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Singh S, Ghosh P, Sharma S, Bhargava S, Kumar AR. Tetrahydropalmatine from medicinal plants activates human glucokinase to regulate glucose homeostasis. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2024; 71:295-313. [PMID: 38037220 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Many synthetic glucokinase activators (GKAs), modulating glucokinase (GK), an important therapeutic target in diabetes have failed to clear clinical trials. In this study, an in silico structural similarity search with differing scaffolds of reference GKAs have been used to identify derivatives from natural product databases. Ten molecules with good binding score and similar interactions to that in the co-crystallized GK as well good activation against recombinant human GK experimentally were identified. Tetrahydropalmatine, an alkaloid present in formulations and drugs from medicinal plants, has not been explored as an antidiabetic agent and no information regarding its mechanism of action or GK activation exists. Tetrahydropalmatine activates GK with EC50 value of 71.7 ± 17.9 μM while lowering the S0.5 (7.1 mM) and increasing Vmax (9.22 μM/min) as compared to control without activator (S0.5 = 10.37 mM; Vmax = 4.8 μM/min). Kinetic data (α and β values) suggests it to act as mixed, nonessential type activator. Using microscale thermophoresis, Kd values of 3.8 μM suggests a good affinity for GK. In HepG2 cell line, the compound potentiated the uptake of glucose and maintained glucose homeostasis by increasing the expression of GK, glycogen synthase, and insulin receptor genes and lowering the expression of glucokinase regulatory protein (GKRP) and glucagon. Tetrahydropalmatine at low concentrations could elicit a good response by reducing expression of GKRP, increasing expression of GK while also activating it. Thus, it could be used alone or in combination as therapeutic drug as it could effectively modulate GK and alter glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Singh
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Payel Ghosh
- Bioinformatics Centre, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Shilpy Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Shobha Bhargava
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Ameeta Ravi Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
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2
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Yan H, Xie Y, Liu Y, Yuan L, Sheng R. ComABAN: refining molecular representation with the graph attention mechanism to accelerate drug discovery. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6674166. [PMID: 35998925 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An unsolved challenge in developing molecular representation is determining an optimal method to characterize the molecular structure. Comprehension of intramolecular interactions is paramount toward achieving this goal. In this study, ComABAN, a new graph-attention-based approach, is proposed to improve the accuracy of molecular representation by simultaneously considering atom-atom, bond-bond and atom-bond interactions. In addition, we benchmark models extensively on 8 public and 680 proprietary industrial datasets spanning a wide variety of chemical end points. The results show that ComABAN has higher prediction accuracy compared with the classical machine learning method and the deep learning-based methods. Furthermore, the trained neural network was used to predict a library of 1.5 million molecules and picked out compounds with a classification result of grade I. Subsequently, these predicted molecules were scored and ranked using cascade docking, molecular dynamics simulations to generate five potential candidates. All five molecules showed high similarity to nanomolar bioactive inhibitors suppressing the expression of HIF-1α, and we synthesized three compounds (Y-1, Y-3, Y-4) and tested their inhibitory ability in vitro. Our results indicate that ComABAN is an effective tool for accelerating drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Yan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.,College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China Fax/Tel: 86-571-8820-845 E-mail:
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yao Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China Fax/Tel: 86-571-8820-845 E-mail:
| | - Leer Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China Fax/Tel: 86-571-8820-845 E-mail:
| | - Rong Sheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China Fax/Tel: 86-571-8820-845 E-mail:
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3
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van der Kolk MR, Janssen MACH, Rutjes FPJT, Blanco‐Ania D. Cyclobutanes in Small-Molecule Drug Candidates. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200020. [PMID: 35263505 PMCID: PMC9314592 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclobutanes are increasingly used in medicinal chemistry in the search for relevant biological properties. Important characteristics of the cyclobutane ring include its unique puckered structure, longer C-C bond lengths, increased C-C π-character and relative chemical inertness for a highly strained carbocycle. This review will focus on contributions of cyclobutane rings in drug candidates to arrive at favorable properties. Cyclobutanes have been employed for improving multiple factors such as preventing cis/trans-isomerization by replacing alkenes, replacing larger cyclic systems, increasing metabolic stability, directing key pharmacophore groups, inducing conformational restriction, reducing planarity, as aryl isostere and filling hydrophobic pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marnix R. van der Kolk
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356526 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Mathilde A. C. H. Janssen
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356526 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356526 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Daniel Blanco‐Ania
- Institute for Molecules and MaterialsRadboud UniversityHeyendaalseweg 1356526 AJNijmegenThe Netherlands
