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Rai R, Dawodu OI, Johnson SM, Vilseck JZ, Kelley MR, Ziarek JJ, Georgiadis MM. Chemically induced partial unfolding of the multifunctional Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.29.547112. [PMID: 37425839 PMCID: PMC10327033 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.29.547112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of the multifunctional enzyme apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease I/redox factor 1 (APE1) has produced small molecule inhibitors of both its endonuclease and redox activities. While one of the small molecules, the redox inhibitor APX3330, completed a Phase I clinical trial for solid tumors and a Phase II clinical trial for Diabetic Retinopathy/Diabetic Macular Edema, the mechanism of action for this drug has yet to be fully understood. Here, we demonstrate through HSQC NMR studies that APX3330 induces chemical shift perturbations (CSPs) of both surface and internal residues in a concentration-dependent manner, with a cluster of surface residues defining a small pocket on the opposite face from the endonuclease active site of APE1. Furthermore, APX3330 induces partial unfolding of APE1 as evidenced by a time-dependent loss of chemical shifts for approximately 35% of the residues within APE1 in the HSQC NMR spectrum. Notably, regions that are partially unfolded include adjacent strands within one of two beta sheets that comprise the core of APE1. One of the strands comprises residues near the N-terminal region and a second strand is contributed by the C-terminal region of APE1, which serves as a mitochondrial targeting sequence. These terminal regions converge within the pocket defined by the CSPs. In the presence of a duplex DNA substrate mimic, removal of excess APX3330 resulted in refolding of APE1. Our results are consistent with a reversible mechanism of partial unfolding of APE1 induced by the small molecule inhibitor, APX3330, defining a novel mechanism of inhibition.
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Li SR, Tan YM, Zhang L, Zhou CH. Comprehensive Insights into Medicinal Research on Imidazole-Based Supramolecular Complexes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051348. [PMID: 37242590 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The electron-rich five-membered aromatic aza-heterocyclic imidazole, which contains two nitrogen atoms, is an important functional fragment widely present in a large number of biomolecules and medicinal drugs; its unique structure is beneficial to easily bind with various inorganic or organic ions and molecules through noncovalent interactions to form a variety of supramolecular complexes with broad medicinal potential, which is being paid an increasing amount of attention regarding more and more contributions to imidazole-based supramolecular complexes for possible medicinal application. This work gives systematical and comprehensive insights into medicinal research on imidazole-based supramolecular complexes, including anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory aspects as well as ion receptors, imaging agents, and pathologic probes. The new trend of the foreseeable research in the near future toward imidazole-based supramolecular medicinal chemistry is also prospected. It is hoped that this work provides beneficial help for the rational design of imidazole-based drug molecules and supramolecular medicinal agents and more effective diagnostic agents and pathological probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Rui Li
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yi-Min Tan
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Chemical Technology, Shijiazhuang University, Shijiazhuang 050035, China
| | - Cheng-He Zhou
- Institute of Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Navaneetha T, Ali A, Ramana CV, Baskar V. Discrete Molecular Aggregates Based on Zn II and Sb III/V Ions Displaying Efficient Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5237-5247. [PMID: 36943193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of [Zn3Cl2(3,5-Me2PzH)4(t-BuPO3)2] with organostibonic acid in varying reaction conditions have been investigated. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal the formation of [Zn2(p-ClC6H4Sb)2(O)2(OCH3)2(t-BuPO3)3(py)2] (1), [Zn2(p-ClC6H4SbV)4(SbIII)2(O)8(t-BuPO3H)4(t-BuPO3)2(py)2Cl2] (2), and [Zn2(RSb)4(O)4(OCH3)4(t-BuPO3)4(py)2], where R = p-ClC6H4 (3) and R = p-iPrC6H4 (4), respectively. Interestingly, in the synthesis of 2, complete dearylation of organoantimony moieties followed by C-F bond formation, a reduction from Sb (V) to Sb (III), and Sb···Cl weak intermolecular interactions have been observed. ESI-MS studies suggested that clusters 1-4 maintained their structural integrity in the solution state also. Solution NMR studies (1H, 31P, and 13C) support well the observed solid-state structures. 1-4 were tested for antibacterial activity using a microdilution assay. 1 and 4 showed the best activity with lower MIC values (0.78-6.25 μg/mL) against all the tested pathogens. The total antioxidant activity of 1-4 was evaluated through the phosphomolybdenum assay, which showed a total antioxidant activity ranging from 28.96 to 86.46 mg AAE/g compound with the ascorbic acid standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokala Navaneetha
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Ashif Ali
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Ch Venkata Ramana
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Viswanathan Baskar
- School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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Manils J, Marruecos L, Soler C. Exonucleases: Degrading DNA to Deal with Genome Damage, Cell Death, Inflammation and Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:2157. [PMID: 35883600 PMCID: PMC9316158 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although DNA degradation might seem an unwanted event, it is essential in many cellular processes that are key to maintaining genomic stability and cell and organism homeostasis. The capacity to cut out nucleotides one at a time from the end of a DNA chain is present in enzymes called exonucleases. Exonuclease activity might come from enzymes with multiple other functions or specialized enzymes only dedicated to this function. Exonucleases are involved in central pathways of cell biology such as DNA replication, repair, and death, as well as tuning the immune response. Of note, malfunctioning of these enzymes is associated with immune disorders and cancer. In this review, we will dissect the impact of DNA degradation on the DNA damage response and its links with inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Manils
- Serra Húnter Programme, Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Feixa Llarga s/n, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain;
- Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge—IDIBELL, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Laura Marruecos
