1
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Huang D, Li W, Zhao Y, Xie C, Luo X, Wu F, Xu Z, Sun Q, Liu G. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids as novel xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116443. [PMID: 38691887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a key enzyme for the production of uric acid in the human body. XO inhibitors (XOIs) are clinically used for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout, as they can effectively inhibit the production of uric acid. Previous studies indicated that both indole and isoxazole derivatives have good inhibitory effects against XO. Here, we designed and synthesized a novel series of N-5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acids according to bioisosteric replacement and hybridization strategies. Among the obtained target compounds, compound 6c showed the best inhibitory activity against XO with an IC50 value of 0.13 μM, which was 22-fold higher than that of the classical antigout drug allopurinol (IC50 = 2.93 μM). Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the hydrophobic group on the nitrogen atom of the indole ring is essential for the inhibitory potencies of target compounds against XO. Enzyme kinetic studies proved that compound 6c acted as a mixed-type XOI. Molecular docking studies showed that the target compound 6c could not only retain the key interactions similar to febuxostat at the XO binding site but also generate some new interactions, such as two hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of the isoxazole ring and the amino acid residues Ser876 and Thr1010. These results indicated that 5-(1H-indol-5-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxylic acid might be an efficacious scaffold for designing novel XOIs and compound 6c has the potential to be used as a lead for further the development of novel anti-gout candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqian Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Wenye Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Yilan Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Cheng Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou City, 450001, Henan Province, PR China
| | - Fengshou Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
| | - Genyan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, PR China.
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2
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Naumchyk V, Andriashvili VA, Radchenko DS, Dudenko D, Moroz YS, Tolmachev AA, Zhersh S, Grygorenko OO. S NAr or Sulfonylation? Chemoselective Amination of Halo(het)arene Sulfonyl Halides for Synthetic Applications and Ultralarge Compound Library Design. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3161-3183. [PMID: 38383160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The chemoselectivity of halo(het)arene sulfonyl halide aminations is studied thoroughly under parallel synthesis conditions, and the scope and limitations of the method are established. It is shown that SNAr-reactive sulfonyl halides typically undergo sulfonamide synthesis during the first step; the second amination is also possible provided that the SNAr-active center is sufficiently reactive. On the contrary, sulfonyl fluorides bearing an arylating moiety undergo selective transformation at the latter reactive center under proper control. Further sulfur-fluoride exchange (SuFEx) is also possible, which can be especially valuable for some sulfonyl halide classes. The developed two-step parallel double amination protocol provides access to a 6.67-billion compound synthetically tractable REAL-type chemical space (76% expected synthesis success rate).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Naumchyk
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslav A Andriashvili
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | | | - Dmytro Dudenko
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Yurii S Moroz
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
- Chemspace, Winston Churchill Street 85, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
| | - Andrey A Tolmachev
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Serhii Zhersh
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
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3
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Urvashi, Senthil Kumar JB, Das P, Tandon V. Development of Azaindole-Based Frameworks as Potential Antiviral Agents and Their Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6454-6495. [PMID: 35477274 PMCID: PMC9063994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The azaindole (AI) framework continues to play a significant role in the design of new antiviral agents. Modulating the position and isosteric replacement of the nitrogen atom of AI analogs notably influences the intrinsic physicochemical properties of lead compounds. The intra- and intermolecular interactions of AI derivatives with host receptors or viral proteins can also be fine tuned by carefully placing the nitrogen atom in the heterocyclic core. This wide-ranging perspective article focuses on AIs that have considerable utility in drug discovery programs against RNA viruses. The inhibition of influenza A, human immunodeficiency, respiratory syncytial, neurotropic alpha, dengue, ebola, and hepatitis C viruses by AI analogs is extensively reviewed to assess their plausible future potential in antiviral drug discovery. The binding interaction of AIs with the target protein is examined to derive a structural basis for designing new antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvashi
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
- Department of Chemistry, University of
Delhi, New Delhi 110007, India
| | - J. B. Senthil Kumar
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute
of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad 826004, India
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Special Centre for
Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110
067, India
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4
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Sahoo A, Fuloria S, Swain SS, Panda SK, Sekar M, Subramaniyan V, Panda M, Jena AK, Sathasivam KV, Fuloria NK. Potential of Marine Terpenoids against SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Drug Development Approach. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111505. [PMID: 34829734 PMCID: PMC8614725 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In an emergency, drug repurposing is the best alternative option against newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, several bioactive natural products have shown potential against SARS-CoV-2 in recent studies. The present study selected sixty-eight broad-spectrum antiviral marine terpenoids and performed molecular docking against two novel SARS-CoV-2 enzymes (main protease or Mpro or 3CLpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In addition, the present study analysed the physiochemical-toxicity-pharmacokinetic profile, structural activity relationship, and phylogenetic tree with various computational tools to select the 'lead' candidate. The genomic diversity study with multiple sequence analyses and phylogenetic tree confirmed that the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 strain was up to 96% structurally similar to existing CoV-strains. Furthermore, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potency based on a protein-ligand docking score (kcal/mol) exposed that the marine terpenoid brevione F (-8.4) and stachyflin (-8.4) exhibited similar activity with the reference antiviral drugs lopinavir (-8.4) and darunavir (-7.5) against the target SARS-CoV-Mpro. Similarly, marine terpenoids such as xiamycin (-9.3), thyrsiferol (-9.2), liouvilloside B (-8.9), liouvilloside A (-8.8), and stachyflin (-8.7) exhibited comparatively higher docking scores than the referral drug remdesivir (-7.4), and favipiravir (-5.7) against the target SARS-CoV-2-RdRp. The above in silico investigations concluded that stachyflin is the most 'lead' candidate with the most potential against SARS-CoV-2. Previously, stachyflin also exhibited potential activity against HSV-1 and CoV-A59 within IC50, 0.16-0.82 µM. Therefore, some additional pharmacological studies are needed to develop 'stachyflin' as a drug against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaka Sahoo
- Department of Skin & VD, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India; (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Shivkanya Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (N.K.F.)