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Wang J, Takahashi K, Shoup TM, Gong L, Li Y, El Fakhri G, Zhang Z, Brownell AL. Organomediated Cleavage of Benzoyl Group Enables an Efficient Synthesis of 1- (6-Nitropyridin-2-yl)thiourea and its application for developing 18F-labeled PET Tracers. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Thilagavathi R, Hosseini-Zare MS, Malini M, Selvam C. A comprehensive review on glucokinase activators: Promising agents for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 99:247-263. [PMID: 34714587 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase is a key enzyme which converts glucose into glucose-6-phosphate in the liver and pancreatic cells of the human. In the liver, glucokinase promotes the synthesis of glycogen, and in the pancreas, it helps in glucose-sensitive insulin release. It serves as a "glucose sensor" and thereby plays an important role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Due to this activity, glucokinase is considered as an attractive drug target for type 2 diabetes. It created a lot of interest among the researchers, and several small molecules were discovered. The research work was initiated in 1990. However, the hypoglycemic effect, increased liver burden, and loss of efficacy over time were faced during clinical development. Dorzagliatin, a novel glucokinase activator that acts on both the liver and pancreas, is in the late-stage clinical development. TTP399, a promising hepatoselective GK activator, showed a clinically significant and sustained reduction in glycated hemoglobin with a low risk of adverse effects. The successful findings generated immense interest to continue further research in finding small molecule GK activators for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The article covers different series of GK activators reported over the past decade and the structural insights into the GK-GK activator binding which, we believe will stimulate the discovery of novel GK activators to treat type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Thilagavathi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Maryam Sadat Hosseini-Zare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Manokaran Malini
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Chelliah Selvam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Texas Southern University, Houston, Texas, USA
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6
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Grewal AS, Lather V, Charaya N, Sharma N, Singh S, Kairys V. Recent Developments in Medicinal Chemistry of Allosteric Activators of Human Glucokinase for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Therapeutics. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2510-2552. [PMID: 32286938 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200414163148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucokinase (GK), a cytoplasmic enzyme catalyzes the metabolism of glucose to glucose- 6-phosphate with the help of ATP and aids in the controlling of blood glucose levels within the normal range in humans. In pancreatic β-cells, it plays a chief role by controlling the glucose-stimulated secretion of insulin and in liver hepatocyte cells, it controls the metabolism of carbohydrates. GK acts as a promising drug target for the pharmacological treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as it plays an important role in the control of carbohydrate metabolism. METHODS Data used for this review was based on the search from several science databases as well as various patent databases. The main data search terms used were allosteric GK activators, diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, glucokinase, glucokinase activators and human glucokinase. RESULTS This article discusses an overview of T2DM, the biology of GK, the role of GK in T2DM, recent updates in the development of small molecule GK activators reported in recent literature, mechanism of action of GK activators and their clinical status. CONCLUSION GK activators are the novel class of pharmacological agents that enhance the catalytic activity of GK enzyme and display their antihyperglycemic effects. Broad diversity of chemical entities including benzamide analogues, carboxamides, acrylamides, benzimidazoles, quinazolines, thiazoles, pyrimidines, pyridines, orotic acid amides, amino acid derivatives, amino phosphates and urea derivatives have been synthesized in past two decades as potent allosteric activators of GK. Presently, the pharmaceutical companies and researchers are focusing on the design and development of liver-selective GK activators for preventing the possible adverse effects associated with GK activators for the long-term treatment of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmer S Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neha Charaya
- Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Haryana, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Visvaldas Kairys
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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7
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Hinklin RJ, Baer BR, Boyd SA, Chicarelli MD, Condroski KR, DeWolf WE, Fischer J, Frank M, Hingorani GP, Lee PA, Neitzel NA, Pratt SA, Singh A, Sullivan FX, Turner T, Voegtli WC, Wallace EM, Williams L, Aicher TD. Discovery and preclinical development of AR453588 as an anti-diabetic glucokinase activator. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115232. [PMID: 31818630 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucose flux through glucokinase (GK) controls insulin release from the pancreas in response to high levels of glucose. Flux through GK is also responsible for reducing hepatic glucose output. Since many individuals with type 2 diabetes appear to have an inadequacy or defect in one or both of these processes, identifying compounds that can activate GK could provide a therapeutic benefit. Herein we report the further structure activity studies of a novel series of glucokinase activators (GKA). These studies led to the identification of pyridine 72 as a potent GKA that lowered post-prandial glucose in normal C57BL/6J mice, and after 14d dosing in ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Hinklin
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States.
