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Chiodi D, Ishihara Y. The role of the methoxy group in approved drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 273:116364. [PMID: 38781921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The methoxy substituent is prevalent in natural products and, consequently, is present in many natural product-derived drugs. It has also been installed in modern drug molecules with no remnant of natural product features because medicinal chemists have been taking advantage of the benefits that this small functional group can bestow on ligand-target binding, physicochemical properties, and ADME parameters. Herein, over 230 methoxy-containing small-molecule drugs, as well as several fluoromethoxy-containing drugs, are presented from the vantage point of the methoxy group. Biochemical mechanisms of action, medicinal chemistry SAR studies, and numerous X-ray cocrystal structures are analyzed to identify the precise role of the methoxy group for many of the drugs and drug classes. Although the methoxy substituent can be considered as the hybridization of a hydroxy and a methyl group, the combination of these functionalities often results in unique effects that can amount to more than the sum of the individual parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Chiodi
- Department of Chemistry, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, Vividion Therapeutics, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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2
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Liu JL, Chen LJ, Liu Y, Li JH, Zhang KK, Hsu C, Li XW, Yang JZ, Chen L, Zeng JH, Xie XL, Wang Q. The gut microbiota contributes to methamphetamine-induced reproductive toxicity in male mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 279:116457. [PMID: 38754198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant drug belonging to the amphetamine-type stimulant class, known to exert male reproductive toxicity. Recent studies suggest that METH can disrupt the gut microbiota. Furthermore, the gut-testis axis concept has gained attention due to the potential link between gut microbiome dysfunction and reproductive health. Nonetheless, the role of the gut microbiota in mediating the impact of METH on male reproductive toxicity remains unclear. In this study, we employed a mouse model exposed to escalating doses of METH to assess sperm quality, testicular pathology, and reproductive hormone levels. The fecal microbiota transplantation method was employed to investigate the effect of gut microbiota on male reproductive toxicity. Transcriptomic, metabolomic, and microbiological analyses were conducted to explore the damage mechanism to the male reproductive system caused by METH. We found that METH exposure led to hormonal disorders, decreased sperm quality, and changes in the gut microbiota and testicular metabolome in mice. Testicular RNA sequencing revealed enrichment of several Gene Ontology terms associated with reproductive processes, as well as PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. FMT conveyed similar reproductive damage from METH-treated mice to healthy recipient mice. The aforementioned findings suggest that the gut microbiota plays a substantial role in facilitating the reproductive toxicity caused by METH, thereby highlighting a prospective avenue for therapeutic intervention in the context of METH-induced infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Li Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Li-Jian Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jia-Hao Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Kai-Kai Zhang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Clare Hsu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiu-Wen Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian-Zheng Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Long Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jia-Hao Zeng
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiao-Li Xie
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University (Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research), Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Forensic Multi-Omics for Precision Identification, School of Forensic Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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3
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Moawad G, Youssef Y, Fruscalzo A, Faysal H, Kheil M, Pirtea P, Guani B, Ayoubi JM, Feki A. The Present and the Future of Medical Therapies for Adenomyosis: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6130. [PMID: 37834773 PMCID: PMC10573655 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12196130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Uterine Adenomyosis is a benign condition characterized by the presence of endometrium-like epithelial and stromal tissue in the myometrium. Several medical treatments have been proposed, but still, no guidelines directing the management of adenomyosis are available. While a hysterectomy is typically regarded as the definitive treatment for adenomyosis, the scarcity of high-quality data leaves patients desiring fertility with limited conservative options. Based on the available data, the levonorgestrel-IUD appears to offer the most favorable outcomes. Other treatments, including GnRH antagonists, dienogest, prolactin, and oxytocin modulators, show promise; however, further data are required to establish their efficacy definitively. Furthermore, there are many emerging therapies that have been developed that seem worthy of consideration in the near future. The aim of this narrative review was to explore the current medical treatments available for adenomyosis and to provide a glimpse of future therapies under assessment. For this scope, we performed a literature search on PubMed and Medline from incept to September 2022 using the keywords: "medical treatment", "non-steroidal anti-inflammatory", "progesterone intrauterine device", "dienogest", "combined oral contraceptives", "gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist", "gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist", "danazol", "aromatase inhibitors", "ulipristal acetate", "anti-platelet therapy", "dopamine", "oxytocin antagonists", "STAT3", "KRAS", "MAPK", "micro-RNA", "mifepristone", "valproic acid", "levo-tetrahydropalamatine", and "andrographolide". The search was limited to articles in English, with subsequent screening of abstracts. Abstracts were screened to select relevant studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaby Moawad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- The Center for Endometriosis and Advanced Pelvic Surgery, Washington, DC 22101, USA
| | - Youssef Youssef
- Division of Minimally Invasive Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11220, USA
| | - Arrigo Fruscalzo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HFR—Fribourg, Chemin des Pensionnats 2-6, 1708 Fribourg, Switzerland; (A.F.)
| | - Hani Faysal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Mira Kheil
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Paul Pirtea
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hopital Foch–Faculté de Médecine Paris, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Benedetta Guani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HFR—Fribourg, Chemin des Pensionnats 2-6, 1708 Fribourg, Switzerland; (A.F.)
| | - Jean Marc Ayoubi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Hopital Foch–Faculté de Médecine Paris, 92150 Suresnes, France
| | - Anis Feki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, HFR—Fribourg, Chemin des Pensionnats 2-6, 1708 Fribourg, Switzerland; (A.F.)
