1
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Luo W, Liu Y, Qin H, Zhao Z, Wang S, He W, Tang S, Peng J. Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic drug products approved by the FDA in 2023: Synthesis and biological activity. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 279:116838. [PMID: 39255645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
This article profiles 13 newly approved nitrogen-containing heterocyclic drugs by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2023. These drugs target a variety of therapeutic areas including proteinuria in patients with IgA nephropathy, migraine in adults, Rett syndrome, PI3Kδ syndrome, vasomotor symptoms, alopecia areata, acute myeloid leukemia, postpartum depression, myelofibrosis, and various cancer and tumor types. The molecular structures of these approved drugs feature common aromatic heterocyclic compounds such as pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isoxazole, pyridine, and pyrimidine, as well as aliphatic heterocyclic compounds like caprolactam, piperazine, and piperidine. Some compounds also contain multiple heteroatoms like 1,2,4-thiadiazole and 1,2,4-triazole. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the bioactivity spectrum, medicinal chemistry discovery, and synthetic methods for each compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Luo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China
| | - Yiqi Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China
| | - Hui Qin
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Zeyan Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China
| | - Suqi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China
| | - Weimin He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
| | - Shengsong Tang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory for Antibody-based Drug and Intelligent Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hunan University of Medicine, China.
| | - Junmei Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, China.
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2
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Choi K. Structure-property Relationships Reported for the New Drugs Approved in 2023. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:1822-1833. [PMID: 38676492 DOI: 10.2174/0113895575308674240415074629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Drug-like properties play pivotal roles in drug adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity. Therefore, efficiently optimizing these properties is essential for the successful development of novel therapeutics. Understanding the structure-property relationships of clinically approved drugs can provide valuable insights for drug design and optimization strategies. Among the new drugs approved in 2023, which include 31 small-molecule drugs in the US, the structureproperty relationships of nine drugs were compiled from the medicinal chemistry literature, in which detailed information on pharmacokinetic and/or physicochemical properties was reported not only for the final drug but also for its key analogs generated during drug development. The structure- property relationships of nine newly approved drugs are summarized, including three kinase inhibitors and three G-protein-coupled receptor antagonists. Several optimization strategies, such as bioisosteric replacement and steric handle installation, have successfully produced clinical candidates with enhanced physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The summarized structure- property relationships demonstrate how appropriate structural modifications can effectively improve overall drug-like properties. The ongoing exploration of structure-property relationships of clinically approved drugs is expected to offer valuable guidance for developing future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihang Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea (ROK)
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3
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Li J, Xu J, Jiang M, Song L, Liu J. The Perfluoroalkylthiolation Reaction of Indoles and Activated Arenes with Perfluoroalkanesulfenic Acids. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Hui Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Normal University 200234 Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
| | - Jia‐Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road 200436 Shanghai China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
| | - Li‐Ping Song
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Shanghai University 99 Shangda Road 200436 Shanghai China
| | - Jin‐Tao Liu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials Shanghai Normal University 200234 Shanghai China
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Road 200032 Shanghai China
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4
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Yagi Y, Kimura H, Kondo Y, Higuchi T. Novel synthesis of an [18F]aryl boronic acid ester as a reagent for 18F-labeling via Suzuki coupling. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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5
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Ribeiro dos Santos JB, Ribeiro da Silva MR. Small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists for the preventive treatment of migraine: A review. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 922:174902. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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6
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Luo G, Jiang XJ, Chen L, Conway CM, Gulianello M, Kostich W, Keavy D, Signor LJ, Chen P, Davis C, Whiterock VJ, Schartman R, Widmann KA, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists: Heterocyclic modification of a novel azepinone lead. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 43:128077. [PMID: 33932522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In our efforts to identify orally bioavailable CGRP receptor antagonists, we previously discovered a novel series of orally available azepinone derivatives that unfortunately also exhibited the unwanted property of potent time-dependent human CYP3A4 inhibition. Through heterocyclic replacement of the indazole ring, we discovered a series of heterocycle derivatives as high-affinity CGRP receptor antagonists. Some of them showed reasonable oral exposures, and the imidazolone derivatives that showed good oral exposure also exhibited substantially reduced time-dependent CYP3A4 inhibition. Several compounds showed strong in vivo efficacy in our marmoset facial blood flow assay with up to 87% inhibition of CGRP-induced activity. However, oral bioavailability generally remained low, emphasizing the challenges we and others encountered in discovering clinical development candidates for this difficult Class B GPCR target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Luo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ 08543, United States.