| | - Shasank S. Swain
- Division of Microbiology and NCDs, ICMR–Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India;
| | - Sujogya K. Panda
- Center of Environment Climate Change and Public Health, Utkal University, Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar 751004, Odisha, India;
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh 30450, Perak, Malaysia;
| | - Vetriselvan Subramaniyan
- Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom 42610, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Maitreyee Panda
- Department of Skin & VD, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India; (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Ajaya K. Jena
- Department of Skin & VD, Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India; (A.S.); (M.P.); (A.K.J.)
| | - Kathiresan V. Sathasivam
- Faculty of Applied Science, Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia;
| | - Neeraj Kumar Fuloria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Centre of Excellence for Biomaterials Engineering, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Kedah, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (S.F.); (N.K.F.)
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5
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Xu M, Paul MK, Bullard KK, DuPre C, Gutekunst WR. Modulating Twisted Amide Geometry and Reactivity Through Remote Substituent Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14657-14666. [PMID: 34463473 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The unusual reactivity of twisted amides has long been associated with the degree of amide distortion, though classical bridged bicyclic amides offer limited methods to further modify these parameters. Here, we report that the geometry and reactivity of a single twisted amide scaffold can be significantly modulated through remote substituent effects. Guided by calculated ground state geometries, a library of twisted amide derivatives was efficiently prepared through a divergent synthetic strategy. Kinetic and mechanistic investigations of these amides in the alkylation/halide-rebound ring-opening reaction with alkyl halides show a strong positive correlation between the electron donating ability of the substituent and distortion of the amide bond, leading to rates of nucleophilic substitution spanning nearly 2 orders of magnitude. The rate limiting step of the cascade sequence is found to be dependent on the nature of the substituent, and additional studies highlight the role of solvent polarity and halide ion on reaction pathway and efficiency.
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6
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Liu L, Li L, Wang X, Sun R, Zhou MD, Wang H. Mn(III)-Mediated Radical Cyclization of o-Alkenyl Aromatic Isocyanides with Boronic Acids: Access to N-Unprotected 2-Aryl-3-cyanoindoles. Org Lett 2021; 23:5826-5830. [PMID: 34323503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of N-unprotected 2-aryl-3-cyanoindoles was realized via the Mn(III)-mediated radical cascade cyclization of o-alkenyl aromatic isocyanides with boronic acids. A possible mechanism involving a sequential intermolecular radical addition, intramolecular cyclization, and cleavage of the C-C bond under mild reaction conditions is proposed. Mechanism studies show that H2O or O2 might provide the oxygen source for the elimination of benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China
| | - Ran Sun
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Dong Zhou
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China
| | - He Wang
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Fushun 113001, P. R. China
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7
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T MK, K R, James N, V S, K R. Discovery of potent Covid-19 main protease inhibitors using integrated drug-repurposing strategy. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2021; 68:712-725. [PMID: 33797130 PMCID: PMC8250478 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spreading of novel SARS-CoV-2 across the globe represent an imminent threat to public health. Novel antiviral therapies are urgently needed to overcome this pandemic. Given the significant role of the main protease of Covid-19 for virus replication, we performed a drug-repurposing study using the recently deposited main protease structure, 6LU7. For instance, pharmacophore- and e-pharmacophore-based hypotheses such as AARRH and AARR, respectively, were developed using available small molecule inhibitors and utilized in the screening of the DrugBank repository. Further, a hierarchical docking protocol was implemented with the support of the Glide algorithm. The resultant compounds were then examined for their binding free energy against the main protease of Covid-19 by means of the Prime-MM/GBSA algorithm. Most importantly, the machine learning-based AutoQSAR algorithm was used to predict the antiviral activities of resultant compounds. The hit molecules were also examined for their drug-likeness and toxicity parameters through the QikProp algorithm. Finally, the hit compounds activity against the main protease was validated using molecular dynamics simulation studies. Overall, the present analysis yielded two potential inhibitors (DB02986 and DB08573) that are predicted to bind with the main protease of Covid-19 better than currently used drug molecules such as N3 (cocrystallized native ligand), lopinavir, and ritonavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Kumar T