- Breast Cancer Laboratory, Cancer Biology and Stem Cells Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Concepció Soler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Cancer Group, Oncobell Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge—IDIBELL, 08907 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Immunology Unit, Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapy, School of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Beyond the Double-Strand Breaks: The Role of DNA Repair Proteins in Cancer Stem-Cell Regulation. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13194818. [PMID: 34638302 PMCID: PMC8508278 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a tumor cell population maintaining tumor growth and promoting tumor relapse if not wholly eradicated during treatment. CSCs are often equipped with molecular mechanisms making them resistant to conventional anti-cancer therapies whose curative potential depends on DNA damage-induced cell death. An elevated expression of some key DNA repair proteins is one of such defense mechanisms. However, new research reveals that the role of critical DNA repair proteins is extending far beyond the DNA repair mechanisms. This review discusses the diverse biological functions of DNA repair proteins in CSC maintenance and the adaptation to replication and oxidative stress, anti-cancer immune response, epigenetic reprogramming, and intracellular signaling mechanisms. It also provides an overview of their potential therapeutic targeting. Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are pluripotent and highly tumorigenic cells that can re-populate a tumor and cause relapses even after initially successful therapy. As with tissue stem cells, CSCs possess enhanced DNA repair mechanisms. An active DNA damage response alleviates the increased oxidative and replicative stress and leads to therapy resistance. On the other hand, mutations in DNA repair genes cause genomic instability, therefore driving tumor evolution and developing highly aggressive CSC phenotypes. However, the role of DNA repair proteins in CSCs extends beyond the level of DNA damage. In recent years, more and more studies have reported the unexpected role of DNA repair proteins in the regulation of transcription, CSC signaling pathways, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, DNA damage signaling plays an essential role in the immune response towards tumor cells. Due to its high importance for the CSC phenotype and treatment resistance, the DNA damage response is a promising target for individualized therapies. Furthermore, understanding the dependence of CSC on DNA repair pathways can be therapeutically exploited to induce synthetic lethality and sensitize CSCs to anti-cancer therapies. This review discusses the different roles of DNA repair proteins in CSC maintenance and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Liu TC, Lin CT, Chang KC, Guo KW, Wang S, Chu JW, Hsiao YY. APE1 distinguishes DNA substrates in exonucleolytic cleavage by induced space-filling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:601. [PMID: 33504804 PMCID: PMC7841161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20853-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The exonuclease activity of Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is responsible for processing matched/mismatched terminus in various DNA repair pathways and for removing nucleoside analogs associated with drug resistance. To fill in the gap of structural basis for exonucleolytic cleavage, we determine the APE1-dsDNA complex structures displaying end-binding. As an exonuclease, APE1 does not show base preference but can distinguish dsDNAs with different structural features. Integration with assaying enzyme activity and binding affinity for a variety of substrates reveals for the first time that both endonucleolytic and exonucleolytic cleavage can be understood by an induced space-filling model. Binding dsDNA induces RM (Arg176 and Met269) bridge that defines a long and narrow product pocket for exquisite machinery of substrate selection. Our study paves the way to comprehend end-processing of dsDNA in the cell and the drug resistance relating to APE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Chang Liu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Lin
- Master's and Doctoral Degree Program for Science and Technology of Accelerator Light Sources, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Cheng Chang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Guo
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan
| | - Shuying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Wei Chu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan.,Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yuan Hsiao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Bioengineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan. .,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan. .,Master's and Doctoral Degree Program for Science and Technology of Accelerator Light Sources, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan. .,Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30068, Taiwan. .,Center For Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDS2B), National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan. .,Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Joshi G, Sharma M, Kalra S, Gavande NS, Singh S, Kumar R. Design, synthesis, biological evaluation of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole carbaldehydes as non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Tracing the anticancer mechanism via xanthine oxidase inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2021; 107:104620. [PMID: 33454509 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase (XO) has been primarily targeted for the development of anti-hyperuriciemic /anti-gout agents as it catalyzes the conversion of xanthine and hypoxanthine into uric acid. XO overexpression in various cancer is very well correlated due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and metabolic activation of carcinogenic substances during the catalysis. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a series of 3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole carbaldehyde derivatives (2a-2x) as xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs). A docking model was developed for the prediction of XO inhibitory activity of our novel compounds. Furthermore, our compounds anticancer activity results in low XO expression and XO-harboring cancer cells both in 2D and 3D-culture models are presented and discussed. Among the array of synthesized compounds, 2b and 2m emerged as potent XO inhibitors having IC50 values of 9.32 ± 0.45 µM and 10.03 ± 0.43 µM, respectively. Both compounds induced apoptosis, halted the cell cycle progression at the G1 phase, elevated ROS levels, altered mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibited antioxidant enzymes. The levels of miRNA and expression of redox sensors in cells were also altered due to increase oxidative stress induced by our compounds. Compounds 2b and 2m hold a great promise for further development of XOIs for the treatment of XO-harboring tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India
| | - Manisha Sharma
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India
| | - Navnath S Gavande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India.
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151 001, India.
