The analyte was monitored using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan in positive polarity mode. The ion transition was m/z 442.2→113.2 and 445.2→116.2 for TPN171 and D3-TPN171 respectively. The method was validated for specificity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, and other analytical parameters. The results found were satisfactory over the linear calibration range of 1-500 ng/mL. Within-day precisions ranged from 1.8 to 7.3 %, and between-day precisions from 2.3 to 4.9 %, accuracies were 95.5-99.8 %.The validated method was successfully applied to determine the plasma concentration after oral administration of 10 mg TPN171 in six healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhang
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital / Zhongshan- Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haiming Liu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital / Zhongshan- Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiajin He
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital / Zhongshan- Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuzhou Gui
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital / Zhongshan- Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongjie Qian
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital / Zhongshan- Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingying Jia
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital / Zhongshan- Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Chen Yu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital / Zhongshan- Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Shan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Gangyi Liu
- Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital / Zhongshan- Xuhui Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Phase I Clinical Research & Quality Consistency Evaluation for Drugs, Shanghai 200031, China.
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9
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Xu Z, Jia L, Liu W, Li W, Song Y, Zheng QH. Radiosynthesis of a carbon-11 labeled PDE5 inhibitor [ 11C]TPN171 as a new potential PET heart imaging agent. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 162:109190. [PMID: 32501230 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop PET tracers for imaging of heart disease, a new carbon-11 labeled potent and selective PDE5 inhibitor [11C]TPN171 ([11C]9) has been synthesized. The reference standard TPN171 (9) and its corresponding precursor desmethyl-TPN171 (11) were synthesized from methyl 3-oxovalerate and 2-hydroxybenzonitrile in 9 and 10 steps with 31% and 25% overall chemical yield, respectively. The radiotracer [11C]TPN171 was prepared from desmethyl-TPN171 with [11C]CH3OTf through N-11C-methylation and isolated by HPLC purification followed by SPE formulation in 45-55% radiochemical yield, based on [11C]CO2 and decay corrected to EOB. The radiochemical purity was >99%, and the molar activity (Am) at EOB was in a range of 370-740 GBq/μmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhidong Xu
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Medicine of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050018, China; Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Limeng Jia
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Wenqing Liu
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Medicine of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Science & Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050018, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, China
| | - Ying Song
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hebei College of Industry & Technology, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, 050000, China.
| | - Qi-Huang Zheng
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1345 West, 16th Street, Room 208, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
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10
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Maryam A, Khalid RR, Siddiqi AR, Ece A. E-pharmacophore based virtual screening for identification of dual specific PDE5A and PDE3A inhibitors as potential leads against cardiovascular diseases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2302-2317. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1748718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arooma Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Abdulilah Ece
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
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11
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Pan L, Guo S, Chen X, Jiang X, Shen J, Diao X, Wang Z, Zhong D. Characterization of TPN171 metabolism in humans via ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 172:302-310. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Wang Z, Jiang X, Zhang X, Tian G, Yang R, Wu J, Zou X, Liu Z, Yang X, Wu C, Shi J, Li J, Suo J, Wang Y, Zhang R, Xu Z, Gong X, He Y, Zhu W, Aisa HA, Jiang H, Xu Y, Shen J. Pharmacokinetics-Driven Optimization of 4(3 H)-Pyrimidinones as Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors Leading to TPN171, a Clinical Candidate for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Med Chem 2019; 62:4979-4990. [PMID: 31021628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are first-line therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and erectile dysfunction. As a continuing work to improve the terminal half-lives and oral bioavailabilities of our previously reported 4(3 H)-pyrimidones, a pharmacokinetics-driven optimization focusing on the terminal substituent is described. Two major congeneric series of 4(3 H)-pyrimidones, the aminosulfonylphenylpyrimidones and acylaminophenylpyrimidones, were designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically assessed in vitro and in vivo. Among them, compound 15 (TPN171) with subnanomolar potency for PDE5 and good selectivity over PDE6 was finally recognized as a potential drug candidate, and its pharmacokinetic profiles in rats and dogs are significantly improved compared to the starting compound (3). Moreover, TPN171 was proven to exert a longer lasting effect than sildenafil in animal models, providing a foundation for a once-daily oral administration for its clinical use. TPN171 is currently being investigated in a phase II clinical trial for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xiangrui Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xianglei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China.,School of Pharmacy , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guanghui Tian
