1
|
Mbaba M, Golding TM, Omondi RO, Mohunlal R, Egan TJ, Reader J, Birkholtz LM, Smith GS. Exploring the modulatory influence on the antimalarial activity of amodiaquine using scaffold hybridisation with ferrocene integration. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116429. [PMID: 38663284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Amodiaquine (AQ) is a potent antimalarial drug used in combination with artesunate as part of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for malarial treatment. Due to the rising emergence of resistant malaria parasites, some of which have been reported for ACT, the usefulness of AQ as an efficacious therapeutic drug is threatened. Employing the organometallic hybridisation approach, which has been shown to restore the antimalarial activity of chloroquine in the form of an organometallic hybrid clinical candidate ferroquine (FQ), the present study utilises this strategy to modulate the biological performance of AQ by incorporating ferrocene. Presently, we have conceptualised ferrocenyl AQ derivatives and have developed facile, practical routes for their synthesis. A tailored library of AQ derivatives was assembled and their antimalarial activity evaluated against chemosensitive (NF54) and multidrug-resistant (K1) strains of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The compounds generally showed enhanced or comparable activities to those of the reference clinical drugs chloroquine and AQ, against both strains, with higher selectivity for the sensitive phenotype, mostly in the double-digit nanomolar IC50 range. Moreover, representative compounds from this series show the potential to block malaria transmission by inhibiting the growth of stage II/III and V gametocytes in vitro. Preliminary mechanistic insights also revealed hemozoin inhibition as a potential mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Taryn M Golding
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Reinner O Omondi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Mohunlal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Basilico N, Parapini S, D'Alessandro S, Misiano P, Romeo S, Dondio G, Yardley V, Vivas L, Nasser S, Rénia L, Russell BM, Suwanarusk R, Nosten F, Sparatore A, Taramelli D. Favorable Preclinical Pharmacological Profile of a Novel Antimalarial Pyrrolizidinylmethyl Derivative of 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline with Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Activities. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050836. [PMID: 37238706 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The 4-aminoquinoline drugs, such as chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine or piperaquine, are still commonly used for malaria treatment, either alone (CQ) or in combination with artemisinin derivatives. We previously described the excellent in vitro activity of a novel pyrrolizidinylmethyl derivative of 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline, named MG3, against P. falciparum drug-resistant parasites. Here, we report the optimized and safer synthesis of MG3, now suitable for a scale-up, and its additional in vitro and in vivo characterization. MG3 is active against a panel of P. vivax and P. falciparum field isolates, either alone or in combination with artemisinin derivatives. In vivo MG3 is orally active in the P. berghei, P. chabaudi, and P. yoelii models of rodent malaria with efficacy comparable, or better, than that of CQ and of other quinolines under development. The in vivo and in vitro ADME-Tox studies indicate that MG3 possesses a very good pre-clinical developability profile associated with an excellent oral bioavailability, and low toxicity in non-formal preclinical studies on rats, dogs, and non-human primates (NHP). In conclusion, the pharmacological profile of MG3 is in line with those obtained with CQ or the other quinolines in use and seems to possess all the requirements for a developmental candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche (DiSBIOC), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFEB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Misiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFEB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DISFARM), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Dondio
- Aphad Srl, Via della Resistenza 65, Buccinasco, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Department of Immunology Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Livia Vivas
- Department of Immunology Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Shereen Nasser
- Department of Immunology Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bruce M Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rossarin Suwanarusk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot 63110, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DISFARM), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFEB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sharma B, Chowdhary S, Legac J, Rosenthal PJ, Kumar V. Quinoline-based heterocyclic hydrazones: Design, synthesis, anti-plasmodial assessment, and mechanistic insights. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:829-836. [PMID: 36418231 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A library of quinoline-based hydrazones bearing 1H-1,2,3-triazole core was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antiplasmodial activity against the drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum W2 strain. The inclusion of pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid with a flexible propyl spacer afforded the most active scaffold with an IC50 value of 0.26 μM. Mechanistically, the compound inhibited heme to hemozoin formation, as demonstrated by UV-vis and mass spectral studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharvi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| | | | - Jenny Legac
