1
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Schaefer S, Ziegler F, Lang T, Steuer A, Di Pizio A, Behrens M. Membrane-bound chemoreception of bitter bile acids and peptides is mediated by the same subset of bitter taste receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:217. [PMID: 38748186 PMCID: PMC11096235 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The vertebrate sense of taste allows rapid assessment of the nutritional quality and potential presence of harmful substances prior to ingestion. Among the five basic taste qualities, salty, sour, sweet, umami, and bitter, bitterness is associated with the presence of putative toxic substances and elicits rejection behaviors in a wide range of animals including humans. However, not all bitter substances are harmful, some are thought to be health-beneficial and nutritious. Among those compound classes that elicit a bitter taste although being non-toxic and partly even essential for humans are bitter peptides and L-amino acids. Using functional heterologous expression assays, we observed that the 5 dominant human bitter taste receptors responsive to bitter peptides and amino acids are activated by bile acids, which are notorious for their extreme bitterness. We further demonstrate that the cross-reactivity of bitter taste receptors for these two different compound classes is evolutionary conserved and can be traced back to the amphibian lineage. Moreover, we show that the cross-detection by some receptors relies on "structural mimicry" between the very bitter peptide L-Trp-Trp-Trp and bile acids, whereas other receptors exhibit a phylogenetic conservation of this trait. As some bile acid-sensitive bitter taste receptor genes fulfill dual-roles in gustatory and non-gustatory systems, we suggest that the phylogenetic conservation of the rather surprising cross-detection of the two substance classes could rely on a gene-sharing-like mechanism in which the non-gustatory function accounts for the bitter taste response to amino acids and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Schaefer
- TUM Graduate School, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Ziegler
- TUM Graduate School, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Tatjana Lang
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexandra Steuer
- TUM Graduate School, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Chemoinformatics and Protein Modelling, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Maik Behrens
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner-Strasse 34, 85354, Freising, Germany.
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2
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Chen Y, Lin L, Yang C, Li T, Li Y, Wang J, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Su G. Ginsenoside AD-2 Ameliorating Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Activation in HSC-T6 Cells and Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatic Fibrosis in Mice via Regulation of VD-VDR Axis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:3459-3471. [PMID: 36644954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside 25-hydroxy protopanaxadiol (AD-2) isolated from ginseng was proved to have anti-hepatic fibrosis (HF) effect in our previous study. But the mechanism is unknown. The present study investigated the anti-HF effects and mechanisms of AD-2 on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation in HSC-T6 cells and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis (HF) in mice. Results showed that AD-2 significantly inhibited the LPS-induced activated HSC-T6 cells in vitro and markedly reduced the serum transaminase and hydroxyproline levels, pathological changes, and hepatic body ratio in CCl4-induced HF mice, indicating AD-2 ameliorated liver injury and reversed HF notably. Moreover, AD-2 decreased the expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and MMP2, and maintained TIMP1/MMP9 in balance with the level of vitamin D (VD) and the expression of VD nuclear receptor (VDR) and Sirt3 increased. In conclusion, the anti-HF mechanism of AD-2 is related to the inhibition of HSC activation, promotion of collagen degradation, and regulation of the VD/VDR axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Lizhen Lin
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chunhong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Tao Li
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Basic Medical Teaching and Research Department, Liaoning Vocational College of Medicine, Shenyang 110101, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery, Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yanling Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Yuqing Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
| | - Guangyue Su
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
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3
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Sigüeiro R, Bianchetti L, Peluso-Iltis C, Chalhoub S, Dejaegere A, Osz J, Rochel N. Advances in Vitamin D Receptor Function and Evolution Based on the 3D Structure of the Lamprey Ligand-Binding Domain. J Med Chem 2022; 65:5821-5829. [PMID: 35302785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) regulates many physiological processes in vertebrates by binding to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that jawless fishes are the most basal vertebrates exhibiting a VDR gene. To elucidate the mechanism driving VDR activation during evolution, we determined the crystal structure of the VDR ligand-binding domain (LBD) complex from the basal vertebratePetromyzon marinus, sea lamprey (lVDR). Comparison of three-dimensional crystal structures of the lVDR-1,25D3 complex with higher vertebrate VDR-1,25D3 structures suggests that 1,25D3 binds to lVDR similarly to human VDR, but with unique features for lVDR around linker regions between H11 and H12 and between H9 and H10. These structural differences may contribute to the marked species differences in transcriptional responses. Furthermore, residue co-evolution analysis of VDR across vertebrates identifies amino acid positions in H9 and the large insertion domain VDR LBD specific as correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Sigüeiro
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Laurent Bianchetti
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Sandra Chalhoub
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Annick Dejaegere
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Judit Osz
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
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4
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Issa NT, Wathieu H, Glasgow E, Peran I, Parasido E, Li T, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Rosenthal D, Medvedev AV, Makarov SS, Albanese C, Byers SW, Dakshanamurthy S. A novel chemo-phenotypic method identifies mixtures of salpn, vitamin D3, and pesticides involved in the development of colorectal and pancreatic cancer. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 233:113330. [PMID: 35189517 PMCID: PMC10202418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemical (EC) exposures and our interactions with them has significantly increased in the recent decades. Toxicity associated biological characterization of these chemicals is challenging and inefficient, even with available high-throughput technologies. In this report, we describe a novel computational method for characterizing toxicity, associated biological perturbations and disease outcome, called the Chemo-Phenotypic Based Toxicity Measurement (CPTM). CPTM is used to quantify the EC "toxicity score" (Zts), which serves as a holistic metric of potential toxicity and disease outcome. CPTM quantitative toxicity is the measure of chemical features, biological phenotypic effects, and toxicokinetic properties of the ECs. For proof-of-concept, we subject ECs obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) database to the CPTM. We validated the CPTM toxicity predictions by correlating 'Zts' scores with known toxicity effects. We also confirmed the CPTM predictions with in-vitro, and in-vivo experiments. In in-vitro and zebrafish models, we showed that, mixtures of the motor oil and food additive 'Salpn' with endogenous nuclear receptor ligands such as Vitamin D3, dysregulated the nuclear receptors and key transcription pathways involved in Colorectal Cancer. Further, in a human patient derived cell organoid model, we found that a mixture of the widely used pesticides 'Tetramethrin' and 'Fenpropathrin' significantly impacts the population of patient derived pancreatic cancer cells and 3D organoid models to support rapid PDAC disease progression. The CPTM method is, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive toxico-physicochemical, and phenotypic bionetwork-based platform for efficient high-throughput screening of environmental chemical toxicity, mechanisms of action, and connection to disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiem T Issa
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Henri Wathieu
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Eric Glasgow
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Ivana Peran
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Erika Parasido
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Tianqi Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Dean Rosenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | | | - Christopher Albanese
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Stephen W Byers
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Sivanesan Dakshanamurthy
- Department of Oncology, and Molecular and Experimental Therapeutic Research in Oncology Program, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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5
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Yoshihara A, Kawasaki H, Masuno H, Takada K, Numoto N, Ito N, Hirata N, Kanda Y, Ishizawa M, Makishima M, Kagechika H, Tanatani A. Lithocholic Acid Amides as Potent Vitamin D Receptor Agonists. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010130. [PMID: 35053278 PMCID: PMC8773473 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1α,25(OH)2D3, 1] is an active form of vitamin D3 and regulates various biological phenomena, including calcium and phosphate homeostasis, bone metabolism, and immune response via binding to and activation of vitamin D receptor (VDR). Lithocholic acid (LCA, 2) was identified as a second endogenous agonist of VDR, though its potency is very low. However, the lithocholic acid derivative 3 (Dcha-20) is a more potent agonist than 1α,25(OH)2D3, (1), and its carboxyl group has similar interactions to the 1,3-dihydroxyl groups of 1 with amino acid residues in the VDR ligand-binding pocket. Here, we designed and synthesized amide derivatives of 3 in order to clarify the role of the carboxyl group. The synthesized amide derivatives showed HL-60 cell differentiation-inducing activity with potency that depended upon the substituent on the amide nitrogen atom. Among them, the N-cyanoamide 6 is more active than either 1 or 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayana Yoshihara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (A.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Haru Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (A.Y.); (H.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Masuno
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan;
| | - Koki Takada
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (K.T.); (N.N.); (N.I.)
