1
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Mafra JCM, Boechat N, Teixeira GP, Faria RX. Synthetic molecules as P2X7 receptor antagonists: A medicinal chemistry update focusing the therapy of inflammatory diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 957:175999. [PMID: 37619787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of the P2X7 receptor by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate induces a series of responses in the organism, exceptionally protein cascades related to the proinflammatory process. This has made P2X7 a target for research on inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, the incessant search for new prototypes that aim to antagonize the action of P2X7 has been remarkable in recent decades, a factor that has already led to numerous clinical studies in humans. In this review, we present the key molecules developed over the years with potential inhibition of P2X7 and inflammation. In addition, an update with newly developed chemical classes with promising activity and results in clinical studies for human pathologies focusing on P2X7 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Martins Mafra
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos (LASFAR) - Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz Brazil; Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro - IFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Nubia Boechat
- Laboratório de Síntese de Fármacos (LASFAR) - Farmanguinhos - Fiocruz Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Pegas Teixeira
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Rio de Janeiro Fiocruz Brazil.
| | - Robson Xavier Faria
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Rio de Janeiro Fiocruz Brazil.
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2
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Therapeutic potentials and structure-activity relationship of 1,3-benzodioxole N-carbamothioyl carboxamide derivatives as selective and potent antagonists of P2X4 and P2X7 receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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3
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Towards a Novel Class of Multitarget-Directed Ligands: Dual P2X7-NMDA Receptor Antagonists. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010230. [PMID: 29361735 PMCID: PMC6017257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) offer new hope for the treatment of multifactorial complex diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Herein, we present compounds aimed at targeting the NMDA and the P2X7 receptors, which embody a different approach to AD therapy. On one hand, we are seeking to delay neurodegeneration targeting the glutamatergic NMDA receptors; on the other hand, we also aim to reduce neuroinflammation, targeting P2X7 receptors. Although the NMDA receptor is a widely recognized therapeutic target in treating AD, the P2X7 receptor remains largely unexplored for this purpose; therefore, the dual inhibitor presented herein-which is open to further optimization-represents the first member of a new class of MTDLs.
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4
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Discovery and pharmacological evaluation of a novel series of adamantyl cyanoguanidines as P2X 7 receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 130:433-439. [PMID: 28279849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report adamantyl cyanoguanidine compounds based on hybrids of the adamantyl amide scaffold reported by AstraZeneca and cyanoguanidine scaffold reported by Abbott Laboratories. Compound 27 displayed five-fold greater inhibitory potency than the lead compound 2 in both pore-formation and interleukin-1β release assays, while 35-treated mice displayed an antidepressant phenotype in behavioral studies. This SAR study provides a proof of concept for hybrid compounds, which will help in the further development of P2X7R antagonists.
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5
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Ramakrishna E, Dev K, Maurya SW, Siddiqui IR, Maurya R. Hypervalent iodine (III)-mediated oxidation of aryl sulfonylhydrazones: A facile synthesis of N-aroyl-N′-acyl arylsulfonylhydrazides. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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6
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Barniol-Xicota M, Kwak SH, Lee SD, Caseley E, Valverde E, Jiang LH, Kim YC, Vázquez S. Escape from adamantane: Scaffold optimization of novel P2X7 antagonists featuring complex polycycles. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:759-763. [PMID: 28126517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The adamantane scaffold, despite being widely used in medicinal chemistry, is not devoid of problems. In recent years we have developed new polycyclic scaffolds as surrogates of the adamantane group with encouraging results in multiple targets. As an adamantane scaffold is a common structural feature in several P2X7 receptor antagonists, herein we report the synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of multiple replacement options of adamantane that maintain a good activity profile. Molecular modeling studies support the binding of the compounds to a site close to the central pore, rather than to the ATP-binding site and shed light on the structural requirements for novel P2X7 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Barniol-Xicota
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Seung-Hwa Kwak
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Deok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Emily Caseley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Valverde
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
| | - Santiago Vázquez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, Barcelona E-08028, Spain.