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio‐Sciences and TechnologyVellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreIndia
| | - Rohini K
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio‐Sciences and TechnologyVellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreIndia
| | - Nivya James
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio‐Sciences and TechnologyVellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreIndia
| | - Shanthi V
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio‐Sciences and TechnologyVellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreIndia
| | - Ramanathan K
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio‐Sciences and TechnologyVellore Institute of TechnologyVelloreIndia
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8
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Zhan L, Hu W, Wang M, Huang B, Long YQ. Imidoyl Chloride Mediated One-Pot Synthesis of 3-Electron Withdrawing Group Substituted Indoles. ACTA CHIMICA SINICA 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/a21060252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Mondal S, Malakar S. Synthesis of sulfonamide and their synthetic and therapeutic applications: Recent advances. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Hdoufane I, Bjij I, Oubahmane M, Soliman MES, Villemin D, Cherqaoui D. In silico design and analysis of NS4B inhibitors against hepatitis C virus. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 40:1915-1929. [PMID: 33118481 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1839561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus is a communicable disease that gradually harms the liver leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Important therapeutic interventions have been reached since the discovery of the disease. However, its resurgence urges the need for new approaches against this malady. The NS4B receptor is one of the important proteins for Hepatitis C Virus RNA replication that acts by mediating different viral properties. In this work, we opt to explore the relationships between the molecular structures of biologically tested NS4B inhibitors and their corresponding inhibitory activities to assist the design of novel and potent NS4B inhibitors. For that, a set of 115 indol-2-ylpyridine-3-sulfonamides (IPSA) compounds with inhibitory activity against NS4B is used. A hybrid genetic algorithm combined with multiple linear regressions (GA-MLR) was implemented to construct a predictive model. This model was further used and applied to a set of compounds that were generated based on a pharmacophore modeling study combined with virtual screening to identify structurally similar lead compounds. Multiple filtrations were implemented for selecting potent hits. The selected hits exhibited advantageous molecular features, allowing for favorable inhibitory activity against HCV. The results showed that 7 out of 1285 screened compounds, were selected as potent candidate hits where Zinc14822482 exhibits the best predicted potency and pharmacophore features. The predictive pharmacokinetic analysis further justified the compounds as potential hit molecules, prompting their recommendation for a confirmatory biological evaluation. We believe that our strategy could help in the design and screening of potential inhibitors in drug discovery.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Hdoufane
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Imane Bjij
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Marrakech, Morocco.,School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mehdi Oubahmane
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Mahmoud E S Soliman
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, South Africa
| | - Didier Villemin
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs (E.N.S.I.) I. S. M. R. A., LCMT, UMR CNRS n° 6507, Caen, France
| | - Driss Cherqaoui
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Semlalia, Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry, Marrakech, Morocco
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11
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Wu J, Liu J, Zhou K, He Z, Wang Q, Wu F, Miao T, Qian J, Shi Q. Efficient construction of diverse 3-cyanoindoles under novel tandem catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:12660-12663. [PMID: 32966377 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05439a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel and rapid construction of 3-cyanoindoles by palladium-catalyzed tandem reactions has been developed. "N-H" free unprotected, N-alkyl and N-aryl 3-cyanoindoles are obtained with good to excellent yields. The usefulness of this synthetic approach is further demonstrated by the successful synthesis of practical compounds such as the therapeutic estrogen receptor ligand A precursor. Mechanism study shows that the tandem catalysis exploits a Suzuki cross-coupling with subsequent base-induced isoxazole fragmentation, followed by the aldimine condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Jiabin Liu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Kerui Zhou
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Zhenni He
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Fen Wu
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Tingting Miao
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Jinjie Qian
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
| | - Qian Shi
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, P. R. China.