| | - Brian R Baer
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Steven A Boyd
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Mark D Chicarelli
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Kevin R Condroski
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Walter E DeWolf
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - John Fischer
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Michele Frank
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Gary P Hingorani
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Patrice A Lee
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | | | - Scott A Pratt
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Ajay Singh
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | | | - Timothy Turner
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Walter C Voegtli
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Eli M Wallace
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Lance Williams
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
| | - Thomas D Aicher
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut St., Boulder, CO 80301, United States
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8
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Grewal AS, Kharb R, Prasad DN, Dua JS, Lather V. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel 3,5-disubstituted benzamide derivatives as allosteric glucokinase activators. BMC Chem 2019; 13:2. [PMID: 31384754 PMCID: PMC6661843 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0532-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) is the key enzyme expressed in β-cells of pancreas and liver hepatocytes and helps in the maintenance of blood glucose levels in normal range. Activators of GK are the novel category of drug candidates which activate GK enzyme allosterically and show their antidiabetic activity. A new series of 3,5-disubstituted benzamide analogues was designed, synthesized and evaluated as GK activators by in vitro assay as well as in silico docking studies followed by evaluation of antihyperglycemic activity in animal model. Amongst the synthesized derivatives, compounds 5c, 5f, 5i, 6c, 6e and 6h displayed excellent in vitro GK activation. Compounds 6c and 6e exhibited highest antihyperglycemic activity in oral glucose tolerance test in animal model. Compound 6e displayed most significant antihyperglycemic activity and comparable to that of standard drug in animal studies. In addition, antihyperglycemic activity of the synthesized molecules was further supported by the in silico docking studies of the synthesized derivatives in the allosteric site of GK protein.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajmer Singh Grewal
- 1Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab 140401 India.,2I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab 144601 India
| | - Rajeev Kharb
- 3Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, U.P 201303 India
| | | | | | - Viney Lather
- 3Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, U.P 201303 India.,Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy, Sirsa, Haryana 125055 India
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Grewal AS, Kharb R, Prasad DN, Dua JS, Lather V. N-pyridin-2-yl benzamide analogues as allosteric activators of glucokinase: Design, synthesis, in vitro,in silico and in vivo evaluation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 93:364-372. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajmer Singh Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy; Chitkara University; Rajpura Punjab India
- I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University; Jalandhar Punjab India
| | - Rajeev Kharb
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy; Amity University; Noida Uttar Pradesh India
| | | | | | - Viney Lather
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy; Amity University; Noida Uttar Pradesh India
- Jan Nayak Ch. Devi Lal Memorial College of Pharmacy; Sirsa Haryana India
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10
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Charaya N, Pandita D, Grewal AS, Lather V. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel thiazol-2-yl benzamide derivatives as glucokinase activators. Comput Biol Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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11
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Digwal CS, Yadav U, Ramya PVS, Swain B, Kamal A. Vanadium‐Catalyzed N‐Benzoylation of 2‐Aminopyridines via Oxidative C(CO)−C(CO) Bond Cleavage of 1,2‐Diketones, N→N′ Aroyl Migration and Hydrolysis of 2‐(Diaroylamino)pyridines. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chander Singh Digwal
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Upasana Yadav
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - P. V. Sri Ramya
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Baijayantimala Swain
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Department of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Balanagar Hyderabad 500037 India
- School of Pharmaceutical Education & ResearchJamia Hamdard University New Delhi 110062 India
