1
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Rahaman S, Sahay SS, Kumari A, Dey S. Multicomponent Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling of Imidazo[1,2- a]pyridine: Access to Abnormal Mannich and Mannich-Type Reaction. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 39017591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
This study showcases successfully switchable approaches to accomplish the C3-aryl methylation and C3- amino methylation of privileged nitrogen-containing pharmaceutical compounds "imidazopyridines" with distinct amines, which surmounts the long-standing requirement for a superfluous directing group. These two transformations manifest pronounced regio- and chemo-divergent behavior, successfully demonstrating unprecedented multicomponent "abnormal Mannich and Mannich-type" reactions. The remarkable environmentally benign protocol has been efficiently extended to concise the synthesis and late-stage derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Segufa Rahaman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Suhag Singh Sahay
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Annu Kumari
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Swapan Dey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
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2
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Chaudhran PA, Sharma A. Progress in the Development of Imidazopyridine-Based Fluorescent Probes for Diverse Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-18. [PMID: 36562726 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2158720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Different classes of Imidazopyridine i.e., Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, Imidazo[1,5-a] pyridine, Imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, have shown versatile applications in various fields. In this review, we have concisely presented the usefulness of the fluorescent property of imidazopyridine in different fields such as imaging tools, optoelectronics, metal ion detection, etc. Fluorescence mechanisms such as excited state intramolecular proton transfer, photoinduced electron transfer, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, intramolecular charge transfer, etc. are incorporated in the designed fluorophore to make it for fluorescent applications. It has been widely employed for metal ion detection, where selective metal ion detection is possible with triazole-attached imidazopyridine, β-carboline imidazopyridine hybrid, quinoline conjugated imidazopyridine, and many more. Also, other popular applications involve organic light emitting diodes and cell imaging. This review shed a light on recent development in this area especially focusing on the optical properties of the molecules with their usage which would be helpful in designing application-based new imidazopyridine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti AshokKumar Chaudhran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abha Sharma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh, India
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3
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18F-Radiolabeled Translocator Protein (TSPO) PET Tracers: Recent Development of TSPO Radioligands and Their Application to PET Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112545. [PMID: 36432736 PMCID: PMC9697781 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a transmembrane protein in the mitochondrial membrane, which has been identified as a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. TSPO is generally present at high concentrations in steroid-producing cells and plays an important role in steroid synthesis, apoptosis, and cell proliferation. In the central nervous system, TSPO expression is relatively modest under normal physiological circumstances. However, some pathological disorders can lead to changes in TSPO expression. Overexpression of TSPO is associated with several diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation, brain injury, and cancers. TSPO has therefore become an effective biomarker of related diseases. Positron emission tomography (PET), a non-invasive molecular imaging technique used for the clinical diagnosis of numerous diseases, can detect diseases related to TSPO expression. Several radiolabeled TSPO ligands have been developed for PET. In this review, we describe recent advances in the development of TSPO ligands, and 18F-radiolabeled TSPO in particular, as PET tracers. This review covers pharmacokinetic studies, preclinical and clinical trials of 18F-labeled TSPO PET ligands, and the synthesis of TSPO ligands.
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4
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Mishra NP, Mohapatra S, Das T, Nayak S. Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine as a promising scaffold for the development of antibacterial agents. J Heterocycl Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tapaswini Das
- Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack India
| | - Sabita Nayak
- Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack India
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5
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Singh P, Adhikari A, Singh D, Gond C, Tiwari AK. The 18-kDa Translocator Protein PET Tracers as a Diagnostic Marker for Neuroinflammation: Development and Current Standing. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14412-14429. [PMID: 35557664 PMCID: PMC9089361 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Translocator protein (TSPO, 18 kDa) is an evolutionary, well-preserved, and tryptophan-rich 169-amino-acid protein which localizes on the contact sites between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes of steroid-synthesizing cells. This mitochondrial protein is implicated in an extensive range of cellular activities, including steroid synthesis, cholesterol transport, apoptosis, mitochondrial respiration, and cell proliferation. The upregulation of TSPO is well documented in diverse disease conditions including neuroinflammation, cancer, brain injury, and inflammation in peripheral organs. On the basis of these outcomes, TSPO has been assumed to be a fascinating subcellular target for early stage imaging of the diseased state and for therapeutic purposes. The main outline of this Review is to give an update on dealing with the advances made in TSPO PET tracers for neuroinflammation, synchronously emphasizing the approaches applied for the design and advancement of new tracers with reference to their structure-activity relationship (SAR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anupriya Adhikari
- Department
of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepika Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chandraprakash Gond
- Department
of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anjani Kumar Tiwari
- Department
of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar
University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Address:
Department of Chemistry,
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Tel.: +91-7503381343. Fax: +91-522-2440821. E-mail:
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6
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Kumbhar VV, Khairnar BB, Chaskar MG, Pawar RA, Gugale GS. Synthetic strategies in development of 3-aroylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines and 2-aroylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines: A decade update. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2056057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikrant V. Kumbhar
- Department of Chemistry, PDEA’s Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Pune, India
- Interdisciplinary School of Science (IDSS), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Bhushan B. Khairnar
- Department of Chemistry, PDEA’s Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Pune, India
- Interdisciplinary School of Science (IDSS), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Manohar G. Chaskar
- Department of Chemistry, PDEA’s Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Pune, India
| | - Ramdas A. Pawar
- Department of Chemistry, PDEA’s Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Pune, India
| | - Gulab S. Gugale
- Department of Chemistry, PDEA’s Prof. Ramkrishna More College, Pune, India
- Department of Chemistry, Haribhai V. Desai College, Pune, India
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7
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Panda J, Raiguru BP, Mishra M, Mohapatra S, Nayak S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2‐
a
]pyridines: A Brief Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Panda
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Bishnu P. Raiguru
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Mitali Mishra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Seetaram Mohapatra
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
| | - Sabita Nayak
- Organic Synthesis Laboratory Department of Chemistry Ravenshaw University Cuttack 753003 Odisha India
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8
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Mattner F, Katsifis A, Bourdier T, Loc'h C, Berghofer P, Fookes C, Hung TT, Jackson T, Henderson D, Pham T, Lee BJ, Shepherd R, Greguric I, Wyatt N, Le T, Poon J, Power C, Fulham M. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of [ 18F]PBR316: a novel PET ligand targeting the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) with low binding sensitivity to human single nucleotide polymorphism rs6971. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1207-1221. [PMID: 34355185 PMCID: PMC8292990 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiopharmaceuticals that target the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) have been investigated with positron emission tomography (PET) to study neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and cancer. We have developed the novel, achiral, 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, PBR316 that targets the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) that addresses some of the limitations inherent in current TSPO ligands; namely specificity in binding, blood brain barrier permeability, metabolism and insensitivity to TSPO binding in subjects as a result of rs6971 polymorphism. PBR316 has high nanomolar affinity (4.7-6.0 nM) for the TSPO, >5000 nM for the central benzodiazepine receptor (CBR) and low sensitivity to rs6971 polymorphism with a low affinity binders (LABs) to high affinity binders (HABs) ratio of 1.5. [18F]PBR316 was prepared in 20 ± 5% radiochemical yield, >99% radiochemical purity and a molar activity of 160-400 GBq μmol-1. Biodistribution in rats showed high uptake of [18F]PBR316 in organs known to express TSPO such as heart (3.9%) and adrenal glands (7.5% ID per g) at 1 h. [18F]PBR316 entered the brain and accumulated in TSPO-expressing regions with an olfactory bulb to brain ratio of 3 at 15 min and 7 at 4 h. Radioactivity was blocked by PK11195 and Ro 5-4864 but not Flumazenil. Metabolite analysis showed that radioactivity in adrenal glands and the brain was predominantly due to the intact radiotracer. PET-CT studies in mouse-bearing prostate tumour xenografts indicated biodistribution similar to rats with radioactivity in the tumour increasing with time. [18F]PBR316 shows in vitro binding that is insensitive to human polymorphism and has specific and selective in vivo binding to the TSPO. [18F]PBR316 is suitable for further biological and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filomena Mattner