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (K.T.); (N.N.); (N.I.)
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; (K.T.); (N.N.); (N.I.)
| | - Naoya Hirata
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan; (N.H.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yasunari Kanda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki 210-9501, Japan; (N.H.); (Y.K.)
| | - Michiyasu Ishizawa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (M.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Ohyaguchikamimachi, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (M.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan;
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (A.T.)
| | - Aya Tanatani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan; (A.Y.); (H.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (A.T.)
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6
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Yu OB, Webb DA, Di Milo ES, Mutchie TR, Teske KA, Chen T, Lin W, Peluso-Iltis C, Rochel N, Helmstädter M, Merk D, Arnold LA. Biological evaluation and synthesis of calcitroic acid. Bioorg Chem 2021; 116:105310. [PMID: 34482171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and broad profiling of calcitroic acid (CTA) as vitamin D receptor (VDR) ligand. The x-ray co-crystal structure of the Danio Rerio VDR ligand binding domain in complex with CTA and peptide MED1 confirmed an agonistic conformation of the receptor. CTA adopted a similar conformation as 1,25(OH)2D3 in the binding pocket. A hydrogen bond with His333 and a water molecule were observed in the binding pocket, which was accommodated due to the shorter CTA side chain. In contrast, 1,25(OH)2D3 interacted with His423 and His333 due to its longer side chain. In vitro, the EC50 values of CTA and CTA-ME for VDR-mediated transcription were 2.89 µM and 0.66 µM, respectively, confirming both compounds as VDR agonists. CTA was further evaluated for interaction with fourteen nuclear receptors demonstrating selective activation of VDR. VDR mediated gene regulation by CTA in intestinal cells was observed for the VDR target gene CYP24A1. CTA at 10 µM upregulated CYP24A1 with similar efficacy as 1,25(OH)2D3 at 20 nM and 100-fold stronger compared to lithocholic acid at 10 µM. CTA reduced the transcription of iNOS and IL-1β in interferon γ and lipopolysaccharide stimulated mouse macrophages resulting in a reduction of nitric oxide production and secretion of IL-1β. These observed anti-inflammatory properties of 20 µM CTA were similar to 20 nM 1,25(OH)2D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia B Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, 3210 N Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Daniel A Webb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, 3210 N Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Elliot S Di Milo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, 3210 N Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Tania R Mutchie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, 3210 N Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Kelly A Teske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, 3210 N Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM, U1258/CNRS, UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM, U1258/CNRS, UMR 7104, University of Strasbourg, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Moritz Helmstädter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, 3210 N Cramer Street, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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7
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González CM, Gaikwad S, Lasanta G, Loureiro J, Nilsson N, Peluso-Iltis C, Rochel N, Mouriño A. Design, synthesis and evaluation of side-chain hydroxylated derivatives of lithocholic acid as potent agonists of the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Bioorg Chem 2021; 115:105202. [PMID: 34339974 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A high number of biologically active and low-calcemic secosteroidal ligands of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been developed, some of which are already used clinically although with limited success in the treatment of hyperproliferative diseases because the required pharmaceutical dosages induce toxicity. We describe here the in silico design, synthesis, structural analysis and biological evaluation of two novel active lithocholic acid derivatives hydroxylated at the side chain as highly potent inhibitors of atopic dermatitis-relevant keratinocyte inflammation of potential therapeutic interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sunil Gaikwad
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Lasanta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Julian Loureiro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Niclas Nilsson
- LEO Pharma, Open Innovation, Industriparken 55, 2750 Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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8
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Goksøyr SØ, Goldstone J, Lille-Langøy R, Lock EJ, Olsvik PA, Goksøyr A, Karlsen OA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons modulate the activity of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) vitamin D receptor paralogs in vitro. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 238:105914. [PMID: 34304057 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the biological function of the steroid hormone calcitriol, which is the metabolically active version of vitamin D. Calcitriol is important for a wide array of physiological functions, including calcium and phosphate homeostasis. In contrast to mammals, which harbor one VDR encoding gene, teleosts possess two orthologous vdr genes encoding Vdr alpha (Vdra) and Vdr beta (Vdrb). Genome mining identified the vdra and vdrb paralogs in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) genome, which were further characterized regarding their phylogeny, tissue-specific expression, and transactivational properties induced by calcitriol. In addition, a selected set of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and 7-methylbenzo[a]pyrene, were assessed for their ability to modulate the transcriptional activity of gmVdra and gmVdrb in vitro. Both gmVdra and gmVdrb were activated by calcitriol with similar potencies, but gmVdra produced significantly higher maximal fold activation. Notably, none of the tested PAHs showed agonistic properties towards the Atlantic cod Vdrs. However, binary exposures of calcitriol together with phenanthrene, fluorene, or pyrene, antagonized the activation of gmVdra, while chrysene and BaP significantly potentiated the calcitriol-mediated activity of both receptors. Homology modeling, solvent mapping, and docking analyses complemented the experimental data, and revealed a putative secondary binding site in addition to the canonical ligand-binding pocket (LBP). Calcitriol was predicted to interact with both binding sites, whereas PAHs docked primarily to the LBP. Importantly, our in vitro data suggest that PAHs can interact with the paralogous gmVdrs and interfere with their transcriptional activities, and thus potentially modulate the vitamin D signaling pathway and contribute to adverse effects of crude oil and PAH exposures on cardiac development and bone deformities in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jed Goldstone
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål A Olsvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
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9
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Gaikwad S, González CM, Vilariño D, Lasanta G, Villaverde C, Mouriño A, Verlinden L, Verstuyf A, Peluso-Iltis C, Rochel N, Berkowska K, Marcinkowska E. Lithocholic acid-based design of noncalcemic vitamin D receptor agonists. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104878. [PMID: 33853023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The hypercalcemic effects of the hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol) and most of known vitamin D metabolites and analogs call for the development of non secosteroidal vitamin D receptor (VDR) ligands as new selective and noncalcemic agonists for treatment of hyperproliferative diseases. We report on the in silico design and stereoselective synthesis of six lithocholic acid derivatives as well as on the calcemic activity of a potent LCA derivative and its crystallographic structure in complex with zVDR LBD. The low calcemic activity of this compound in comparison with the native hormone makes it of potential therapeutic value. Structure-function relationships provide the basis for the development of even more potent and selective lithocholic acid-based VDR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Gaikwad
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen M González
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Vilariño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Lasanta
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Villaverde