- Vigonvita Life Science Co., Ltd. , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Rulei Yang
- Vigonvita Life Science Co., Ltd. , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Jianzhong Wu
- Vigonvita Life Science Co., Ltd. , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- Vigonvita Life Science Co., Ltd. , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd. , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd. , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Chunhui Wu
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd. , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Jing Shi
- Topharman Shanghai Co., Ltd. , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Jin Suo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Rongxia Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Zhijian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xudong Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Yang He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Weiliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China.,School of Pharmacy , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Haji Akber Aisa
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources and Chemistry in Arid Regions , Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China.,School of Pharmacy , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China.,School of Pharmacy , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jingshan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center , Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201203 , China.,School of Pharmacy , University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
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13
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Pobsuk N, Paracha TU, Chaichamnong N, Salaloy N, Suphakun P, Hannongbua S, Choowongkomon K, Pekthong D, Chootip K, Ingkaninan K, Gleeson MP. Design, synthesis and evaluation of N2,N4-diaminoquinazoline based inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type 5. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:267-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Su H, Xu Y. Application of ITC-Based Characterization of Thermodynamic and Kinetic Association of Ligands With Proteins in Drug Design. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1133. [PMID: 30364164 PMCID: PMC6193069 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive characterization of the thermodynamic and kinetic profiling of ligands binding to a given target protein is crucial for the hit selection as well as the hit-to-lead-to-drug evolution. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), widely known as an invaluable tool to measure the thermodynamic data, has recently found its way to determine the binding kinetics too. The extensive application of ITC in measurement of both thermodynamic and kinetic data manifests unique roles of ITC in drug discovery and development. This mini-review concentrates on elaborating how to gain the thermodynamic and kinetic data using ITC, highlighting the importance of these data in lead discovery and optimization, and intends to provide an overview of the technical and conceptual advances that offer unprecedented access to protein–ligand recognition by ITC measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Huang X, Xu P, Cao Y, Liu L, Song G, Xu L. Exploring the binding mechanisms of PDE5 with chromeno[2,3-c]pyrrol-9(2H)-one by theoretical approaches. RSC Adv 2018; 8:30481-30490. [PMID: 35546827 PMCID: PMC9085377 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06405a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), exclusively specific for the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), is an important drug target for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Although many PDE5 inhibitors have been approved, such as sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil and so on, extensive studies have reported some side effects, such as vision disturbance and hearing loss as a result of the amino acid sequence and the secondary structural similarity of other PDEs to the catalytic domain of PDE5. In this study, multiple docking strategies, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, free energy calculations and decomposition were employed to explore the structural determinants of PDE5 with a series of chromeno[2,3-c]pyrrol-9(2H)-one derivatives. First, reliable docking results were obtained using quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) docking. Then, MD simulations and MM/GBSA free energy calculations were used to explore the dynamic binding process and characterize the binding modes of the inhibitors with different activities. The predicted binding free energies are in good agreement with the experimental data, and the MM/GBSA free energy decomposition analysis sheds light on the importance of hydrogen bonds with Gln817, π–π stacks against Phe820 and hydrophobic residues for the PDE5 binding of the studied inhibitors. The structural and energetic insights obtained here are useful for understanding the molecular mechanism of ligand binding and designing novel potent and selective PDE5 inhibitors with new scaffolds. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) is exclusively specific for the cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and PDE5 is an important drug target for the treatment of erectile dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
- PR China
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics
- Second Military Medical University Affiliated Changzheng Hospital
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yijing Cao
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
- PR China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
- PR China
| | - Guoqiang Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Life Sciences
- Changzhou University
- Changzhou
- PR China
| | - Lei Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering
- Jiangsu University of Technology
- Changzhou 213001
- China
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16
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Wu D, Zhang T, Chen Y, Huang Y, Geng H, Yu Y, Zhang C, Lai Z, Wu Y, Guo X, Chen J, Luo HB. Discovery and Optimization of Chromeno[2,3-c]pyrrol-9(2H)-ones as Novel Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6622-6637. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Wu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Tianhua Zhang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Chen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yadan Huang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Haiju Geng