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4
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Shi J, Tan X, Feng G, Zhuo Y, Jiang Z, Banda S, Wang L, Zheng W, Chen L, Yu D, Guo C. Research advances in drug therapy of endometriosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1199010. [PMID: 37416064 PMCID: PMC10320007 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1199010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is one of the most common benign gynecological disorders in reproductive-aged women. The major symptoms are chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Despite its profound impact on women's health and quality of life, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated, it cannot be cured and the long-term use of drugs yields severe side effects and hinders fertility. This review aims to present the advances in pathogenesis and the newly reported lead compounds and drugs managing endometriosis. This paper investigated Genetic changes, estrogen-dependent inflammation induction, progesterone resistance, imbalance in proliferation and apoptosis, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis and neurogenesis, and tissue remodeling in its pathogenesis; and explored the pharmacological mechanisms, constitutive relationships, and application prospects of each compound in the text. To date, Resveratrol, Bay1316957, and bardoxifene were effective against lesions and pain in controlled animal studies. In clinical trials, Quinagolide showed no statistical difference with the placebo group; the results of phase II clinical trial of the IL-33 antibody have not been announced yet; clinical trial stage III of vilaprisan was suspended due to drug toxicity. Elagolix was approved for the treatment of endometriosis-related pain, but clinical studies of Elagolix for the pretreatment of patients with endometriosis to before In vitro fertilization treatment have not been fulfilled. The results of a clinical study of Linzagolix in patients with moderate to severe endometriosis-related pain have not been disclosed yet. Letrozole improved the fertility of patients with mild endometriosis. For endometriosis patients with infertility, oral GnRH antagonists and aromatase inhibitors are promising drugs, especially Elagolix and Letrozole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyou Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Guimei Feng
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Zhuo
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Srikanth Banda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemisty, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongke Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, China
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5
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Ciceri S, Colombo D, Fassi EMA, Ferraboschi P, Grazioso G, Grisenti P, Iannone M, Castellano C, Meneghetti F. Elagolix Sodium Salt and Its Synthetic Intermediates: A Spectroscopic, Crystallographic, and Conformational Study. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093861. [PMID: 37175271 PMCID: PMC10180344 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Elagolix sodium salt is the first marketed orally active non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist (GnRHR-ant) for the management of hormone dependent diseases, such as endometriosis and uterine fibroids. Despite its presence on the market since 2018, a thorough NMR analysis of this drug, together with its synthetic intermediates, is still lacking. Hence, with the aim of filling this literature gap, we here performed a detailed NMR investigation, which allowed the complete assignment of the 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR signals. These data allowed, with the support of the conformational analysis, the determination of the stereochemical profile of the two atropisomers, detectable in solution. Moreover, these latter were also detected by means of cellulose-based chiral HPLC, starting from a sample prepared through an implemented synthetic procedure with respect to the reported ones. Overall, these results contribute to further understanding of the topic of atropisomerism in drug discovery and could be applied in the design of safe and stable analogs, endowed with improved target selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Ciceri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via C. Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Diego Colombo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via C. Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Enrico M A Fassi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ferraboschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via C. Saldini 50, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grazioso
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paride Grisenti
- Chemical-Pharmaceutical Consulting and IP Management, Viale G. da Cermenate 58, 20141 Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Iannone
- Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Pergolesi 33, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Carlo Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fiorella Meneghetti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
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6
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Casati L, Ciceri S, Maggi R, Bottai D. Physiological and Pharmacological overview of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115553. [PMID: 37075816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide responsible for the control of the reproductive functions. It shows C- and N-terminal aminoacid modifications and two other distinct isoforms have been so far identified. The biological effects of GnRH are mediated by binding to high-affinity G-protein couple receptors (GnRHR), showing characteristic very short C tail. In mammals, including humans, GnRH-producing neurons originate in the embryonic nasal compartment and during early embryogenesis they undergo rapid migration towards the hypothalamus; the increasing knowledge of such mechanisms improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infertility. The pharmacological use of GnRH, or its synthetic peptide and non-peptide agonists or antagonists, provides a valid tool for reproductive disorders and assisted reproduction technology (ART). The presence of GnRHR in several organs and tissues indicates additional functions of the peptide. The identification of a GnRH/GnRHR system in the human endometrium, ovary, and prostate has extended the functions of the peptide to the physiology and tumor transformation of such tissues. Likely, the activity of a GnRH/GnRHR system at the level of the hippocampus, as well as its decreased expression in mice brain aging, raised interest in its possible involvement in neurogenesis and neuronal functions. In conclusion, GnRH/GnRHR appears to be a fascinating biological system that exerts several possibly integrated pleiotropic actions in the complex control of reproductive functions, tumor growth, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. This review aims to provide an overview of the physiology of GnRH and the pharmacological applications of its synthetic analogs in the management of reproductive and non-reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Casati
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Samuele Ciceri
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy.
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy
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Mukherjee D, Chen MJ, Shao X, Ju TR, Shebley M, Marroum P. Virtual Bioequivalence Assessment of Elagolix Formulations Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling. AAPS J 2023; 25:30. [PMID: 36949256 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In lieu of large bioequivalence studies and exposing healthy postmenopausal women to additional drug exposure for elagolix coadministered with hormonal add-back therapy, physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling was used with in vitro dissolution data to test for virtual bioequivalence. For endometriosis, elagolix is approved at doses of 150 mg once daily and 200 mg twice daily as a tablet. As a combination therapy, two individual tablets, consisting of an elagolix tablet and an estradiol/norethindrone acetate 1/0.5 mg (E2/NETA) tablet, were utilized in Phase 3 endometriosis trials. However, the commercial combination drug products consist of a morning capsule (containing an elagolix tablet and E2/NETA tablet as a fixed-dose combination capsule, AM capsule) and an evening capsule (consisting of an elagolix tablet, PM capsule). In vitro dissolution profiles were dissimilar for the tablet and capsule formulations; thus, in vivo bioequivalence studies or a bioequivalence waiver would have been required. To simulate virtual cross-over, bioequivalence trials, in vitro dissolution data was incorporated into a previously verified PBPK model. The updated PBPK model was externally validated using relevant bioequivalence study data. Based on results of the virtual bioequivalence simulations, the commercial drug product capsules met the bioequivalence criteria of 0.80-1.25 when compared to the reference tablets. This was a novel example where PBPK modeling was utilized along with in vitro dissolution data to demonstrate virtual bioequivalence in support of a regulatory bioequivalence waiver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaipayan Mukherjee
- Clinical Pharmacology, AbbVie, Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA.
| | - Mong-Jen Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology, AbbVie, Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Xi Shao
- Analytical Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Tzuchi R Ju
- Analytical Research & Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Mohamad Shebley
- Clinical Pharmacology, AbbVie, Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
| | - Patrick Marroum
- Clinical Pharmacology, AbbVie, Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois, 60064, USA
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8
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Asymmetric Synthesis of US-FDA Approved Drugs over Five Years (2016–2020): A Recapitulation of Chirality. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030339. [PMID: 36986439 PMCID: PMC10052577 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is a major theme in the design, discovery, and development of new drugs. Historically, pharmaceuticals have been synthesized as racemic mixtures. However, the enantiomeric forms of drug molecules have distinct biological properties. One enantiomer may be responsible for the desired therapeutic effect (eutomer), whereas the other may be inactive, interfere with the therapeutic form, or exhibit toxicity (distomer). Classical chemical synthesis usually leads to a racemic mixture unless stereospecific synthesis is employed. To meet the requirements of single-enantiomeric drugs, asymmetric synthesis has evolved at the forefront of drug discovery. Asymmetric synthesis involves the conversion of an achiral starting material into a chiral product. This review emphasizes the methods used for synthesizing FDA-approved chiral drugs during 2016–2020, with a special focus on asymmetric synthesis by means of chiral induction, resolution, or chiral pool.
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9
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Efficacy and Safety of Oral GnRh Antagonists in Patients With Uterine Fibroids: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY CANADA 2022; 44:1279-1288. [PMID: 36368594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogc.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of GnRH antagonists in patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids. DATA SOURCES A literature search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane, and ClinicalTrials.gov using the MeSH and Emtree terms "leiomyoma" and "gonadotropin-releasing hormone." STUDY SELECTION All clinical trials that provided efficacy and safety data in clinical terms (i.e., reduction in menstrual bleeding and discomfort, changes in the size of leiomyoma and uterine volume, etc.) were included. We excluded all preclinical studies, case reports, meta-analyses, review articles, and clinical studies irrelevant to the study question. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two authors extracted data from 9 clinical studies. The extracted data included the study's characteristics, participants' baseline characteristics, treatment drugs, efficacy measures, and toxicity. CONCLUSION Among oral GnRH antagonists, relugolix, elagolix, and linzagolix were safe in patients with uterine fibroids. These drugs, alone and in combination with E2/NETA (estradiol/norethindrone acetate), showed significantly better efficacy than placebo in improving bleeding, discomfort, uterine/leiomyoma sizes, and quality of life in premenopausal patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids. However, more randomized, double-blind, multicentre clinical trials are needed to confirm these results and to see long-term benefits.