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12
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Wang Z, Shi X, Zhang H, Yu L, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhou J, Chen J, Shen X, Duan W. Discovery of cycloalkyl-fused N-thiazol-2-yl-benzamides as tissue non-specific glucokinase activators: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 139:128-152. [PMID: 28800453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) activators are being developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, existing GK activators have risks of hypoglycemia caused by over-activation of GK in islet cells and dyslipidemia caused by over-activation of intrahepatic GK. In the effort to mitigate risks of hypoglycemia and dyslipidemia while maintaining the promising efficacy of GK activator, we investigated a series of cycloalkyl-fused N-thiazol-2-yl-benzamides as tissue non-specific partial GK activators, which led to the identification of compound 72 that showed a good balance between in vitro potency and enzyme kinetic parameters, and protected β-cells from streptozotocin-induced apoptosis. Chronic treatment of compound 72 demonstrated its potent activity in regulation of glucose homeostasis and low risk of dyslipidemia with diabetic db/db mice in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Moreover, acute treatment of compound 72 did not induce hypoglycemia in C57BL/6J mice even at 200 mg/kg via oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xiaofan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Liang Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yanhua Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hefeng Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Huibin Zhang
- Center of Drug Discovery, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Jinpei Zhou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Jing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Xu Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Wenhu Duan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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13
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Yellapu NK, Kilaru RB, Chamarthi N, PVGK S, Matcha B. Structure based design, synthesis and biological evaluation of amino phosphonate derivatives as human glucokinase activators. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 68:118-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Strain analysis of protein structures and low dimensionality of mechanical allosteric couplings. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E5847-E5855. [PMID: 27655887 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1609462113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In many proteins, especially allosteric proteins that communicate regulatory states from allosteric to active sites, structural deformations are functionally important. To understand these deformations, dynamical experiments are ideal but challenging. Using static structural information, although more limited than dynamical analysis, is much more accessible. Underused for protein analysis, strain is the natural quantity for studying local deformations. We calculate strain tensor fields for proteins deformed by ligands or thermal fluctuations using crystal and NMR structure ensembles. Strains-primarily shears-show deformations around binding sites. These deformations can be induced solely by ligand binding at distant allosteric sites. Shears reveal quasi-2D paths of mechanical coupling between allosteric and active sites that may constitute a widespread mechanism of allostery. We argue that strain-particularly shear-is the most appropriate quantity for analysis of local protein deformations. This analysis can reveal mechanical and biological properties of many proteins.
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15
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Structural insight into the glucokinase-ligands interactions. Molecular docking study. Comput Biol Chem 2016; 64:281-296. [PMID: 27522106 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) plays a key role in the regulation of hepatic glucose metabolism. Inactivation of GK is associated with diabetes, and an increase of its activity is linked to hypoglycemia. Possibility to regulate the GK activity using small chemical compounds as allosteric activators induces the scientific interest to the study of the activation mechanism and to the development of new allosteric glucokinase activators. Interaction of glucokinase with ligands is the first step of the complicated mechanism of regulation of the GK functioning. In this paper, we study the interaction of GK with native (glucose) and synthetic (allosteric activators) ligands using molecular docking method. Calculations demonstrate the ability of molecular docking programs to accurately reproduce crystallized ligand poses and conformations and to calculate a free energy of binding with satisfactory accuracy. Correlation between the free energy of binding and the bioactivity of activators is discussed. These results provide a new insight into protein-ligand interactions and can be used for the engineering of new activators.