| | | | - Ling Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Charles M Conway
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; Biohaven Pharmaceuticals Inc., New Haven, CT 06510, United States
| | - Michael Gulianello
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701, United States
| | - Walter Kostich
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; National Multiple Sclerosis Society, New York, NY 10017, United States
| | - Deborah Keavy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; Medtronic, North Haven, CT 06473, United States
| | - Laura J Signor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States
| | - Ping Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; Bristol Myers Squibb, Lawrenceville, NJ 08543, United States
| | - Carl Davis
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; Amgen, Inc. Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | | | - Richard Schartman
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; Preformulation Solutions, LLC, North Ridgeville, OH 44039, United States
| | | | - John E Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; Sanofi, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Gene M Dubowchik
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, CT 06492, United States; Biohaven Pharmaceuticals Inc., New Haven, CT 06510, United States
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7
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Azepino-indazoles as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 31:127624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Kakutani N, Iwai T, Ohno Y, Kobayashi S, Nomura Y. Evaluation of covalent binding of flutamide and its risk assessment using 19F-NMR. Xenobiotica 2020; 51:88-94. [PMID: 32876521 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1817626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of reactive metabolites (RMs) is a problem in drug development that sometimes results in severe hepatotoxicity. As detecting RMs themselves is difficult, a covalent binding assay using expensive radiolabelled tracers is usually performed for candidate selection. This study aimed to provide a practical approach toward the risk assessment of hepatotoxicity induced by covalent binding before candidate selection. We focused on flutamide because it contains a trifluoromethyl group that shows a strong singlet peak by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry. The covalent binding of flutamide was evaluated using quantitative NMR and its risk for hepatotoxicity was assessed by estimating the RM burden, an index that reflects the body burden associated with RM exposure by determining the extent of covalent binding, clinical dose and in vivo clearance. The extent of covalent binding and RM burden was 296 pmol/mg/h and 37.9 mg/day, respectively. Flutamide was categorised as high risk with an RM burden >10 mg/day consistent with its clinical hepatotoxicity. These results indicate that a combination of covalent binding assay using 19F-NMR and RM burden is useful for the risk assessment of RMs without using radiolabelled compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kakutani
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iwai
- Product Development Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ohno
- Product Development Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Satoru Kobayashi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Nomura
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories, Japan Tobacco Inc, Takatsuki, Japan
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9
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Mei H, Han J, White S, Graham DJ, Izawa K, Sato T, Fustero S, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Tailor-Made Amino Acids and Fluorinated Motifs as Prominent Traits in Modern Pharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2020; 26:11349-11390. [PMID: 32359086 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structural analysis of modern pharmaceutical practices allows for the identification of two rapidly growing trends: the introduction of tailor-made amino acids and the exploitation of fluorinated motifs. Curiously, the former represents one of the most ubiquitous classes of naturally occurring compounds, whereas the latter is the most xenobiotic and comprised virtually entirely of man-made derivatives. Herein, 39 selected compounds, featuring both of these traits in the same molecule, are profiled. The total synthesis, source of the corresponding amino acids and fluorinated residues, and medicinal chemistry aspects and biological properties of the molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Daniel J Graham
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, USA
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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10
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Yan J, Jiang M, Song L, Liu J. Oxytrifluoromethylthiolation of 2,3‐Allenoates with Trifluoromethanesulfinyl Chloride: A Synthetic Approach to Trifluoromethylthiolated 4‐Oxo‐2(E)‐alkenoates and Furans. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceShanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200436 People's Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
| | - Li‐Ping Song
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceShanghai University 99 Shangda Road Shanghai 200436 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin‐Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 People's Republic of China
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11
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Han S, Sang Y, Wu Y, Tao Y, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E, Zhuang C, Chen FE. Molecular Hybridization-Inspired Optimization of Diarylbenzopyrimidines as HIV-1 Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors with Improved Activity against K103N and E138K Mutants and Pharmacokinetic Profiles. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:787-801. [PMID: 31599568 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Molecular hybridization is a powerful strategy in drug discovery. A series of novel diarylbenzopyrimidine (DABP) analogues were developed by the hybridization of FDA-approved drugs etravirine (ETR) and efavirenz (EFV) as potential HIV-1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Substituent modifications resulted in the identification of new DABPs with the combination of the strengths of the two drugs, especially compound 12d, which showed promising activity toward the EFV-resistant K103N mutant. 