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10
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Zou F, Wang Y, Yu D, Liu C, Lu J, Zhao M, Ma M, Wang W, Jiang W, Gao Y, Zhang R, Zhang J, Ye L, Tian J. Discovery of the thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-dione derivative 21a: A potent and orally bioavailable gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 242:114679. [PMID: 35998545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) belonging to the rhodopsin family. GnRH-R antagonists suppress testosterone to castrate level more rapidly than gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists but lack the flare phenomenon often seen during the early period of GnRH-R agonist treatment. Recently orgovyx (relugolix) was approved as the first oral GnRH-R antagonist for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. However, orgovyx has demonstrated poor pharmacokinetic profile with low oral bioavailability and high efflux. Here, we rationally designed and synthesized a series of derivatives (13a-m, 21a-i) through the modification and structure-activity relationship study of relugolix, which led to the discovery of 21a as a highly potent GnRH-R antagonist (IC50 = 2.18 nM) with improved membrane permeability (Papp, A-B = 0.98 × 10-6 cm/s) and oral bioavailability (F % = 44.7). Compound 21a showed high binding affinity (IC50 = 0.57 nM) and potent in vitro antagonistic activity (IC50 = 2.18 nM) at GnRH-R. 21a was well tolerated and efficacious in preclinical studies to suppress blood testosterone levels, which merits further investigation as a candidate novel GnRH-R antagonist for clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxia Zou
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Dawei Yu
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Department, R & D Center (Luye Pharma Group Ltd.), Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Chunjiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Mingxu Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Wanglin Jiang
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China
| | - Yonglin Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Department, R & D Center (Luye Pharma Group Ltd.), Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Jianzhao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, Shangdong, 264005, PR China.
| | - Liang Ye
- School of Public Health and Management, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, PR China.
| | - Jingwei Tian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China.
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11
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Evangelisti G, Barra F, Perrone U, Di Donato N, Bogliolo S, Ceccaroni M, Ferrero S. Comparing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic qualities of current and future therapies for uterine fibroids. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:441-457. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2113381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Evangelisti
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Barra
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Southern Endometriosis Centre, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecology Oncology and Minimally-Invasive Pelvic Surgery, International School of Surgical Anatomy (ISSA), IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria, Via Don A. Sempreboni, 5, 37024, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Umberto Perrone
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nadine Di Donato
- Southern Endometriosis Centre, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Stefano Bogliolo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, “P.O del Tigullio” Hospital-ASL4, Metropolitan Area of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Ceccaroni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gynecology Oncology and Minimally-Invasive Pelvic Surgery, International School of Surgical Anatomy (ISSA), IRCCS Ospedale Sacro Cuore - Don Calabria, Via Don A. Sempreboni, 5, 37024, Negrar (Verona), Italy
| | - Simone Ferrero
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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12
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Tezuka M, Tamai Y, Kuramochi Y, Kobayashi K, Fushimi N, Kiguchi S. Pharmacological characterization of linzagolix, a novel, orally active, non-peptide antagonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2022; 49:1082-1093. [PMID: 35690889 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) signaling is an effective strategy for the treatment of sex hormone-dependent diseases. GnRH analogs have been widely used for treating these diseases; however, initial stimulation or complete suppression of GnRH signaling by GnRH analogs results in the occurrence of several distinct adverse effects. Accordingly, we aimed to discover small molecule GnRH antagonists with superior pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic profiles. Linzagolix is a potent, orally available, and selective GnRH antagonist. Herein, we reported the pharmacological characterization of linzagolix in vitro and in vivo. Linzagolix selectively binds to the GnRH receptor and inhibits GnRH-stimulated signaling, in a manner comparable to cetrorelix, a peptide GnRH antagonist. Since the inhibitory effect of the gonad axis is useful for the treatment of gynecological conditions such as endometriosis and uterine fibroids, we investigated the effect of orally administered linzagolix on the gonadal axis in ovariectomized and intact cynomolgus monkeys. In ovariectomized monkeys, linzagolix immediately suppressed the serum luteinizing hormone concentration at doses over 1 mg/kg, indicating dose-dependent inhibition that correlated with serum linzagolix concentrations. In intact female monkeys, repeated linzagolix administration suppressed hormone surges and ceased or prolonged menstrual cycles. Furthermore, all animals presenting arrested menstrual cycles following linzagolix treatment showed recovery of hormone secretion and regular menstrual cycles after administration periods ended. Our results demonstrated that linzagolix has potential as a novel agent for reproductive-aged women suffering from sex hormone-dependent diseases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Tezuka
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Tamai
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yu Kuramochi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Fushimi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
| | - Sumiyoshi Kiguchi
- Central Research Laboratories, Kissei Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 4365-1, Hotaka Kashiwabara, Azumino, Nagano, Japan
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13
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Liu AD, Wang ZL, Liu L, Cheng L. A Visible-Light-Promoted C-H Arylation and Heteroarylation of Uracil Derivatives with Diazoniums in Aqueous Conditions. Curr Protoc 2022; 2:e432. [PMID: 35671138 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The photoredox synthesis of C-5 (hetero)arylated uracil and uridine substrates with the corresponding diazonium salts is described. The coupling proceeds efficiently without protection of the hydroxyls at the ribose or pre-functionalization of the C5 position at the nucleobase. No transition-metal catalyst is used in this transformation, thereby avoiding metal contamination in the final products. The use of water as the medium also eliminates the impurities caused by the use of organic solvents. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Synthesis of 5-aryl and 5-heteroaryl uracil derivatives Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis of 5-aryl uridine and deoxyuridine uridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Di Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Li Wang
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Madan A, Markison S, Betz SF, Krasner A, Luo R, Jochelson T, Lickliter J, Struthers RS. Paltusotine, a novel oral once-daily nonpeptide SST2 receptor agonist, suppresses GH and IGF-1 in healthy volunteers. Pituitary 2022; 25:328-339. [PMID: 35000098 PMCID: PMC8894159 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-021-01201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of paltusotine, an orally bioavailable, nonpeptide, somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SST2) agonist being developed for the treatment of acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single center, single and multiple ascending dose phase 1 study was conducted in healthy male volunteers who received (i) single-dose of oral paltusotine 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 mg (solution); and 40 and 60 mg (capsules) or (ii) multiple-dose oral paltusotine capsules once daily 5 mg (× 7 days), 10, 20, and 30 mg (× 10 days). Main outcome measures were pharmacodynamics (changes in growth hormone-releasing hormone [GHRH] stimulated growth hormone [GH] and insulin-like growth factor 1 [IGF-1]), pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability. RESULTS Single-dose cohorts: n = 41 active, n = 14 placebo. Multiple-dose cohorts: n = 24 active, n = 12 placebo. Paltusotine was well tolerated, orally bioavailable, associated with increased plasma concentrations to doses up to 40 mg, and was eliminated with a half-life of approximately 30 h. Single-dose paltusotine 1.25 to 20 mg suppressed GHRH-stimulated GH secretion by 44% to 93% compared to 15% with placebo. Multiple-dose paltusotine 5 to 30 mg administered once daily for 10 days suppressed IGF-1 by 19% to 37% compared to an increase of 2.4% with placebo. CONCLUSIONS Paltusotine suppresses GH and IGF-1 in a dose-dependent fashion, with a safety profile similar to currently approved SST2 receptor ligands. Paltusotine is a promising once-daily oral nonpeptide SST2 agonist candidate for managing acromegaly and neuroendocrine tumors. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03276858, registered September 8, 2017, retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Madan
- Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 10222 Barnes Canyon Road, Building 2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
- Crinetics Medical Affairs, Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 10222 Barnes Canyon Rd. Bldg.2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Stacy Markison
- Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 10222 Barnes Canyon Road, Building 2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Stephen F Betz
- Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 10222 Barnes Canyon Road, Building 2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Alan Krasner
- Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 10222 Barnes Canyon Road, Building 2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Rosa Luo
- Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 10222 Barnes Canyon Road, Building 2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | - Theresa Jochelson
- Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 10222 Barnes Canyon Road, Building 2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
| | | | - R Scott Struthers
- Crinetics Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 10222 Barnes Canyon Road, Building 2, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA
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15
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Chen CP, Lu X. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor inhibits triple-negative breast cancer proliferation and metastasis. J Int Med Res 2022; 50:3000605221082895. [PMID: 35264044 PMCID: PMC8918972 DOI: 10.1177/03000605221082895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) is expressed in several malignant tumors and inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells, but its role in triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) is unclear. This study investigated the biological effects of GnRHR and their influence on TNBC prognosis. METHODS The GSE21653 database was used to obtain information about GnRHR expression and clinicopathological factors in patients with TNBC. GnRHR was activated in cultured MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 cells by leuprolide acetate and antagonized by elagolix sodium. Cell proliferation was assessed by the cell counting kit-8 and colony formation assays. Cell metastasis was detected by the wound healing assay and Transwell assay. Apoptosis and the cell cycle were investigated by flow cytometry. GnRHR protein expression was determined by western blotting. RESULTS GnRHR mRNA expression was significantly higher in patients with TNBC than in hormone receptor+/human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2- and HER2+ patients with breast cancer. Patients with high GnRHR expression had significantly better disease-free survival than those with lower expression. Activated GnRHR significantly inhibited cell proliferation and metastasis, increased apoptosis, and enhanced GnRHR protein expression levels. CONCLUSION GnRHR inhibits TNBC proliferation and metastasis, suggesting it could be targeted for TNBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ping Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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16
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Saikia BS, Borpatra PJ, Rahman I, Deb ML, Baruah PK. Visible-light-promoted sulfenylation of 6-aminouracils under catalyst-free conditions. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01941h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light-promoted reactions have proven to be a decent strategy for the synthesis of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Shriya Saikia
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Paran J. Borpatra
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Iftakur Rahman
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Mohit L. Deb
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
| | - Pranjal K. Baruah
- Department of Applied Sciences, GUIST, Gauhati University, Guwahati-781014, Assam, India
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17
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Liu AD, Wang ZL, Liu L, Cheng L. Aqueous and Visible-Light-Promoted C-H (Hetero)arylation of Uracil Derivatives with Diazoniums. J Org Chem 2021; 86:16434-16447. [PMID: 34713700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Direct C5 (hetero)arylation of uracil and uridine substrates with (hetero)aryl diazonium salts under photoredox catalysis with blue light was reported. The coupling proceeds efficiently with diazonium salts and heterocycles in good functional group tolerance at room temperature in aqueous solution without transition-metal components. A plausible radical mechanism has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Di Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhao-Li Wang
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Lan CB, Auclair K. Ammonium Chloride‐Promoted Rapid Synthesis of Monosubstituted Ureas under Microwave Irradiation. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Blue Lan
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Karine Auclair
- Department of Chemistry McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street West Montreal QC H3A 0B8 Canada
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19
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Yang Q, Ma N, He Y, Yu X, Yao B. Immobilized Palladium Nanoparticles on Phosphanamine-grafted Cellulose for Arylation of Uracil. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337208666210816110719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The synthesis of 5-arylation uracil nucleosides is an imperative challenge,
especially for the method of Suzuki reaction using N-unprotected uracil as materials, which holds
the potential to enhance the yield.
Objective:
The objective of the study was to find a more efficient catalyst to increase the yield of
aryluracils and aryluridines.
Methods:
We first constructed the phosphanamine-grafted cellulose (PAGC) from cellulose material.
Then, we prepared the nanocatalyst PAGC/Pd(0) through heating and reducing the mixture of
PAGC and Pa(OAc)2.
Results:
When using this nanocatalyst to catalyze the Suzuki reaction of 5-iodouracil or 5-iodouridine
and aryl heterocyclic boronic acids, the arylation yields have been significantly improved.
Conclusion:
This means that the resultant nanocatalyst exhibits a remarkable catalytic efficacy for
Suzuki arylation of 5-iodouracil and 5-iodouridine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yang
- School of Sciences, Xi`an University of Technology,Xi’an, 710054, China
| | - Na Ma
- School of Sciences, Xi`an University of Technology,Xi’an, 710054, China
| | - Yangqing He
- School of Sciences, Xi`an University of Technology,Xi’an, 710054, China
| | - Xiaojiao Yu
- School of Sciences, Xi`an University of Technology,Xi’an, 710054, China
| | - Binghua Yao
- School of Sciences, Xi`an University of Technology,Xi’an, 710054, China
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20
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Soli ED, Surber BW, Reed AD. Synthesis of [H-3]- and [C-14]-labeled elagolix. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2021; 64:254-261. [PMID: 33675109 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonists are an important class of compounds designed to block the pituitary gland from synthesizing follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone for the treatment of sex hormone dependent disorders. Elagolix (ABT-620) is currently approved for the treatment of pain associated with endometriosis and as a combination with estradiol and norethindrone acetate is approved for management of heavy menstrual bleeding due to uterine fibroids. In order to support the development of elagolix, we prepared [3 H]elagolix for preclinical metabolism studies and [14 C]elagolix for environmental risk assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Soli
- Department of Process Chemistry, Radiochemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bruce W Surber
- Department of Process Chemistry, Radiochemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Aimee D Reed
- Department of Process Chemistry, Radiochemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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21
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Ali M, A R S, Al Hendy A. Elagolix in the treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine fibroids in premenopausal women. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2021; 14:427-437. [PMID: 33682578 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1900726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common benign tumor arising from myometrium of reproductive age women, with significant financial burden estimated in hundreds of billions of dollars. Unfortunately, there are limitations in available long-term treatment options. Thus, there is a large unmet need in the UF space for noninvasive therapeutics. AREAS COVERED Authors reviewed the literature available for elagolix; an orally bioavailable, second-generation, non-peptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in combination with estradiol/norethindrone acetate for the management of heavy menstrual bleeding associated with UFs in premenopausal women. EXPERT OPINION The utility of new-generation oral GnRH-antagonists, such as elagolix, relugolix and linzagolix, is offering a new potential opportunity for the future therapy of UFs: elagolix has been the most studied drug of this class for treating benign gynecological diseases, including endometriosis and UFs, for which it has been US FDA-approved in 2018 and 2020, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali
- Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara A R
- Al-Galaa Military Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, Drug Research Center (DRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ayman Al Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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22
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Tzoupis H, Nteli A, Androutsou ME, Tselios T. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and GnRH Receptor: Structure, Function and Drug Development. Curr Med Chem 2021; 27:6136-6158. [PMID: 31309882 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190712165444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is a key element in sexual maturation and regulation of the reproductive cycle in the human organism. GnRH interacts with the pituitary cells through the activation of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptors (GnRHR). Any impairments/dysfunctions of the GnRH-GnRHR complex lead to the development of various cancer types and disorders. Furthermore, the identification of GnRHR as a potential drug target has led to the development of agonist and antagonist molecules implemented in various treatment protocols. The development of these drugs was based on the information derived from the functional studies of GnRH and GnRHR. OBJECTIVE This review aims at shedding light on the versatile function of GnRH and GnRH receptor and offers an apprehensive summary regarding the development of different agonists, antagonists and non-peptide GnRH analogues. CONCLUSION The information derived from these studies can enhance our understanding of the GnRH-GnRHR versatile nature and offer valuable insight into the design of new more potent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agathi Nteli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Rion GR-26504, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleni Androutsou
- Vianex S.A., Tatoiou Str., 18th km Athens-Lamia National Road, Nea Erythrea 14671, Greece
| | - Theodore Tselios
- Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Rion GR-26504, Greece
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23