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Correa-Barbosa J, Sodré DF, Nascimento PHC, Dolabela MF. Activity of the genus Zanthoxylum against diseases caused by protozoa: A systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:873208. [PMID: 36699053 PMCID: PMC9868958 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.873208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neglected diseases (NDs) are treated with a less varied range of drugs, with high cost and toxicity, which makes the search for therapeutic alternatives important. In this context, plants, such as those from the genus Zanthoxylum, can be promising due to active substances in their composition. This study evaluates the potential of species from this genus to treat NDs. Initially, a protocol was developed to carry out a systematic review approved by Prospero (CRD42020200438). The databases PubMed, BVS, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science were used with the following keywords: "zanthoxylum," "xanthoxylums," "fagaras," "leishmaniasis," "chagas disease," "malaria," and "African trypanosomiasis." Two independent evaluators analyzed the title and abstract of 166 articles, and 122 were excluded due to duplicity or for not meeting the inclusion criteria. From the 44 selected articles, results of in vitro/in vivo tests were extracted. In vitro studies showed that Z. rhoifolium, through the alkaloid nitidine, was active against Plasmodium (IC50 <1 μg/ml) and Leishmania (IC50 <8 μg/ml), and selective for both (>10 and >30, respectively). For Chagas disease, the promising species (IC50 <2 μg/ml) were Z. naranjillo and Z. minutiflorum, and for sleeping sickness, the species Z. zanthoxyloides (IC50 <4 μg/ml) stood out. In the in vivo analysis, the most promising species were Z. rhoifolium and Z. chiloperone. In summary, the species Z. rhoifolium, Z. naranjillo, Z. minutiflorum, Z. zanthoxyloides, and Z. chiloperone are promising sources of active molecules for the treatment of NDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Correa-Barbosa
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-graduation Programx, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Fâni Dolabela
- Pharmaceutical Science Post-graduation Programx, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil,Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil,*Correspondence: Maria Fâni Dolabela,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cho N, Kikuzato K, Futamura Y, Shimizu T, Hayase H, Kamisaka K, Takaya D, Yuki H, Honma T, Niikura M, Kobayashi F, Watanabe N, Osada H, Koyama H. New antimalarials identified by a cell-based phenotypic approach: Structure-activity relationships of 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline derivatives possessing a 2-((coumarin-5-yl)oxy)alkanoyl moiety. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 66:116830. [PMID: 35594648 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The identification, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and biological effects of new antimalarials consisting of a 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-β-carboline core, a coumarin ring, and an oxyalkanoyl linker are described. A cell-based phenotypic approach was employed in this search for novel antimalarial drugs with unique modes of action. Our screening campaign of the RIKEN compound library succeeded in the identification of the known tetrahydro-β-carboline derivative (4e) as a hit compound showing significant in vitro activity. SAR studies on this chemical series led to the discovery of compound 4h having a (R)-methyl group on the oxyacetyl linker with potent inhibition of parasite growth (IC50 = 2.0 nM). Compound 4h was also found to exhibit significant in vivo antimalarial effects in mouse models. Furthermore, molecular modeling studies on 4e, 4h, and its diastereomer (4j) suggested that the (R)-methyl group of 4h forces the preferential adoption of a specific conformer which is considered to be an active conformer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Cho
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ko Kikuzato
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yushi Futamura
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayase
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kikuko Kamisaka
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takaya
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yuki
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamic Research, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mamoru Niikura
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Fumie Kobayashi
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroo Koyama
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fernandes VDS, da Rosa R, Zimmermann LA, Rogério KR, Kümmerle AE, Bernardes LSC, Graebin CS. Antiprotozoal agents: How have they changed over a decade? Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100338. [PMID: 34661935 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases are a diverse group of communicable diseases that are endemic in low- or low-to-middle-income countries located in tropical and subtropical zones. The number and availability of drugs for treating these diseases are low, the administration route is inconvenient in some cases, and most of them have safety, efficacy, or adverse/toxic reaction issues. The need for developing new drugs to deal with these issues is clear, but one of the most drastic consequences of this negligence is the lack of interest in the research and development of new therapeutic options among major pharmaceutical companies. Positive changes have been achieved over the last few years, although the overall situation remains alarming. After more than one decade since the original work reviewing antiprotozoal agents came to light, now it is time to question ourselves: How has the scenario for the treatment of protozoal diseases such as malaria, leishmaniasis, human African trypanosomiasis, and American trypanosomiasis changed? This review covers the last decade in terms of the drugs currently available for the treatment of these diseases as well as the clinical candidates being currently investigated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitória de Souza Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Rosa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diversity Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lara A Zimmermann
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diversity Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kamilla R Rogério
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Arthur E Kümmerle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Lilian S C Bernardes