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Laboratorio de Investigación Ignacio Ribas, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Avda das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus, 9802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus, 9802, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carole Peluso-Iltis
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France; Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France; Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.
| | - Klaudia Berkowska
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ewa Marcinkowska
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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10
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Sasaki H, Masuno H, Kawasaki H, Yoshihara A, Numoto N, Ito N, Ishida H, Yamamoto K, Hirata N, Kanda Y, Kawachi E, Kagechika H, Tanatani A. Lithocholic Acid Derivatives as Potent Vitamin D Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2020; 64:516-526. [PMID: 33369416 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lithocholic acid (2) was identified as a second endogenous ligand of vitamin D receptor (VDR), though its activity is very weak. In this study, we designed novel lithocholic acid derivatives based on the crystal structure of VDR-ligand-binding domain (LBD) bound to 2. Among the synthesized compounds, 6 bearing a 2-hydroxy-2-methylprop-1-yl group instead of the 3-hydroxy group at the 3α-position of 2 showed dramatically increased activity in HL-60 cell differentiation assay, being at least 10 000 times more potent than lithocholic acid (2) and 3 times more potent than 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1). Although the binding affinities of 6 and its epimer 7 were less than that of 1, their transactivation activities were greater than that of 1. X-ray structure analyses of VDR LBD bound to 6 or 7 showed that the binding positions of these compounds in the ligand-binding pocket are similar to that of 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harue Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Masuno
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Haru Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Ayana Yoshihara
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ishida
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machidashi, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machidashi, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Naoya Hirata
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Yasunari Kanda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Emiko Kawachi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
| | - Aya Tanatani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Bunkyo, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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11
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Belorusova AY, Chalhoub S, Rovito D, Rochel N. Structural Analysis of VDR Complex with ZK168281 Antagonist. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9457-9463. [PMID: 32787090 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) antagonists prevent the VDR activation function helix 12 from folding into its active conformation, thus affecting coactivator recruitment and antagonizing the transcriptional regulation induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Here, we report the crystal structure of the zebrafish VDR ligand-binding domain in complex with the ZK168281 antagonist, revealing that the ligand prevents optimal folding of the C-terminal region of VDR. This interference was confirmed by hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Belorusova
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Medicinal Chemistry, Early Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, 431 83 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sandra Chalhoub
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Daniela Rovito
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), 67400 Illkirch, France.,Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, 67400 Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch, France
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12
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Kojima H, Fujita Y, Takeuchi R, Ikebe Y, Ohashi N, Yamamoto K, Itoh T. Cyclization Reaction-Based Turn-on Probe for Covalent Labeling of Target Proteins. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:334-349.e11. [PMID: 31991094 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent molecules have contributed to basic biological research but there are currently only a limited number of probes available for the detection of non-enzymatic proteins. Here, we report turn-on fluorescent probes mediated by conjugate addition and cyclization (TCC probes). These probes react with multiple amino acids and exhibit a 36-fold greater emission intensity after reaction. We analyzed the reactions between TCC probes and nuclear receptors by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, X-ray crystallography, spectrofluorometry, and fluorescence microscopy. In vitro analysis showed that probes consisting of a protein ligand and TCC could label vitamin D receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ. Moreover, we demonstrated that not only a ligand unit but also a peptide unit can label the target protein in a complex mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kojima
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takeuchi
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikebe
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Nami Ohashi
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamoto
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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13
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Meijer FA, Leijten-van de Gevel IA, de Vries RMJM, Brunsveld L. Allosteric small molecule modulators of nuclear receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:20-34. [PMID: 30703487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear Receptors (NRs) are multi-domain proteins, whose natural regulation occurs via ligands for a classical, orthosteric, binding pocket and via intra- and inter-domain allosteric mechanisms. Allosteric modulation of NRs via synthetic small molecules has recently emerged as an interesting entry to address the need for small molecules targeting NRs in pathology, via novel modes of action and with beneficial profiles. In this review the general concept of allosteric modulation in drug discovery is first discussed, serving as a background and inspiration for NRs. Subsequently, the review focuses on examples of small molecules that allosterically modulate NRs, with a strong focus on structural information and the ligand binding domain. Recently discovered nanomolar potent allosteric site NR modulators are catapulting allosteric targeting of NRs to the center of attention. The obtained insights serve as a basis for recommendations for the next steps to take in allosteric small molecular targeting of NRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke A Meijer
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Iris A Leijten-van de Gevel
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rens M J M de Vries
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, Den Dolech 2, 5612AZ, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
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14
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Mutchie TR, Yu OB, Di Milo ES, Arnold LA. Alternative binding sites at the vitamin D receptor and their ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 485:1-8. [PMID: 30654005 PMCID: PMC6444937 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the majority of ligands developed for the vitamin D receptor (VDR) bind at its deeply buried genomic ligand binding pocket. Theses ligands can be categorized into agonists and partial agonists/antagonists. A limited number of ligands, most of them peptides, bind the VDR‒coactivator binding site that is formed in the presence of an agonist and inhibit coactivator recruitment, and therefore transcription. Another solvent exposed VDR‒ligand binding pocket was identified for lithocholic acid, improving the overall stability of the VDR complex. Additional proposed interactions with VDR are discussed herein that include the alternative VDR‒ligand binding pocket that may mediate both non-genomic cellular responses and binding function 3 that was identified for the androgen receptor. Many VDR ligands increase blood calcium levels at therapeutic concentrations in vivo, thus the identification of alternative VDR‒ligand binding pockets might be crucial to develop non-calcemic and potent ligands for VDR to treat cancer and inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania R Mutchie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Olivia B Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Elliot S Di Milo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery (MIDD), University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA.