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Andrew Katsifis
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Thomas Bourdier
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Christian Loc'h
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW Australia
| | - Paula Berghofer
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW Australia
| | - Christopher Fookes
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW Australia
| | - Tzong-Tyng Hung
- Biological Resources Imaging Laboratory, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Timothy Jackson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW Australia
| | - David Henderson
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Tien Pham
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW Australia
| | - Brendan J Lee
- Biological Resources Imaging Laboratory, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Rachael Shepherd
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW Australia
| | - Ivan Greguric
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW Australia
| | - Naomi Wyatt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation Lucas Heights NSW Australia
| | - Thanh Le
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Jackson Poon
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia
| | - Carl Power
- Biological Resources Imaging Laboratory, University of New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Michael Fulham
- Department of Molecular Imaging, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Camperdown NSW 2050 Australia
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Technologies, University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
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9
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Huang Q, Zhong Y, Li B, Ouyang S, Deng L, Mo J, Shi S, Lv N, Wu R, Liu P, Hu W, Zhang X, Wang Y. Structure-based discovery of potent and selective small-molecule inhibitors targeting signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Eur J Med Chem 2021; 221:113525. [PMID: 34000483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
STAT3 has been validated as an attractive anticancer target due to its important roles in cancer initiation and progression. However, discovery of potent and selective STAT3 small-molecule inhibitors with druglike properties is still challenging. In this study, two series of substituted 2-phenylquinolines and 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were designed through structure-based drug discovery approach by condensing the privileged structures of STX-119 and SH4-54. Our study has resulted in the discovery of a number of highly potent and selective STAT3 inhibitors, exemplified by compound 39 with the privileged structure of 2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine, which selectively inhibits phosphorylation of STAT3 and suppresses subsequent signaling pathway. Moreover, 39 inhibits cell growth, migration and invasion of human triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells lines. Consistently, it achieves significant and dose-dependent tumor growth inhibition in both cell line-derived and patient-derived xenograft tumor models in mice. These results clearly indicate that 39 is a highly potent and selective STAT3 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyao Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yan Zhong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shumin Ouyang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianshan Mo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Shuo Shi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Nan Lv
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ruibo Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wenhao Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yuanxiang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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10
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Endoori S, Gulipalli KC, Bodige S, Ravula P, Seelam N. Design, synthesis, anticancer activity, and in silico studies of novel imidazo[1,2‐
a
]pyridine based
1
H
‐1,2,3‐triazole derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Endoori
- Department of Chemistry Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Guntur India
| | | | - Srinu Bodige
- Department of Chemistry Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Guntur India
| | - Parameshwar Ravula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Guru Nanak Institutions Technical Campus, School of Pharmacy Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad India
| | - Nareshvarma Seelam
- Department of Chemistry Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Guntur India
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11
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Roslan II, Ng K, Alhooshani KR, Jaenicke S, Chuah G. In/Cu Catalyzed Multiple C−N/C−C Bond Formation via Multiple Bond Cleavage in a Three Component Synthesis of Arylimidazopyridine Carboxylates. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irwan Iskandar Roslan
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Kian‐Hong Ng
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Khalid R. Alhooshani
- Chemistry Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Stephan Jaenicke
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
| | - Gaik‐Khuan Chuah
- Department of Chemistry National University of Singapore 3 Science Drive 3 Singapore 117543 Singapore
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12
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Adhikari A, Singh P, Mahar KS, Adhikari M, Adhikari B, Zhang MR, Tiwari AK. Mapping of Translocator Protein (18 kDa) in Peripheral Sterile Inflammatory Disease and Cancer through PET Imaging. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:1507-1529. [PMID: 33645995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the translocator 18 kDa protein (TSPO) with radioligands has become an effective means of research in peripheral inflammatory conditions that occur in many diseases and cancers. The peripheral sterile inflammatory diseases (PSIDs) are associated with a diverse group of disorders that comprises numerous enduring insults including the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, or musculoskeletal system. TSPO has recently been introduced as a potential biomarker for peripheral sterile inflammatory diseases (PSIDs). The major critical issue related to PSIDs is its timely characterization and localization of inflammatory foci for proper therapy of patients. As an alternative to metabolic imaging, protein imaging expressed on immune cells after activation is of great importance. The five transmembrane domain translocator protein-18 kDa (TSPO) is upregulated on the mitochondrial cell surface of macrophages during inflammation, serving as a potential ligand for PET tracers. Additionally, the overexpressed TSPO protein has been positively correlated with various tumor malignancies. In view of the association of escalated TSPO expression in both disease conditions, it is an immensely important biomarker for PET imaging in oncology and PSIDs. In this review, we summarize the most outstanding advances on TSPO-targeted PSIDs and cancer in the development of TSPO ligands as a potential diagnostic tool, specifically discussing the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupriya Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Priya Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, A Central University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Kamalesh S Mahar
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007, India
| | - Manish Adhikari
- The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
| | - Bhawana Adhikari
- Plasma Bio-science Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, South Korea
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Advanced Nuclear Medicine Sciences, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Anjani Kumar Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, (A Central University), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
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13
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An update into the medicinal chemistry of translocator protein (TSPO) ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 209:112924. [PMID: 33081988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) has been discovered in 1977 as an alternative binding site for the benzodiazepine diazepam. It is an evolutionary well-conserved and tryptophan-rich 169-amino acids protein with five alpha helical transmembrane domains stretching the outer mitochondrial membrane, with the carboxyl-terminus in the cytosol and a short amino-terminus in the intermembrane space of mitochondrion. At this level, together with the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), it forms the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). TSPO expression is ubiquitary, with higher levels in steroid producing tissues; in the central nervous system, it is mainly expressed in glial cells and in neurons. TSPO is implicated in a variety of fundamental cellular processes including steroidogenesis, heme biosynthesis, mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell proliferation and differentiation, cell life/death balance, oxidative stress. Altered TSPO expression has been found in some pathological conditions. In particular, high TSPO expression levels have been documented in cancer, neuroinflammation, and brain injury. Conversely, low TSPO expression levels have been evidenced in anxiety disorders. Therefore, TSPO is not only an interesting drug target for therapeutic purpose (anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, etc.), but also a valid diagnostic marker of related-diseases detectable by fluorescent or radiolabeled ligands. The aim of this report is to present an update of previous reviews dealing with the medicinal chemistry of TSPO and to highlight the most outstanding advances in the development of TSPO ligands as potential therapeutic or diagnostic tools, especially referring to the last five years.