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diversity Laboratory, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cedric S Graebin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rout UK, Sanket AS, Sisodia BS, Mohapatra PK, Pati S, Kant R, Dwivedi GR. A Comparative Review on Current and Future Drug Targets Against Bacteria & Malaria. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 21:736-775. [PMID: 31995004 DOI: 10.2174/1389450121666200129103618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long before the discovery of drugs like 'antibiotic and anti-parasitic drugs', the infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and parasites remain as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developing and underdeveloped countries. The phenomenon by which the organism exerts resistance against two or more structurally unrelated drugs is called multidrug resistance (MDR) and its emergence has further complicated the treatment scenario of infectious diseases. Resistance towards the available set of treatment options and poor pipeline of novel drug development puts an alarming situation. A universal goal in the post-genomic era is to identify novel targets/drugs for various life-threatening diseases caused by such pathogens. This review is conceptualized in the backdrop of drug resistance in two major pathogens i.e. "Pseudomonas aeruginosa" and "Plasmodium falciparum". In this review, the available targets and key mechanisms of resistance of these pathogens have been discussed in detail. An attempt has also been made to analyze the common drug targets of bacteria and malaria parasite to overcome the current drug resistance scenario. The solution is also hypothesized in terms of a present pipeline of drugs and efforts made by scientific community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usha K Rout
- Microbiology Department, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | | | - Brijesh S Sisodia
- Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Drug Development, Gwalior-474 009, India
| | | | - Sanghamitra Pati
- Microbiology Department, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar-751023, India
| | - Rajni Kant
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh- 273013, India
| | - Gaurav R Dwivedi
- ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh- 273013, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Willems S, Ohrndorf J, Kilu W, Heering J, Merk D. Fragment-like Chloroquinolineamines Activate the Orphan Nuclear Receptor Nurr1 and Elucidate Activation Mechanisms. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2659-2668. [PMID: 33629841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-activated transcription factor nuclear receptor related-1 (Nurr1) exhibits great potential for neurodegenerative disease treatment, but potent Nurr1 modulators to further probe and validate the nuclear receptor as a therapeutic target are lacking. We have systematically studied the structure-activity relationship of the 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline scaffold contained in Nurr1 activators amodiaquine and chloroquine and discovered fragment-like analogues that activated Nurr1 in several cellular settings. The most active descendants promoted the transcriptional activity of Nurr1 on human response elements as monomer, homodimer, and heterodimer and markedly enhanced Nurr1-dependent gene expression in human astrocytes. As a tool to elucidate mechanisms involving in Nurr1 activation, these Nurr1 agonists induced robust recruitment of NCoR1 and NCoR2 co-regulators to the Nurr1 ligand binding domain and promoted Nurr1 dimerization. These findings provide important insights in Nurr1 regulation. The fragment-sized Nurr1 agonists are appealing starting points for medicinal chemistry and valuable early Nurr1 agonist tools for pharmacology and chemical biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Ohrndorf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Whitney Kilu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ding S, Fike KR, Klemba M, Carlier PR. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the antimalarial MMV665831 and structural analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127348. [PMID: 32738996 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarial candidates possessing novel mechanisms of action are needed to control drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum. We were drawn to Malaria Box compound 1 (MMV665831) by virtue of its excellent in vitro potency, and twelve analogs were prepared to probe its structure-activity relationship. Modulation of the diethyl amino group was fruitful, producing compound 25, which was twice as potent as 1 against cultured parasites. Efforts were made to modify the phenolic Mannich base functionality of 1, to prevent formation of a reactive quinone methide. Homologated analog 28 had reduced potency relative to 1, but still inhibited growth with EC50 ≤ 200 nM. Thus, the antimalarial activity of 1 does not derive from quinone methide formation. Chemical stability studies on dimethyl analog 2 showed remarkable hydrolytic stability of both the phenolic Mannich base and ethyl ester moieties, and 1 was evaluated for in vivo efficacy in P. berghei-infected mice (40 mg/kg, oral). Unfortunately, no reduction in parasitemia was seen relative to control. These results are discussed in the context of measured plasma and hepatocyte stabilities, with reference to structurally-related, orally-efficacious antimalarials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Katherine R Fike
- Department of Biochemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Michael Klemba
- Department of Biochemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Paul R Carlier
- Department of Chemistry and Virginia Tech Center for Drug Discovery, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Joshi MC, Egan TJ. Quinoline Containing Side-chain Antimalarial Analogs: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Application. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:617-697. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200127141550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The side-chains of quinoline antimalarial agents are the major concern of focus to build
novel and efficaciaous bioactive and clinical antimalarials. Bioative antimalarial analogs may play a
critical role in pH trapping in the food vacuole of RBC’s with the help of fragmented amino acid, thus
lead to β-hematin inhibition. Here, the authors tried to summarize a useful, comprehensive compilation
of side-chain modified ACQs along with their synthesis, biophysical and therapeutic applications etc.