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yanfa Yu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Zengwei Lai
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yinuo Wu
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- Infinitus (China) Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Jianwen Chen
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bin Luo
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
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17
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Machicao PA, Burt SR, Christensen RK, Lohner NB, Singleton J, Peterson MA. An efficient microwave assisted synthesis of N′-aryl/(alkyl)-substituted N-(4-hydroxy-6-phenylpyrimidin-2-yl)guanidines: Scope and limitations. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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18
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Kayık G, Tüzün NŞ, Durdagi S. Investigation of PDE5/PDE6 and PDE5/PDE11 selective potent tadalafil-like PDE5 inhibitors using combination of molecular modeling approaches, molecular fingerprint-based virtual screening protocols and structure-based pharmacophore development. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:311-330. [PMID: 28150511 PMCID: PMC6009860 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1250756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential biological function of phosphodiesterase (PDE) type enzymes is to regulate the cytoplasmic levels of intracellular second messengers, 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and/or 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). PDE targets have 11 isoenzymes. Of these enzymes, PDE5 has attracted a special attention over the years after its recognition as being the target enzyme in treating erectile dysfunction. Due to the amino acid sequence and the secondary structural similarity of PDE6 and PDE11 with the catalytic domain of PDE5, first-generation PDE5 inhibitors (i.e. sildenafil and vardenafil) are also competitive inhibitors of PDE6 and PDE11. Since the major challenge of designing novel PDE5 inhibitors is to decrease their cross-reactivity with PDE6 and PDE11, in this study, we attempt to identify potent tadalafil-like PDE5 inhibitors that have PDE5/PDE6 and PDE5/PDE11 selectivity. For this aim, the similarity-based virtual screening protocol is applied for the “clean drug-like subset of ZINC database” that contains more than 20 million small compounds. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of selected hits complexed with PDE5 and off-targets were performed in order to get insights for structural and dynamical behaviors of the selected molecules as selective PDE5 inhibitors. Since tadalafil blocks hERG1 K channels in concentration dependent manner, the cardiotoxicity prediction of the hit molecules was also tested. Results of this study can be useful for designing of novel, safe and selective PDE5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülru Kayık
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey.,b Department of Pharmacy , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Nurcan Ş Tüzün
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- c Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
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19
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Kayık G, Tüzün NŞ, Durdagi S. In silico design of novel hERG-neutral sildenafil-like PDE5 inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:2830-2852. [PMID: 27581752 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1231634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase enzymes (PDEs) have functions in regulating the levels of intracellular second messengers, 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), via hydrolysis and decomposing mechanisms in cells. They take essential roles in modulating various cellular activities such as memory and smooth muscle functions. PDE type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors enhance the vasodilatory effects of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum and they are used to treat erectile dysfunction. Patch clamp experiments showed that the IC50 values of the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG1) potassium (K) ion channel blocking affinity of PDE5 inhibitors sildenafil, vardenafil, and tadalafil as 33, 12, and 100 μM, respectively. hERG1 channel is responsible for the regulation of the action potential of human ventricular myocyte by contributing the rapid component of delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr) component of the cardiac action potential. In this work, interaction patterns and binding affinity predictions of selected PDE5 inhibitors against the hERG1 channel are studied. It is attempted to develop PDE5 inhibitor analogs with lower binding affinity to hERG1 ion channel while keeping their pharmacological activity against their principal target PDE5 using in silico methods. Based on detailed analyses of docking poses and predicted interaction energies, novel analogs of PDE5 inhibitors with lower predicted binding affinity to hERG1 channels without loosing their principal target activity were proposed. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and post-processing MD analyses (i.e. Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area calculations) were performed. Detailed analysis of molecular simulations helped us to better understand the PDE5 inhibitor-target binding interactions in the atomic level. Results of this study can be useful for designing of novel and safe PDE5 inhibitors with enhanced activity and other tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülru Kayık
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul 34469 , Turkey
| | - Nurcan Ş Tüzün
- a Department of Chemistry , Istanbul Technical University , Istanbul 34469 , Turkey
| | - Serdar Durdagi
- b Department of Biophysics , School of Medicine, Bahcesehir University , Istanbul , Turkey
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20