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Malfatti MC, Gerratana L, Dalla E, Isola M, Damante G, Di Loreto C, Puglisi F, Tell G. APE1 and NPM1 protect cancer cells from platinum compounds cytotoxicity and their expression pattern has a prognostic value in TNBC. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:309. [PMID: 31307523 PMCID: PMC6631760 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a breast cancer subgroup characterized by a lack of hormone receptors’ expression and no HER2 overexpression. These molecular features both drastically reduce treatment options and confer poor prognosis. Platinum (Pt)-salts are being investigated as a new therapeutic strategy. The base excision repair (BER) pathway is important for resistance to Pt-based therapies. Overexpression of APE1, a pivotal enzyme of the BER pathway, as well as the expression of NPM1, a functional regulator of APE1, are associated with poor outcome and resistance to Pt-based therapies. Methods We evaluated the role of NPM1, APE1 and altered NPM1/APE1 interaction in the response to Pt-salts treatment in different cell lines: APE1 knockout (KO) cells, NPM1 KO cells, cell line models having an altered APE1/NPM1 interaction and HCC70 and HCC1937 TNBC cell lines, having different levels of APE1/NPM1. We evaluated the TNBC cells response to new chemotherapeutic small molecules targeting the endonuclease activity of APE1 or the APE1/NPM1 interaction, in combination with Pt-salts treatments. Expression levels’ correlation between APE1 and NPM1 and their impact on prognosis was analyzed in a cohort of TNBC patients through immunohistochemistry. Bioinformatics analysis, using TCGA datasets, was performed to predict a molecular signature of cancers based on APE1 and NPM1 expression. Results APE1 and NPM1, and their interaction as well, protect from the cytotoxicity induced by Pt-salts treatment. HCC1937 cells, having higher levels of APE1/NPM1 proteins, are more resistant to Pt-salts treatment compared to the HCC70 cells. A sensitization effect by APE1 inhibitors to Pt-compounds was observed. The association of NPM1/APE1 with cancer gene signatures highlighted alterations concerning cell-cycle dependent proteins. Conclusions APE1 and NPM1 protect cancer cells from Pt-compounds cytotoxicity, suggesting a possible improvement of the activity of Pt-based therapy for TNBC, using the NPM1 and APE1 proteins as secondary therapeutic targets. Based on positive or negative correlation with APE1 and NPM1 gene expression levels, we finally propose several TNBC gene signatures that should deserve further attention for their potential impact on TNBC precision medicine approaches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1294-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Gerratana
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy.,Department of Oncology, ASUI Udine SMM University Hospital Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Emiliano Dalla
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Miriam Isola
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Damante
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Carla Di Loreto
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy.,Department of Pathology, ASUI Udine SMM University Hospital Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Fabio Puglisi
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy.,Department of Medical Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Gianluca Tell
- Department of Medicine (DAME), University of Udine, Piazzale M. Kolbe 4, 33100, Udine, Italy.
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Alnajjar KS, Sweasy JB. A new perspective on oxidation of DNA repair proteins and cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 76:60-69. [PMID: 30818170 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are formed as byproducts of many endogenous cellular processes, in response to infections, and upon exposure to various environmental factors. An increase in RONS can saturate the antioxidation system and leads to oxidative stress. Consequently, macromolecules are targeted for oxidative modifications, including DNA and protein. The oxidation of DNA, which leads to base modification and formation of abasic sites along with single and double strand breaks, has been extensively investigated. Protein oxidation is often neglected and is only recently being recognized as an important regulatory mechanism of various DNA repair proteins. This is a review of the current state of research on the regulation of DNA repair by protein oxidation with emphasis on the correlation between inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh S Alnajjar
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States.
| | - Joann B Sweasy
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
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Trilles R, Beglov D, Chen Q, He H, Wireman R, Reed A, Chennamadhavuni S, Panek JS, Brown LE, Vajda S, Porco JA, Kelley MR, Georgiadis MM. Discovery of Macrocyclic Inhibitors of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease 1. J Med Chem 2019; 62:1971-1988. [PMID: 30653918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is an essential base excision repair enzyme that is upregulated in a number of cancers, contributes to resistance of tumors treated with DNA-alkylating or -oxidizing agents, and has recently been identified as an important therapeutic target. In this work, we identified hot spots for binding of small organic molecules experimentally in high resolution crystal structures of APE1 and computationally through the use of FTMAP analysis ( http://ftmap.bu.edu/ ). Guided by these hot spots, a library of drug-like macrocycles was docked and then screened for inhibition of APE1 endonuclease activity. In an iterative process, hot-spot-guided docking, characterization of inhibition of APE1 endonuclease, and cytotoxicity of cancer cells were used to design next generation macrocycles. To assess target selectivity in cells, selected macrocycles were analyzed for modulation of DNA damage. Taken together, our studies suggest that macrocycles represent a promising class of compounds for inhibition of APE1 in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Trilles
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Dmitri Beglov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Spandan Chennamadhavuni
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - James S Panek
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - Sandor Vajda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD) , Boston University , Boston , Massachusetts 02215 , United States
| | | | - Millie M Georgiadis
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Purdue School of Science , Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis , Indiana 46202 , United States
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11
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Halloran MW, Lumb JP. Recent Applications of Diazirines in Chemical Proteomics. Chemistry 2019; 25:4885-4898. [PMID: 30444029 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The elucidation of substrate-protein interactions is an important component of the drug development process. Due to the complexity of native cellular environments, elucidating these fundamental biochemical interactions remains challenging. Photoaffinity labeling (PAL) is a versatile technique that can provide insight into ligand-target interactions. By judicious modification of substrates with a photoreactive group, PAL creates a covalent crosslink between a substrate and its biological target following UV-irradiation. Among the commonly employed photoreactive groups, diazirines have emerged as the gold standard. In this Minireview, recent developments in the field of diazirine-based photoaffinity labeling will be discussed, with emphasis being placed on their applications in chemical proteomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Halloran
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Jean-Philip Lumb
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0B8, Canada