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15
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Abstract
![]()
For many individuals,
in particular during winter, supplementation
with the secosteroid vitamin D3 is essential for the prevention
of bone disorders, muscle weakness, autoimmune diseases, and possibly
also different types of cancer. Vitamin D3 acts via its
metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3]
as potent agonist of the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR).
Thus, vitamin D directly affects chromatin structure and gene regulation
at thousands of genomic loci, i.e., the epigenome and transcriptome
of its target tissues. Modifications of 1,25(OH)2D3 at its
side-chain, A-ring, triene system, or C-ring, alone and in combination,
as well as nonsteroidal mimics provided numerous potent VDR agonists
and some antagonists. The nearly 150 crystal structures of VDR’s
ligand-binding domain with various vitamin D compounds allow a detailed
molecular understanding of their action. This review discusses the
most important vitamin D analogs presented during the past 10 years
and molecular insight derived from new structural information on the
VDR protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maestro
- Departamento de Química-CICA , Universidade da Coruña , ES-15071 A Coruña , Spain
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- School of Science and Technology, Department of Biology , Nazarbayev University , KZ-010000 Astana , Kazakhstan
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Eastern Finland , FI-70211 Kuopio , Finland
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16
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Zhao G, Elhafiz M, Jiang J, Das D, Li Z, Zhou W, Fan S, Wang C, Yuan Z, Xu D, Jiang Z, Zhang L, Wang T. Adaptive homeostasis of the vitamin D-vitamin D nuclear receptor axis in 8-methoxypsoralen-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 362:150-158. [PMID: 30419252 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) with ultraviolet A radiation therapy (PUVA) is the standard therapy for patients with psoriasis, despite the reported potential risks of 8-MOP-induced cholestatic liver injury in both humans and animals. Usually, patients with chronic cholestasis exhibit lower serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels. But those patients receiving PUVA for psoriasis showed an increase in serum 25(OH)D levels, probably highlighting that the vitamin D-vitamin D nuclear receptor (VD-VDR) axis play a protective role in 8-MOP-induced hepatotoxicity. The present study confirmed 8-MOP could increase serum 25(OH)D levels in conventional lighting and diet (CLD) and vitamin D deficient (VDD) Sprague-Dawley rats. Potential liver risks were also found in CLD and VDD rats after 8-MOP treatment. We proved that 8-MOP could be a potent ligand for VDR using molecular docking and luciferase report assay. Effect of 8-MOP on VDR subcellular distribution was determined using human liver cell line L02. We found 8-MOP could increase VDR protein expression in the nuclear and cytosol extracts and also total cell extracts in L02. siRNAs for VDR were used to determine the role of VDR in protecting 8-MOP-induced cholestasis and potential cellular mechanisms. The results showed 8-MOP could affect the CYP7A1, SHP and MRP3 expression via VDR, and such effects could be reversed by knockdown of VDR expression, suggesting a vital role of VDR involved in 8-MOP-regulated bile acid synthesis and transportation. In conclusion, these results revealed activation of VD-VDR axis may play a beneficial role in 8-MOP-mediated regulation of bile acid synthesis and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolin Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Muhanad Elhafiz
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jingwei Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Debanjan Das
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhijian Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, Xinjiang Institute of Traditional Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830049, China
| | - Wang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sisi Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Changling Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dengqiu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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17
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Nagamani S, Muthusamy K. A theoretical insight to understand the molecular mechanism of dual target ligand CTA-018 in the chronic kidney disease pathogenesis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203194. [PMID: 30286109 PMCID: PMC6171836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The level of the vitamin D in the bloodstream is regulated by cytochrome P450 enzyme 24-hydroxylase A1 (CYP24A1). Over expression of CYP24A1 enzyme is correlated with vitamin D deficiency and resistance to vitamin D therapy. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are commonly reported with the above said expression variations. This deregulation could be solved by ligands that act as a vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists and CYP24A1 antagonists. Posner et al., (2010) first time reported two new vitamin D analogues namely CTA-091 and CTA-018 to inhibit CYP24A1. The CTA-018 inhibited CYP24A1 with an IC50 27 ± 6 nM (10 times more potent than the ketoconazole (253 ± 20 nM)). CTA-018 induced VDR expression (15-fold lower than 1α,25(OH)2D3) and is under phase II clinical trial, whereas CTA-091 was not able to efficiently induce the VDR expression (>2000 nM). To explore the molecular mechanism, binding specificity of these two vitamin D analogues along with native ligand was extensively studied through in silico approaches. Through molecular dynamics simulations studies, we shown that the sulfonic group (O = S = O) in the side chain of CTA-018 plays an important role in the regulation of VDR agonistic activity. The electron lone pairs of the sulfonic group that interacted with His393 lead to be a factor for agonistic mechanism of VDR activity. Compared to azol-based compounds, CTA-018 binds the different sites in the CYP24A1 binding cavity and thus it could be a potent antagonistic for CYP24A1enzyme.