of potent antiplasmodial agents and therefore, opening the door towards the potential clinical status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh C. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, Benito Juarez Marg, South Campus, University of Delhi, New Delhi- 110021, India
| | - Timothy J. Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fayyazi N, Esmaeili S, Taheri S, Ribeiro FF, Scotti MT, Scotti L, Ghasemi JB, Saghaei L, Fassihi A. Pharmacophore Modeling, Synthesis, Scaffold Hopping and Biological β- Hematin Inhibition Interaction Studies for Anti-malaria Compounds. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 19:2743-2765. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191116160326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Backgound:Exploring potent compounds is critical to generating multi-target drug discovery. Hematin crystallization is an important mechanism of malaria.Methods:A series of chloroquine analogues were designed using a repositioning approach to develop new anticancer compounds. Protein-ligand interaction fingerprints and ADMET descriptors were used to assess docking performance in virtual screenings to design chloroquine hybrid β-hematin inhibitors. A PLS algorithm was applied to correlate the molecular descriptors to IC50 values. The modeling presented excellent predictive power with correlation coefficients for calibration and cross-validation of r2 = 0.93 and q2 = 0.72. Using the model, a series of 4-aminoquinlin hybrids were synthesized and evaluated for their biological activity as an external test series. These compounds were evaluated for cytotoxic cell lines and β-hematin inhibition.Results:The target compounds exhibited high β-hematin inhibition activity and were 3-9 times more active than the positive control. Furthermore, all the compounds exhibited moderate to high cytotoxic activity. The most potent compound in the dataset was docked with hemoglobin and its pharmacophore features were generated. These features were used as input to the Pharmit server for screening of six databases.Conclusion:The compound with the best score from ChEMBL was 2016904, previously reported as a VEGFR-2 inhibitor. The 11 compounds selected presented the best Gold scores with drug-like properties and can be used for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neda Fayyazi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Esmaeili
- Traditional Medicine and Medical Material Research Center (TMRC), Shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salman Taheri
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frederico F. Ribeiro
- Synthesis and Drug Delivery Laboratory, Biological Sciences Department, Paraíba State University, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jahan B. Ghasemi
- College of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Lotfollah Saghaei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Afshin Fassihi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Narula AK, Azad CS, Nainwal LM. New dimensions in the field of antimalarial research against malaria resurgence. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
13
|
Abstract
Cumulative research over several decades has implicated the involvement of reactive metabolites in many idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs). Consequently, "avoidance" strategies have been inserted into drug discovery paradigms, which include the exclusion of structural alerts and possible termination of reactive metabolite-positive compounds. Several noteworthy examples where reactive metabolite-related liabilities have been resolved through structure-metabolism studies are presented herein. Considerable progress has also been made in addressing the limitations of the avoidance strategy and further refining the process of managing reactive metabolite issues in drug development. These efforts primarily stemmed from the observation that numerous drugs, which contain structural alerts and/or form reactive metabolites, are devoid of ADRs. The Perspective also dwells into an analysis of the structural alert/reactive metabolite concept with a discussion of risk mitigation tactics to support the progression of reactive metabolite-positive drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xie T, Wu Z, Gu J, Guo R, Yan X, Duan H, Liu X, Liu W, Liang L, Wan H, Luo Y, Tang D, Shi H, Hu J. The global motion affecting electron transfer in Plasmodium falciparum type II NADH dehydrogenases: a novel non-competitive mechanism for quinoline ketone derivative inhibitors. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18105-18118. [PMID: 31396604 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02645b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, the treatment of malaria has become a significant challenge; therefore, the development of antimalarial drugs acting on new targets is extremely urgent. In Plasmodium falciparum, type II nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase (NDH-2) is responsible for catalyzing the transfer of two electrons from NADH to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which in turn transfers the electrons to coenzyme Q (CoQ). As an entry enzyme for oxidative phosphorylation, NDH-2 has become one of the popular targets for the development of new antimalarial drugs. In this study, reliable motion trajectories of the NDH-2 complex with its co-factors (NADH and FAD) and inhibitor, RYL-552, were obtained by comparative molecular dynamics simulations. The influence of cofactor binding on the global motion of NDH-2 was explored through conformational clustering, principal component analysis and free energy landscape. The molecular interactions of NDH-2 before and after its binding with the inhibitor RYL-552 were analyzed, and the key residues and important hydrogen bonds were also determined. The results show that the association of RYL-552 results in the weakening of intramolecular hydrogen bonds and large allosterism of NDH-2. There was a significant positive correlation between the angular change of the key pocket residues in the NADH-FAD-pockets that represents the global functional motion and the change in distance between NADH-C4 and FAD-N5 that represents the electron transfer efficiency. Finally, the possible non-competitive inhibitory mechanism of RYL-552 was proposed. Specifically, the association of inhibitors with NDH-2 significantly affects the global motion mode of