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12
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Caron C, Duong XNT, Guillot R, Bombard S, Granzhan A. Interaction of Functionalized Naphthalenophanes with Abasic Sites in DNA: DNA Cleavage, DNA Cleavage Inhibition, and Formation of Ligand–DNA Adducts. Chemistry 2019; 25:1949-1962. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Caron
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196Institut CuriePSL Research University 91405 Orsay France
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Xuan N. T. Duong
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196Institut CuriePSL Research University 91405 Orsay France
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Régis Guillot
- CNRS UMR8182, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire et des Matériaux d'Orsay (ICMMO)Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Sophie Bombard
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196Institut CuriePSL Research University 91405 Orsay France
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
| | - Anton Granzhan
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196Institut CuriePSL Research University 91405 Orsay France
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay 91405 Orsay France
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Kaur G, Cholia RP, Joshi G, Amrutkar SM, Kalra S, Mantha AK, Banerjee UC, Kumar R. Anticancer activity of dihydropyrazolo[1,5-c
]quinazolines against rat C6 glioma cells via inhibition of topoisomerase II. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2018; 351:e1800023. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda India
| | - Ravi P. Cholia
- Department of Animal Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda India
| | - Suyog M. Amrutkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology); National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S. A. S. Nagar; Mohali India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda India
| | - Anil K. Mantha
- Department of Animal Sciences; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda India
| | - Uttam C. Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology); National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) S. A. S. Nagar; Mohali India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products; Central University of Punjab; Bathinda India
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14
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Pan S, Jang SY, Wang D, Liew SS, Li Z, Lee JS, Yao SQ. A Suite of “Minimalist” Photo-Crosslinkers for Live-Cell Imaging and Chemical Proteomics: Case Study with BRD4 Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Pan
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Se-Young Jang
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Bio-Med Program of KIST-School UST; Korea Institute of Science & Technology; Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 136-791 Korea
| | - Danyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Si Si Liew
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- College of Pharmacy; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center; Bio-Med Program of KIST-School UST; Korea Institute of Science & Technology; Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu Seoul 136-791 Korea
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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15
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Pan S, Jang SY, Wang D, Liew SS, Li Z, Lee JS, Yao SQ. A Suite of "Minimalist" Photo-Crosslinkers for Live-Cell Imaging and Chemical Proteomics: Case Study with BRD4 Inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:11816-11821. [PMID: 28783236 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Affinity-based probes (AfBPs) provide a powerful tool for large-scale chemoproteomic studies of drug-target interactions. The development of high-quality probes capable of recapitulating genuine drug-target engagement, however, could be challenging. "Minimalist" photo-crosslinkers, which contain an alkyl diazirine group and a chemically tractable tag, could alleviate such challenges, but few are currently available. Herein, we have developed new alkyl diazirine-containing photo-crosslinkers with different bioorthogonal tags. They were subsequently used to create a suite of AfBPs based on GW841819X (a small molecule inhibitor of BRD4). Through in vitro and in situ studies under conditions that emulated native drug-target interactions, we have obtained better insights into how a tag might affect the probe's performance. Finally, SILAC-based chemoproteomic studies have led to the discovery of a novel off-target, APEX1. Further studies showed GW841819X binds to APEX1 and caused up-regulation of endogenous DNMT1 expression under normoxia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijun Pan
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Se-Young Jang
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Bio-Med Program of KIST-School UST, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
| | - Danyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Si Si Liew
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Bio-Med Program of KIST-School UST, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-791, Korea
| | - Shao Q Yao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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16
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Diao J, Li H, Huang W, Ma W, Dai H, Liu Y, Wang M, Hua HY, Ou J, Sun X, Sun X, Yang Y. SHYCD induces APE1/Ref-1 subcellular localization to regulate the p53-apoptosis signaling pathway in the prevention and treatment of acute on chronic liver failure. Oncotarget 2017; 8:84782-84797. [PMID: 29156683 PMCID: PMC5689573 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims: San huang yin chi decoction(SHYCD) is derived from the yin chen hao decoction, a well-known and canonical Chinese medicine formula from the “Treatise on Febrile Diseases”. Over the past decade, SHYCD has been used to treat and prevent the liver cirrhosis and liver failure. In the present study, we investigated the effects of SHYCD for acute on chronic liver failure(ACLF) and explored its potential mechanism. an ACLF rat model, which induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) combined with D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide(LPS), was used and confirmed by B-ultrasound analysis. Rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, SHYCD-H group, SHYCD-M group, SHYCD-L group, AGNHW group. Compared with the ACLF model group, High, medium, and low doses of SHYCD reduced ALT, AST, TBIL, NH3, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα expression levels in the serum, Shorten PT and INR time,and increased Fbg content in the whole blood, increased survival rate of the rats, improved liver pathological changes. APE1 / Ref-1 was mainly expressed in the nucleus, but the nucleus and cytoplasm were co-expressed after hepatocyte injury. SHYCD significantly downregulated APE1/Ref-1 expression in the cytoplasm. Increased APE1/Ref-1, Bcl-2, reduced p53, caspase-3, Bax, and Cyt-c in the total protein. Base on the results, we conclused that High, medium, and low doses of SHYCD could be applied in prevention and treatment of ACLF, and dose-dependent. The possible mechanism is to promote the APE1 / Ref-1 from the cytoplasm to the nuclear transfer, regulation of p53 apoptosis signal pathway prevention and treatment of ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Diao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiye Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxiao Ma
- Gao Ming People's Hospital, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Huan Dai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yawei Liu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangdong,Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangdong, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Yu Hua