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12
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Warner CC, Thooft AM, Norris SR, Lampkin BJ, Demirci SK, VanVeller B. The Malleable Excited States of Benzothiadiazole Dyes and Investigation of their Potential for Photochemical Control. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea M. Thooft
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50010 USA
| | - Sean R. Norris
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50010 USA
| | - Bryan J. Lampkin
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50010 USA
| | | | - Brett VanVeller
- Department of Chemistry Iowa State University Ames Iowa 50010 USA
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13
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Johnson BM, Shu YZ, Zhuo X, Meanwell NA. Metabolic and Pharmaceutical Aspects of Fluorinated Compounds. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6315-6386. [PMID: 32182061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The applications of fluorine in drug design continue to expand, facilitated by an improved understanding of its effects on physicochemical properties and the development of synthetic methodologies that are providing access to new fluorinated motifs. In turn, studies of fluorinated molecules are providing deeper insights into the effects of fluorine on metabolic pathways, distribution, and disposition. Despite the high strength of the C-F bond, the departure of fluoride from metabolic intermediates can be facile. This reactivity has been leveraged in the design of mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors and has influenced the metabolic fate of fluorinated compounds. In this Perspective, we summarize the literature associated with the metabolism of fluorinated molecules, focusing on examples where the presence of fluorine influences the metabolic profile. These studies have revealed potentially problematic outcomes with some fluorinated motifs and are enhancing our understanding of how fluorine should be deployed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Johnson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Xiaoliang Zhuo
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, 100 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 and Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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14
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Azzam RA, Osman RR, Elgemeie GH. Efficient Synthesis and Docking Studies of Novel Benzothiazole-Based Pyrimidinesulfonamide Scaffolds as New Antiviral Agents and Hsp90α Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1640-1655. [PMID: 32010839 PMCID: PMC6990646 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel substituted 2-pyrimidylbenzothiazoles incorporating either sulfonamide moieties or the amino group at C2 of the pyrimidine ring were synthesized and evaluated for its antiviral potency. The novel synthesis of the ring system was carried out by reacting guanidine or N-arylsulfonated guanidine with different derivatives of ylidene benzothiazole based on Michael addition pathways. The antiviral activity of the newly synthesized compounds was examined by a plaque reduction assay against HSV-1, CBV4, HAV HM 175, HCVcc genotype 4 viruses, and HAdV7. In the case of HSV-1, it was determined that 5 out of the 21 synthesized compounds exhibited superior viral reduction in the range of 70-90% with significant IC50, CC50, and SI values as compared with acyclovir. In the case of CBV4, nine compounds have shown more than 50% reduction. Comparable results were obtained for seven of these synthesized compounds when evaluated against HAV with only a couple of them showing 50% reduction or more against HCVcc genotype 4. Remarkably, one compound, 9a, has shown broad action against all five examined viruses, rendering it as potentially an effective antiviral agent. The five potent compounds 9a, 9b, 14b, 14g, and 14h against HSV-1 have also presented inhibitory activity against the Hsp90α protein with IC50 in the range of 4.87-10.47 μg/mL. Interestingly, a combination of the potent synthesized compounds with acyclovir led to IC50 values lower than that of acyclovir alone. The potent compounds 9a, 9b, 14b, 14g, and 14h were also docked inside the active site of Hsp90α to assess the interaction pattern between the tested compounds and the active site of the protein.
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15
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Zhao C, Rakesh KP, Ravidar L, Fang WY, Qin HL. Pharmaceutical and medicinal significance of sulfur (S VI)-Containing motifs for drug discovery: A critical review. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 162:679-734. [PMID: 30496988 PMCID: PMC7111228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (SVI) based moieties, especially, the sulfonyl or sulfonamide based analogues have showed a variety of pharmacological properties, and its derivatives propose a high degree of structural diversity that has established useful for the finding of new therapeutic agents. The developments of new less toxic, low cost and highly active sulfonamides containing analogues are hot research topics in medicinal chemistry. Currently, more than 150 FDA approved Sulfur (SVI)-based drugs are available in the market, and they are widely used to treat various types of diseases with therapeutic power. This comprehensive review highlights the recent developments of sulfonyl or sulfonamides based compounds in huge range of therapeutic applications such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticonvulsant, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antileishmanial, carbonic anhydrase, antimalarial, anticancer and other medicinal agents. We believe that, this review article is useful to inspire new ideas for structural design and developments of less toxic and powerful Sulfur (SVI) based drugs against the numerous death-causing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China
| | - K P Rakesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China.
| | - L Ravidar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China
| | - Wan-Yin Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, 205 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, 430070, PR, China.