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18
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Sicinska W, Gront D, Sicinski K. Mutation goals in the vitamin D receptor predicted by computational methods. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 183:210-220. [PMID: 29966696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism through which nuclear receptors respond differentially to structurally distinct agonists is a poorly understood process. We present a computational method that identifies nuclear receptor amino acids that are likely involved in biological responses triggered by ligand binding. The method involves tracing how structural changes spread from the ligand binding pocket to the sites on the receptor surface, which makes it a good tool for studying allosteric effects. We employ the method to the vitamin D receptor and verify that the identified amino acids are biologically relevant using a broad range of experimental data and a genome browser. We infer that surface vitamin D receptor residues K141, R252, I260, T280, T287 and L417 are likely involved in cell differentiation and antiproliferation, whereas P122, D149, K321, E353 and Q385 are linked to carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda Sicinska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominik Gront
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Sicinski
- Center for Demography of Health and Aging, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, United States
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19
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Bakke D, Chatterjee I, Agrawal A, Dai Y, Sun J. Regulation of Microbiota by Vitamin D Receptor: A Nuclear Weapon in Metabolic Diseases. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2018; 5:101377. [PMID: 30828578 PMCID: PMC6392192 DOI: 10.11131/2018/101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a multi-faceted disease. The microbiota, as a newly discovered organ, contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of metabolic syndrome. Recent studies have demonstrated that nuclear receptors play critical roles in metabolic diseases. In the current review, we discuss the general role of the microbiome in health and metabolic syndrome. We summarize the functions of the nuclear receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR) in metabolism. The focus of this review is the novel roles of vitamin D/VDR signaling in regulating inflammation and the microbiome, especially in obesity. Furthermore, we extend our discussion of potential gut-liver axis mediated by VDR signaling and microbiota in obesity. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical application of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation in prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Insights into nuclear receptors in metabolism and metabolic diseases will allow us to develop new strategies for fighting metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika Bakke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Annika Agrawal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
- Hinsdale Central High School, 5500 S Grant St, Hinsdale, IL 60521, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering/College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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20
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Mahapatra D, Franzosa JA, Roell K, Kuenemann MA, Houck KA, Reif DM, Fourches D, Kullman SW. Confirmation of high-throughput screening data and novel mechanistic insights into VDR-xenobiotic interactions by orthogonal assays. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8883. [PMID: 29891985 PMCID: PMC5995905 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27055-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High throughput screening (HTS) programs have demonstrated that the Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is activated and/or antagonized by a wide range of structurally diverse chemicals. In this study, we examined the Tox21 qHTS data set generated against VDR for reproducibility and concordance and elucidated functional insights into VDR-xenobiotic interactions. Twenty-one potential VDR agonists and 19 VDR antagonists were identified from a subset of >400 compounds with putative VDR activity and examined for VDR functionality utilizing select orthogonal assays. Transient transactivation assay (TT) using a human VDR plasmid and Cyp24 luciferase reporter construct revealed 20/21 active VDR agonists and 18/19 active VDR antagonists. Mammalian-2-hybrid assay (M2H) was then used to evaluate VDR interactions with co-activators and co-regulators. With the exception of a select few compounds, VDR agonists exhibited significant recruitment of co-regulators and co-activators whereas antagonists exhibited considerable attenuation of recruitment by VDR. A unique set of compounds exhibiting synergistic activity in antagonist mode and no activity in agonist mode was identified. Cheminformatics modeling of VDR-ligand interactions were conducted and revealed selective ligand VDR interaction. Overall, data emphasizes the molecular complexity of ligand-mediated interactions with VDR and suggest that VDR transactivation may be a target site of action for diverse xenobiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Mahapatra
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jill A Franzosa
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle Roell
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melaine Agnes Kuenemann
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith A Houck
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, RTP, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - David M Reif
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Denis Fourches
- Department of Chemistry, Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seth W Kullman
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. .,Program in Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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21
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Ricca C, Aillon A, Bergandi L, Alotto D, Castagnoli C, Silvagno F. Vitamin D Receptor Is Necessary for Mitochondrial Function and Cell Health. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061672. [PMID: 29874855 PMCID: PMC6032156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates many genomic and non-genomic effects of vitamin D. Recently, the mitochondrial effects of vitamin D have been characterized in many cell types. In this article, we investigated the importance of VDR not only in mitochondrial activity and integrity but also in cell health. The silencing of the receptor in different healthy, non-transformed, and cancer cells initially decreased cell growth and modulated the cell cycle. We demonstrated that, in silenced cells, the increased respiratory activity was associated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In the long run, the absence of the receptor caused impairment of mitochondrial integrity and, finally, cell death. Our data reveal that VDR plays a central role in protecting cells from excessive respiration and production of ROS that leads to cell damage. Because we confirmed our observations in different models of both normal and cancer cells, we conclude that VDR is essential for the health of human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Ricca
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Alessia Aillon
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Loredana Bergandi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Daniela Alotto
- Department of Chirurgia Generale e Specialistiche, Banca della Cute, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza Torino, Via Zuretti 29, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Carlotta Castagnoli
- Department of Chirurgia Generale e Specialistiche, Banca della Cute, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza Torino, Via Zuretti 29, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Francesca Silvagno
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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22
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Gogoi P, Seoane S, Sigüeiro R, Guiberteau T, Maestro MA, Pérez-Fernández R, Rochel N, Mouriño A. Aromatic-Based Design of Highly Active and Noncalcemic Vitamin D Receptor Agonists. J Med Chem 2018; 61:4928-4937. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Gogoi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samuel Seoane
- Department of Physiology—Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida Barcelona s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rita Sigüeiro
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, IGBMC—Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Thierry Guiberteau
- Laboratoire ICube, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7357, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry—CICA, University of A Coruña, Campus da Zapateira s/n, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Román Pérez-Fernández
- Department of Physiology—Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida Barcelona s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, IGBMC—Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U1258, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Research Laboratory Ignacio Ribas, University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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23