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16
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Kohn TJ, Du X, Lai S, Xiong Y, Komorowski R, Veniant M, Fu Z, Jiao X, Pattaropong V, Chow D, Cardozo M, Jin L, Conn M, DeWolf WE, Kraser CF, Hinklin RJ, Boys ML, Medina JC, Houze J, Dransfield P, Coward P. 5-Alkyl-2-urea-Substituted Pyridines: Identification of Efficacious Glucokinase Activators with Improved Properties. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:666-70. [PMID: 27437074 PMCID: PMC4948010 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Two 1-(4-aryl-5-alkyl-pyridin-2-yl)-3-methylurea glucokinase activators were identified with robust in vivo efficacy. These two compounds possessed higher solubilities than the previously identified triaryl compounds (i.e., AM-2394). Structure-activity relationship studies are presented along with relevant pharmacokinetic and in vivo data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd J. Kohn
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - SuJen Lai
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - YuMei Xiong
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Renee Komorowski
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Murielle Veniant
- Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Zice Fu
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xianyun Jiao
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vatee Pattaropong
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Chow
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mario Cardozo
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lixia Jin
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marion Conn
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Walter E. DeWolf
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Ronald J. Hinklin
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Mark L. Boys
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Julio C. Medina
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan Houze
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul Dransfield
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Coward
- Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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17
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Dransfield PJ, Pattaropong V, Lai S, Fu Z, Kohn TJ, Du X, Cheng A, Xiong Y, Komorowski R, Jin L, Conn M, Tien E, DeWolf WE, Hinklin RJ, Aicher TD, Kraser CF, Boyd SA, Voegtli WC, Condroski KR, Veniant-Ellison M, Medina JC, Houze J, Coward P. Novel Series of Potent Glucokinase Activators Leading to the Discovery of AM-2394. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:714-8. [PMID: 27437083 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate. We present the structure-activity relationships leading to the discovery of AM-2394, a structurally distinct GKA. AM-2394 activates GK with an EC50 of 60 nM, increases the affinity of GK for glucose by approximately 10-fold, exhibits moderate clearance and good oral bioavailability in multiple animal models, and lowers glucose excursion following an oral glucose tolerance test in an ob/ob mouse model of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Dransfield
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vatee Pattaropong
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sujen Lai
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zice Fu
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Todd J. Kohn
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Alan Cheng
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yumei Xiong
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Renee Komorowski
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders, Comparative Biology and Safety
Sciences and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Lixia Jin
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Marion Conn
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eric Tien
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders, Comparative Biology and Safety
Sciences and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Walter E. DeWolf
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Ronald J. Hinklin
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Thomas D. Aicher
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Steven A. Boyd
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Walter C. Voegtli
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kevin R. Condroski
- Array BioPharma Inc., 3200 Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Murielle Veniant-Ellison
- Departments of Metabolic Disorders, Comparative Biology and Safety
Sciences and Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., One Amgen
Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Julio C. Medina
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan Houze
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Coward
- Departments
of Therapeutic Discovery, Metabolic Disorders, and Pharmacokinetics
and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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18
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Xu H, Sheng L, Chen W, Yuan F, Yang M, Li H, Li X, Choi J, Zhao G, Hu T, Li Y, Zhang Y, Chen L. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of novel glucokinase activator HMS5552: results from a first-in-human single ascending dose study. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:1619-26. [PMID: 27274195 PMCID: PMC4869670 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s105021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background HMS5552, a novel fourth-generation glucokinase (GK) activator, has demonstrated promising effects on glycemic control in preclinical models of type 2 diabetes. This single ascending dose study was conducted to investigate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), and pharmacodynamics (PD) of HMS5552 during its first-in-human exposure. Methods Sixty healthy subjects were enrolled. In each of six dose-cohorts (5, 10, 15, 25, 35, and 50 mg), ten subjects were randomized with eight subjects receiving the same cohort-dose of HMS5552 and two receiving placebo. Plasma HMS5552 exposure, glucose, and insulin were measured repeatedly during fasting and after a standardized meal. Assessment included safety, PK, and PD endpoints. Results HMS5552 showed dose-proportional increases in area under the curve 0 to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0–t) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). Slopes estimated by linear regression for AUC0–t and Cmax were ~1.0 (0.932 and 0.933, respectively). Geometric mean elimination half-life ranged from 4.48 to 7.51 hours and apparent clearance ranged from 11.5 to 13.1 L/h across all doses. No significant sex effect was observed in PK parameters. HMS5552 also demonstrated dose-related PD responses in terms of maximum glucose change from baseline (%) and mean glucose area under effect curve 0–4 hours change from baseline (%) (P<0.001). Fifteen adverse events were reported by nine subjects (ten with HMS5552 and five with the placebo). All adverse events were mild in intensity and resolved without any treatment. Conclusion This first-in-human single ascending dose study provided predicted PK of HMS5552 with dose-proportional increases in AUC0–t and Cmax, as well as dose-related glucose-lowering effects over the range of 5–50 mg in healthy subjects. HMS5552 at doses up to 50 mg in healthy subjects was safe and well-tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrong Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Sheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yuan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjie Yang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuening Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - John Choi