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Donegani E, Paal P, Küpper T, Hefti U, Basnyat B, Carceller A, Bouzat P, van der Spek R, Hillebrandt D. Drug Use and Misuse in the Mountains: A UIAA MedCom Consensus Guide for Medical Professionals. High Alt Med Biol 2016; 17:157-184. [PMID: 27583821 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2016.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Donegani, Enrico, Peter Paal, Thomas Küpper, Urs Hefti, Buddha Basnyat, Anna Carceller, Pierre Bouzat, Rianne van der Spek, and David Hillebrandt. Drug use and misuse in the mountains: a UIAA MedCom consensus guide for medical professionals. High Alt Med Biol. 17:157-184, 2016.-Aims: The aim of this review is to inform mountaineers about drugs commonly used in mountains. For many years, drugs have been used to enhance performance in mountaineering. It is the UIAA (International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation-Union International des Associations d'Alpinisme) Medcom's duty to protect mountaineers from possible harm caused by uninformed drug use. The UIAA Medcom assessed relevant articles in scientific literature and peer-reviewed studies, trials, observational studies, and case series to provide information for physicians on drugs commonly used in the mountain environment. Recommendations were graded according to criteria set by the American College of Chest Physicians. RESULTS Prophylactic, therapeutic, and recreational uses of drugs relevant to mountaineering are presented with an assessment of their risks and benefits. CONCLUSIONS If using drugs not regulated by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), individuals have to determine their own personal standards for enjoyment, challenge, acceptable risk, and ethics. No system of drug testing could ever, or should ever, be policed for recreational climbers. Sponsored climbers or those who climb for status need to carefully consider both the medical and ethical implications if using drugs to aid performance. In some countries (e.g., Switzerland and Germany), administrative systems for mountaineering or medication control dictate a specific stance, but for most recreational mountaineers, any rules would be unenforceable and have to be a personal decision, but should take into account the current best evidence for risk, benefit, and sporting ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Donegani
- 1 Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Sabah Al-Ahmed Cardiac Center , Al-Amiri Hospital, Kuwait, State of Kuwait
| | - Peter Paal
- 2 Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Innsbruck University Hospital , Innsbruck, Austria .,3 Department of Perioperative Medicine, Barts Heart Centre, St. Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom .,4 Perioperative Medicine, St. Bartholomew's Hospital , London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Küpper
- 5 Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University , Aachen, Germany
| | - Urs Hefti
- 6 Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Swiss Sportclinic , Bern, Switzerland
| | - Buddha Basnyat
- 7 Oxford University Clinical Research Unit-Nepal , Nepal International Clinic, and Himalayan Rescue, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Anna Carceller
- 8 Sports Medicine School, Instituto de Medicina de Montaña y del Deporte (IMMED), Federació d'Entitats Excursionistes (FEEC), University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pierre Bouzat
- 9 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University Hospital, INSERM U1236, Neuroscience Institute, Alps University, Grenoble, France
| | - Rianne van der Spek
- 10 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Jansen C, Kooistra AJ, Kanev GK, Leurs R, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C. PDEStrIAn: A Phosphodiesterase Structure and Ligand Interaction Annotated Database As a Tool for Structure-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2016; 59:7029-65. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chimed Jansen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Kooistra
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Georgi K. Kanev
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iwan J. P. de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Discovery of novel pyrazolopyrimidinone analogs as potent inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type-5. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:2121-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Fernández de Trocóniz G, Ochoa de Retana AM, Rubiales G, Palacios F. Fluoroalkylated α,β-Unsaturated Imines as Synthons for the Preparation of Fluorinated Triazinane-2,4-diones and Dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones. J Org Chem 2014; 79:5173-81. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500745u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Fernández de Trocóniz
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica I and Centro de Investigacion Lascaray (Lascaray Research
Center) Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Ana M. Ochoa de Retana
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica I and Centro de Investigacion Lascaray (Lascaray Research
Center) Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Gloria Rubiales
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica I and Centro de Investigacion Lascaray (Lascaray Research
Center) Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
| | - Francisco Palacios
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica I and Centro de Investigacion Lascaray (Lascaray Research
Center) Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Paseo de la Universidad 7, 01006 Vitoria, Spain
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24
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Ren J, He Y, Chen W, Chen T, Wang G, Wang Z, Xu Z, Luo X, Zhu W, Jiang H, Shen J, Xu Y. Thermodynamic and structural characterization of halogen bonding in protein-ligand interactions: a case study of PDE5 and its inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3588-93. [PMID: 24702184 DOI: 10.1021/jm5002315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The significance of halogen bonding in protein-ligand interactions has been recognized recently. We present here the first comprehensive thermodynamic and structural characterization of halogen bonding in PDE5-inhibitor interactions. ITC studies reveal that binding strength of the halogen bonding between chlorine, bromine, and iodine of inhibitor and the protein is -1.57, -3.09, and -5.59 kJ/mol, respectively. The halogens interact with the designed residue Y612 and an unexpected buried water molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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25
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Gong X, Wang G, Ren J, Liu Z, Wang Z, Chen T, Yang X, Jiang X, Shen J, Jiang H, Aisa HA, Xu Y, Li J. Exploration of the 5-bromopyrimidin-4(3H)-ones as potent inhibitors of PDE5. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4944-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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