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14
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Caymaz B, Yıldız U, Akkoç S, Gerçek Z, Şengül A, Coban B. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antiproliferative Activity Studies of Novel Benzimidazole‐Imidazopyridine Hybrids as DNA Groove Binders. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Caymaz
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit UniversityFaculty of Arts and SciencesDepartment of Chemistry 67100 Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Ufuk Yıldız
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit UniversityFaculty of Arts and SciencesDepartment of Chemistry 67100 Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Senem Akkoç
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of PharmacySüleyman Demirel University Isparta 32260 Turkey
| | - Zuhal Gerçek
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit UniversityFaculty of Arts and SciencesDepartment of Chemistry 67100 Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Şengül
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit UniversityFaculty of Arts and SciencesDepartment of Chemistry 67100 Zonguldak Turkey
| | - Burak Coban
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit UniversityFaculty of Arts and SciencesDepartment of Chemistry 67100 Zonguldak Turkey
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15
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Kim K, Kim H, Bae SH, Lee SY, Kim YH, Na J, Lee CH, Lee MS, Ko GB, Kim KY, Lee SH, Song IH, Cheon GJ, Kang KW, Kim SE, Chung JK, Kim EE, Paek SH, Lee JS, Lee BC, Youn H. [ 18F]CB251 PET/MR imaging probe targeting translocator protein (TSPO) independent of its Polymorphism in a Neuroinflammation Model. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:9315-9331. [PMID: 32802194 PMCID: PMC7415805 DOI: 10.7150/thno.46875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) has been proposed as a biomarker for the detection of neuroinflammation. Although various PET probes targeting TSPO have been developed, a highly selective probe for detecting TSPO is still needed because single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human TSPO gene greatly affect the binding affinity of TSPO ligands. Here, we describe the visualization of neuroinflammation with a multimodality imaging system using our recently developed TSPO-targeting radionuclide PET probe [18F]CB251, which is less affected by TSPO polymorphisms. Methods: To test the selectivity of [18F]CB251 for TSPO polymorphisms, 293FT cells expressing polymorphic TSPO were generated by introducing the coding sequences of wild-type (WT) and mutant (Alanine → Threonine at 147th Amino Acid; A147T) forms. Competitive inhibition assay was conducted with [3H]PK11195 and various TSPO ligands using membrane proteins isolated from 293FT cells expressing TSPO WT or mutant-A147T, representing high-affinity binder (HAB) or low-affinity binder (LAB), respectively. IC50 values of each ligand to [3H]PK11195 in HAB or LAB were measured and the ratio of IC50 values of each ligand to [3H]PK11195 in HAB to LAB was calculated, indicating the sensitivity of TSPO polymorphism. Cellular uptake of [18F]CB251 was measured with different TSPO polymorphisms, and phantom studies of [18F]CB251-PET using 293FT cells were performed. To test TSPO-specific cellular uptake of [18F]CB251, TSPO expression was regulated with pCMV-TSPO (or shTSPO)/eGFP vector. Intracranial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment was used to induce regional inflammation in the mouse brain. Gadolinium (Gd)-DOTA MRI was used to monitor the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and infiltration by immune cells. Infiltration of peripheral immune cells across the BBB, which exacerbates neuroinflammation to produce higher levels of neurotoxicity, was also monitored with bioluminescence imaging (BLI). Peripheral immune cells isolated from luciferase-expressing transgenic mice were transferred to syngeneic inflamed mice. Neuroinflammation was monitored with [18F]CB251-PET/MR and BLI. To evaluate the effects of anti-inflammatory agents on intracranial inflammation, an inflammatory cytokine inhibitor, 2-cyano-3, 12-dioxooleana-1, 9-dien-28-oic acid methyl ester (CDDO-Me) was administered in intracranial LPS challenged mice. Results: The ratio of IC50 values of [18F]CB251 in HAB to LAB indicated similar binding affinity to WT and mutant TSPO and was less affected by TSPO polymorphisms. [18F]CB251 was specific for TSPO, and its cellular uptake reflected the amount of TSPO. Higher [18F]CB251 uptake was also observed in activated immune cells. Simultaneous [18F]CB251-PET/MRI showed that [18F]CB251 radioactivity was co-registered with the MR signals in the same region of the brain of LPS-injected mice. Luciferase-expressing peripheral immune cells were located at the site of LPS-injected right striatum. Quantitative evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect of CDDO-Me on neuroinflammation was successfully monitored with TSPO-targeting [18F]CB251-PET/MR and BLI. Conclusion: Our results indicate that [18F]CB251-PET has great potential for detecting neuroinflammation with higher TSPO selectivity regardless of polymorphisms. Our multimodal imaging system, [18F]CB251-PET/MRI, tested for evaluating the efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents in preclinical studies, might be an effective method to assess the severity and therapeutic response of neuroinflammation.