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Cao H, Li X, Zhang W, Wang L, Pan Y, Zhou Z, Chen M, Zhang A, Liang Y, Song M. Anti-estrogenic activity of tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) isocyanurate through disruption of co-activator recruitment: experimental and computational studies. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:1471-1482. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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24
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Kollitz EM, Zhang G, Hawkins MB, Whitfield GK, Reif DM, Kullman SW. Evolutionary and Functional Diversification of the Vitamin D Receptor-Lithocholic Acid Partnership. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168278. [PMID: 27942020 PMCID: PMC5152921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution, molecular behavior, and physiological function of nuclear receptors are of particular interest given their diverse roles in regulating essential biological processes. The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is well known for its canonical roles in calcium homeostasis and skeletal maintenance. Additionally, VDR has received an increased amount of attention due to the discovery of numerous non-calcemic functions, including the detoxification of lithocholic acid. Lithocholic acid is a toxic metabolite of chenodeoxycholic acid, a primary bile acid. The partnership between the VDR and lithocholic acid has been hypothesized to be a recent adaptation that evolved to mediate the detoxification and elimination of lithocholic acid from the gut. This partnership is speculated to be limited to higher vertebrates (birds and mammals), as lower vertebrates do not synthesize the parent compound of lithocholic acid. However, the molecular functions associated with the observed insensitivity of basal VDRs to lithocholic acid have not been explored. Here we characterize canonical nuclear receptor functions of VDRs from select species representing key nodes in vertebrate evolution and span a range of bile salt phenotypes. Competitive ligand binding assays revealed that the receptor's affinity for lithocholic acid is highly conserved across species, suggesting that lithocholic acid affinity is an ancient and non-adaptive trait. However, transient transactivation assays revealed that lithocholic acid-mediated VDR activation might have evolved more recently, as the non-mammalian receptors did not respond to lithocholic acid unless exogenous coactivator proteins were co-expressed. Subsequent functional assays indicated that differential lithocholic acid-mediated receptor activation is potentially driven by differential protein-protein interactions between VDR and nuclear receptor coregulator proteins. We hypothesize that the vitamin D receptor-lithocholic acid partnership evolved as a by-product of natural selection on the ligand-receptor partnership between the vitamin D receptor and the native VDR ligand: 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M. Kollitz
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Guozhu Zhang
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mary Beth Hawkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - G. Kerr Whitfield
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - David M. Reif
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Seth W. Kullman
- Toxicology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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25
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Lau AJ, Politi R, Yang G, Chang TKH. Cell-based and in silico evidence against quercetin and structurally-related flavonols as activators of vitamin D receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:59-67. [PMID: 27041117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that quercetin is an activator of rat vitamin D receptor (rVDR). However, the conclusion was based on experiments performed without all the appropriate control groups, raising the possibility of a false-positive finding. Furthermore, distinct differences exist in the chemical structures of quercetin and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, which is a prototypic agonist of VDR. Therefore, we investigated systematically whether quercetin and other flavonols are agonists of rVDR, mouse VDR (mVDR), or human VDR (hVDR). Quercetin, 3-hydroxyflavone, galangin, datiscetin, kaempferol, morin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin, myricetin, and syringetin did not activate rVDR, mVDR, or hVDR in HEK-293 and HepG2 cells transfected with the corresponding receptor expression plasmid and either the secreted phosphoprotein 1 (Spp1) or cytochrome P450 24A1 (CYP24A1) reporter plasmid, when compared to the respective empty vector control group transfected with one or the other reporter plasmid and treated with one of the flavonols. Control analysis indicated that lithocholic acid and 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, but not rifampicin, activated rVDR, mVDR, and hVDR. As shown in transfected HEK293 and HepG2 cells, the flavonols did not influence hVDR ligand binding domain transactivation, steroid receptor coactivator-1 recruitment, or hVDR target gene expression (transient receptor potential cation channel 6 and CYP24A1) in hVDR-expressing Caco-2 or LS180 cells. The cumulative data from the cell-based experiments were corroborated by results obtained from molecular docking analysis. In conclusion, quercetin, 3-hydroxyflavone, galangin, datiscetin, kaempferol, morin, isorhamnetin, tamarixetin, myricetin, and syringetin are not agonists of rVDR, mVDR, or hVDR, as judged by cell-based and in silico evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aik Jiang Lau
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Regina Politi
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Guixiang Yang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Thomas K H Chang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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26
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Bozic M, Guzmán C, Benet M, Sánchez-Campos S, García-Monzón C, Gari E, Gatius S, Valdivielso JM, Jover R. Hepatocyte vitamin D receptor regulates lipid metabolism and mediates experimental diet-induced steatosis. J Hepatol 2016; 65:748-757. [PMID: 27245430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The pathogenesis and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is still incompletely understood. Several nuclear receptors play a role in liver lipid metabolism and can promote hepatosteatosis, but the possible role of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in NAFLD has not been investigated. METHODS The expression of liver VDR was investigated in apolipoprotein E knockout (apoE(-/-)) mice on a high fat diet, in wild-type mice on methionine and choline deficient diet and in NAFLD patients with hepatosteatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The relevance of VDR was assessed in apoE(-/-) mice by deletion of VDR or paricalcitol treatment and in human HepG2 cells by VDR transfection or silencing. The role of VDR in fibrosis was also determined in VDR knockout mice (VDR(-/-)) treated with thioacetamide. RESULTS Expression of liver VDR was markedly induced in two mouse models of NAFLD, as well as in patients with hepatosteatosis, but decreased in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. VDR deletion in high fat diet-fed apoE(-/-) mice protected against fatty liver, dyslipidemia and insulin resistance, and caused a decrease in taurine-conjugated bile acids, but did not influence fibrosis by thioacetamide. apoE(-/-)VDR(-/-) mouse livers showed decreased gene expression of CD36, DGAT2, C/EBPα and FGF21, and increased expression of PNPLA2, LIPIN1 and PGC1α. Treatment of apoE(-/-) mice on high fat diet with paricalcitol had modest opposite effects on steatosis and gene expression. Finally, this set of genes showed concordant responses when VDR was overexpressed or silenced in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS Induced hepatocyte VDR in NAFLD regulates key hepatic lipid metabolism genes and promotes high fat diet-associated liver steatosis. Therapeutic inhibition of liver VDR may reverse steatosis in early NAFLD. LAY SUMMARY The amount of vitamin D receptor is induced early in the livers of mice and humans when they develop non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. If the gene for the vitamin D receptor is deleted, hepatic lipid metabolism changes and mice do not accumulate fat in the liver. We conclude that the vitamin D receptor can contribute to the fatty liver disease promoted by a high fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Bozic
- Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | - Carla Guzmán
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Benet
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonia Sánchez-Campos
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Spain; CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Spain
| | - Carmelo García-Monzón
- Liver Research Unit, Hospital Santa Cristina, IIS Princesa, Madrid, Spain; CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Spain
| | - Eloi Gari
- Dep. Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Spain
| | - Sonia Gatius
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Genetics, HUAV, IRBLLEIDA, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Ramiro Jover
- Experimental Hepatology Unit, IIS Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; CIBERehd, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, Spain; Dep. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Spain.