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7
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Abstract
There is a brief introductory summary of purinergic signaling involving ATP storage, release, and ectoenzymatic breakdown, and the current classification of receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines. The review then describes purinergic mechanosensory transduction involved in visceral, cutaneous, and musculoskeletal nociception and on the roles played by receptor subtypes in neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Multiple purinoceptor subtypes are involved in pain pathways both as an initiator and modulator. Activation of homomeric P2X3 receptors contributes to acute nociception and activation of heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors appears to modulate longer-lasting nociceptive sensitivity associated with nerve injury or chronic inflammation. In neuropathic pain activation of P2X4, P2X7, and P2Y12 receptors on microglia may serve to maintain nociceptive sensitivity through complex neural-glial cell interactions and antagonists to these receptors reduce neuropathic pain. Potential therapeutic approaches involving purinergic mechanisms will be discussed.
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8
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Kwak SH, Lee WG, Lee YJ, Lee SD, Kim YC, Ko H. Discovery of novel purine-based heterocyclic P2X7 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Chem 2015; 61:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Li N, Zhang P, Qiao M, Shao J, Li H, Xie W. The effects of early life lead exposure on the expression of P2X7 receptor and synaptophysin in the hippocampus of mouse pups. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 30:124-8. [PMID: 25542768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of maternal lead exposure on expression of P2X7 receptor and synaptophysin in the hippocampus of mice offspring. Lead exposure initiated from beginning of gestation to weaning. Lead acetate administered in drinking solutions was dissolved in distilled deionized water at the concentrations of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% groups, respectively. On the 21st postnatal day, the Pb levels were also determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. The expression of P2X7 receptor and synaptophysin in hippocampus was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The lead levels in blood and hippocampus of all lead exposure groups were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the expression of P2X7 receptor was increased in lead exposed groups (P<0.05), but the expression of synaptophysin was decreased (P<0.05). The high expression of P2X7 receptor and low expression of synaptophysin in the hippocampus of pups may contribute to the neurotoxicity associated with maternal Pb exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China.
| | - Pingan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China
| | - Mingwu Qiao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China
| | - Jianfeng Shao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China
| | - Haozhe Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China
| | - Wei Xie
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan Agriculture University, 450002, China
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10
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Fresno N, Pérez-Fernández R, Goicoechea C, Alkorta I, Fernández-Carvajal A, de la Torre-Martínez R, Quirce S, Ferrer-Montiel A, Martín MI, Goya P, Elguero J. Adamantyl analogues of paracetamol as potent analgesic drugs via inhibition of TRPA1. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113841. [PMID: 25438056 PMCID: PMC4249970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol also known as acetaminophen, is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic agent. We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of adamantyl analogues of paracetamol with important analgesic properties. The mechanism of nociception of compound 6a/b, an analog of paracetamol, is not exerted through direct interaction with cannabinoid receptors, nor by inhibiting COX. It behaves as an interesting selective TRPA1 channel antagonist, which may be responsible for its analgesic properties, whereas it has no effect on the TRPM8 nor TRPV1 channels. The possibility of replacing a phenyl ring by an adamantyl ring opens new avenues in other fields of medicinal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Fresno
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Goicoechea
- Departamento de Farmacología y Nutrición, Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Susana Quirce
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - Antonio Ferrer-Montiel
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Martín
- Departamento de Farmacología y Nutrición, Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Goya
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, IQM-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Purinergic P2X receptors: structural models and analysis of ligand-target interaction. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 89:561-80. [PMID: 25462266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The purinergic P2X receptors are ligand-gated cation channels activated by the endogenous ligand ATP. They assemble as homo- or heterotrimers from seven cloned subtypes (P2X1-7) and all trimer subunits present a common topology consisting in intracellular N- and C- termini, two transmembrane domains and a large extracellular domain. These membrane proteins are present in virtually all mammalian tissues and regulate a large variety of responses in physio- and pathological conditions. The development of ligands that selectively activate or block specific P2X receptor subtypes hence represents a promising strategy to obtain novel pharmacological tools for the treatment of pain, cancer, inflammation, and neurological, cardiovascular, and endocrine diseases. The publication of the crystal structures of zebrafish P2X4 receptor in inactive and ATP-bound active forms provided structural data for the analysis of the receptor structure, the interpretation of mutagenesis data, and the depiction of ligand binding and receptor activation mechanism. In addition, the availability of ATP-competitive ligands presenting selectivity for P2X receptor subtypes supports the design of new potent and selective ligands with possibly improved pharmacokinetic profiles, with the final aim to obtain new drugs. This study describes molecular modelling studies performed to develop structural models of the human and rat P2X receptors in inactive and active states. These models allowed to analyse the role of some non-conserved residues at ATP binding site and to study the receptor interaction with some non-specific or subtype selective agonists and antagonists.