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Bhutia Z, Panjikar PC, Iyer S, Chatterjee A, Banerjee M. Iodine Promoted Efficient Synthesis of 2-Arylimidazo[1,2- a]pyridines in Aqueous Media: A Comparative Study between Micellar Catalysis and an "On-Water" Platform. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:13333-13343. [PMID: 32548520 PMCID: PMC7288711 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In a new and environmentally sustainable approach, a series of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives were synthesized in aqueous media in the presence of iodine as a catalyst. The reaction proceeded by condensation of various aryl methyl ketones with 2-aminopyridines to afford 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in good overall yields. Although several of the reactions were efficiently performed "on water", the addition of a surfactant, namely, sodium dodecyl sulphate , was found effective in terms of substrate scope and yield enhancement. Both methods were successfully used for the gram-scale synthesis of a marketed drug, zolimidine. The simple experimental setup, water as "green" media, and inexpensive catalyst are some of the merits of this protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zigmee
T. Bhutia
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS Pilani-K. K. Birla Goa
Campus, NH 17 B Bypass
Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale 403726, Goa, India
| | - Padmini C. Panjikar
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS Pilani-K. K. Birla Goa
Campus, NH 17 B Bypass
Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale 403726, Goa, India
- Parvatibai
Chowgule College of Arts & Science (Autonomous), Margao 403602, Goa, India
| | - Shruti Iyer
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS Pilani-K. K. Birla Goa
Campus, NH 17 B Bypass
Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale 403726, Goa, India
| | - Amrita Chatterjee
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS Pilani-K. K. Birla Goa
Campus, NH 17 B Bypass
Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale 403726, Goa, India
- . Phone: +91-832-2580-320. Fax: +91-832-255-7031
| | - Mainak Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS Pilani-K. K. Birla Goa
Campus, NH 17 B Bypass
Road, Zuarinagar, Sancoale 403726, Goa, India
- . Phone: +91-832-2580-347. Fax: +91-832-255-7031
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17
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Zeineh N, Denora N, Laquintana V, Franco M, Weizman A, Gavish M. Efficaciousness of Low Affinity Compared to High Affinity TSPO Ligands in the Inhibition of Hypoxic Mitochondrial Cellular Damage Induced by Cobalt Chloride in Human Lung H1299 Cells. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8050106. [PMID: 32370132 PMCID: PMC7277862 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8050106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) plays an important role in apoptotic cell death, including apoptosis induced by the hypoxia mimicking agent cobalt chloride (CoCl2). In this study, the protective effects of a high (CB86; Ki = 1.6 nM) and a low (CB204; Ki = 117.7 nM) affinity TSPO ligands were investigated in H1299 lung cancer cell line exposed to CoCl2. The lung cell line H1299 was chosen in the present study since they express TSPO and able to undergo programmed cell death. The examined cell death markers included: ATP synthase reversal, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) depolarization, cellular toxicity, and cellular viability. Pretreatment of the cells with the low affinity ligand CB204 at a concentration of 100 µM suppressed significantly (p < 0.05 for all) CoCl2-induced cellular cytotoxicity (100%), ATP synthase reversal (67%), ROS generation (82%), Δψm depolarization (100%), reduction in cellular density (97%), and also increased cell viability (85%). Furthermore, the low affinity TSPO ligand CB204, was harmless when given by itself at 100 µM. In contrast, the high affinity ligand (CB86) was significantly effective only in the prevention of CoCl2–induced ROS generation (39%, p < 0.001), and showed significant cytotoxic effects when given alone at 100 µM, as reflected in alterations in ADP/ATP ratio, oxidative stress, mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization and cell death. It appears that similar to previous studies on brain-derived cells, the relatively low affinity for the TSPO target enhances the potency of TSPO ligands in the protection from hypoxic cell death. Moreover, the high affinity TSPO ligand CB86, but not the low affinity ligand CB204, was lethal to the lung cells at high concentration (100 µM). The low affinity TSPO ligand CB204 may be a candidate for the treatment of pulmonary diseases related to hypoxia, such as pulmonary ischemia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Zeineh
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel;
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (N.D.); (V.L.); (M.F.)
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes (IPCF)-CNR SS Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (N.D.); (V.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Massimo Franco
- Department of Pharmacy–Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70125 Bari, Italy; (N.D.); (V.L.); (M.F.)
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Research Unit at Geha Mental Health Center and Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry at Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petah Tikva 4910002, Israel;
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Moshe Gavish
- The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4829-5275; Fax: +972-4829-5330
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Serykh VY, Ushakov IA, Borodina TN, Smirnov VI, Rozentsveig IB. New Approach to the Synthesis of 2‐Sulfonylaminosubstituted Imidazo[1,2‐ a]pyridines via the Cascade Reaction of N‐(1‐aryl‐2,2,2‐trichloroethyl)sulfonamides with 2‐Aminopyridines. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valery Yu. Serykh
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of ChemistrySiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Favorsky Str., 1 Irkutsk 664033 Russia
| | - Igor A. Ushakov
- Irkutsk National Research Technical University Irkutsk 664074 Russia
| | - Tatyana N. Borodina
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of ChemistrySiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Favorsky Str., 1 Irkutsk 664033 Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Smirnov
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of ChemistrySiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Favorsky Str., 1 Irkutsk 664033 Russia
| | - Igor B. Rozentsveig
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of ChemistrySiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Favorsky Str., 1 Irkutsk 664033 Russia
- Irkutsk State University Karl Marx Str., 1 Irkutsk 664003 Russia
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19
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Vanda D, Zajdel P, Soural M. Imidazopyridine-based selective and multifunctional ligands of biological targets associated with psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111569. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Tikhonova TA, Rassokhina IV, Kondrakhin EA, Fedosov MA, Bukanova JV, Rossokhin AV, Sharonova IN, Kovalev GI, Zavarzin IV, Volkova YA. Development of 1,3-thiazole analogues of imidazopyridines as potent positive allosteric modulators of GABA A receptors. Bioorg Chem 2019; 94:103334. [PMID: 31711764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship studies were conducted in the search for 1,3-thiazole isosteric analogs of imidazopyridine drugs (Zolpidem, Alpidem). Three series of novel γ-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABAAR) ligands belonging to imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles, imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazoles, and benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles were synthesized and characterized as active agents against GABAAR benzodiazepine-binding site. In each of these series, potent compounds were discovered using a radioligand competition binding assay. The functional properties of highest-affinity compounds 28 and 37 as GABAAR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) were determined by electrophysiological measurements. In vivo studies on zebrafish demonstrated their potential for the further development of anxiolytics. Using the OECD "Fish, Acute Toxicity Test" active compounds were found safe and non-toxic. Structural bases for activity of benzo[d]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles were proposed using molecular docking studies. The isosteric replacement of the pyridine nuclei by 1,3-thiazole, 1,3,4-thiadiazole, or 1,3-benzothiazole in the ring-fused imidazole class of GABAAR PAMs was shown to be promising for the development of novel hypnotics, anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, and sedatives drug-candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A Tikhonova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Rassokhina
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugeny A Kondrakhin
- V. V. Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail A Fedosov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia V Bukanova
- Research Center of Neurology, 5 By-str. Obukha, 105064 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Irina N Sharonova
- Research Center of Neurology, 5 By-str. Obukha, 105064 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy I Kovalev
- V. V. Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V Zavarzin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia A Volkova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prosp., 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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21