12d also had a favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) profile with liver microsome clearances of 14.4 μL/min/mg (human) and 33.2 μL/min/mg (rat) and an oral bioavailability of 15.5% in rat. However, its activity against the E138K mutant was still unsatisfactory; E138K is the most prevalent NNRTI resistance-associated mutant in ETR treatment. Further optimizations resulted in a highly potent compound (12z) with no substituents on the phenyl ring and a 2-methyl-6-nitro substitution pattern on the 4-cyanovinyl-2,6-disubstitued phenyl motif. The antiviral activity of this compound was much higher than those of ETR and EFV against the WT, E138K, and K103N variants (EC50 = 3.4, 4.3, and 3.6 nM, respectively), and the cytotoxicity was decreased while the selectivity index (SI) was increased. In particular, this compound exhibited acceptable intrinsic liver microsome stability (human, 34.5 μL/min/mg; rat, 33.2 μL/min/mg) and maintained the good PK profile of its parent compound EFV and showed an oral bioavailability of 16.5% in rat. Molecular docking and structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis provided further insights into the binding of the DABPs with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and provided a deeper understanding of the key structural features responsible for their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Han
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yali Sang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Tao
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chunlin Zhuang
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Asymmetric Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Dubowchik GM, Conway CM, Xin AW. Blocking the CGRP Pathway for Acute and Preventive Treatment of Migraine: The Evolution of Success. J Med Chem 2020; 63:6600-6623. [PMID: 32058712 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The pivotal role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine pathophysiology was identified over 30 years ago, but the successful clinical development of targeted therapies has only recently been realized. This Perspective traces the decades long evolution of medicinal chemistry required to advance small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists, also called gepants, including the current clinical agents rimegepant, vazegepant, ubrogepant, and atogepant. Providing clinically effective blockade of CGRP signaling required surmounting multiple challenging hurdles, including defeating a sizable ligand with subnanomolar affinity for its receptor, designing antagonists with an extended confirmation and multiple pharmacophores while retaining solubility and oral bioavailability, and achieving circulating free plasma levels that provided near maximal CGRP receptor coverage. The clinical efficacy of oral and intranasal gepants and the injectable CGRP monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are described, as are recent synthetic developments that have benefited from new structural biology data. The first oral gepant was recently approved and heralds a new era in the treatment of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene M Dubowchik
- Biohaven Pharmaceuticals Inc., 215 Church Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Charles M Conway
- Biohaven Pharmaceuticals Inc., 215 Church Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Alison W Xin
- Biohaven Pharmaceuticals Inc., 215 Church Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
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13
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Sakurai F, Yukawa T, Taniguchi T. Direct and Regioselective Monofluorination of N-Protected Pyridone Derivatives using N-Fluorobenzenesulfonimide (NFSI). Org Lett 2019; 21:7254-7257. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Sakurai
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Laboratories, Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Yukawa
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Laboratories, Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Takahiko Taniguchi
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Laboratories, Neuroscience Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1, Muraoka-higashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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14
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Xu Q, Dai B, Li Z, Xu L, Yang D, Gong P, Hou Y, Liu Y. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 4-((6,7-dimethoxyquinoline-4-yl)oxy)aniline derivatives as FLT3 inhibitors for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126630. [PMID: 31466809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) was an important therapeutic target in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We synthesized two series of 4-((6,7-dimethoxyquinoline-4-yl)oxy)aniline derivatives possessing the semicarbazide moiety and 2,2,2-trifluoro-N,N'-dimethylacetamide moiety as the linker. The cell proliferation assay in vitro against HL-60 and MV4-11 cell lines demonstrated that most series I compounds containing semicarbazide moiety had more potent than Cabozantinib. Furthermore, the enzyme assay showed that compound 12c and 12g were potent FLT3 inhibitors with IC50 values of 312 nM and 384 nM, respectively. Following that, molecular docking analysis was also performed to determine possible binding mode between FLT3 and the target compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Baozhu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Le Xu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Di Yang
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Yunlei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Yajing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery (Shenyang Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, 103 Wenhua Road, Shenhe District, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
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15
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Abstract
Migraine is a highly prevalent neurological pain syndrome, and its management is limited due to side effects posed by current preventive therapies. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of migraine. In recent years, research has been dedicated to the development of monoclonal antibodies against CGRP and CGRP receptors for the treatment of migraine. This review will focus on the first US FDA-approved CGRP-receptor monoclonal antibody developed for the prevention of migraine: erenumab. Two Phase II trials (one for episodic migraine and one for chronic migraine) and two Phase III trials for episodic migraine have been published demonstrating the efficacy and safety of erenumab in the prevention of migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Jain