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinying Ou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuegang Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yungao Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Nickoloff JA, Jones D, Lee SH, Williamson EA, Hromas R. Drugging the Cancers Addicted to DNA Repair. J Natl Cancer Inst 2017; 109:3832892. [PMID: 28521333 PMCID: PMC5436301 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in DNA repair can result in oncogenic genomic instability. Cancers occurring from DNA repair defects were once thought to be limited to rare inherited mutations (such as BRCA1 or 2). It now appears that a clinically significant fraction of cancers have acquired DNA repair defects. DNA repair pathways operate in related networks, and cancers arising from loss of one DNA repair component typically become addicted to other repair pathways to survive and proliferate. Drug inhibition of the rescue repair pathway prevents the repair-deficient cancer cell from replicating, causing apoptosis (termed synthetic lethality). However, the selective pressure of inhibiting the rescue repair pathway can generate further mutations that confer resistance to the synthetic lethal drugs. Many such drugs currently in clinical use inhibit PARP1, a repair component to which cancers arising from inherited BRCA1 or 2 mutations become addicted. It is now clear that drugs inducing synthetic lethality may also be therapeutic in cancers with acquired DNA repair defects, which would markedly broaden their applicability beyond treatment of cancers with inherited DNA repair defects. Here we review how each DNA repair pathway can be attacked therapeutically and evaluate DNA repair components as potential drug targets to induce synthetic lethality. Clinical use of drugs targeting DNA repair will markedly increase when functional and genetic loss of repair components are consistently identified. In addition, future therapies will exploit artificial synthetic lethality, where complementary DNA repair pathways are targeted simultaneously in cancers without DNA repair defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jac A Nickoloff
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Dennie Jones
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Suk-Hee Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Williamson
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert Hromas
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, University of Florida Health, Gainesville, FL, USA
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18
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Joshi G, Nayyar H, Kalra S, Sharma P, Munshi A, Singh S, Kumar R. Pyrimidine containing epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibitors: Synthesis and biological evaluation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:995-1006. [PMID: 28544624 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Structure-based design and synthesis of pyrimidine containing reversible epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors 1a-d are reported. The compounds (1a-d) inhibited the EGFR kinase activity in vitro with IC50 range 740 nm to 3 μm. mRNA expression of EGFR downstream target genes, that is twist, c-fos and aurora were found to be altered upon treatment with compounds 1a-d. The compounds 1a-d exhibited excellent anticancer activity at low micromolar level (3.2-9 μm) in lung, colon and breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, compounds induced the alteration in mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species level and. Selected compound 1b was found to increase sub-G1 population indicative of cell death, the mode of cell death was apoptotic as evident from Annexin V verses propidium iodide assay. Molecular modelling further helped to investigate the binding recognition pattern of the compounds in ATP binding EGFR domain similar to erlotinib and dissimilar to WZ4002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Himanshu Nayyar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Anjana Munshi
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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19
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Gu L, Wang P, Zhong Q, Deng Y, Xie J, Liu F, Xiao F, Zheng S, Chen Y, Wang G, He L. Copper salt-catalyzed formation of a novel series of triazole-spirodienone conjugates with potent anticancer activity. RSC Adv 2017; 7:9412-9416. [PMID: 30740218 PMCID: PMC6364840 DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24764d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper salt-catalyzed oxidative amination resulted in the formation of a novel series of triazole- spirodienone conjugates, 4-triazolyl-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4,5]deca-6,9-dien-3,8-diones and 4-triazolyl-1-oxa-4-azaspiro[4,5]deca-6,9-dien-8-ones. A single crystal of compound 1p among them was grown and analyzed by X-ray crystallography. These compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against MDA-MB-231, HeLa, A549 and MCF-7 cell lines. Most of them showed moderate to high anticancer potency in the four cancer cell lines. The discovery of the triazole-spirodienone conjugates as cytotoxic agents against cancer cells may open up a new field in which these novel small molecules could be further explored as promising anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug-Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug-Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiu Zhong
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Yuxing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug-Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jiangping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug-Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug-Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fan Xiao
- Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Shilong Zheng
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Luzhou Medical College, No. 25 Taiping Street, Luzhou, 646000, P. R. China
| | - Guangdi Wang
- RCMI Cancer Research Center, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, LA 70125, USA
| | - Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug-Delivery Systems of the Ministry of Education, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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20
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Laev SS, Salakhutdinov NF, Lavrik OI. Inhibitors of nuclease and redox activity of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1). Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2531-2544. [PMID: 28161249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1/redox effector factor 1 (APE1/Ref-1) is a multifunctional protein which is essential in the base excision repair (BER) pathway of DNA lesions caused by oxidation and alkylation. This protein hydrolyzes DNA adjacent to the 5'-end of an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site to produce a nick with a 3'-hydroxyl group and a 5'-deoxyribose phosphate moiety or activates the DNA-binding activity of certain transcription factors through its redox function. Studies have indicated a role for APE1/Ref-1 in the pathogenesis of cancer and in resistance to DNA-interactive drugs. Thus, this protein has potential as a target in cancer treatment. As a result, major efforts have been directed to identify small molecule inhibitors against APE1/Ref-1 activities. These agents have the potential to become anticancer drugs. The aim of this review is to present recent progress in studies of all published small molecule APE1/Ref-1 inhibitors. The structures and activities of APE1/Ref-1 inhibitors, that target both DNA repair and redox activities, are presented and discussed. To date, there is an urgent need for further development of the design and synthesis of APE1/Ref-1 inhibitors due to high importance of this protein target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey S Laev
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. akademika Lavrent'eva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation.