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Denora N, Lee C, Iacobazzi RM, Choi JY, Song IH, Yoo JS, Piao Y, Lopalco A, Leonetti F, Lee BC, Kim SE. TSPO-targeted NIR-fluorescent ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles for glioblastoma imaging. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 139:105047. [PMID: 31422171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is mainly located in outer membrane of mitochondria and results highly expressed in a variety of tumor including breast, colon, prostate, ovarian and brain (such as glioblastoma). Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal type of primary brain tumor. Although GBM patients had currently available therapies, the median survival is <14 months. Complete surgical resection of GBM is critical to improve GBM treatment. In this study, we performed the one-step synthesis of water-dispersible ultra-small iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs) and combine them with an imidazopyridine based TSPO ligand and a fluorescent dye. The optical and structural characteristics of TSPO targeted-USPIONs were properly evaluated at each step of preparation demonstrating the high colloidal stability in physiological media and the ability to preserve the relevant optical properties in the NIR region. The cellular uptake in TSPO expressing cells was assessed by confocal microscopy. The TSPO selectivity was confirmed in vivo by competition studies with the TSPO ligand PK 11195. In vivo fluorescence imaging of U87-MG xenograft models were performed to highlight the great potential of the new NIR imaging nanosystem for diagnosis and successful delineation of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy; Institute for Physical and Chemical Processes (IPCF)-CNR, SS Bari, Via Orabona, St. 4, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Chaedong Lee
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Ji Young Choi
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - In Ho Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jung Sun Yoo
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Yuanzhe Piao
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Francesco Leonetti
- Department of Pharmacy - Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea; Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Roslan II, Ng KH, Jaenicke S, Chuah GK. Photocatalytic regeneration of brominating agent in the visible light-mediated synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00141g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Regenerating the brominating agent by erythrosine B closes a catalytic cycle for the construction of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kian-Hong Ng
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Stephan Jaenicke
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
| | - Gaik-Khuan Chuah
- Department of Chemistry
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore 117543
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23
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Sun W, Jiang W, Zhu G, Li Y. Magnetic Cu0@HAP@γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles: An efficient catalyst for one-pot three-component reaction for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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24
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Rawat M, Rawat DS. Copper oxide nanoparticle catalysed synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives, their optical properties and selective fluorescent sensor towards zinc ion. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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25
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Assessment of TSPO in a Rat Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis Model: A Comparison Study between [ 18F]Fluoromethyl-PBR28 and [ 18F]CB251. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010276. [PMID: 29342117 PMCID: PMC5796222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is closely linked to inflammatory responses in the heart, including myocarditis, which can lead to myocardial necrosis. In vivo assessment of inflammatory responses has enabled the precise diagnosis of myocarditis to improve clinical outcomes. Here, we evaluated TSPO overexpression in a rat model of experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) compared to healthy rats using two TSPO radiotracers, [18F]fluoromethyl-PBR28 ([18F]1) and [18F]CB251 ([18F]2). All radiolabeling methods were successfully applied to an automated module for the reproducible preparation of TSPO radiotracers. Both radiotracers were directly compared in an EAM rat model, as well as in healthy rats to determine whether either radiotracer provides a more promising assessment of in vivo TSPO overexpression. [18F]2 provided more specific TSPO-uptake in the heart of the EAM rats (1.32-fold that of the heart-to-lung uptake ratio versus healthy controls), while [18F]1 did not show a significant difference between the two groups. Histopathological characterization revealed that a prominent positron emission tomography (PET) signal of [18F]2 in the EAM rats corresponded to the presence of a higher density of TSPO compared to the healthy controls. These results suggest that the imidazole[1,2-a]pyridine-based radiotracer [18F]2 is a sensitive tool for noninvasively diagnosing myocarditis related to inflammation of the heart muscle by assessing abnormal TSPO expression.
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Milite C, Barresi E, Da Pozzo E, Costa B, Viviano M, Porta A, Messere A, Sbardella G, Da Settimo F, Novellino E, Cosconati S, Castellano S, Taliani S, Martini C. Exploiting the 4-Phenylquinazoline Scaffold for the Development of High Affinity Fluorescent Probes for the Translocator Protein (TSPO). J Med Chem 2017; 60:7897-7909. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Milite
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Costa
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Viviano
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Amalia Porta
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Anna Messere
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sbardella
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Sabrina Castellano
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Medicina, Chirurgia e Odontoiatria “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, Università di Salerno, Via Salvador Allende, I-84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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27
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Bhagat SB, Telvekar VN. NBS mediated protocol for the synthesis of N -bridged fused heterocycles in water. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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28
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Lou Z, Yang H, Zhu C, Fu H. Copper-Catalyzed C−H Activation of Substituted Pyridines Leading to Imidazopyridine Derivatives via Self-Redox of the Substrates. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201700381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbang Lou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Haijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
| | - Changjin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Hua Fu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education); Department of Chemistry; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 P. R. China
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Iacobazzi RM, Lopalco A, Cutrignelli A, Laquintana V, Lopedota A, Franco M, Denora N. Bridging Pharmaceutical Chemistry with Drug and Nanoparticle Targeting to Investigate the Role of the 18-kDa Translocator Protein TSPO. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1261-1274. [PMID: 28771957 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
An interesting mitochondrial biomarker is the 18-kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO). Decades of study have shown that this protein plays an important role in a wide range of cellular functions, including opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore as well as programmed cell death and proliferation. Variations in TSPO expression have been correlated to different diseases, from tumors to endocrine and neurological disorders. TSPO has therefore become an appealing target for both early diagnosis and selective mitochondrial drug delivery. The number of structurally different TSPO ligands examined has increased over time, highlighting the scientific community's growing understanding of the roles of TSPO in normal and pathological conditions. However, only few TSPO ligands are characterized by the presence of groups that are potentially derivatizable; therefore only few such ligands are well suited for the preparation of targeted prodrugs or nanocarriers able to deliver therapeutics and/or diagnostic agents to mitochondria. This review provides an overview of the very few examples of drug delivery systems characterized by moieties that target TSPO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Lopalco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Lopedota
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Franco
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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Montagner D, Fresch B, Browne K, Gandin V, Erxleben A. A Cu(ii) complex targeting the translocator protein: in vitro and in vivo antitumor potential and mechanistic insights. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:134-137. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08100b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A Cu complex targeting the translocator protein induces a 98% reduction of tumor mass in a murine tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Montagner
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland Galway
- Ireland
- Department of Chemistry
- Maynooth University
| | - B. Fresch
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Liege
- Belgium
- Department of Chemical Science
- University of Padua
| | - K. Browne
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland Galway
- Ireland
| | - V. Gandin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Science
- University of Padua
- Italy
| | - A. Erxleben
- School of Chemistry
- National University of Ireland Galway
- Ireland