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Polepally AR, Ng JW, Salem AH, Dufek MB, Parikh A, Carter DC, Kamradt K, Mostafa NM, Shebley M. Assessment of Clinical Drug-Drug Interactions of Elagolix, a Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist. J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 60:1606-1616. [PMID: 33045114 PMCID: PMC7689813 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elagolix is an oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist indicated for the management of endometriosis-associated pain and in combination with estradiol/norethindrone acetate indicated for the management of heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) in premenopausal women. Elagolix coadministered with estradiol/norethindrone acetate is in late-stage development for the management of heavy menstrual bleeding associated with uterine fibroids. Based on the in vitro profile of elagolix metabolism and disposition, 9 drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies evaluating the victim and perpetrator characteristics of elagolix were conducted in 144 healthy volunteers. As a victim of cytochrome P450 (CYPs) and transporter-mediated DDIs, elagolix area under the curve (AUC) increased by ∼2-fold following coadministration with ketoconazole and by ∼5- and ∼2-fold with single and multiple doses of rifampin, respectively. As a perpetrator, elagolix decreased midazolam AUC (90% confidence interval) by 54% (50%-59%) and increased digoxin AUC by 32% (23%-41%). Elagolix decreased rosuvastatin AUC by 40% (29%-50%). No clinically significant changes in exposure on coadministration with sertraline or fluconazole occurred. A elagolix 150-mg once-daily regimen should be limited to 6 months with strong CYP3A inhibitors and rifampin because of the potential increase in bone mineral density loss, as described in the drug label. A 200-mg twice-daily regimen is recommended for no more than 1 month with strong CYP3A inhibitors and not recommended with rifampin. Elagolix is contraindicated with strong organic anion transporter polypeptide B1 inhibitors (eg, cyclosporine and gemfibrozil). Consider increasing the doses of midazolam and rosuvastatin when coadministered with elagolix, and individualize therapy based on patient response. Clinical monitoring is recommended for P-glycoprotein substrates with a narrow therapeutic window (eg, digoxin). Dose adjustments are not required for sertraline, fluconazole, bupropion (or any CYP2B6 substrate), or elagolix when coadministered.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/agonists
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2/metabolism
- Adult
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inducers/administration & dosage
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2B6 Inducers/pharmacokinetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9 Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A/metabolism
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers/administration & dosage
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inducers/pharmacokinetics
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors/pharmacokinetics
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Interactions
- Female
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/administration & dosage
- Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/blood
- Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/pharmacokinetics
- Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated/pharmacology
- Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Liver-Specific Organic Anion Transporter 1/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Premenopause
- Pyrimidines/administration & dosage
- Pyrimidines/blood
- Pyrimidines/pharmacokinetics
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptors, LHRH/antagonists & inhibitors
- Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Solute Carrier Organic Anion Transporter Family Member 1B3/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juki W. Ng
- Pharmaceutical Development, General MedicineAbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ahmed Hamed Salem
- Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacometricsAbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Matthew B. Dufek
- Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacometricsAbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Apurvasena Parikh
- Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacometricsAbbVie Inc.Redwood CityCaliforniaUSA
| | - David C. Carter
- Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacometricsAbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kent Kamradt
- Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacometricsAbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Nael M. Mostafa
- Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacometricsAbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Mohamad Shebley
- Clinical Pharmacology and PharmacometricsAbbVie Inc.North ChicagoIllinoisUSA
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24
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Panknin O, Wagenfeld A, Bone W, Bender E, Nowak-Reppel K, Fernández-Montalván AE, Nubbemeyer R, Bäurle S, Ring S, Schmees N, Prien O, Schäfer M, Friedrich C, Zollner TM, Steinmeyer A, Mueller T, Langer G. Discovery and Characterization of BAY 1214784, an Orally Available Spiroindoline Derivative Acting as a Potent and Selective Antagonist of the Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor as Proven in a First-In-Human Study in Postmenopausal Women. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11854-11881. [PMID: 32960053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The growth of uterine fibroids is sex hormone-dependent and commonly associated with highly incapacitating symptoms. Most treatment options consist of the control of these hormonal effects, ultimately blocking proliferative estrogen signaling (i.e., oral contraceptives/antagonization of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor [hGnRH-R] activity). Full hGnRH-R blockade, however, results in menopausal symptoms and affects bone mineralization, thus limiting treatment duration or demanding estrogen add-back approaches. To overcome such issues, we aimed to identify novel, small-molecule hGnRH-R antagonists. This led to the discovery of compound BAY 1214784, an orally available, potent, and selective hGnRH-R antagonist. Altering the geminal dimethylindoline core of the initial hit compound to a spiroindoline system significantly improved GnRH-R antagonist potencies across several species, mandatory for a successful compound optimization in vivo. In a first-in-human study in postmenopausal women, once daily treatment with BAY 1214784 effectively lowered plasma luteinizing hormone levels by up to 49%, at the same time being associated with low pharmacokinetic variability and good tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Panknin
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Wagenfeld
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bone
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckhard Bender
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Katrin Nowak-Reppel
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Nubbemeyer
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Bäurle
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Ring
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Schmees
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Prien
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Schäfer
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Friedrich
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas M Zollner
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Steinmeyer
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Aprather Weg 18a, 42113 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gernot Langer
- Research & Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Müllerstrasse 170, 13342 Berlin, Germany
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25
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Abbas Suleiman A, Nader A, Winzenborg I, Beck D, Polepally AR, Ng J, Noertersheuser P, Mostafa NM. Exposure-Safety Analyses Identify Predictors of Change in Bone Mineral Density and Support Elagolix Labeling for Endometriosis-Associated Pain. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 9:639-648. [PMID: 32945631 PMCID: PMC7679073 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Elagolix is a novel oral gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonist, that can suppress estradiol in a dose‐dependent manner. It is indicated for management of moderate‐to‐severe pain associated with endometriosis. A population exposure‐response model describing the relationship between elagolix exposure and changes in bone mineral density (BMD) was developed using data from four phase III studies in premenopausal women with endometriosis‐associated pain. Elagolix pharmacokinetic exposure‐dependent changes in BMD were described by an indirect‐response maximum effect (Emax) model through stimulation of bone resorption. African American race, higher body mass index (BMI), and lower type‐I collagen C‐telopeptide concentrations were significantly associated with higher baseline BMD. Higher BMI was significantly associated with higher bone formation rates. Simulations using the final model demonstrated that elagolix 150 mg q.d. dosing for 24 months is predicted to result in −1.45% (−2.04 to −0.814) decrease from baseline in BMD and were used to support corresponding dosing recommendations in the label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abbas Suleiman
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Ahmed Nader
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Insa Winzenborg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Denise Beck
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Akshanth R Polepally
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Juki Ng
- Development, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter Noertersheuser
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Nael M Mostafa
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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26
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Bekker RBW, Fjellaksel R, Hjornevik T, Nuruddin S, Rafique W, Hansen JH, Sundset R, Haraldsen IH, Riss PJ. Discovery of a Lead Brain-Penetrating Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist with Saturable Binding in Brain. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1624-1628. [PMID: 32677155 PMCID: PMC7540054 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, radiosynthesis and biological characterisation of two gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRH-R) antagonists with nanomolar binding affinity. A small library of GnRH-R antagonists was synthesised in 20-67 % overall yield with the aim of identifying a high-affinity antagonist capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Binding affinity to rat GnRH-R was determined by autoradiography in competitive-binding studies against [125 I]buserelin, and inhibition constants were calculated by using the Cheng-Prusoff equation. The radioligands were obtained in 46-79 % radiochemical yield and >95 % purity and with a molar activity of 19-38 MBq/nmol by direct nucleophilic radiofluorination. Positron emission tomography imaging in rat under baseline conditions in comparison to pretreatment with a receptor-saturating dose of GnRH antagonist revealed saturable uptake (0.1 %ID/mL) into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Fjellaksel