- Department of Clinical Research & Development, Hua Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyu Zhao
- Department of Clinical Research & Development, Hua Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxin Hu
- Department of Clinical Research & Development, Hua Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongguo Li
- Department of Clinical Research & Development, Hua Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research & Development, Hua Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Clinical Research & Development, Hua Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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19
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Hudson BM, Nguyen E, Tantillo DJ. The influence of intramolecular sulfur-lone pair interactions on small-molecule drug design and receptor binding. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3975-80. [PMID: 27049933 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur-lone pair interactions are important conformational control elements in sulfur-containing heterocycles that abound in pharmaceuticals, natural products, agrochemicals, polymers and other important classes of organic molecules. Nonetheless, the role of intramolecular sulfur-lone pair interactions in the binding of small molecules to receptors is often overlooked. Here we analyze the magnitudes and origins of these interactions for a variety of biologically relevant small molecules using quantum chemical and automated docking calculations. In most cases examined in this study, the lowest energy conformation of the small molecule displays a sulfur-lone pair close contact. However, docking studies, both published and new, often predict that conformations without sulfur-lone pair contacts have the best binding affinity for their respective receptors. This is a serious problem. Since many of these predicted bound conformations are not actually energetically accessible, pursuing design (e.g., drug design) around these binding modes necessarily will lead, serendipity aside, to dead end designs. Our results constitute a caution that one best not neglect these interactions when predicting the binding affinities of potential ligands (drugs or not) for hosts (enzymes, receptors, DNA, RNA, synthetic hosts). Moreover, a better understanding and awareness of sulfur-lone pair interactions should facilitate the rational modulation of host-guest interactions involving sulfur-containing molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA.
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20
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21
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Paczal A, Bálint B, Wéber C, Szabó ZB, Ondi L, Theret I, De Ceuninck F, Bernard C, Ktorza A, Perron-Sierra F, Kotschy A. Structure–Activity Relationship of Azaindole-Based Glucokinase Activators. J Med Chem 2016; 59:687-706. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Paczal
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bálint
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Wéber
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán B. Szabó
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Ondi
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | - Alain Ktorza
- Institut de Recherches Servier, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | | | - András Kotschy
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Záhony u. 7., H-1031 Budapest, Hungary
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22
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D'Antonio EL, Deinema MS, Kearns SP, Frey TA, Tanghe S, Perry K, Roy TA, Gracz HS, Rodriguez A, D'Antonio J. Structure-based approach to the identification of a novel group of selective glucosamine analogue inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi glucokinase. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 204:64-76. [PMID: 26778112 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Glucokinase and hexokinase from pathogenic protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi are potential drug targets for antiparasitic chemotherapy of Chagas' disease. These glucose kinases phosphorylate d-glucose with co-substrate ATP and yield glucose 6-phosphate and are involved in essential metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. An inhibitor class was conceived that is selective for T. cruzi glucokinase (TcGlcK) using structure-based drug design involving glucosamine having a linker from the C2 amino that terminates with a hydrophobic group either being phenyl, p-hydroxyphenyl, or dioxobenzo[b]thiophenyl groups. The synthesis and characterization for two of the four compounds are presented while the other two compounds were commercially available. Four high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of TcGlcK inhibitor complexes are reported along with enzyme inhibition constants (Ki) for TcGlcK and Homo sapiens hexokinase IV (HsHxKIV). These glucosamine analogue inhibitors include three strongly selective TcGlcK inhibitors and a fourth inhibitor, benzoyl glucosamine (BENZ-GlcN), which is a similar variant exhibiting a shorter linker. Carboxybenzyl glucosamine (CBZ-GlcN) was found to be the strongest glucokinase inhibitor known to date, having a Ki of 0.71±0.05μM. Also reported are two biologically active inhibitors against in vitro T. cruzi culture that were BENZ-GlcN and CBZ-GlcN, with intracellular amastigote growth inhibition IC50 values of 16.08±0.16μM and 48.73±0.69μM, respectively. These compounds revealed little to no toxicity against mammalian NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and provide a key starting point for further drug development with this class of compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L D'Antonio
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA.