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Kim T, Pae AN. Translocator protein (TSPO) ligands for the diagnosis or treatment of neurodegenerative diseases: a patent review (2010-2015; part 1). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1325-1351. [PMID: 27607364 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1230606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The translocator protein (TSPO) is an emerging target in diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Up-regulated TSPO in the central nervous system (CNS) appears to be involved in neuroinflammatory processes; therefore, the development of potent TSPO ligands is a promising method for alleviating or imaging patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Areas covered: This review will provide an overview of recently developed TSPO ligands patented from 2010 to 2015. Part 1 will present a summary focusing on TSPO ligands other than indole-based or cholesterol-like compounds, which will be discussed in part 2. Part 1 covers diverse benzodiazepine-derived analogues such as isoquinoline carboxamides and aryloxyanilides. Moreover, bicyclic ring structures such as imidazopyridine, pyrazolopyrimidine, and phenylpurine will be highlighted as promising scaffolds for TSPO ligands. A brief analysis of currently reported TSPO structures will also be covered in part 1. Expert opinion: Although the underlying pharmacological mechanism of TSPO remains to be elucidated, several TSPO ligands have shown therapeutic efficacy in experimental animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, radioactive TSPO ligands have been extensively studied for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative processes. Thus, further studies on both the basic and applied mechanisms of TSPO are warranted in the pursuit of successful pharmacological applications of TSPO ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- TaeHun Kim
- a Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seongbuk-Gu , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Biological Chemistry , Korea University of Science and Technology , Yuseong-Gu , Daejon , Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- a Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seongbuk-Gu , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Biological Chemistry , Korea University of Science and Technology , Yuseong-Gu , Daejon , Republic of Korea
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Choi JY, Iacobazzi RM, Perrone M, Margiotta N, Cutrignelli A, Jung JH, Park DD, Moon BS, Denora N, Kim SE, Lee BC. Synthesis and Evaluation of Tricarbonyl (99m)Tc-Labeled 2-(4-Chloro)phenyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Analogs as Novel SPECT Imaging Radiotracer for TSPO-Rich Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071085. [PMID: 27399688 PMCID: PMC4964461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) levels are associated with brain, breast, and prostate cancer progression and have emerged as viable targets for cancer therapy and imaging. In order to develop highly selective and active ligands with a high affinity for TSPO, imidazopyridine-based TSPO ligand (CB256, 3) was prepared as the precursor. (99m)Tc- and Re-CB256 (1 and 2, respectively) were synthesized in high radiochemical yield (74.5% ± 6.4%, decay-corrected, n = 5) and chemical yield (65.6%) by the incorporation of the [(99m)Tc(CO)₃(H₂O)₃]⁺ and (NEt₄)₂[Re(CO)₃Br₃] followed by HPLC separation. Radio-ligand 1 was shown to be stable (>99%) when incubated in human serum for 4 h at 37 °C with a relatively low lipophilicity (logD = 2.15 ± 0.02). The rhenium-185 and -187 complex 2 exhibited a moderate affinity (Ki = 159.3 ± 8.7 nM) for TSPO, whereas its cytotoxicity evaluated on TSPO-rich tumor cell lines was lower than that observed for the precursor. In vitro uptake studies of 1 in C6 and U87-MG cells for 60 min was found to be 9.84% ± 0.17% and 7.87% ± 0.23% ID, respectively. Our results indicated that (99m)Tc-CB256 can be considered as a potential new TSPO-rich cancer SPECT imaging agent and provides the foundation for further in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea.
| | - Rosa Maria Iacobazzi
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
- Istituto Tumori IRCCS "Giovanni Paolo II", Flacco, St. 65, Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Mara Perrone
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Jae Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
| | - Do Dam Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
| | - Byung Seok Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
| | - Nunzio Denora
- Department of Pharmacy-Drug Sciences, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari 70125, Italy.
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
- Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul 16229, Korea.
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea.
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea.
- Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development, Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon 16229, Korea.
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Aggarwal R, Singh G, Sanz D, Claramunt RM, Torralba MC, Torres MR. NBS mediated one-pot regioselective synthesis of 2,3-disubstituted imidazo[1,2- a ]pyridines and their unambiguous characterization through 2D NMR and X-ray crystallography. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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TSPO Ligand-Methotrexate Prodrug Conjugates: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060967. [PMID: 27322261 PMCID: PMC4926499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a potential mitochondrial target for drug delivery to tumors overexpressing TSPO, including brain cancers, and selective TSPO ligands have been successfully used to selectively deliver drugs into the target. Methotrexate (MTX) is an anticancer drug of choice for the treatment of several cancers, but its permeability through the blood brain barrier (BBB) is poor, making it unsuitable for the treatment of brain tumors. Therefore, in this study, MTX was selected to achieve two TSPO ligand-MTX conjugates (TSPO ligand α-MTX and TSPO ligand γ-MTX), potentially useful for the treatment of TSPO-rich cancers, including brain tumors. In this work, we have presented the synthesis, the physicochemical characterizations, as well as the in vitro stabilities of the new TSPO ligand-MTX conjugates. The binding affinity for TSPO and the selectivity versus central-type benzodiazepine receptor (CBR) was also investigated. The cytotoxicity of prepared conjugates was evaluated on MTX-sensitive human and rat glioma cell lines overexpressing TSPO. The estimated coefficients of lipophilicity and the stability studies of the conjugates confirm that the synthesized molecules are stable enough in buffer solution at pH 7.4, as well in physiological medium, and show an increased lipophilicity compared to the MTX, compatible with a likely ability to cross the blood brain barrier. The latter feature of two TSPO ligand-MTX conjugates was also confirmed by in vitro permeability studies conducted on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells transfected with the human MDR1 gene (MDCK-MDR1) monolayers. TSPO ligand-MTX conjugates have shown to possess a high binding affinity for TSPO, with IC50 values ranging from 7.2 to 40.3 nM, and exhibited marked toxicity against glioma cells overexpressing TSPO, in comparison with the parent drug MTX.
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Fanizza E, Iacobazzi RM, Laquintana V, Valente G, Caliandro G, Striccoli M, Agostiano A, Cutrignelli A, Lopedota A, Curri ML, Franco M, Depalo N, Denora N. Highly selective luminescent nanostructures for mitochondrial imaging and targeting. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3350-3361. [PMID: 26763470 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08139d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Here a luminescent hybrid nanostructure based on functionalized quantum dots (QDs) is used as a fluorescent imaging agent able to target selectively mitochondria thanks to the molecular recognition of the translocator protein (TSPO). The selective targeting of such an 18 kDa protein mainly located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and overexpressed in several pathological states including neurodegenerative diseases and cancers may provide valuable information for the early diagnosis and therapy of human disorders. In particular, the rational design of amino functionalized luminescent silica coated QD nanoparticles (QD@SiO2 NPs) provides a versatile nanoplatform to anchor a potent and selective TSPO ligand, characterized by a 2-phenyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine acetamide structure along with a derivatizable carboxylic end group, useful to conjugate the TSPO ligand and achieve TSPO-QD@SiO2 NPs by means of a covalent amide bond. The colloidal stability and optical properties of the proposed nanomaterials are comprehensively investigated and their potential as mitochondrial imaging agents is fully assessed. Sub-cellular fractionation, together with confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy and co-localization analysis of targeted TSPO-QD@SiO2 NPs in C6 glioma cells overexpressing the TSPO, proves the great potential of these multifunctional nanosystems as in vitro selective mitochondrial imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Fanizza
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
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A Novel PET Imaging Probe for the Detection and Monitoring of Translocator Protein 18 kDa Expression in Pathological Disorders. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20422. [PMID: 26853260 PMCID: PMC4745082 DOI: 10.1038/srep20422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new fluorine-substituted ligand, compound 1 (CB251), with a very high affinity (Ki = 0.27 ± 0.09 nM) and selectivity for the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), is presented as an attractive biomarker for the diagnosis of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and tumour progression. To test compound 1 as a TSPO PET imaging agent in vivo, 2-(2-(4-(2-[18F]fluoroethoxy)phenyl)-6,8-dichloroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide ([18F]1; [18F]CB251) was synthesized by nucleophilic aliphatic substitution in a single-step radiolabelling procedure with a 11.1 ± 3.5% (n = 14, decay corrected) radiochemical yield and over 99% radiochemical purity. In animal PET imaging studies, [18F]CB251 provided a clearly visible image of the inflammatory lesion with the binding potential of the specifically bound radioligand relative to the non-displaceable radioligand in tissue (BPND 1.83 ± 0.18), in a neuroinflammation rat model based on the unilateral stereotaxic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), comparable to that of [11C]PBR28 (BPND 1.55 ± 0.41). [18F]CB251 showed moderate tumour uptake (1.96 ± 0.11%ID/g at 1 h post injection) in human glioblastoma U87-MG xenografts. These results suggest that [18F]CB251 is a promising TSPO PET imaging agent for neuroinflammation and TSPO-rich cancers.