- Department of Clinical MedicineUiT The Arctic University of NorwayHansine Hansens veg 189019TromsøNorway
- PET Imaging CenterUniversity Hospital of North NorwaySykehusvegen 389019TromsøNorway
- Department of ChemistryUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayHansine Hansens veg 189019TromsøNorway
| | - Trine Hjornevik
- Department of Diagnostic PhysicsOslo University HospitalSognsvannsveien 200372OsloNorway
| | - Syed Nuruddin
- Norwegian Medical Cyclotron AS, RikshospitaletSognsvannsveien 20OsloNorway
| | - Waqas Rafique
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OsloSem Sælands vei, 260371OsloNorway
| | - Jørn H. Hansen
- Department of ChemistryUiT – The Arctic University of NorwayHansine Hansens veg 189019TromsøNorway
| | - Rune Sundset
- Department of Clinical MedicineUiT The Arctic University of NorwayHansine Hansens veg 189019TromsøNorway
- PET Imaging CenterUniversity Hospital of North NorwaySykehusvegen 389019TromsøNorway
| | - Ira H. Haraldsen
- Clinical NeurosciencesOslo University Hospital-UllevalKirkeveien 166, post code?OsloNorway
| | - Patrick J. Riss
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OsloSem Sælands vei, 260371OsloNorway
- Norwegian Medical Cyclotron AS, RikshospitaletSognsvannsveien 20OsloNorway
- Clinical NeurosciencesOslo University Hospital-UllevalKirkeveien 166, post code?OsloNorway
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27
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Küpker W, Plathow D, Bullerdiek J, Felberbaum R. Neue Behandlungsoptionen mit GnRH-Antagonisten bei Endometriose und Uterus myomatosus. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-020-00329-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Mei H, Han J, White S, Graham DJ, Izawa K, Sato T, Fustero S, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Tailor-Made Amino Acids and Fluorinated Motifs as Prominent Traits in Modern Pharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2020; 26:11349-11390. [PMID: 32359086 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Structural analysis of modern pharmaceutical practices allows for the identification of two rapidly growing trends: the introduction of tailor-made amino acids and the exploitation of fluorinated motifs. Curiously, the former represents one of the most ubiquitous classes of naturally occurring compounds, whereas the latter is the most xenobiotic and comprised virtually entirely of man-made derivatives. Herein, 39 selected compounds, featuring both of these traits in the same molecule, are profiled. The total synthesis, source of the corresponding amino acids and fluorinated residues, and medicinal chemistry aspects and biological properties of the molecules are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P.R. China
| | - Sarah White
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Daniel J Graham
- Oakwood Chemical, Inc., 730 Columbia Hwy. N, Estill, SC, 29918, USA
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, P.O. Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, USA
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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29
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Barra F, Vitale SG, Seca M, Scala C, Leone Roberti Maggiore U, Cianci A, Ferrero S. The potential role of elagolix for treating uterine bleeding associated to uterine myomas. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:1419-1430. [PMID: 32401547 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1755254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Uterine myomas represents a widespread gynecological disease of women in reproductive age. Although surgery remains the first choice for treating most patients, in the last years, new medical approaches have been considered in order to ameliorate heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) related to their presence. Elagolix is a second-generation gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist under investigation for the long-term treatment of uterine myomas. AREAS COVERED The aim of this drug evaluation is to give a complete overview of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data on elagolix for treating HMB related to uterine myomas and to report the results of the current clinical trials in this setting. EXPERT OPINION In two previous phase II studies, this drug succeeded in ameliorating blood loss and quality of life of patients affected by uterine myomas with a good safety profile. Three phase III trials (ELARIS UF-I, UF-II, and EXTEND) investigated the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of elagolix at 300 mg twice daily with add-back therapy. The primary endpoint, consisting in the reduction in HMB compared to placebo, was met in the majority of patients under treatment. Currently, elagolix is under investigation in two other ongoing multicenter phase III clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Barra
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , Genova, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (Dinogmi), University of Genova , Italy
| | - Salvatore Giovanni Vitale
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - Marta Seca
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , Genova, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (Dinogmi), University of Genova , Italy
| | - Carolina Scala
- Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gaslini Institute , Genova, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Cianci
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Department of General Surgery and Medical Surgical Specialties, University of Catania , Catania, Italy
| | - Simone Ferrero
- Academic Unit of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino , Genova, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (Dinogmi), University of Genova , Italy
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30
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Flick AC, Leverett CA, Ding HX, McInturff E, Fink SJ, Helal CJ, DeForest JC, Morse PD, Mahapatra S, O’Donnell CJ. Synthetic Approaches to New Drugs Approved during 2018. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10652-10704. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Flick
- Takeda California, Inc., 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Carolyn A. Leverett
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Hong X. Ding
- Pharmacodia (Beijing) Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085, China
| | - Emma McInturff
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sarah J. Fink
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 125 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | | | - Jacob C. DeForest
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Peter D. Morse
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subham Mahapatra
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Christopher J. O’Donnell
- Groton Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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31
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Shebley M, Polepally AR, Nader A, Ng JW, Winzenborg I, Klein CE, Noertersheuser P, Gibbs MA, Mostafa NM. Clinical Pharmacology of Elagolix: An Oral Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Antagonist for Endometriosis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 59:297-309. [PMID: 31749075 PMCID: PMC7051932 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-019-00840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The clinical pharmacology of elagolix was extensively evaluated in clinical studies in healthy subjects and in women with endometriosis. Elagolix pharmacokinetics (PK) show significant population variability, however they are minimally affected by patients' baseline characteristics and demographics, except for clinically relevant extrinsic and intrinsic factors such as coadministrated strong organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 inhibitors and severe hepatic impairment, which are contraindications for the use of elagolix. These studies enabled a comprehensive understanding of elagolix mechanism of action and the downstream pharmacodynamic (PD) effects on gonadotropin and ovarian hormones, as well as full characterization of the PK/PD (PKPD) relationships of elagolix at various dosages, including the approved 150 mg once daily and 200 mg twice daily dosing regimens for the management of moderate to severe pain associated with endometriosis. Several model-based analyses have contributed to understanding of the benefit-risk profile of elagolix in patients with endometriosis, through characterization of the exposure relationship with responder rates, with changes in bone mineral density over time, as well as the interaction with coadministered drugs. Collectively, these studies and analyses served as supportive evidence for the effectiveness of the approved dosages and provided general dosing instructions of the first approved oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Shebley
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Akshanth R Polepally
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ahmed Nader
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Juki W Ng
- Pharmaceutical Development, General Medicine, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Insa Winzenborg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Cheri E Klein
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Peter Noertersheuser
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Megan A Gibbs
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Nael M Mostafa
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
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32
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33