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16
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Sanna G, Madeddu S, Giliberti G, Piras S, Struga M, Wrzosek M, Kubiak-Tomaszewska G, Koziol AE, Savchenko O, Lis T, Stefanska J, Tomaszewski P, Skrzycki M, Szulczyk D. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Indole-Derived Thioureas. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102554. [PMID: 30301264 PMCID: PMC6222422 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethylthiourea derivatives were prepared by condensation of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine with appropriate aryl/alkylisothiocyanates in anhydrous media. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic analysis and the molecular structures of 8 and 28 were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. All obtained compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative rods and for antifungal activity. Microbiological evaluation was carried out over 20 standard strains and 30 hospital strains. Compound 6 showed significant inhibition against Gram-positive cocci and had inhibitory effect on the S. aureus topoisomerase IV decatenation activity and S. aureus DNA gyrase supercoiling activity. Compounds were tested for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against a large panel of DNA and RNA viruses, including HIV-1 and other several important human pathogens. Interestingly, derivative 8 showed potent activity against HIV-1 wild type and variants bearing clinically relevant mutations. Newly synthesized tryptamine derivatives showed also a wide spectrum activity, proving to be active against positive- and negative-sense RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Silvia Madeddu
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Giliberti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
| | - Sandra Piras
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, First Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Grażyna Kubiak-Tomaszewska
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna E Koziol
- Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | | | - Tadeusz Lis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Univeristy of Wrocław, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joanna Stefanska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University, 02-007 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Piotr Tomaszewski
- Department of Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Michał Skrzycki
- Department of Biochemistry, Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Daniel Szulczyk
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, First Faculty of Medicine, Medical University, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.
- Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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17
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Nosova EV, Lipunova GN, Charushin VN, Chupakhin ON. Fluorine-containing indoles: Synthesis and biological activity. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Smedley CJ, Stanley PA, Qazzaz ME, Prota AE, Olieric N, Collins H, Eastman H, Barrow AS, Lim KH, Kam TS, Smith BJ, Duivenvoorden HM, Parker BS, Bradshaw TD, Steinmetz MO, Moses JE. Sustainable Syntheses of (-)-Jerantinines A & E and Structural Characterisation of the Jerantinine-Tubulin Complex at the Colchicine Binding Site. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10617. [PMID: 30006510 PMCID: PMC6045569 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28880-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The jerantinine family of Aspidosperma indole alkaloids from Tabernaemontana corymbosa are potent microtubule-targeting agents with broad spectrum anticancer activity. The natural supply of these precious metabolites has been significantly disrupted due to the inclusion of T. corymbosa on the endangered list of threatened species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. This report describes the asymmetric syntheses of (-)-jerantinines A and E from sustainably sourced (-)-tabersonine, using a straight-forward and robust biomimetic approach. Biological investigations of synthetic (-)-jerantinine A, along with molecular modelling and X-ray crystallography studies of the tubulin-(-)-jerantinine B acetate complex, advocate an anticancer mode of action of the jerantinines operating via microtubule disruption resulting from binding at the colchicine site. This work lays the foundation for accessing useful quantities of enantiomerically pure jerantinine alkaloids for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Smedley
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Paul A Stanley
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Mohannad E Qazzaz
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Olieric
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Hilary Collins
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Harry Eastman
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Andrew S Barrow
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Kuan-Hon Lim
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Toh-Seok Kam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Brian J Smith
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | | | - Belinda S Parker
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Tracey D Bradshaw
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - John E Moses
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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19
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1352] [Impact Index Per Article: 225.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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20
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Zhang L, Tan J, Han D, Zhu H. From machine learning to deep learning: progress in machine intelligence for rational drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1680-1685. [PMID: 28881183 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Machine intelligence, which is normally presented as artificial intelligence, refers to the intelligence exhibited by computers. In the history of rational drug discovery, various machine intelligence approaches have been applied to guide traditional experiments, which are expensive and time-consuming. Over the past several decades, machine-learning tools, such as quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, were developed that can identify potential biological active molecules from millions of candidate compounds quickly and cheaply. However, when drug discovery moved into the era of 'big' data, machine learning approaches evolved into deep learning approaches, which are a more powerful and efficient way to deal with the massive amounts of data generated from modern drug discovery approaches. Here, we summarize the history of machine learning and provide insight into recently developed deep learning approaches and their applications in rational drug discovery. We suggest that this evolution of machine intelligence now provides a guide for early-stage drug design and discovery in the current big data era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jianjun Tan
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Dan Han
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China; Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Camden, NJ 08102, USA; The Rutgers Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Camden, NJ 08102, USA.