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Roslan II, Ng KH, Chuah GK, Jaenicke S. 2-Aminopyridines as an α-Bromination Shuttle in a Transition Metal-Free One-Pot Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a
]pyridines. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201501012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Barresi E, Bruno A, Taliani S, Cosconati S, Da Pozzo E, Salerno S, Simorini F, Daniele S, Giacomelli C, Marini AM, La Motta C, Marinelli L, Cosimelli B, Novellino E, Greco G, Da Settimo F, Martini C. Deepening the Topology of the Translocator Protein Binding Site by Novel N,N-Dialkyl-2-arylindol-3-ylglyoxylamides. J Med Chem 2015; 58:6081-92. [PMID: 26177193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As a continuation of our studies on 2-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamides as potent and selective translocator protein (TSPO) ligands, two subsets of novel derivatives, featuring hydrophilic group (OH, NH2, COOH) at the para-position of the pendent 2-phenyl ring (8-16) or different 2-aryl moieties, namely, 3-thienyl, p-biphenyl, 2-naphthyl (23-35), were synthesized and biologically evaluated, some of them showing Ki values in the subnanomolar range and the 2-naphthyl group performance being the best. The resulting SARs confirmed the key role played by interactions taking place between ligands and the lipophilic L1 pocket of the TSPO binding site. Docking simulations were performed on the most potent compound of the present series (29) exploiting the recently available 3D structures of TSPO bound to its standard ligand (PK11195). Our theoretical model was fully consistent with SARs of the newly investigated as well of the previously reported 2-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Barresi
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Agostino Bruno
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- §DiSTABiF, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Salerno
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Simorini
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Daniele
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacomelli
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Marini
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Concettina La Motta
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana Marinelli
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Barbara Cosimelli
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Greco
- ‡Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- †Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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Margiotta N, Denora N, Piccinonna S, Laquintana V, Lasorsa FM, Franco M, Natile G. Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of new coordination complexes of platinum(II) and rhenium(I) with a ligand targeting the translocator protein (TSPO). Dalton Trans 2015; 43:16252-64. [PMID: 25069996 DOI: 10.1039/c4dt01540a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is overexpressed in many types of cancers and is also abundant in activated microglial cells occurring in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases. The TSPO-selective ligand 2-(8-(2-(bis-(pyridin-2-yl-methyl)amino)acetamido)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide (CB256), which fulfills the requirements of a bifunctional chelate approach, has been used to synthesize coordination complexes containing either Pt (1) or Re (3), or both metal ions (2). The new metal complexes showed a cellular uptake markedly greater than that of the precursor metallic compounds and were also able to induce apoptosis in C6 glioma cells. The good cytotoxicity of the free ligand CB256 towards C6, A2780, and A2780cisR tumor cell lines was attenuated after coordination of the dipicolylamine moiety to Pt while coordination of the imidazopyridine residue to Re reduces the affinity towards TSPO. The results of the present investigation are essential for the design of new imidazopyridine bifunctional chelate ligands targeted to TSPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Margiotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
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2-Phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-containing ligands of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) behave as agonists and antagonists of steroidogenesis in a mouse leydig tumor cell line. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 76:231-7. [PMID: 26002041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) are known for their ability to potently and dose-dependently stimulate steroid biosynthesis in steroidogenic cells. In this study, we investigated a number of 2-phenyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine acetamide derivatives, analogs of alpidem, for their ability to bind TSPO and to affect steroidogenesis in a mouse Leydig tumor cell line. We observed that not only some compounds behaved as agonists, stimulating steroidogenesis (e.g., 3 and 4) with EC50 values (15.9 and 6.99μM) close to that determined for FGIN-1-27 used as positive control (7.24μM), but two compounds, namely 5 and 6, which on the other hand are the most lipophilic ones in the investigated series, behaved as antagonists, by significantly inhibiting steroid production at concentrations at least twenty times lower than the cytotoxic ones. To our surprise, the newly synthesized compound 3, which is a strict analog of alpidem bearing at the para position of the 2-phenyl group a methoxy group instead of chlorine, achieved a ten-fold stimulation of the steroid production (for comparison FGIN-1-27 achieved 1.6-fold stimulation). Within the limits of the examined property space, some unprecedented SARs were unveiled, which can help in understanding the key molecular factors underlying the transition from agonism to antagonism in the steroidogenesis process. Besides the substitution pattern and the physicochemical features (mainly hydrogen bonding potential) of the substituents at the positions C(6) and C(8) of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine nucleus, and at the para position of the 2-phenyl group, the structure-activity relationship analysis suggested lipophilicity, whose increase seems to be generally related to steroidogenesis inhibition, and steric hindrance, which appeared as a stimulation-limiting factor, as two main properties to control in the design or optimization of novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based TSPO ligands endowed with potential in modulating the steroidogenesis process.
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The translocator protein as a potential molecular target for improved treatment efficacy in photodynamic therapy. Future Med Chem 2015; 6:775-92. [PMID: 24941872 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its serendipitous discovery over 30 years ago, the translocator protein (18 kDa) has been demonstrated to play an important role in a multitude of critical biological processes. Although implemented as a novel therapeutic and diagnostic tool for a variety of disease states, its most promising role is as a molecular target for anticancer treatments such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). This review gives an overview of the attempts made by researchers to design porphyrin-based photosensitizers for use as anticancer therapeutics in PDT as well as improved imaging agents for diagnostic purposes. With a better understanding of the structure and function of the translocator protein, the synthesis of porphyrins for use in PDT with optimum binding affinities will become ever more possible.