- Department of Pain Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hsiangkuo Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nicole Spare
- Jefferson Headache Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Stephen D Silberstein
- Jefferson Headache Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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16
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Velcicky J, Schlapbach A, Heng R, Revesz L, Pflieger D, Blum E, Hawtin S, Huppertz C, Feifel R, Hersperger R. Modulating ADME Properties by Fluorination: MK2 Inhibitors with Improved Oral Exposure. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:392-396. [PMID: 29670707 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MAP-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) plays an important role in the regulation of innate immune response as well as in cell survival upon DNA damage. Despite its potential for the treatment of inflammation and cancer, to date no MK2 low molecular weight inhibitors have reached the clinic, mainly due to inadequate absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. We describe here an approach based on specifically placed fluorine within a recently described pyrrole-based MK2 inhibitor scaffold for manipulation of its physicochemical and ADME properties. While preserving target potency, the novel fluoro-derivatives showed greatly improved permeability as well as enhanced solubility and reduced in vivo clearance leading to significantly increased oral exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Velcicky
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Achim Schlapbach
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Heng
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laszlo Revesz
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Pflieger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ernst Blum
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stuart Hawtin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Feifel
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rene Hersperger
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1365] [Impact Index Per Article: 227.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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18
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Xie X, Pascual C, Lieu C, Oh S, Wang J, Zou B, Xie J, Li Z, Xie J, Yeomans DC, Wu MX, Xie XS. Analgesic Microneedle Patch for Neuropathic Pain Therapy. ACS NANO 2017; 11:395-406. [PMID: 28001346 PMCID: PMC6348003 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain caused by nerve injury is debilitating and difficult to treat. Current systemic pharmacological therapeutics for neuropathic pain produce limited pain relief and have undesirable side effects, while current local anesthetics tend to nonspecifically block both sensory and motor functions. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide released from sensory nerve endings, appears to play a significant role in chronic neuropathic pain. In this study, an analgesic microneedle (AMN) patch was developed using dissolvable microneedles to transdermally deliver selective CGRP antagonist peptide in a painless manner for the treatment of localized neuropathic pain. Local analgesic effects were evaluated in rats by testing behavioral pain sensitivity in response to thermal and mechanical stimuli using neuropathic pain models such as spared-nerve injury and diabetic neuropathy pain, as well as neurogenic inflammatory pain model induced by ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation. Unlike several conventional therapies, the AMN patches produced effective analgesia on neuropathic pain without disturbing the normal nociception and motor function of the rat, resulting from the high specificity of the delivered peptide against CGRP receptors. The AMN patches did not cause skin irritation or systemic side effects. These results demonstrate that dissolvable microneedle patches delivering CGRP antagonist peptide provide an effective, safe, and simple approach to mitigate neuropathic pain with significant advantages over current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Xie
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
- School of Electronics and Information Technology; State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding Authors:
| | - Conrado Pascual
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Christopher Lieu
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Seajin Oh
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Bende Zou
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Julian Xie
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - Zhaohui Li
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - James Xie
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
| | - David C. Yeomans
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mei X. Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Xinmin Simon Xie
- AfaSci Research Laboratories, Redwood City, California 94063, United States
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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19
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Civiello RL, Han X, Beno BR, Chaturvedula PV, Herbst JJ, Xu C, Conway CM, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Synthesis and SAR of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists containing substituted aryl-piperazines and piperidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1229-32. [PMID: 26832218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent neuropeptide implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. In the course of seeking CGRP antagonists with improved oral bioavailability, metabolic stability, and pharmacokinetic properties, lower molecular weight, structurally simpler piperidine and piperazine analogs of BMS-694153 were prepared. Several were found to have nM binding affinity in vitro. The synthesis and SAR of these substituted piperidine and piperazine CGRP antagonists are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita L Civiello
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Xiaojun Han
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brett R Beno
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Prasad V Chaturvedula
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John J Herbst