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21
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Jin G, Lee J, Lee K. Chemical genetics-based development of small molecules targeting hepatitis C virus. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1021-1036. [PMID: 28856597 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem that has emerged as one of the most significant diseases affecting humans. There are currently no vaccines or efficient therapies without side effects, despite today's advanced medical technology. Currently, the common therapy for most patients (i.e. genotype 1) is combination of HCV-specific direct-acting antivirals (DAAs). Up to 2011, the standard of care (SOC) was a combination of peg-IFNα with ribavirin (RBV). After approval of NS3/4A protease inhibitor, SOC was peg-IFNα and RBV with either the first-generation DAAs boceprevir or telaprevir. In the past several years, various novel small molecules have been discovered and some of them (i.e., HCV polymerase, protease, helicase and entry inhibitors) have undergone clinical trials. Between 2013 and 2016, the second-generation DAA drugs simeprevir, asunaprevir, daclatasvir, dasabuvir, sofosbuvir, and elbasvir were approved, as well as the combinational drugs Harvoni®, Zepatier®, Technivie®, and Epclusa®. A number of reviews have been recently published describing the structure-activity relationship (SAR) in the development of HCV inhibitors and outlining current therapeutic approaches to hepatitis C infection. Target identification involves studying a drug's mechanism of action (MOA), and a variety of target identification methods have been developed in the past few years. Chemical biology has emerged as a powerful tool for studying biological processes using small molecules. The use of chemical genetic methods is a valuable strategy for studying the molecular mechanisms of the viral lifecycle and screening for anti-viral agents. Two general screening approaches have been employed: forward and reverse chemical genetics. This review reveals information on the small molecules in HCV drug discovery by using chemical genetics for targeting the HCV protein and describes successful examples of targets identified with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghai Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang, 10326, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Current therapy for chronic hepatitis C: The role of direct-acting antivirals. Antiviral Res 2017; 142:83-122. [PMID: 28238877 PMCID: PMC7172984 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most exciting developments in antiviral research has been the discovery of the direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) that effectively cure chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. Based on more than 100 clinical trials and real-world studies, we provide a comprehensive overview of FDA-approved therapies and newly discovered anti-HCV agents with a special focus on drug efficacy, mechanisms of action, and safety. We show that HCV drug development has advanced in multiple aspects: (i) interferon-based regimens were replaced by interferon-free regimens; (ii) genotype-specific drugs evolved to drugs for all HCV genotypes; (iii) therapies based upon multiple pills per day were simplified to a single pill per day; (iv) drug potency increased from moderate (∼60%) to high (>90%) levels of sustained virologic responses; (v) treatment durations were shortened from 48 to 12 or 8 weeks; and (vi) therapies could be administered orally regardless of prior treatment history and cirrhotic status. However, despite these remarkable achievements made in HCV drug discovery, challenges remain in the management of difficult-to-treat patients. HCV genotype-specific drugs evolve to pan-genotypic drugs. Drug potency increases from moderate (∼60%) to high (>90%) levels of sustained virologic response. Treatment durations are shortened from a 48-week to 12-week or 8-week period. HCV therapies based upon multiple pills per day are simplified to a single pill per day. HCV therapies are administered orally regardless of prior treatment history and cirrhotic status.
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23
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The new facile and straightforward method for the synthesis of 4 H -1,2,3-thiadiazolo[5,4- b ]indoles and determination of their antiproliferative activity. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 108:245-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Zhang N, Turpoff A, Zhang X, Huang S, Liu Y, Almstead N, Njoroge FG, Gu Z, Graci J, Jung SP, Pichardo J, Colacino J, Lahser F, Ingravallo P, Weetall M, Nomeir A, Karp GM. Discovery of 2-(4-sulfonamidophenyl)-indole 3-carboxamides as potent and selective inhibitors with broad hepatitis C virus genotype activity targeting HCV NS4B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:594-601. [PMID: 26652483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of 2-(4-sulfonamidophenyl)-indole 3-carboxamides was identified and optimized for activity against the HCV genotype 1b replicon resulting in compounds with potent and selective activity. Further evaluation of this series demonstrated potent activity across HCV genotypes 1a, 2a and 3a. Compound 4z had reduced activity against HCV genotype 1b replicons containing single mutations in the NS4B coding sequence (F98C and V105M) indicating that NS4B is the target. This novel series of 2-(4-sulfonamidophenyl)-indole 3-carboxamides serves as a promising starting point for a pan-genotype HCV discovery program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanjing Zhang
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Anthony Turpoff
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Song Huang
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Yalei Liu
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Neil Almstead
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - F George Njoroge
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Zhengxian Gu
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Jason Graci
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Stephen P Jung
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - John Pichardo
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Joseph Colacino
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Fred Lahser
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Paul Ingravallo
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Marla Weetall
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Amin Nomeir
- Merck Research Laboratories, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Gary M Karp
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
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25