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27
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Szabo R, Skropeta D. Advancement of Sialyltransferase Inhibitors: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Med Res Rev 2016; 37:219-270. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Szabo
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- School of Chemistry; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
- Centre for Medical & Molecular Bioscience; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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28
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Maestro MA, Molnár F, Mouriño A, Carlberg C. Vitamin D receptor 2016: novel ligands and structural insights. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1291-1306. [PMID: 27454349 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1216547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin D3 activates via its hormonal form 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3), the transcription factor vitamin D receptor (VDR). VDR is expressed in most human tissues and has more than 1,000 target genes. Thus, 1α,25(OH)2D3 and its synthetic analogs have a broad physiological impact. The crystal structures of the VDR ligand-binding domain (LBD), and its various ligands, allows further the understanding of the receptor's molecular actions. Areas covered: We discuss the most important novel VDR ligands and the further insight derived from new structural information on VDR. Expert opinion: There is an increasing appreciation of the impact of vitamin D and its receptor VDR not only in bone biology, but also for metabolic diseases, immunological disorders, and cancer. Detailed structural analysis of the interaction of additional novel ligands with VDR highlight helices 6 and 7 of the LBD as being most critical for stabilizing the receptor for an efficient interaction with co-activator proteins, i.e. for efficient agonistic action. This permits the design of even more effective VDR agonists. In addition, chemists took more liberty in replacing major parts of the 1α,25(OH)2D3 molecule, such as the A- and CD-rings or the side chain, with significantly different structures, such as carboranes, and still obtained functional VDR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Maestro
- a Departamento de Química Fundamental, Facultad de Ciencias , Universidade da Coruña , Coruña , Spain
| | - Ferdinand Molnár
- b School of Pharmacy, Institute of Biopharmacy , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Antonio Mouriño
- c Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química , Universidad de Santiago , Santiago de Compostela , Spain
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- d School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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29
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Tice CM, Zheng YJ. Non-canonical modulators of nuclear receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4157-64. [PMID: 27503683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Like G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and protein kinases, nuclear receptors (NRs) are a rich source of pharmaceutical targets. Over 80 NR-targeting drugs have been approved for 18 NRs. The focus of drug discovery in NRs has hitherto been on identifying ligands that bind to the canonical ligand binding pockets of the C-terminal ligand binding domains (LBDs). Due to the development of drug resistance and selectivity concerns, there has been considerable interest in exploring other, non-canonical ligand binding sites. Unfortunately, the potencies of compounds binding at other sites have generally not been sufficient for clinical development. However, the situation has changed dramatically over the last 3years, as compounds with sufficient potency have been reported for several NR targets. Here we review recent developments in this area from a medicinal chemistry point of view in the hope of stimulating further interest in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin M Tice
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
| | - Ya-Jun Zheng
- Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 502 West Office Center Drive, Fort Washington, PA 19034, United States
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30
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Jacobs ET, Haussler MR, Alberts DS, Kohler LN, Lance P, Martínez ME, Roe DJ, Jurutka PW. Association between Circulating Vitamin D Metabolites and Fecal Bile Acid Concentrations. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:589-97. [PMID: 27138789 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although hydrophobic bile acids have been demonstrated to exhibit cytotoxic and carcinogenic effects in the colorectum, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) has been investigated as a potential chemopreventive agent. Vitamin D has been shown to play a role in both bile acid metabolism and in the development of colorectal neoplasia. Using a cross-sectional design, we sought to determine whether baseline circulating concentrations of the vitamin D metabolites 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D were associated with baseline fecal bile acid concentrations in a trial of UDCA for the prevention of colorectal adenoma recurrence. We also prospectively evaluated whether vitamin D metabolite concentrations modified the effect of UDCA on adenoma recurrence. After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, physical activity, and calcium intake, adequate concentrations of 25(OH)D (≥30 ng/mL) were statistically significantly associated with reduced odds for high levels of total [OR, 0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.38-0.97], and primary (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.38-0.96) bile acids, as well as individually with chenodeoxycholic acid (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24-0.63) and cholic acid (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36-0.90). No significant associations were observed for 1,25(OH)2D and high versus low fecal bile acid concentrations. In addition, neither 25(OH)D nor 1,25(OH)2D modified the effect of UDCA on colorectal adenoma recurrence. In conclusion, this is the first study to demonstrate an inverse relationship between circulating levels of 25(OH)D and primary fecal bile acid concentrations. These results support prior data demonstrating that vitamin D plays a key role in bile acid metabolism, and suggest a potential mechanism of action for 25(OH)D in colorectal cancer prevention. Cancer Prev Res; 9(7); 589-97. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Jacobs
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona.
| | - Mark R Haussler
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona
| | | | - Lindsay N Kohler
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Peter Lance
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - María Elena Martínez
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Denise J Roe
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Peter W Jurutka
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona. Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona. School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
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Teske KA, Bogart JW, Sanchez LM, Yu OB, Preston JV, Cook JM, Silvaggi NR, Bikle DD, Arnold LA. Synthesis and evaluation of vitamin D receptor-mediated activities of cholesterol and vitamin D metabolites. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 109:238-46. [PMID: 26774929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study with phase 1 and phase 2 metabolites of cholesterol and vitamin D was conducted to determine whether their biological activity is mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The investigation necessitated the development of novel synthetic routes for lithocholic acid (LCA) glucuronides (Gluc). Biochemical and cell-based assays were used to demonstrate that hydroxylated LCA analogs were not able to bind VDR. This excludes VDR from mediating their biological and pharmacological activities. Among the synthesized LCA conjugates a novel VDR agonist was identified. LCA Gluc II increased the expression of CYP24A1 in DU145 cancer cells especially in the presence of the endogenous VDR ligand 1,25(OH)2D3. Furthermore, the methyl ester of LCA was identified as novel VDR antagonist. For the first time, we showed that calcitroic acid, the assumed inactive final metabolite of vitamin D, was able to activate VDR-mediated transcription to a higher magnitude than bile acid LCA. Due to a higher metabolic stability in comparison to vitamin D, a very low toxicity, and high concentration in bile and intestine, calcitroic acid is likely to be an important mediator of the protective vitamin D properties against colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Teske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Jonathon W Bogart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Luis M Sanchez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Olivia B Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Joshua V Preston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Nicholas R Silvaggi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Daniel D Bikle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | - Leggy A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Milwaukee Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States.