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Cen Xu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Charles M Conway
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - John E Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Gene M Dubowchik
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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20
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Luo G, Chen L, Conway CM, Kostich W, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Asymmetric Synthesis of Heterocyclic Analogues of a CGRP Receptor Antagonist for Treating Migraine. Org Lett 2015; 17:5982-5. [PMID: 26650258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Luo
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
Research & Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
Research & Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Charles M. Conway
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
Research & Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Walter Kostich
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
Research & Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
Research & Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Gene M. Dubowchik
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
Research & Development, 5 Research
Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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21
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Yagi Y, Kimura H, Arimitsu K, Ono M, Maeda K, Kusuhara H, Kajimoto T, Sugiyama Y, Saji H. The synthesis of [18F]pitavastatin as a tracer for hOATP using the Suzuki coupling. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:1113-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01953a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-18 labeled radiotracers, such as [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose, can be used as practical diagnostic agents in positron emission tomography (PET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yagi
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Kenji Arimitsu
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kajimoto
- Research Organization of Science and Technology
- Research Center for Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Development Sciences
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu
- Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- The University of Tokyo
- Bunkyo-ku
- Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Kyoto University
- Kyoto 606-8501
- Japan
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22
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Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1099-142. [PMID: 25287861 PMCID: PMC4187032 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide. Discovered 30 years ago, it is produced as a consequence of alternative RNA processing of the calcitonin gene. CGRP has two major forms (α and β). It belongs to a group of peptides that all act on an unusual receptor family. These receptors consist of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) linked to an essential receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) that is necessary for full functionality. CGRP is a highly potent vasodilator and, partly as a consequence, possesses protective mechanisms that are important for physiological and pathological conditions involving the cardiovascular system and wound healing. CGRP is primarily released from sensory nerves and thus is implicated in pain pathways. The proven ability of CGRP antagonists to alleviate migraine has been of most interest in terms of drug development, and knowledge to date concerning this potential therapeutic area is discussed. Other areas covered, where there is less information known on CGRP, include arthritis, skin conditions, diabetes, and obesity. It is concluded that CGRP is an important peptide in mammalian biology, but it is too early at present to know if new medicines for disease treatment will emerge from our knowledge concerning this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Russell
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - R King
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S-J Smillie
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - X Kodji
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S D Brain
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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23
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Vécsei L, Szok D, Csáti A, Tajti J. CGRP antagonists and antibodies for the treatment of migraine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 24:31-41. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.960921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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24
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Novel acylureidoindolin-2-one derivatives as dual Aurora B/FLT3 inhibitors for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:268-88. [PMID: 25089810 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 6-acylureido derivatives containing a 3-(pyrrol-2-ylmethylidene)indolin-2-one scaffold were synthesized as potential dual Aurora B/FLT3 inhibitors by replacing the 6-arylureido moiety in 6-arylureidoindolin-2-one-based multi-kinase inhibitors. (Z)-N-(2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)ethyl)-5-((6-(3-(2-fluoro-4-methoxybenzoyl)ureido)-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene)methyl)-2,4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrole-3-carboxamide (54) was identified as a dual Aurora B/FLT3 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.4 nM and 0.5 nM, respectively). Compound 54 also exhibited potent cytotoxicity with single-digit nanomolar IC50 values against the FLT3 mutant-associated human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines MV4-11 (FLT3-ITD) and MOLM-13 (FLT3-ITD). Compound 54 also specifically induced extrinsic apoptosis by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the Aurora B and FLT3 pathways in MOLM-13 cells. Compound 54 had a moderate pharmacokinetic profile. The mesylate salt of 54 efficiently inhibited tumor growth and reduced the mortality of BALB/c nude mice (subcutaneous xenograft model) that had been implanted with AML MOLM-13 cells. Compound 54 is more potent than sunitinib not only against FLT3-WT AML cells but also active against sunitinib-resistant FLT3-ITD AML cells. This study demonstrates the significance of dual Aurora B/FLT3 inhibitors for the development of potential agents to treat AML.