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12
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Purinergic receptor P2X₇: a novel target for anti-inflammatory therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 22:54-88. [PMID: 24314880 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purinergic receptors, also known as purinoceptors, are ligand gated membrane ion channels involved in many cellular functions. Among all identified purinergic receptors, P2X₇ subform is unique since it induces the caspase activity, cytokine secretion, and apoptosis. The distribution of P2X₇ receptors, and the need of high concentration of ATP required to activate this receptor exhibited its ability to function as 'danger' sensor associated with tissue inflammation and damage. Further, the modulation of other signalling pathways associated with P2X₇ has also been proposed to play an important role in the control of macrophage functions and inflammatory responses, especially towards lipopolysaccharides. Experimentally, researchers have also observed the decreased severity of inflammatory responses in P2X₇ receptor expressing gene (P2RX₇) knockout (KO) phenotypes. Therefore, newly developed potent antagonists of P2X₇ receptor would serve as novel therapeutic agents to combat various inflammatory conditions. In this review article, we tried to explore various aspects of P2X₇ receptors including therapeutic potential, and recent discoveries and developments of P2X₇ receptor antagonists.
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13
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Fischer W, Urban N, Immig K, Franke H, Schaefer M. Natural compounds with P2X7 receptor-modulating properties. Purinergic Signal 2013; 10:313-26. [PMID: 24163006 PMCID: PMC4040168 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9392-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-gated P2X7 receptor is a membrane-bound, non-selective cation channel, expressed in a variety of cell types. The P2X7 senses high extracellular ATP concentrations and seems to be implicated in a wide range of cellular functions as well as pathophysiological processes, including immune responses and inflammation, release of gliotransmitters and cytokines, cancer cell growth or development of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, we identified natural compounds and analogues that can block or sensitize the ATP (1 mM)-induced Ca(2+) response using a HEK293 cell line stably expressing human P2X7 and fluorometric imaging plate reader technology. For instance, teniposide potently blocked the human P2X7 at sub-miromolar concentrations, but not human P2X4 or rat P2X2. A marked block of ATP-induced Ca(2+) entry and Yo-Pro-1 uptake was also observed in human A375 melanoma cells and mouse microglial cells, both expressing P2X7. On the other hand, agelasine (AGL) and garcinolic acid (GA) facilitated the P2X7 response to ATP in all three cell populations. GA also enhanced the YO-PRO-1 uptake, whereas AGL did not affect the ATP-stimulated intracellular accumulation of this dye. According to the pathophysiological role of P2X7 in various diseases, selective modulators may have potential for further development, e.g. as neuroprotective or antineoplastic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Fischer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstr. 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany,
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14
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Battilocchio C, Guetzoyan L, Cervetto C, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Frattaroli D, Baxendale IR, Maura G, Rossi A, Sautebin L, Biava M, Ghelardini C, Marcoli M, Ley SV. Flow Synthesis and Biological Studies of an Analgesic Adamantane Derivative That Inhibits P2X7-Evoked Glutamate Release. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:704-9. [PMID: 24900736 DOI: 10.1021/ml400079h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the biological evaluation of a class of adamantane derivatives, which were achieved via modified telescoped machine-assisted flow procedure. Among the series of compounds tested in this work, 5 demonstrated outstanding analgesic properties. This compound showed that its action was not mediated through direct interaction with opioid and/or cannabinoid receptors. Moreover, it did not display any significant anti-inflammatory properties. Experiments carried out on rat cerebrocortical purified synaptosomes indicated that 5 inhibits the P2X7-evoked glutamate release, which may contribute to its antinociceptive properties. Nevertheless, further experiments are ongoing to characterize the pharmacological properties and mechanism of action of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Battilocchio
- Innovative
Technology Centre,
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie Guetzoyan
- Innovative
Technology Centre,
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Cervetto
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Sezione
di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universita’di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze,
Psicologia Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Universita’ di Firenze, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Daniela Frattaroli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Sezione
di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universita’di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - Ian R. Baxendale
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE Durham, United
Kingdom
| | - Guido Maura