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32
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Ikura T, Ito N. Crystal Structure of the Vitamin D Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain with Lithocholic Acids. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 100:117-36. [PMID: 26827950 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The secondary bile acid lithocholic acid (LCA) and its derivatives act as selective modulators of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), although their structures fundamentally differ from that of the natural hormone 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). The complexes of the ligand-binding domain of rat VDR (VDR-LBD) with LCA and its derivatives revealed that the ligands bound to the same ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of VDR-LBD that 1,25(OH)2D3 binds to, but in the opposite orientation; their A-ring was positioned at the top of the LBP, whereas their acyclic tail was located at the bottom of the LBP. However, most of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions observed in the complex with 1,25(OH)2D3 were reproduced in the complexes with LCA and its derivatives. Additional interactions between VDR-LBD and the C-3 substituents of the A-ring were also observed in the complexes, probably related to the observed difference in the potency among the LCA-type ligands. Recently, zebrafish VDR has been reported to have the second LBP on the outside of the canonical LBP, although its physiological function is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teikichi Ikura
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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33
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Belorusova AY, Rochel N. Structural Studies of Vitamin D Nuclear Receptor Ligand-Binding Properties. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 100:83-116. [PMID: 26827949 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The vitamin D nuclear receptor (VDR) and its natural ligand, 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 hormone (1,25(OH)2D3, or calcitriol), classically regulate mineral homeostasis and metabolism but also much broader range of biological functions, such as cell growth, differentiation, antiproliferation, apoptosis, adaptive/innate immune responses. Being widely expressed in various tissues, VDR represents an important therapeutic target in the treatment of diverse disorders. Since ligand binding is a key step in VDR-mediated signaling, numerous 1,25(OH)2D3 analogs have been synthesized in order to selectively modulate the receptor activity. Most of the synthetic analogs have been developed by modification of a parental compound and some of them mimic 1,25(OH)2D3 scaffold without being structurally related to it. The ability of ligands that have different size and conformation to bind to VDR and to demonstrate biological effects is intriguing, and therefore, ligand-binding properties of the receptor have been extensively investigated using a variety of biochemical, biophysical, and computational methods. In this chapter, we describe different aspects of the structure-function relationship of VDR in complex with natural and synthetic ligands coming from structural analysis. With the emphasis on the binding modes of the most promising compounds, such as secosteroidal agonists and 1,25(OH)2D3 mimics, we also highlight the action of VDR antagonists and the evidence for the existence of an alternative ligand-binding site within the receptor. Additionally, we describe the crystal structures of VDR mutants associated with hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets that display impaired ligand-binding function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Y Belorusova
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Natacha Rochel
- Department of Integrative Structural Biology, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U964, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7104, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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34
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Relationship between Structure and Conformational Change of the Vitamin D Receptor Ligand Binding Domain in 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Signaling. Molecules 2015; 20:20473-86. [PMID: 26593892 PMCID: PMC6332228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) belongs to the nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. Whereas the structure of the ligand binding domain (LBD) of VDR has been determined in great detail, the role of its amino acid residues in stabilizing the structure and ligand triggering conformational change is still under debate. There are 13 α-helices and one β-sheet in the VDR LBD and they form a three-layer sandwich structure stabilized by 10 residues. Thirty-six amino acid residues line the ligand binding pocket (LBP) and six of these residues have hydrogen-bonds linking with the ligand. In 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 signaling, H3 and H12 play an important role in the course of conformational change resulting in the provision of interfaces for dimerization, coactivator (CoA), corepressor (CoR), and hTAFII 28. In this paper we provide a detailed description of the amino acid residues stabilizing the structure and taking part in conformational change of VDR LBD according to functional domains.
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35
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Takada I, Makishima M. Therapeutic application of vitamin D receptor ligands: an updated patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1373-83. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1093113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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36
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Zhou TB, Jiang ZP, Li AH, Ju L. Association of vitamin D receptor BsmI (rs1544410), Fok1 (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236) and ApaI (rs7975232) gene polymorphism with the nephrolithiasis susceptibility. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:107-14. [PMID: 25051494 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.936459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism with the risk of nephrolithiasis from the published reports is still conflicting. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between VDR BsmI (rs1544410), Fok1 (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236) and ApaI (rs7975232) gene polymorphism and the risk of nephrolithiasis using meta-analysis method. The association studies were identified from PubMed, and Cochrane Library on 1 April 2014, and eligible investigations were included and synthesized using meta-analysis method. Six reports were recruited into this meta-analysis for the association of VDR BsmI, Fok1, TaqI and ApaI gene polymorphism with nephrolithiasis susceptibility. In this meta-analysis, VDR BsmI, Fok1, TaqI and ApaI gene polymorphism were not associated with nephrolithiasis susceptibility for overall populations and in Caucasians. However, the Fok1 f allele and ff genotype were associated with the risk of nephrolithiasis in Asians, but the FF genotype not. Furthermore, TaqI TT genotype was associated with the risk of nephrolithiasis in Asians, but the t allele and tt genotype not. However, ApaI gene polymorphism was not associated with nephrolithiasis susceptibility in Asians. In conclusion, VDR BsmI, Fok1, TaqI and ApaI gene polymorphism were not associated with nephrolithiasis risk in overall populations and in Caucasians. But, the Fok1 f allele and ff genotype, TaqI TT genotype, ApaI gene polymorphism were associated with the risk of nephrolithiasis in Asians. However, more studies should be conducted to confirm it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Biao Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Zhou TB, Jiang ZP, Huang MF, Zhang R. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with the urine calcium level in nephrolithiasis patients. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:127-32. [PMID: 25000366 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.936462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism with the urine calcium level in nephrolithiasis patients from the published reports are still conflicting. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between VDR BsmI (rs1544410), Fok1 (rs2228570), TaqI (rs731236) and ApaI (rs7975232) gene polymorphism and urine calcium level in nephrolithiasis patients using meta-analysis method. The association studies were identified from PubMed, and Cochrane Library on 1 April 2014, and eligible investigations were included and synthesized using meta-analysis method. Four reports were recruited into this meta-analysis for the association of VDR BsmI, Fok1, TaqI and ApaI gene polymorphism with urine calcium level in nephrolithiasis patients. In this meta-analysis, VDR BsmI B allele and BB genotype, Fok1 f allele and ff genotype, TaqI, and ApaI gene polymorphism were not associated with urine calcium level in nephrolithiasis patients. However, the BsmI bb genotype and Fok1 FF genotype were associated with the urine calcium level in nephrolithiasis patients. In conclusion, VDR BsmI bb genotype and Fok1 FF genotype were associated with the urine calcium level in nephrolithiasis patients. However, more studies should be conducted to confirm it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Biao Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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