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Cannalire R, Barreca ML, Manfroni G, Cecchetti V. A Journey around the Medicinal Chemistry of Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors Targeting NS4B: From Target to Preclinical Drug Candidates. J Med Chem 2015; 59:16-41. [PMID: 26241789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a global health burden with an estimated 130-170 million chronically infected individuals and is the cause of serious liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV NS4B protein represents a validated target for the identification of new drugs to be added to the combination regimen recently approved. During the last years, NS4B has thus been the object of impressive medicinal chemistry efforts, which led to the identification of promising preclinical candidates. In this context, the present review aims to discuss research published on NS4B functional inhibitors focusing the attention on hit identification, hit-to-lead optimization, ADME profile evaluation, and the structure-activity relationship data raised for each compound family taken into account. The information delivered in this review will be a useful and valuable tool for those medicinal chemists dealing with research programs focused on NS4B and aimed at the identification of innovative anti-HCV compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Cannalire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Barreca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Manfroni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Violetta Cecchetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Perugia , Via A. Fabretti, 48-06123 Perugia, Italy
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26
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Preclinical Characterization and In Vivo Efficacy of GSK8853, a Small-Molecule Inhibitor of the Hepatitis C Virus NS4B Protein. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:6539-50. [PMID: 26259798 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00813-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) NS4B protein is an antiviral therapeutic target for which small-molecule inhibitors have not been shown to exhibit in vivo efficacy. We describe here the in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity of GSK8853, an imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine inhibitor that binds NS4B protein. GSK8853 was active against multiple HCV genotypes and developed in vitro resistance mutations in both genotype 1a and genotype 1b replicons localized to the region of NS4B encoding amino acids 94 to 105. A 20-day in vitro treatment of replicons with GSK8853 resulted in a 2-log drop in replicon RNA levels, with no resistance mutation breakthrough. Chimeric replicons containing NS4B sequences matching known virus isolates showed similar responses to a compound with genotype 1a sequences but altered efficacy with genotype 1b sequences, likely corresponding to the presence of known resistance polymorphs in those isolates. In vivo efficacy was tested in a humanized-mouse model of HCV infection, and the results showed a 3-log drop in viral RNA loads over a 7-day period. Analysis of the virus remaining at the end of in vivo treatment revealed resistance mutations encoding amino acid changes that had not been identified by in vitro studies, including NS4B N56I and N99H. Our findings provide an in vivo proof of concept for HCV inhibitors targeting NS4B and demonstrate both the promise and potential pitfalls of developing NS4B inhibitors.
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27
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Wang NY, Xu Y, Zuo WQ, Xiao KJ, Liu L, Zeng XX, You XY, Zhang LD, Gao C, Liu ZH, Ye TH, Xia Y, Xiong Y, Song XJ, Lei Q, Peng CT, Tang H, Yang SY, Wei YQ, Yu LT. Discovery of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole HCV NS4B inhibitors exhibiting synergistic effect with other direct-acting antiviral agents. J Med Chem 2015; 58:2764-78. [PMID: 25710739 DOI: 10.1021/jm501934n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and SAR studies of novel inhibitors of HCV NS4B based on the imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole scaffold were described. Optimization of potency with respect to genotype 1b resulted in the discovery of two potent leads 26f (EC50 = 16 nM) and 28g (EC50 = 31 nM). The resistance profile studies revealed that 26f and 28g targeted HCV NS4B, more precisely the second amphipathic α helix of NS4B (4BAH2). Cross-resistance between our 4BAH2 inhibitors and other direct-acting antiviral agents targeting NS3/4A, NS5A, and NS5B was not observed. For the first time, the synergism of a series of combinations based on 4BAH2 inhibitors was evaluated. The results demonstrated that our 4BAH2 inhibitor 26f was synergistic with NS3/4A inhibitor simeprevir, NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir, and NS5B inhibitor sofosbuvir, and it could also reduce the dose of these drugs at almost all effect levels. Our study suggested that favorable effects could be achieved by combining 4BAH2 inhibitors such as 26f with these approved drugs and that new all-oral antiviral combinations based on 4BAH2 inhibitors were worth developing to supplement or even replace current treatment regimens for curing HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Yu Wang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Xu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei-Qiong Zuo
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kun-Jie Xiao
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Liu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiu-Xiu Zeng
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xin-Yu You
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Li-Dan Zhang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Chao Gao
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Hao Liu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ting-Hong Ye
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Xia
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xue-Jiao Song
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qian Lei
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cui-Ting Peng
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.,‡Department of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Hong Tang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Yang
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yu-Quan Wei
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Luo-Ting Yu
- §State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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28
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6-(Azaindol-2-yl)pyridine-3-sulfonamides as potent and selective inhibitors targeting hepatitis C virus NS4B. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:781-6. [PMID: 25613678 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship investigation of various 6-(azaindol-2-yl)pyridine-3-sulfonamides using the HCV replicon cell culture assay led to the identification of a potent series of 7-azaindoles that target the hepatitis C virus NS4B. Compound 2ac, identified via further optimization of the series, has excellent potency against the HCV 1b replicon with an EC50 of 2nM and a selectivity index of >5000 with respect to cellular GAPDH RNA. Compound 2ac also has excellent oral plasma exposure levels in rats, dogs and monkeys and has a favorable liver to plasma distribution profile in rats.