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Sezione
di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universita’di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Center of Excellence
for Biomedical
Research, Universita’ di Genova,
Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Universita’ di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Dipartimento di Farmacologia Sperimentale, Universita’ di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mariangela Biava
- Dipartmento di Chimica e Tecnologie
del Farmaco, Sapienza Universita’ di Roma, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze,
Psicologia Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Universita’ di Firenze, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Firenze, Italy
| | - Manuela Marcoli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Sezione
di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universita’di Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
- Center of Excellence
for Biomedical
Research, Universita’ di Genova,
Viale Benedetto XV 5, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Steven V. Ley
- Innovative
Technology Centre,
Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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15
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Foster JG, Carter E, Kilty I, MacKenzie AB, Ward SG. Mitochondrial superoxide generation enhances P2X7R-mediated loss of cell surface CD62L on naive human CD4+ T lymphocytes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1551-9. [PMID: 23319734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Migration of naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes into lymphoid tissue is essential for their activation and subsequent roles in adaptive immunity. The adhesion molecule L-selectin (CD62L), critical for this process, is highly expressed on naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes and is downregulated upon T lymphocyte activation. We demonstrate protein expression of P2X7R on naive CD4(+) T lymphocytes and show functional channel activity in whole-cell patch clamp recordings. CD62L downregulation occurs rapidly in response to extracellular ATP, a process that is blocked by selective antagonists of P2X7R. This loss of surface CD62L expression was not associated with externalization of phosphatidylserine. While investigating the mechanisms for this process, we revealed that pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial complex I or III, but not inhibition of NADPH oxidase, enhanced P2X7R-dependent CD62L downregulation by increasing ATP potency. Enhanced superoxide generation in the mitochondria of rotenone- and antimycin A-treated cells was observed and may contribute to the enhanced sensitivity of P2X7R to ATP. P2X7R-dependent exposure of phosphatidylserine was also revealed by preincubation with mitochondrial uncouplers prior to ATP treatment. This may present a novel mechanism whereby P2X7R-dependent phosphatidylserine exposure occurs only when cells have enhanced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation. The clearance of apoptotic cells may therefore be enhanced by this mechanism which requires functional P2X7R expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Foster
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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16
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Lee WG, Lee SD, Cho JH, Jung Y, Kim JH, Hien TT, Kang KW, Ko H, Kim YC. Structure–Activity Relationships and Optimization of 3,5-Dichloropyridine Derivatives As Novel P2X7Receptor Antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3687-98. [DOI: 10.1021/jm2012326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Won-Gil Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Deok Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Heui Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Jung
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-hyun Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Tran T. Hien
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Ko
- Graduate Program of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Chul Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program of Medical System Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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17
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Abstract
The myriad pain pathophysiology has intrigued and challenged humanity for centuries. In this regard, the traditional pain therapies such as opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been highly successful in treating acute and chronic pain. However, their drawback includes adverse events such as psychotropic effects, addiction potential, and gastrointestinal toxicities, to mention a few. These factors combined with the likelihood of an increase in chronic pain conditions due to an aging population calls for the development of novel mechanism-based or "site-specific" agents to target novel pain pathways. In this regard, rapid progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of novel pain targets such as cannabinoid receptors, fatty acid hydrolase, voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels such as P2 receptors, transient receptor potential channels and glial cell modulators. Accordingly, preclinical studies indicate that the site-specific/selective agents exhibit sufficient efficacy and reduced side effects such as lack of psychotropic effects indicating their clinical potential. This review provides a brief summary of some "at-site" pain targets and their role in the pain pathophysiology, and describes the efforts in developing some small molecules as novel pain therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Pn Rao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Sciences Campus, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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18