NDH-2, leading to widening of the distance between NADH and FAD through cooperative motion induction; this reduces the electron transfer efficiency of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. The simulation results provide useful theoretical guidance for subsequent antimalarial drug design based on the NDH-2 structure and the respiratory chain electron transfer mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- College of Pharmacy and Biological Engineering, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Key Laboratory of Medicinal and Edible Plants Resources Development of Sichuan Education Department, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tse EG, Korsik M, Todd MH. The past, present and future of anti-malarial medicines. Malar J 2019; 18:93. [PMID: 30902052 PMCID: PMC6431062 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Great progress has been made in recent years to reduce the high level of suffering caused by malaria worldwide. Notably, the use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets for malaria prevention and the use of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for malaria treatment have made a significant impact. Nevertheless, the development of resistance to the past and present anti-malarial drugs highlights the need for continued research to stay one step ahead. New drugs are needed, particularly those with new mechanisms of action. Here the range of anti-malarial medicines developed over the years are reviewed, beginning with the discovery of quinine in the early 1800s, through to modern day ACT and the recently-approved tafenoquine. A number of new potential anti-malarial drugs currently in development are outlined, along with a description of the hit to lead campaign from which it originated. Finally, promising novel mechanisms of action for these and future anti-malarial medicines are outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin G Tse
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Marat Korsik
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Matthew H Todd
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Okombo J, Brunschwig C, Singh K, Dziwornu GA, Barnard L, Njoroge M, Wittlin S, Chibale K. Antimalarial Pyrido[1,2- a]benzimidazole Derivatives with Mannich Base Side Chains: Synthesis, Pharmacological Evaluation, and Reactive Metabolite Trapping Studies. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:372-384. [PMID: 30608648 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.8b00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of pyrido[1,2- a]benzimidazoles bearing Mannich base side chains and their metabolites were synthesized and evaluated for in vitro antiplasmodium activity, microsomal metabolic stability, reactive metabolite (RM) formation, and in vivo antimalarial efficacy in a mouse model. Oral administration of one of the derivatives at 4 × 50 mg/kg reduced parasitemia by 95% in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice, with a mean survival period of 16 days post-treatment. The in vivo efficacy of these derivatives is likely a consequence of their active metabolites, two of which showed potent in vitro antiplasmodium activity against chloroquine-sensitive and multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum ( P. falciparum) strains. Rapid metabolism was observed for all the analogues with <40% of parent compound remaining after 30 min of incubation in liver microsomes. RM trapping studies detected glutathione adducts only in derivatives bearing 4-aminophenol moiety, with fragmentation signatures showing that this conjugation occurred on the phenyl ring of the Mannich base side chain. As with amodiaquine (AQ), interchanging the positions of the 4-hydroxyl and Mannich base side group or substituting the 4-hydroxyl with fluorine appeared to block bioactivation of the AQ-like derivatives though at the expense of antiplasmodium activity, which was significantly lowered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Okombo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Christel Brunschwig
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Kawaljit Singh
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Linley Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, Basel 4002, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel 4003, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Characterization of the Preclinical Pharmacology of the New 2-Aminomethylphenol, JPC-3210, for Malaria Treatment and Prevention. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01335-17. [PMID: 29311093 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01335-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The new 2-aminomethylphenol, JPC-3210, has potent in vitro antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum lines, low cytotoxicity, and high in vivo efficacy against murine malaria. Here we report on the pharmacokinetics of JPC-3210 in mice and monkeys and the results of in vitro screening assays, including the inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) isozymes. In mice, JPC-3210 was rapidly absorbed and had an extensive tissue distribution, with a brain tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio of about 5.4. JPC-3210 had a lengthy plasma elimination half-life of about 4.5 days in mice and 11.8 days in monkeys. JPC-3210 exhibited linear single-oral-dose pharmacokinetics across the dose range of 5 to 40 mg/kg of body weight with high oral bioavailability (∼86%) in mice. Systemic blood exposure of JPC-3210 was 16.6% higher in P. berghei-infected mice than in healthy mice. In vitro studies with mice and human hepatocytes revealed little metabolism and the high metabolic stability of JPC-3210. The abundance of human metabolites from oxidation and glucuronidation was 2.0% and 2.5%, respectively. CYP450 studies in human liver microsomes showed JPC-3210 to be an inhibitor of CYP2D6 and, to a lesser extent, CYP3A4 isozymes, suggesting the possibility of a metabolic drug-drug interaction with drugs that are metabolized by these isozymes. In vitro studies showed that JPC-3210 is highly protein bound to human plasma (97%). These desirable pharmacological findings of a lengthy blood elimination half-life, high oral bioavailability, and low metabolism as well as high in vivo potency have led the Medicines for Malaria Venture to select JPC-3210 (MMV892646) for further advanced preclinical development.