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29
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Abstract
Since its first use in the steroid field in the late 1950s, the use of fluorine in medicinal chemistry has become commonplace, with the small electronegative fluorine atom being a key part of the medicinal chemist's repertoire of substitutions used to modulate all aspects of molecular properties including potency, physical chemistry and pharmacokinetics. This review will highlight the special nature of fluorine, drawing from a survey of marketed fluorinated pharmaceuticals and the medicinal chemistry literature, to illustrate key concepts exploited by medicinal chemists in their attempts to optimize drug molecules. Some of the potential pitfalls in the use of fluorine will also be highlighted.
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30
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Coffman KC, Duong V, Bagdasarian AL, Fettinger JC, Haddadin MJ, Kurth MJ. Heterocycle-to-Heterocycle Route to Quinoline-4-amines: Reductive Heterocyclization of 3-(2-Nitrophenyl)isoxazoles. European J Org Chem 2014; 2014:7651-7657. [PMID: 26257574 PMCID: PMC4524663 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A variety of quinoline-4-amines were synthesized from substituted 3-(2-nitrophenyl)isoxazoles utilizing Zn0 or Fe0 dust and HOAc via a reductive heterocyclization process. The starting isoxazoles were synthesized from readily available starting materials. A brief survey of functional groups tolerated in this reductive heterocyclization was performed and several 10-amino-3,4-dihydrobenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridin-1(2H)-one and 9-amino-3,4-dihydroacridin-1(2H)-one examples were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith C. Coffman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, http://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/faculty/department_faculty/mark_kurth.html
| | - Vy Duong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, http://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/faculty/department_faculty/mark_kurth.html
| | - Alex L. Bagdasarian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, http://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/faculty/department_faculty/mark_kurth.html
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, http://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/faculty/department_faculty/mark_kurth.html
| | - Makhlouf J. Haddadin
- Department of Chemistry, Department American University of Beirut, Institution, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mark J. Kurth
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, http://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/faculty/department_faculty/mark_kurth.html
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31
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Loach R, Fenton OS, Amaike K, Siegel DS, Ozkal E, Movassaghi M. C7-derivatization of C3-alkylindoles including tryptophans and tryptamines. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11254-63. [PMID: 25343326 PMCID: PMC4241164 DOI: 10.1021/jo502062z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A versatile strategy for C7-selective boronation of tryptophans, tryptamines, and 3-alkylindoles by way of a single-pot C2/C7-diboronation-C2-protodeboronation sequence is described. The combination of a mild iridium-catalyzed C2/C7-diboronation followed by an in situ palladium-catalyzed C2-protodeboronation allows efficient entry to valuable C7-boroindoles that enable further C7-derivatization. The versatility of the chemistry is highlighted by the gram-scale synthesis of C7-boronated N-Boc-L-tryptophan methyl ester and the rapid synthesis of C7-halo, C7-hydroxy, and C7-aryl tryptophan derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard
P. Loach
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Owen S. Fenton
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kazuma Amaike
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dustin S. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Erhan Ozkal
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mohammad Movassaghi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue 18-292, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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32
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Wu MJ, Ke PY, Hsu JTA, Yeh CT, Horng JT. Reticulon 3 interacts with NS4B of the hepatitis C virus and negatively regulates viral replication by disrupting NS4B self-interaction. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1603-18. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jhan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Po-Yuan Ke
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - John T.-A. Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research; National Health Research Institutes; Miaoli Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ting Yeh
- Liver Research Center; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Taoyuan Taiwan
| | - Jim-Tong Horng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections; College of Medicine; Chang Gung University; Taoyuan Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Taoyuan Taiwan
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33
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De Clercq E. Current race in the development of DAAs (direct-acting antivirals) against HCV. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:441-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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34
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Phillips B, Cai R, Delaney W, Du Z, Ji M, Jin H, Lee J, Li J, Niedziela-Majka A, Mish M, Pyun HJ, Saugier J, Tirunagari N, Wang J, Yang H, Wu Q, Sheng C, Zonte C. Highly potent HCV NS4B inhibitors with activity against multiple genotypes. J Med Chem 2014; 57:2161-6. [PMID: 24512292 DOI: 10.1021/jm401646w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The exploration of novel inhibitors of the HCV NS4B protein that are based on a 2-oxadiazoloquinoline scaffold is described. Optimization to incorporate activity across genotypes led to a potent new series with broad activity, of which inhibitor 1 displayed the following EC50 values: 1a, 0.08 nM; 1b, 0.10 nM; 2a, 3 nM; 2b, 0.6 nM, 3a, 3.7 nM; 4a, 0.9 nM; 6a, 3.1 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton Phillips
- Gilead Sciences , 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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