| | - Nariman F Salakhutdinov
- Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. akademika Lavrent'eva 9, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation; Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
| | - Olga I Lavrik
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation; Novosibirsk Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. akademika Lavrent'eva 8, Novosibirsk 630090, Russian Federation
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21
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Parker L, Shaw CS, Stepto NK, Levinger I. Exercise and Glycemic Control: Focus on Redox Homeostasis and Redox-Sensitive Protein Signaling. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:87. [PMID: 28529499 PMCID: PMC5418238 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity, excess energy consumption, and obesity are associated with elevated systemic oxidative stress and the sustained activation of redox-sensitive stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Sustained SAPK activation leads to aberrant insulin signaling, impaired glycemic control, and the development and progression of cardiometabolic disease. Paradoxically, acute exercise transiently increases oxidative stress and SAPK signaling, yet postexercise glycemic control and skeletal muscle function are enhanced. Furthermore, regular exercise leads to the upregulation of antioxidant defense, which likely assists in the mitigation of chronic oxidative stress-associated disease. In this review, we explore the complex spatiotemporal interplay between exercise, oxidative stress, and glycemic control, and highlight exercise-induced reactive oxygen species and redox-sensitive protein signaling as important regulators of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewan Parker
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Lewan Parker, ,
| | - Christopher S. Shaw
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Nigel K. Stepto
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), College of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University and Western Health, St. Albans, VIC, Australia
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22
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Miroshnikova AD, Kuznetsova AA, Vorobjev YN, Kuznetsov NA, Fedorova OS. Effects of mono- and divalent metal ions on DNA binding and catalysis of human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1527-39. [PMID: 27063150 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00128a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Here, we used stopped-flow fluorescence techniques to conduct a comparative kinetic analysis of the conformational transitions in human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and in DNA containing an abasic site in the course of their interaction. Effects of monovalent (K(+)) and divalent (Mg(2+), Mn(2+), Ca(2+), Zn(2+), Cu(2+), and Ni(2+)) metal ions on DNA binding and catalytic stages were studied. It was shown that the first step of substrate binding (corresponding to formation of a primary enzyme-substrate complex) does not depend on the concentration (0.05-5.0 mM) or the nature of divalent metal ions. In contrast, the initial DNA binding efficiency significantly decreased at a high concentration (5-250 mM) of monovalent K(+) ions, indicating the involvement of electrostatic interactions in this stage. It was also shown that Cu(2+) ions abrogated the DNA binding ability of APE1, possibly, due to a strong interaction with DNA bases and the sugar-phosphate backbone. In the case of Ca(2+) ions, the catalytic activity of APE1 was lost completely with retention of binding potential. Thus, the enzymatic activity of APE1 is increased in the order Zn(2+) < Ni(2+) < Mn(2+) < Mg(2+). Circular dichroism spectra and calculation of the contact area between APE1 and DNA reveal that Mg(2+) ions stabilize the protein structure and the enzyme-substrate complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia D Miroshnikova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine (ICBFM), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Lavrentyev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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23
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Georgiadis MM, Chen Q, Meng J, Guo C, Wireman R, Reed A, Vasko MR, Kelley MR. Small molecule activation of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 reduces DNA damage induced by cisplatin in cultured sensory neurons. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 41:32-41. [PMID: 27078577 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) affects approximately 5-60% of cancer patients, there are currently no treatments available in part due to the fact that the underlying causes of CIPN are not well understood. One contributing factor in CIPN may be persistence of DNA lesions resulting from treatment with platinum-based agents such as cisplatin. In support of this hypothesis, overexpression of the base excision repair (BER) enzyme, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1), reduces DNA damage and protects cultured sensory neurons treated with cisplatin. Here, we address stimulation of APE1's endonuclease through a small molecule, nicorandil, as a means of mimicking the beneficial effects observed for overexpression of APE1. Nicorandil, was identified through high-throughput screening of small molecule libraries and found to stimulate APE1 endonuclease activity by increasing catalytic efficiency approximately 2-fold. This stimulation is primarily due to an increase in kcat. To prevent metabolism of nicorandil, an approved drug in Europe for the treatment of angina, cultured sensory neurons were pretreated with nicorandil and daidzin, an aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 inhibitor, resulting in decreased DNA damage but not altered transmitter release by cisplatin. This finding suggests that activation of APE1 by nicorandil in cisplatin-treated cultured sensory neurons does not imbalance the BER pathway in contrast to overexpression of the kinetically faster R177A APE1. Taken together, our results suggest that APE1 activators can be used to reduce DNA damage induced by cisplatin in cultured sensory neurons, although further studies will be required to fully assess their protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Millie M Georgiadis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
| | - Qiujia Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jingwei Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Chunlu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Randall Wireman
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - April Reed
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Michael R Vasko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mark R Kelley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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24