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Winzenborg I, Nader A, Polepally AR, Liu M, Degner J, Klein CE, Mostafa NM, Noertersheuser P, Ng J. Population Pharmacokinetics of Elagolix in Healthy Women and Women with Endometriosis. Clin Pharmacokinet 2019; 57:1295-1306. [PMID: 29476499 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-018-0629-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elagolix is a novel, orally active, non-peptide, competitive gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonist in development for the management of endometriosis with associated pain and heavy menstrual bleeding due to uterine fibroids. The pharmacokinetics of elagolix have been well-characterized in phase I studies; however, elagolix population pharmacokinetics have not been previously reported. Therefore, a robust model was developed to describe elagolix population pharmacokinetics and to evaluate factors affecting elagolix pharmacokinetic parameters. METHODS The data from nine clinical studies (a total of 1624 women) were included in the analysis: five phase I studies in healthy, premenopausal women and four phase III studies in premenopausal women with endometriosis. RESULTS Elagolix population pharmacokinetics were best described by a two-compartment model with a lag time in absorption. Of the 15 covariates tested for effect on elagolix apparent clearance (CL/F) and/or volume of distribution only one covariate, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 genotype status, had a statistically significant, but not clinically meaningful, effect on elagolix CL/F. CONCLUSION Elagolix pharmacokinetics were not affected by patient demographics and were similar between healthy women and women with endometriosis. Clinical Trial Registration Numbers NCT01403038, NCT01620528, NCT01760954, NCT01931670, NCT02143713.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Winzenborg
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Department R4PK, AbbVie Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ahmed Nader
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Department R4PK, AbbVie Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA.
| | - Akshanth R Polepally
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Department R4PK, AbbVie Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Mohan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Department R4PK, AbbVie Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Jacob Degner
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Department R4PK, AbbVie Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Cheri E Klein
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Department R4PK, AbbVie Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Nael M Mostafa
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Department R4PK, AbbVie Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Peter Noertersheuser
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Department R4PK, AbbVie Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Juki Ng
- Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Department R4PK, AbbVie Inc., Building AP31-3, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
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34
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Neri M, Melis GB, Giancane E, Vallerino V, Pilloni M, Piras B, Loddo A, Paoletti AM, Mais V. Clinical Utility Of Elagolix As An Oral Treatment For Women With Uterine Fibroids: A Short Report On The Emerging Efficacy Data. Int J Womens Health 2019; 11:535-546. [PMID: 31695514 PMCID: PMC6815212 DOI: 10.2147/ijwh.s185023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most common gynaecological benign disease. Even though often asymptomatic, UFs can worsen women’s health and their quality of life, causing heavy bleeding and anaemia, pelvic discomfort and reduced fertility. Surgical treatment of UFs could be limited by its invasiveness and the desire to preserve fertility. Thus, effective medical therapies for the management of this condition are needed. Common drugs used to control bleeding, such us hormonal contraceptive or levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, have no effect on fibroids volume. Among other more efficient treatments, the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or the selective progesterone-receptor modulators have a non-neutral safety profile; thus, they are used for limited periods or for cyclic treatments. Elagolix is a potent, orally bioavailable, non-peptide GnRH antagonist that acts by a competitive block of the GnRH receptor. The biological effect is a dose-dependent inhibition of gonadal axis, without a total suppression of estradiol concentrations. For this reason, even though comparative studies between elagolix and GnRH agonists have not been performed, elagolix has been associated with a better profile of adverse events. Recently, elagolix received US FDA approval for the treatment of moderate to severe pain caused by endometriosis. Several clinical trials assessed the efficacy of elagolix for the treatment of heavy bleeding caused by UFs and the definitive results of Phase III studies are expected. Available data on elagolix and UFs showed that the drug, with or without low-dose hormone add-back therapy, is able to significantly reduce menstrual blood loss, lead to amenorrhea and improve haemoglobin concentrations in the majority of participants in comparison with placebo. The safety and tolerability profile appeared generally acceptable. The concomitant use of add-back therapy can prevent bone loss due to the hypoestrogenic effect and can improve safety during elagolix treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Neri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Maternal Child Department, University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gian Benedetto Melis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Maternal Child Department, University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elena Giancane
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Maternal Child Department, University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valerio Vallerino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Maternal Child Department, University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Pilloni
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Maternal Child Department, University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Bruno Piras
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Maternal Child Department, University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Loddo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Maternal Child Department, University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Paoletti
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Maternal Child Department, University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Valerio Mais
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.,Maternal Child Department, University Hospital of Cagliari, Italy
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35
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Abstract
The article discusses the basic properties of fluorine atom that have made it so useful in drug development. It presents several examples of therapeutically useful drugs acting against many life-threatening diseases along with the mechanism as to how fluorine influences the drug activity. It has been pointed out that fluorine, due to its ability to increase the lipophilicity of the molecule, greatly affects the hydrophobic interaction between the drug molecule and the receptor. Because of its small size, it hardly produces any steric effect, rather due to electronic properties enters into electrostatic and hydrogen-bond interactions. Thus, it greatly affects the drug-receptor interaction and leads to increase the activity of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Prakash Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut 250005, India
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36
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37
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Taylor HS, Dun EC, Chwalisz K. Clinical evaluation of the oral gonadotropin-releasing hormone-antagonist elagolix for the management of endometriosis-associated pain. Pain Manag 2019; 9:497-515. [PMID: 31434540 DOI: 10.2217/pmt-2019-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent chronic inflammatory disease associated with pelvic pain symptoms that are often severe, mainly dysmenorrhea, nonmenstrual pelvic pain and dyspareunia. This condition is also associated with peripheral and central sensitization. The current medical treatment options for endometriosis-associated pain are limited. Recently, the US FDA approved the novel, oral, nonpeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist elagolix for the management of moderate to severe endometriosis-associated pain. Elagolix produces dose-dependent estrogen suppression, from partial suppression at lower doses to nearly full suppression at higher doses. This review article summarizes the current understanding of the pathophysiology of endometriosis, with a focus on the role of estrogen and the mechanisms of pain symptoms, and reviews the clinical development of elagolix in women with endometriosis-associated pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh S Taylor
- Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Erica C Dun
- Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kristof Chwalisz
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, Bldg. AP4A-3, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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38
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Mei H, Han J, Fustero S, Medio-Simon M, Sedgwick DM, Santi C, Ruzziconi R, Soloshonok VA. Fluorine-Containing Drugs Approved by the FDA in 2018. Chemistry 2019; 25:11797-11819. [PMID: 31099931 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201901840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, fluorine substitution has become one of the essential structural traits in modern pharmaceuticals. Thus, about half of the most successful drugs (blockbuster drugs) contain fluorine atoms. In this review, we profile 17 fluorine-containing drugs approved by the food and drug administration (FDA) in 2018. The newly approved pharmaceuticals feature several types of aromatic F and CF3 , as well as aliphatic (CF2 ) substitution, offering advances in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, HIV, malarial and smallpox infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Santos Fustero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mercedes Medio-Simon
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Daniel M Sedgwick
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.,Laboratorio de Moléculas Orgánicas, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Claudio Santi
- Department of Phrmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Renzo Ruzziconi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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39
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Perrone S, Troisi L, Salomone A. Heterocycle Synthesis through Pd-Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Perrone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali; Università del Salento; Campus Ecotekne, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Luigino Troisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali; Università del Salento; Campus Ecotekne, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Antonio Salomone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali; Università del Salento; Campus Ecotekne, Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni 73100 Lecce Italy