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The many faces of the adamantyl group in drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:1949-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.01.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Hansen RR, Nielsen CK, Nasser A, Thomsen SIM, Eghorn LF, Pham Y, Schulenburg C, Syberg S, Ding M, Stojilkovic SS, Jorgensen NR, Heegaard AM. P2X7 receptor-deficient mice are susceptible to bone cancer pain. Pain 2011; 152:1766-1776. [PMID: 21565445 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic P2X7 receptor is implicated in both neuropathic and inflammatory pain, and has been suggested as a possible target in pain treatment. However, the specific role of the P2X7 receptor in bone cancer pain is unknown. We demonstrated that BALB/cJ P2X7 receptor knockout (P2X7R KO) mice were susceptible to bone cancer pain and moreover had an earlier onset of pain-related behaviours compared with cancer-bearing, wild-type mice. Furthermore, acute treatment with the selective P2X7 receptor antagonist, A-438079, failed to alleviate pain-related behaviours in models of bone cancer pain with and without astrocyte activation (BALB/cJ or C3H mice inoculated with 4T1 mammary cancer cells or NCTC 2472 osteosarcoma cells, respectively), suggesting that astrocytic P2X7 receptors play a negligible role in bone cancer pain. The results support the hypothesis that bone cancer pain is a separate pain state compared with those of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, the recent discovery of a P2X7 receptor splice variant expressed in the knockout mice used for this study complicates the interpretation of the results. The P2X7 splice variant receptor was detected in the spinal cord but not in osteoclasts of the P2X7R KO mouse. Further experiments are needed to elucidate the exact role of the P2X7 receptors in bone cancer pain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Neoplasms/complications
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA, Recombinant/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Osteosarcoma/complications
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/etiology
- Pain/genetics
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Purinergic P2X Receptor Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/deficiency
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/genetics
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Tetrazoles/therapeutic use
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Rie Hansen
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Research Centre Glostrup, Glostrup Hospital, Denmark Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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20
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Friedle SA, Curet MA, Watters JJ. Recent patents on novel P2X(7) receptor antagonists and their potential for reducing central nervous system inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:35-45. [PMID: 19705995 DOI: 10.2174/157488910789753530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation arises in the CNS from a number of neurodegenerative and oncogenic disorders, as well as from ischemic and traumatic brain injuries. These pathologies give rise to increased levels of extracellular adenine nucleotides which, via activation of a variety of cell surface P2 purinergic receptors, influence the inflammatory activities of responding immune cells. One P2 receptor subtype in particular, the P2X(7) receptor, potentiates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) from macrophage-like cells. It is also thought to contribute to secondary brain injury by inducing neuronal cell death. Therefore, antagonism of this receptor could have significant therapeutic impact on all disorders, not just CNS, to which excessive inflammatory activities contribute. The use of currently available P2X(7) receptor antagonists for the treatment of CNS inflammation has been limited to the generally non-selective antagonists PPADS, oxidized ATP, Brilliant Blue G, suramin, calmidizolium, and KN-62. However, the recent patents and development of novel P2X(7) receptor antagonists, as discussed in this review, will provide new tools both for clinical and research purposes. Here we discuss compounds for which patents have been applied since 2006, from the following categories: benzamide inhibitors, bicycloheteroaryl compounds, acylhdranzine antagonists, biaromatic P2X(7) antagonists, heterocyclic compounds and amide derivatives, and aromatic amine antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Friedle
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology and Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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21