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25
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Bell IM. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists: New Therapeutic Agents for Migraine. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7838-58. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500364u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Bell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry,
Merck Research Laboratories, West
Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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26
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Dasgupta B, Kozlowski E, Schroeder DR, Torrente JR, Xu C, Pin S, Conway CM, Dubowchik GM, Macor JE, Vrudhula VM. Serendipitous oxidation product of BIBN4096BS: A potent CGRP receptor antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2744-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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Hansen JM, Ashina M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and migraine with aura: A systematic review. Cephalalgia 2014; 34:695-707. [DOI: 10.1177/0333102413520084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a key molecule in migraine pathophysiology. Most studies have focused on CGRP in relation to migraine without aura (MO). About one-third of migraine patients have attacks with aura (MA), and this is a systematic review of the current literature on CGRP and MA. Methods We performed a systematic literature search on MEDLINE for reports of CGRP and MA, covering basic science, animal and human studies as well as randomized clinical trials. Results The literature search identified 594 citations, of which 38 contained relevant, original data. Plasma levels of CGRP in MA patients are comparable to MO, but CGRP levels varied among studies. A number of animal studies, including knock-ins of familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) genes, have examined the relationship between CGRP and cortical spreading depression. In patients, CGRP does not trigger migraine in FHM, but is a robust trigger of migraine-like headache both in MA and MO patients. The treatment effect of CGRP antagonists are well proven in the treatment of migraine, but no studies have studied the effect specifically in MA patients. Conclusion This systematic review indicates that the role of CGRP in MA is less studied than in MO. Further studies of the importance of CGRP for auras and migraine are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob M Hansen
- The Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Messoud Ashina
- The Danish Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Walker CS, Hay DL. CGRP in the trigeminovascular system: a role for CGRP, adrenomedullin and amylin receptors? Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1293-307. [PMID: 23425327 PMCID: PMC3838677 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is reported to play an important role in migraine. It is expressed throughout the trigeminovascular system. Antagonists targeting the CGRP receptor have been developed and have shown efficacy in clinical trials for migraine. However, no CGRP antagonist is yet approved for treating this condition. The molecular composition of the CGRP receptor is unusual because it comprises two subunits; one is a GPCR, the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR). This associates with receptor activity-modifying protein (RAMP) 1 to yield a functional receptor for CGRP. However, RAMP1 also associates with the calcitonin receptor, creating a receptor for the related peptide amylin but this also has high affinity for CGRP. Other combinations of CLR or the calcitonin receptor with RAMPs can also generate receptors that are responsive to CGRP. CGRP potentially modulates an array of signal transduction pathways downstream of activation of these receptors, in a cell type-dependent manner. The physiological significance of these signalling processes remains unclear but may be a potential avenue for refining drug design. This complexity has prompted us to review the signalling and expression of CGRP and related receptors in the trigeminovascular system. This reveals that more than one CGRP responsive receptor may be expressed in key parts of this system and that further work is required to determine their contribution to CGRP physiology and pathophysiology. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Neuropeptides. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2013.170.issue-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Walker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Tora G, Degnan AP, Conway CM, Kostich WA, Davis CD, Pin SS, Schartman R, Xu C, Widmann KA, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Preparation of imidazoles as potent calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5684-8. [PMID: 23993336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several new potent CGRP receptor antagonists have been prepared in which the amide bond of lead compound 1 has been replaced by bioisosteric imidazole moieties. Substitution at N-1 of the imidazole was optimized to afford compounds with comparable potency to that of lead 1. Conformational restraint of the imidazole to form tetrahydroimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine 43 gave substantially improved permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Tora
- Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 311 Pennington-Rocky Hill Road, Pennington, NJ 08534, USA.
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30
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Discovery of (R)-N-(3-(7-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-1-(4-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-4-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-3-yl)piperidine-1-carboxamide (BMS-742413): a potent human CGRP antagonist with superior safety profile for the treatment of migraine through intranasal delivery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:3157-61. [PMID: 23632269 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists have been shown to be efficacious as abortive migraine therapeutics with the absence of cardiovascular liabilities that are associated with triptans. Herein, we report the discovery of a highly potent CGRP receptor antagonist, BMS-742413, with the potential to provide rapid onset of action through intranasal delivery. The compound displays excellent aqueous solubility, oxidative stability, and toxicological profile. BMS-742413 has good intranasal bioavailability in the rabbit and shows a robust, dose-dependent inhibition of CGRP-induced increases in marmoset facial blood flow.