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Gavande NS, VanderVere-Carozza PS, Hinshaw HD, Jalal SI, Sears CR, Pawelczak KS, Turchi JJ. DNA repair targeted therapy: The past or future of cancer treatment? Pharmacol Ther 2016; 160:65-83. [PMID: 26896565 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The repair of DNA damage is a complex process that relies on particular pathways to remedy specific types of damage to DNA. The range of insults to DNA includes small, modest changes in structure including mismatched bases and simple methylation events to oxidized bases, intra- and interstrand DNA crosslinks, DNA double strand breaks and protein-DNA adducts. Pathways required for the repair of these lesions include mismatch repair, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, and the homology directed repair/Fanconi anemia pathway. Each of these pathways contributes to genetic stability, and mutations in genes encoding proteins involved in these pathways have been demonstrated to promote genetic instability and cancer. In fact, it has been suggested that all cancers display defects in DNA repair. It has also been demonstrated that the ability of cancer cells to repair therapeutically induced DNA damage impacts therapeutic efficacy. This has led to targeting DNA repair pathways and proteins to develop anti-cancer agents that will increase sensitivity to traditional chemotherapeutics. While initial studies languished and were plagued by a lack of specificity and a defined mechanism of action, more recent approaches to exploit synthetic lethal interaction and develop high affinity chemical inhibitors have proven considerably more effective. In this review we will highlight recent advances and discuss previous failures in targeting DNA repair to pave the way for future DNA repair targeted agents and their use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navnath S Gavande
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | | | - Hilary D Hinshaw
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Shadia I Jalal
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Catherine R Sears
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | | | - John J Turchi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; NERx Biosciences, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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25
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Chauhan M, Joshi G, Kler H, Kashyap A, Amrutkar SM, Sharma P, Bhilare KD, Chand Banerjee U, Singh S, Kumar R. Dual inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor and topoisomerase IIα derived from a quinoline scaffold. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra15118c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the quinazoline bearing EGFR inhibitors, a series of thirty four compounds having a quinoline scaffold were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for EGFR kinase inhibitory and anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Chauhan
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Harveen Kler
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Archana Kashyap
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Suyog M. Amrutkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Mohali
- India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Kiran D. Bhilare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Mohali
- India
| | - Uttam Chand Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)
- Mohali
- India
| | - Sandeep Singh
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products
- Central University of Punjab
- Bathinda
- India
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26
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The Tumorigenic Roles of the Cellular REDOX Regulatory Systems. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:8413032. [PMID: 26682014 PMCID: PMC4670861 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8413032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cellular REDOX regulatory systems play a central role in maintaining REDOX homeostasis that is crucial for cell integrity, survival, and proliferation. To date, a substantial amount of data has demonstrated that cancer cells typically undergo increasing oxidative stress as the tumor develops, upregulating these important antioxidant systems in order to survive, proliferate, and metastasize under these extreme oxidative stress conditions. Since a large number of chemotherapeutic agents currently used in the clinic rely on the induction of ROS overload or change of ROS quality to kill the tumor, the cancer cell REDOX adaptation represents a significant obstacle to conventional chemotherapy. In this review we will first examine the different factors that contribute to the enhanced oxidative stress generally observed within the tumor microenvironment. We will then make a comprehensive assessment of the current literature regarding the main antioxidant proteins and systems that have been shown to be positively associated with tumor progression and chemoresistance. Finally we will make an analysis of commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs that induce ROS. The current knowledge of cancer cell REDOX adaptation raises the issue of developing novel and more effective therapies for these tumors that are usually resistant to conventional ROS inducing chemotherapy.
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27
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Singh PK, Negi A, Gupta PK, Chauhan M, Kumar R. Toxicophore exploration as a screening technology for drug design and discovery: techniques, scope and limitations. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1785-802. [PMID: 26341667 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity is a common drawback of newly designed chemotherapeutic agents. With the exception of pharmacophore-induced toxicity (lack of selectivity at higher concentrations of a drug), the toxicity due to chemotherapeutic agents is based on the toxicophore moiety present in the drug. To date, methodologies implemented to determine toxicophores may be broadly classified into biological, bioanalytical and computational approaches. The biological approach involves analysis of bioactivated metabolites, whereas the computational approach involves a QSAR-based method, mapping techniques, an inverse docking technique and a few toxicophore identification/estimation tools. Being one of the major steps in drug discovery process, toxicophore identification has proven to be an essential screening step in drug design and development. The paper is first of its kind, attempting to cover and compare different methodologies employed in predicting and determining toxicophores with an emphasis on their scope and limitations. Such information may prove vital in the appropriate selection of methodology and can be used as screening technology by researchers to discover the toxicophoric potentials of their designed and synthesized moieties. Additionally, it can be utilized in the manipulation of molecules containing toxicophores in such a manner that their toxicities might be eliminated or removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, India
| | - Arvind Negi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Computational Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, India
| | - Monika Chauhan
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, India.