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Skaper SD, Debetto P, Giusti P. The P2X7 purinergic receptor: from physiology to neurological disorders. FASEB J 2009; 24:337-45. [PMID: 19812374 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-138883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleotides are well established as extracellular signaling molecules. P2X receptors are ATP-gated cation channels that mediate fast excitatory transmission in diverse regions of the brain and spinal cord. Several P2X receptor subtypes, including P2X(7), have the unusual property of changing their ion selectivity during prolonged exposure to ATP, which results in progressive dilation of the channel pore and the development of permeability to molecules as large as 900 Da. The P2X(7) receptor was originally described in cells of hematopoietic origin, including macrophages, microglia, and certain lymphocytes, and mediates the influx of Ca(2+) and Na(+) ions, as well as the release of proinflammatory cytokines. P2X(7) receptors may affect neuronal cell death through their ability to regulate the processing and release of interleukin-1beta, a key mediator in neurodegeneration, chronic inflammation, and chronic pain. Activation of P2X(7) receptors provides an inflammatory stimulus, and P2X(7) receptor-deficient mice have substantially attenuated inflammatory responses, including models of neuropathic and chronic inflammatory pain. Moreover, P2X(7) receptor activity, by regulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines, may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The P2X(7) receptor may thus represent a critical communication link between the nervous and immune systems, while providing a target for therapeutic exploitation. This review discusses the current biology and cellular signaling pathways of P2X(7) receptor function, as well as insights into the role for this receptor in neurological/psychiatric diseases, outstanding questions, and the therapeutic potential of P2X(7) receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Skaper
- Department of Pharmacology and Anesthesiology, University of Padova, Largo "E. Meneghetti" 2, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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22
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Lee JY, Yu J, Cho WJ, Ko H, Kim YC. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of pyrazolodiazepine derivatives as human P2X7 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:6053-8. [PMID: 19800793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Screening of library compounds has yielded pyrazolodiazepine derivatives with P2X7 receptor antagonist activity. To explore the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these pyrazolodiazepines as human P2X7 receptor antagonists, derivatives were synthesized by substitutions at positions R2 and R3 of the pyrazolodiazepine skeleton. Using a 2'(3')-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)ATP (BzATP)-induced fluorescent ethidium uptake assay, the activities of these derivatives were tested in HEK-293 cells stably expressing human P2X7 receptors. Moreover, the effect of these derivatives was assessed by measuring their effect on IL-1beta release induced by BzATP-induced activation of differentiated THP-1 cells. A 2-phenethyl pyrazolodiazepine derivative with a 1-methyl-1H-3-indolyl group at position R2 had fivefold greater activity than the derivative with a 5-isoquinolinyl at R2. Moreover, a benzyl moiety at R3 had fivefold greater activity than a bicyclic moiety. The stereochemical effect at C-6 showed a preference for the (R)-isomer. Among the series of active derivatives, compound 23b, with a phenethyl group at R1, a 3-methyl indole at R2, and a benzyl at R3, exhibited activity similar to that of the positive control, KN-62, as shown by the inhibitory effects of IL-1beta release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yeon Lee
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science & Technology, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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23
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P2X(7) Receptors in Neurological and Cardiovascular Disorders. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2009; 2009:861324. [PMID: 20029634 PMCID: PMC2794459 DOI: 10.1155/2009/861324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X receptors are ATP-gated cation channels that mediate fast excitatory transmission in diverse regions of the brain and spinal cord. Several P2X receptor subtypes, including P2X(7), have the unusual property of changing their ion selectivity during prolonged exposure to ATP, which results in a channel pore permeable to molecules as large as 900 daltons. The P2X(7) receptor was originally described in cells of hematopoietic origin, and mediates the influx of Ca(2+) and Na(+) and Ca(2+) and Na(+) ions as well as the release of proinflammatory cytokines. P2X(7) receptors may affect neuronal cell death through their ability to regulate the processing and release of interleukin-1beta, a key mediator in neurodegeneration, chronic inflammation, and chronic pain. Activation of P2X(7), a key mediator in neurodegeneration, chronic inflammation, and chronic pain. Activation of P2X(7) receptors provides an inflammatory stimulus, and P2X(7) receptor-deficient mice have substantially attenuated inflammatory responses, including models of neuropathic and chronic inflammatory pain. Moreover, P2X(7) receptor activity, by regulating the release of proinflammatory cytokines, may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Apoptotic cell death occurs in a number of vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, restenosis, and hypertension, and may be linked to the release of ATP from endothelial cells, P2X(7) receptor activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and endothelial cell apoptosis. In this context, the P2X(7) receptor may be viewed as a gateway of communication between the nervous, immune, and cardiovascular systems.