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31
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Zheng N, Buzescu A, Pasas-Farmer S, Arnold ME, Ouyang Z, Jemal M, Peng Q, Van Vleet T, Zeng J. A simplified and completely automated workflow for regulated LC–MS/MS bioanalysis using cap-piercing direct sampling and evaporation-free solid phase extraction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 921-922:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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32
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Han X, Civiello RL, Conway CM, Cook DA, Davis CD, Degnan AP, Jiang XJ, Macci R, Mathias NR, Moench P, Pin SS, Schartman R, Signor LJ, Thalody G, Tora G, Whiterock V, Xu C, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. The synthesis and SAR of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists derived from tyrosine surrogates. Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1870-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Leach AG. Tactics to Avoid Inhibition of Cytochrome P450s. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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34
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Luo G, Chen L, Conway CM, Denton R, Keavy D, Signor L, Kostich W, Lentz KA, Santone KS, Schartman R, Browning M, Tong G, Houston JG, Dubowchik GM, Macor JE. Discovery of (5S,6S,9R)-5-amino-6-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-cyclohepta[b]pyridin-9-yl 4-(2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridin-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (BMS-927711): an oral calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonist in clinical trials for treating migraine. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10644-51. [PMID: 23153230 DOI: 10.1021/jm3013147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists have demonstrated clinical efficacy in the treatment of acute migraine. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, and preclinical characterization of a highly potent, oral CGRP receptor antagonist BMS-927711 (8). Compound 8 has good oral bioavailability in rat and cynomolgus monkey, attractive overall preclinical properties, and shows dose-dependent activity in a primate model of CGRP-induced facial blood flow. Compound 8 is presently in phase II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Luo
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Disease Sciences and Biologics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States.
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35
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Moore EL, Salvatore CA. Targeting a family B GPCR/RAMP receptor complex: CGRP receptor antagonists and migraine. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:66-78. [PMID: 21871019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical effectiveness of antagonizing the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor for relief of migraine pain has been clearly demonstrated, but the road to the development of these small molecule antagonists has been daunting. The key hurdle that needed to be overcome was the CGRP receptor itself. The vast majority of the current antagonists recognize similar epitopes on the calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). RAMP1 is a relatively small, single, transmembrane-spanning protein and along with the G-protein-coupled receptor CLR comprise a functional CGRP receptor. The tri-helical extracellular domain of RAMP1 plays a key role in the high affinity binding of CGRP receptor antagonists and drives their species-selective pharmacology. Over the years, a significant amount of mutagenesis data has been generated to identify specific amino acids or regions within CLR and RAMP1 that are critical to antagonist binding and has directed attention to the CLR/RAMP1 extracellular domain (ECD) complex. Recently, the crystal structure of the CGRP receptor ECD has been elucidated and not only reinforces the early mutagenesis data, but provides critical insight into the molecular mechanism of CGRP receptor antagonism. This review will highlight the drug design hurdles that must be overcome to meet the desired potency, selectivity and pharmacokinetic profile while retaining drug-like properties. Although the development of these antagonists has proved challenging, blocking the CGRP receptor may one day represent a new way to manage migraine and offer hope to migraine sufferers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L Moore
- Department of Pain & Migraine Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA.