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28
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Zhu J, Zhang C, Qing Y, Cheng Y, Jiang X, Li M, Yang Z, Wang D. Genistein induces apoptosis by stabilizing intracellular p53 protein through an APE1-mediated pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:209-18. [PMID: 26032169 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genistein (GEN) has been previously shown to have a proapoptotic effect on cancer cells through a p53-dependent pathway, the mechanism of which remains unclear. One of its intracellular targets, APE1, protects against apoptosis under genotoxic stress and interacts with p53. In this current study, we explored the mechanism of the proapoptotic effect of GEN by examining the APE1-p53 protein-protein interaction. We initially showed that the p53 protein level was elevated in GEN-treated human non-small lung cancer A549 cells and cervical cancer HeLa cells. By examining both protein synthesis and degradation, we found that GEN enhances p53 intracellular stability by interfering with the interaction of APE1 and p53, which provided a plausible explanation for how GEN initiates apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that the interaction between APE1 and p53 is important for the degradation of p53 and is dependent on the redox domain of APE1 by utilizing the redox domain mutant APE1 C65A. Our data suggest that the degradation of wild-type p53 is blocked when the redox domain of APE1 is masked or interrupted. Based on this evidence, we hereby report a novel mechanism of p53 degradation through an APE1-mediated, redox-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Zhu
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Qing
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Jiang
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Li
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenzhou Yang
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong Wang
- Cancer Center, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
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29
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Imine/amide-imidazole conjugates derived from 5-amino-4-cyano-N1-substituted benzyl imidazole: Microwave-assisted synthesis and anticancer activity via selective topoisomerase-II-α inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2015. [PMID: 26216018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Microwave-accelerated synthesis and anticancer activity of novel imine/amide-imidazole conjugates derived from 5-amino-4-cyano-N1-substituted benzyl imidazole against a panel of seven cancer cell lines are reported for the first time. Compounds ARK-4, 10 and 12 in the series show promising in vitro anti proliferative activity with low micromolar IC50 values against A-459 (lung), Hep-G2 (liver) and H-460 (liver) cancer cell lines. Compounds caused the increase in ROS levels as well as mitochondrial membrane depolarization, which might induce apoptosis. Further, mechanistic interventions on biological and molecular modeling data supported that compounds inhibited topoisomerase-II selectively.
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30
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Montaldi AP, Godoy PRDV, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. APE1/REF-1 down-regulation enhances the cytotoxic effects of temozolomide in a resistant glioblastoma cell line. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2015; 793:19-29. [PMID: 26520369 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is widely used for patients with glioblastoma (GBM); however, tumor cells frequently exhibit drug-resistance. Base excision repair (BER) has been identified as a possible mediator of TMZ resistance, and an attractive approach to sensitizing cells to chemotherapy. Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease/redox factor-1 (APE1) is an essential enzyme with a role in the BER pathway by repairing abasic sites, and it also acts as a reduction factor, maintaining transcription factors in an active reduced state. Thus, we aimed to investigate whether the down-regulation of APE1 expression by siRNA can interfere with the resistance of GBM to TMZ, being evaluated by several cellular and molecular parameters. We demonstrated that APE1 knockdown associated with TMZ treatment efficiently reduced cell proliferation and clonogenic survival of resistant cells (T98G), which appears to be a consequence of increased DNA damage, S-phase arrest, and H2AX phosphorylation, resulting in apoptosis induction. On the contrary, for those assays, the sensitization effects of APE1 silencing plus TMZ treatment did not occur in the TMZ-sensitive cell line (U87MG). Interestingly, TMZ-treatment and APE1 knockdown significantly reduced cell invasion in both cell lines, but TMZ alone did not reduce the invasion capacity of U87MG cells, as observed for T98G. We also found that VEGF expression was down-regulated by TMZ treatment in T98G cells, regardless of APE1 knockdown, but U87MG showed a different response, since APE1 silencing counteracted VEGF induction promoted by TMZ, suggesting that the APE1-redox function may play an indirect role, depending on the cell line. The present results support the contribution of BER in the GBM resistance to TMZ, with a greater effect in TMZ-resistant, compared with TMZ-sensitive cells, emphasizing that APE1 can be a promising target for modifying TMZ tolerance. Furthermore, genetic characteristics of tumor cells should be considered as critical information to select an appropriate therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Montaldi
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil; Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, S.P., Brazil
| | - Paulo R D V Godoy
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil; Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, S.P., Brazil
| | - Elza T Sakamoto-Hojo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil; Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, S.P., Brazil.
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31
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Feng Z, Kochanek S, Close D, Wang L, Srinivasan A, Almehizia AA, Iyer P, Xie XQ, Johnston PA, Gold B. Design and activity of AP endonuclease-1 inhibitors. J Chem Biol 2015; 8:79-93. [PMID: 26101550 DOI: 10.1007/s12154-015-0131-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/redox effector factor-1 (APE-1) is a critical component of base excision repair that excises abasic lesions created enzymatically by the action of DNA glycosylases on modified bases and non-enzymatically by hydrolytic depurination/depyrimidination of nucleobases. Many anticancer drugs generate DNA adducts that are processed by base excision repair, and tumor resistance is frequently associated with enhanced APE-1 expression. Accordingly, APE-1 is a potential therapeutic target to treat cancer. Using computational approaches and the high resolution structure of APE-1, we developed a 5-point pharmacophore model for APE-1 small molecule inhibitors. One of the nM APE-1 inhibitors (AJAY-4) that was identified based on this model exhibited an overall median growth inhibition (GI50) of 4.19 μM in the NCI-60 cell line panel. The mechanism of action is shown to be related to the buildup of abasic sites that cause PARP activation and PARP cleavage, and the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7, which is consistent with cell death by apoptosis. In a drug combination growth inhibition screen conducted in 10 randomly selected NCI-60 cell lines and with 20 clinically used non-genotoxic anticancer drugs, a synergy was flagged in the SK-MEL-5 melanoma cell line exposed to combinations of vemurafenib, which targets melanoma cells with V600E mutated BRAF, and AJAY-4, our most potent APE-1 inhibitor. The synergy between AJAY-4 and vemurafenib was not observed in cell lines expressing wild-type B-Raf protein. This synergistic combination may provide a solution to the resistance that develops in tumors treated with B-Raf-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Feng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Stanton Kochanek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - David Close
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - LiRong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Ajay Srinivasan
- Malaria Vaccine Development Program, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | | | - Prema Iyer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Paul A Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Barry Gold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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