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Hatano K, Sekimata K, Yamada T, Abe J, Ito K, Ogawa M, Magata Y, Toyohara J, Ishiwata K, Biggio G, Serra M, Laquintana V, Denora N, Latrofa A, Trapani G, Liso G, Suzuki H, Sawada M, Nomura M, Toyama H. Radiosynthesis and in vivo evaluation of two imidazopyridineacetamides, [(11)C]CB184 and [ (11)C]CB190, as a PET tracer for 18 kDa translocator protein: direct comparison with [ (11)C](R)-PK11195. Ann Nucl Med 2015; 29:325-35. [PMID: 25616581 PMCID: PMC4835529 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-015-0948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report synthesis of two carbon-11 labeled imidazopyridines TSPO ligands, [(11)C]CB184 and [(11)C]CB190, for PET imaging of inflammatory process along with neurodegeneration, ischemia or brain tumor. Biodistribution of these compounds was compared with that of [(11)C]CB148 and [(11)C](R)-PK11195. METHODS Both [(11)C]CB184 and [(11)C]CB190 having (11)C-methoxyl group on an aromatic ring were readily prepared using [(11)C]methyl triflate. Biodistribution and metabolism of the compounds were examined with normal mice. An animal PET study using 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats as a model of neurodegeneration was pursued for proper estimation of feasibility of the radioligands to determine neuroinflammation process. RESULTS [(11)C]CB184 and [(11)C]CB190 were obtained via O-methylation of corresponding desmethyl precursor using [(11)C]methyl triflate in radiochemical yield of 73 % (decay-corrected). In vivo validation as a TSPO radioligand was carried out using normal mice and lesioned rats. In mice, [(11)C]CB184 showed more uptake and specific binding than [(11)C]CB190. Metabolism studies showed that 36 % and 25 % of radioactivity in plasma remained unchanged 30 min after intravenous injection of [(11)C]CB184 and [(11)C]CB190, respectively. In the PET study using rats, lesioned side of the brain showed significantly higher uptake than contralateral side after i.v. injection of either [(11)C]CB184 or [(11)C](R)-PK11195. Indirect Logan plot analysis revealed distribution volume ratio (DVR) between the two sides which might indicate lesion-related elevation of TSPO binding. The DVR was 1.15 ± 0.10 for [(11)C](R)-PK11195 and was 1.15 ± 0.09 for [(11)C]CB184. CONCLUSION The sensitivity to detect neuroinflammation activity was similar for [(11)C]CB184 and [(11)C](R)-PK11195.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hatano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Neuroimaging, Center for Development of Advanced Medicine for Dementia, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, 474-8522, Japan,
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Wen Q, Lu P, Wang Y. Copper-mediated three-component synthesis of 3-cyanoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:15378-81. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc05821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A copper-mediated three-component approach towards the synthesis of 3-cyanoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines from 2-aminopyridines, acetophenones and benzyl cyanide was developed. This cascade reaction proceeds through a copper-mediated oxidative release of cyanide from benzyl cyanide, a copper-mediated Ortoleva–King reaction, and a copper-catalyzed cyanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaodong Wen
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Yanguang Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
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45
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Kumar GS, Ragini SP, Kumar AS, Meshram HM. A copper-catalyzed multi-component reaction accessing fused imidazo-heterocycles via C–H functionalization. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra09025c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of fused imidazo-heterocycles is described using Cu(OTf)2 in [bmim]BF4 by the multi-component reaction of pyridin-2(1H)-one or thiazol/benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-ones with O-tosylhydroxyl amine and acetophenones under microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Santosh Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad – 500 007
- India
| | - S. Pushpa Ragini
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad – 500 007
- India
| | - A. Sanjeeva Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad – 500 007
- India
| | - H. M. Meshram
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad – 500 007
- India
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46
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Meng X, Yu C, Chen G, Zhao P. Heterogeneous biomimetic aerobic synthesis of 3-iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via CuOx/OMS-2-catalyzed tandem cyclization/iodination and their late-stage functionalization. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cy00919c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis performs well in biomimetic oxidation to generate a low-energy pathway for the synthesis of 3-iodoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- PR China
| | - Chaoying Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- PR China
| | - Gexin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- PR China
| | - Peiqing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000
- PR China
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47
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One-pot copper nanoparticle-catalyzed synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines under solvent-free conditions. Chem Res Chin Univ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-3520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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48
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Three-component synthesis of 4-amino-2-aryl-2H-pyrimido-[1,2-b][1,3]benzazole-3-carbonitriles and 4H-pyrimido-[2,1-b][1,3]benzazoles in the presence of magnesium oxide and 12-tungstophosphoric acid as catalysts. Russ Chem Bull 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-013-0319-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Kumar A, Kumar M, Maurya S, Khanna RS. Regioselective synthesis of fused imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines via intramolecular C-N bond formation/6-endo-dig cycloisomerization. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6905-12. [PMID: 24988318 DOI: 10.1021/jo5007762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An efficient regioselective cascade synthesis of N-fused imidazo heterocycles has been developed. This cascade transformation proceeds via a transition-metal (copper/silver) catalyzed coupling reaction between 2-aminobenzimidazole, aldehydes, and alkynes leading to the formation of propargylamine intermediate, which regioselectively undergoes 6-endo-dig cyclization through intramolecular N-H bond activation interceded C-N bond formation leading to highly functionalized imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute , Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow 226031 India
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50
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Denora N, Margiotta N, Laquintana V, Lopedota A, Cutrignelli A, Losacco M, Franco M, Natile G. Synthesis, Characterization, and in Vitro Evaluation of a New TSPO-Selective Bifunctional Chelate Ligand. ACS Med Chem Lett 2014; 5:685-9. [PMID: 24944744 DOI: 10.1021/ml5000788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is overexpressed in many types of cancers and is also abundant in activated microglial cells occurring in inflammatory neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, TSPO has become an extremely attractive subcellular target not only for imaging disease states overexpressing this protein, but also for a selective mitochondrial drug delivery. In this work we report the synthesis, the characterization, and the in vitro evaluation of a new TSPO-selective ligand, 2-(8-(2-(bis(pyridin-2-yl)methyl)amino)acetamido)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)H-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)-N,N-dipropylacetamide (CB256), which fulfils the requirements for a bifunctional chelate approach. The goal was to provide a new TSPO ligand that could be used further to prepare coordination complexes of a metallo drug to be used in diagnosis and therapy. However, the ligand itself proved to be a potent tumor cell growth inhibitor and DNA double-strand breaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzio Denora
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Margiotta
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Valentino Laquintana
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angela Lopedota
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cutrignelli
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Losacco
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Massimo Franco
- Dipartimento
di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Natile
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari “A. Moro”, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
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