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Gunosewoyo H, Coster MJ, Bennett MR, Kassiou M. Purinergic P2X(7) receptor antagonists: Chemistry and fundamentals of biological screening. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:4861-5. [PMID: 19540765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purinergic P2X(7) receptor is a unique member of the ATP-gated P2X family. This receptor has been implicated in numerous diseases and many structurally diverse ligands have been discovered via high throughput screening. This perspective will attempt to highlight some of the most recent key findings in both the biology and chemistry.
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25
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Effects of extracellular ATP on bovine lung endothelial and epithelial cell monolayer morphologies, apoptoses, and permeabilities. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 16:43-8. [PMID: 18987163 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00282-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Pneumonia in cattle is an important disease both economically and in terms of animal welfare. Recent evidence in other species has shown ATP to be an important modulator of inflammation in the lung, where it is released by activated alveolar macrophages and damaged lung cells. Whether ATP serves a similar process during infection in the bovine lung is unknown. In the present study, we examined the effects of ATP treatment on the morphology, apoptosis, and permeability of bovine pulmonary epithelial (BPE) cells and bovine pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (BPMEC). Monolayers of BPE cells underwent striking morphological changes when exposed to ATP that included separation of the cells. Neither BPE cells nor BPMEC exhibited increased apoptosis in response to ATP. BPE cell and BPMEC monolayers displayed virtually identical increases in permeability when exposed to ATP, with a 50% change occurring within the first hour of exposure. Both cell types contained mRNA for the P2X(7) receptor, a known receptor for ATP. In BPE cells, but not BPMEC, the change in permeability in response to ATP was reversed by the addition of a P2X(7) receptor antagonist. If similar permeability changes occur in vivo, they could be a factor in vascular leakage into lung airspaces during pneumonia.
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26
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Carroll WA, Donnelly-Roberts D, Jarvis MF. Selective P2X(7) receptor antagonists for chronic inflammation and pain. Purinergic Signal 2008; 5:63-73. [PMID: 18568426 PMCID: PMC2721772 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-008-9110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP, acting on P2X7 receptors, stimulates changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, maturation, and release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and following prolonged agonist exposure, cell death. The functional effects of P2X7 receptor activation facilitate several proinflammatory processes associated with arthritis. Within the nervous system, these proinflammatory processes may also contribute to the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Emerging data from genetic knockout studies have indicated specific roles for P2X7 receptors in inflammatory and neuropathic pain states. The discovery of multiple distinct chemical series of potent and highly selective P2X7 receptor antagonists have enhanced our understanding of P2X7 receptor pharmacology and the diverse array of P2X7 receptor signaling mechanisms. These antagonists have provided mechanistic insight into the role(s) P2X7 receptors play under pathophysiological conditions. In this review, we integrate the recent discoveries of novel P2X7 receptor-selective antagonists with a brief update on P2X7 receptor pharmacology and its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Carroll
- Abbott Laboratories, Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, R47W, AP10, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott Park, IL, 60064-6101, USA,
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