| | - Mason S Deinema
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Sean P Kearns
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Tyler A Frey
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Scott Tanghe
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Kay Perry
- NE-CAT, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Building 436E, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Timothy A Roy
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
| | - Hanna S Gracz
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, 128 Polk Hall, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, USA
| | - Ana Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer D'Antonio
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of South Carolina Beaufort, 1 University Boulevard, Bluffton, South Carolina 29909, USA
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23
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Beno BR, Yeung KS, Bartberger MD, Pennington LD, Meanwell NA. A Survey of the Role of Noncovalent Sulfur Interactions in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4383-438. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501853m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Beno
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kap-Sun Yeung
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael D. Bartberger
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320, United States
| | - Lewis D. Pennington
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
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24
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Du X, Hinklin RJ, Xiong Y, Dransfield P, Park J, Kohn TJ, Pattaropong V, Lai S, Fu Z, Jiao X, Chow D, Jin L, Davda J, Veniant MM, Anderson DA, Baer BR, Bencsik JR, Boyd SA, Chicarelli MJ, Mohr PJ, Wang B, Condroski KR, DeWolf WE, Conn M, Tran T, Yang J, Aicher TD, Medina JC, Coward P, Houze JB. C5-Alkyl-2-methylurea-Substituted Pyridines as a New Class of Glucokinase Activators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:1284-9. [PMID: 25516785 DOI: 10.1021/ml500341w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucokinase (GK) activators represent a class of type 2 diabetes therapeutics actively pursued due to the central role that GK plays in regulating glucose homeostasis. Herein we report a novel C5-alkyl-2-methylurea-substituted pyridine series of GK activators derived from our previously reported thiazolylamino pyridine series. Our efforts in optimizing potency, enzyme kinetic properties, and metabolic stability led to the identification of compound 26 (AM-9514). This analogue showed a favorable combination of in vitro potency, enzyme kinetic properties, acceptable pharmacokinetic profiles in preclinical species, and robust efficacy in a rodent PD model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Du
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ronald J. Hinklin
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Yumei Xiong
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul Dransfield
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jaehyeon Park
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Todd J. Kohn
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vatee Pattaropong
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - SuJen Lai
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zice Fu
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xianyun Jiao
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Chow
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lixia Jin
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jasmine Davda
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Murielle M. Veniant
- Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center
Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | | | - Brian R. Baer
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Josef R. Bencsik
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Steven A. Boyd
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Peter J. Mohr
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Kevin R. Condroski
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Walter E. DeWolf
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Marion Conn
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thanhvien Tran
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jerry Yang
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas D. Aicher
- Array BioPharma, 3200
Walnut Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | - Julio C. Medina
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter Coward
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jonathan B. Houze
- Amgen, Inc., 1120 Veterans Boulevard, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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25
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Filipski KJ, Pfefferkorn JA. A patent review of glucokinase activators and disruptors of the glucokinase--glucokinase regulatory protein interaction: 2011-2014. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2014; 24:875-91. [PMID: 24821087 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2014.918957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucokinase (GK) is a key regulator of glucose homeostasis, and development of small molecule activators of this enzyme represents a promising new approach for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. AREAS COVERED This manuscript reviews small molecule patent disclosures between late 2011 and February 2014 for both GK activators (GKAs) and GK-glucokinase regulatory protein (GK-GKRP) disruptors. The review is organized by company and structural class. EXPERT OPINION The field of GKA research continues to progress, driven by research across many organizations. To date, > 20 candidates have entered clinical development with the most advanced in Phase II trials. Despite promising efficacy, a significant number of early candidates have been discontinued for various reasons including increased risk of hypoglycemia and lack of durability. Recent work in the field has focused on liver-selective activators, which have shown lower hypoglycemia risk, including the development of novel GK-GKRP disruptors that act to indirectly increase hepatic GK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Filipski
- Cardiovascular, Metabolic & Endocrine Diseases Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , 610 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA +1 617 551 3267 ; +1 617 551 3082 ;
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