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Design and synthesis of potent antagonists containing rigid spirocyclic privileged structures for the CGRP receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4719-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Han X, Civiello RL, Conway CM, Cook DA, Davis CD, Macci R, Pin SS, Ren SX, Schartman R, Signor LJ, Thalody G, Widmann KA, Xu C, Chaturvedula PV, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. The synthesis and SAR of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists derived from tyrosine surrogates. Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4723-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Luo G, Chen L, Conway CM, Denton R, Keavy D, Gulianello M, Huang Y, Kostich W, Lentz KA, Mercer SE, Schartman R, Signor L, Browning M, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Discovery of BMS-846372, a Potent and Orally Active Human CGRP Receptor Antagonist for the Treatment of Migraine. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:337-41. [PMID: 24900474 DOI: 10.1021/ml300021s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists have been clinically shown to be effective in the treatment of migraine, but identification of potent and orally bioavailable compounds has been challenging. Herein, we describe the conceptualization, synthesis, and preclinical characterization of a potent, orally active CGRP receptor antagonist 5 (BMS-846372). Compound 5 has good oral bioavailability in rat, dog, and cynomolgus monkeys and overall attractive preclinical properties including strong (>50% inhibition) exposure-dependent in vivo efficacy in a marmoset migraine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglin Luo
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Ling Chen
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Charles M. Conway
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Rex Denton
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Deborah Keavy
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael Gulianello
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Yanling Huang
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Walter Kostich
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kimberley A. Lentz
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Stephen E. Mercer
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Richard Schartman
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Laura Signor
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Marc Browning
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - John E. Macor
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Gene M. Dubowchik
- Molecular Sciences and Candidate Optimization, Neuroscience Biology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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Luo G, Chen L, Civiello R, Pin SS, Xu C, Kostich W, Kelley M, Conway CM, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists: Pyridine as a replacement for a core amide group. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:2917-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Fischer MJM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists for migraine. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010; 19:815-23. [PMID: 20482328 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2010.490829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Migraine is a highly prevalent disabling condition, and the current treatment options are not satisfactory. The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in migraine pathophysiology is well established. CGRP receptor antagonists address this new target and have the potential to improve therapy for both responders and non-responders to previous options. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review describes CGRP, its receptors and their role in the pathophysiology of migraine. CGRP receptor antagonists are a recent development; all reported antagonists are reported in chronological order. The experimental evidence, as well as all clinical trials since the first proof-of-concept study in 2004, is discussed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An overview of the CGRP system and why it provides an attractive drug target for headache. The main focus is on the currently presented CGRP receptor antagonists and clinical evidence for this new therapeutic option. TAKE HOME MESSAGE CGRP receptor antagonists will provide an additional and valuable therapeutic option for the treatment of headaches.
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Paone DV, Staas DD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists for the treatment of migraine: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 19:1675-713. [PMID: 19939188 DOI: 10.1517/13543770903359822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a debilitating headache disorder which affects approximately 12% of the general population and is the cause of significant loss of productivity (i.e., lost time from work or school) for those afflicted. The current standard of care, the 5-HT(1B/1D) agonists known as triptans, is contraindicated in patients with cardiovascular disease due to their inherent vasoconstrictive activity; thus, there is a need to develop an alternative therapy for the treatment of the disorder. OBJECTIVE This article reviews patent publications related to the use of small molecule calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonists for the treatment of migraine that have appeared in the literature within the past decade. The commentary is supplemented by information presented in journal articles and focuses on the activity of several major pharmaceutical companies in the field. CONCLUSION Two small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists, olcegepant and telcagepant, have been shown to be clinically efficacious in the treatment of migraine, and thus provide validation of this novel therapeutic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V Paone
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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The Role of Fluorine in the Discovery and Optimization of CNS Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(10)45026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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Poyner DR, Hay DL, Conner AC. CGRP receptor antagonists: design and screening. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:1253-65. [DOI: 10.1517/17460440903413496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Sixt ML, Messlinger K, Fischer MJM. Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist olcegepant acts in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Brain 2009; 132:3134-41. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awp168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Degnan AP, Conway CM, Dalterio RA, Macci R, Mercer SE, Schartman R, Xu C, Dubowchik GM, Macor JE. Carbamates as potent calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonists with improved solution stability. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:3555-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Han X, Jiang XJ, Civiello RL, Degnan AP, Chaturvedula PV, Macor JE, Dubowchik GM. Catalytic Asymmetric Syntheses of α-Amino and α-Hydroxyl Acid Derivatives. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3993-6. [DOI: 10.1021/jo900368k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Han
- Neuroscience Discovery Chemistry, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Xiang-Jun Jiang
- Neuroscience Discovery Chemistry, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Rita L. Civiello
- Neuroscience Discovery Chemistry, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Andrew P. Degnan
- Neuroscience Discovery Chemistry, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Prasad V. Chaturvedula
- Neuroscience Discovery Chemistry, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - John E. Macor
- Neuroscience Discovery Chemistry, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Gene M. Dubowchik
- Neuroscience Discovery Chemistry, Research & Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
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