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40
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Noikham M, Yotphan S. Copper-Catalyzed Regioselective Direct C-H Thiolation and Thiocyanation of Uracils. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Medena Noikham
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC); Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road 10400 Bangkok Thailand
| | - Sirilata Yotphan
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC); Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Mahidol University; Rama VI Road 10400 Bangkok Thailand
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences; Zhengzhou University; Science Avenue 100 Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 Wuxi 214122 P. R. China
| | - Liang-Hua Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology; Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Jiangnan University; Lihu Avenue 1800 Wuxi 214122 P. R. China
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42
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Farris M, Bastianelli C, Rosato E, Brosens I, Benagiano G. Uterine fibroids: an update on current and emerging medical treatment options. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2019; 15:157-178. [PMID: 30774352 PMCID: PMC6350833 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s147318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine fibroids are the most common gynecological disorder, classically requiring surgery when symptomatic. Although attempts at finding a nonsurgical cure date back to centuries, it is only around the middle of the last century that serious attempts at a medical treatment were carried out. Initially, both progestins and estrogen–progestin combinations have been utilized, although proof of their usefulness is lacking. A major step forward was achieved when peptide analogs of the GnRH were introduced, first those with superagonist properties and subsequently those acting as antagonists. Initially, the latter produced side effects preventing their routine utilization; eventually, this problem was overcome following the synthesis of cetrorelix. Because both types of analogs produce hypoestrogenism, their use is limited to a maximum of 6 months and, for this reason, today they are utilized as an adjuvant treatment before surgery with overall good results. Over the last decade, new, nonpeptidic, orally active GnRH-receptor blockers have also been synthesized. One of them, Elagolix, is in the early stages of testing in women with fibroids. Another fundamental development has been the utilization of the so-called selective progesterone receptor modulators, sometimes referred to as “antiprogestins”. The first such compound to be applied to the long-term treatment of fibroids was Mifepristone; today, this compound is mostly used outside of Western Countries, where the substance of choice is Ulipristal acetate. Large clinical trials have proven the effectiveness of Ulipristal in the long-term medical therapy of fibroids, although some caution must be exercised because of the rare occurrence of liver complications. All selective progesterone receptor modulators produce unique endometrial changes that are today considered benign, reversible, and without negative consequences. In conclusion, long-term medical treatment of fibroids seems possible today, especially in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Farris
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy, .,The Italian Association for Demographic Education, Rome, Italy,
| | - Carlo Bastianelli
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy,
| | - Elena Rosato
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy,
| | - Ivo Brosens
- Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Benagiano
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Urology, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy,
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43
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Newton CL, Riekert C, Millar RP. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 70:497-515. [PMID: 30264955 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4784.18.04316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation at any level of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis results in, or aggravates, a number of hormone-dependent diseases such as delayed or precocious puberty, infertility, prostatic and ovarian cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, lean body mass, as well as metabolism and cognitive impairment. As gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) is an essential regulator of the HPG axis, agonist and antagonist analogs are efficacious in the treatment of these conditions. GnRH analogs also play an important role in assisted reproductive therapies. This review highlights the current and future therapeutic potential of GnRH analogs and upstream regulators of GnRH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Newton
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Carmen Riekert
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa - .,Centre for Integrative Physiology, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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44
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Estrus Suppression in Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2018; 48:595-603. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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Liang HW, Yang Z, Jiang K, Ye Y, Wei Y. Atom-Economic Silver-Catalyzed Difunctionalization of the Isocyano Group with Cyclic Oximes: Towards Pyrimidinediones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wen Liang
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Zhen Yang
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Kun Jiang
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Ying Ye
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
| | - Ye Wei
- College of Pharmacy; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing 400038 China
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46
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Liang HW, Yang Z, Jiang K, Ye Y, Wei Y. Atom-Economic Silver-Catalyzed Difunctionalization of the Isocyano Group with Cyclic Oximes: Towards Pyrimidinediones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5720-5724. [PMID: 29601660 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An unprecedented silver-catalyzed difunctionalization of the isocyano group with cyclic oximes is described. This method allows efficient and atom-economic assembly of a vast array of structurally novel and interesting pyrimidinediones, and tolerates a range of functionalities. The resulting products can be easily converted into some useful compounds. Furthermore, the method can also be applied for the late-stage modification of a few biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wen Liang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ying Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Ye Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
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47
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of 3-(2-aminoethyl) uracil derivatives as gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor antagonists. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 145:413-424. [PMID: 29335207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a series of uracil analogues by introducing various substituents on the phenyl ring of the N-3 aminoethyl side chain and evaluated their antagonistic activity against human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors. Analogues with substituents at the ortho or meta position demonstrated potent in vitro antagonistic activity. Specifically, the introduction of a 2-OMe group enhanced nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) inhibition up to 6-fold compared to the unsubstituted analogue. We identified compound 12c as a highly potent GnRH antagonist with moderate CYP inhibition. Compound 12c showed potent and prolonged LH suppression after a single dose was orally administered in castrated monkeys compared to a known antagonist, Elagolix. We believe that our SAR study offers useful insights to design GnRH antagonists as a potential treatment option for endometriosis.
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48
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Diketene a Privileged Synthon in the Synthesis of Heterocycles. Part 2: Six-Membered Ring Heterocycles. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aihch.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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49
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Lafitte G, Beillard A, Chambon S, Soulet C, Dumais L, Mouis G, Fournier JF, Clary L, Bouix-Peter C, Tomas L, Harris CS. N-3 alkylation of uracils with unprotected amino alcohols using the Mitsunobu reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Tukun FL, Olberg DE, Riss PJ, Haraldsen I, Kaass A, Klaveness J. Recent Development of Non-Peptide GnRH Antagonists. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122188. [PMID: 29232843 PMCID: PMC6149776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone, also referred to as luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone with the sequence (pGlu-His-Trp-Ser-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-NH2) plays an important role in regulating the reproductive system. It stimulates differential release of the gonadotropins FSH and LH from pituitary tissue. To date, treatment of hormone-dependent diseases targeting the GnRH receptor, including peptide GnRH agonist and antagonists are now available on the market. The inherited issues associate with peptide agonists and antagonists have however, led to significant interest in developing orally active, small molecule, non-peptide antagonists. In this review, we will summarize all developed small molecule GnRH antagonists along with the most recent clinical data and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dag Erlend Olberg
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Norsk Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Patrick J Riss
- Norsk Medisinsk Syklotronsenter AS, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
- Realomics SFI, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of neuropsychiatry and psychosomatic medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ira Haraldsen
- Department of neuropsychiatry and psychosomatic medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 4950 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Jo Klaveness
- School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
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