Collapse
|
18
|
Valverde EA, Romero AH, Acosta ME, Gamboa N, Henriques G, Rodrigues JR, Ciangherotti C, López SE. Synthesis, β-hematin inhibition studies and antimalarial evaluation of new dehydroxy isoquine derivatives against Plasmodium berghei: A promising antimalarial agent. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:498-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Lu JF, Zhao CB, Shi J, Jin LX, Hua GX, Ge HG. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Biological Activity of 1,3,5-Thimethyl-2,4,6-tris(3'-methyl-1'-imidazoliomethylene)Benzene Perchlorate. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774517070185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
20
|
In Vivo and In Vitro Activities and ADME-Tox Profile of a Quinolizidine-Modified 4-Aminoquinoline: A Potent Anti-P. falciparum and Anti-P. vivax Blood-Stage Antimalarial. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122102. [PMID: 29194347 PMCID: PMC6149971 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are a prolific source for the identification of new biologically active compounds. In the present work, we studied the in vitro and in vivo antimalarial efficacy and ADME-Tox profile of a molecular hybrid (AM1) between 4-aminoquinoline and a quinolizidine moiety derived from lupinine (Lupinus luteus). The aim was to find a compound endowed with the target product profile-1 (TCP-1: molecules that clear asexual blood-stage parasitaemia), proposed by the Medicine for Malaria Venture to accomplish the goal of malaria elimination/eradication. AM1 displayed a very attractive profile in terms of both in vitro and in vivo activity. By using standard in vitro antimalarial assays, AM1 showed low nanomolar inhibitory activity against chloroquine-sensitive and resistant P. falciparum strains (range IC50 16–53 nM), matched with a high potency against P. vivax field isolates (Mean IC50 29 nM). Low toxicity and additivity with artemisinin derivatives were also demonstrated in vitro. High in vivo oral efficacy was observed in both P.berghei and P. yoelii mouse models with IC50 values comparable or better than those of chloroquine. The metabolic stability in different species and the pharmacokinetic profile in the mouse model makes AM1 a compound worth further investigation as a potential novel schizonticidal agent.
Collapse
|
21
|
Parhizgar AR, Tahghighi A. Introducing New Antimalarial Analogues of Chloroquine and Amodiaquine: A Narrative Review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 42:115-128. [PMID: 28360437 PMCID: PMC5366359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarial drugs with the 4-aminoquinoline scaffold such as the important drugs, chloroquine (CQ) and amodiaquine (AQ), have been used to prevent and treat malaria for many years. The importance of these drugs is related to their simple usage, high efficacy, affordability, and cost-effectiveness of their synthesis. In recent years, with the spread of parasite resistance to CQ and cross-resistance to its other analogues have decreased their consumption in many geographical areas. On the other hand, AQ is an effective antimalarial drug which its usage has been restricted due to hepatic and hematological toxicities. The significance of the quinoline ring at quinoline-based antimalarial drugs has prompted research centers and pharmaceutical companies to focus on the design and synthesis of new analogues of these drugs, especially CQ and AQ analogues. Accordingly, various derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo against the resistant strains of the malaria parasite to solve the problem of drug resistance. Also, the pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds have been evaluated to augment their efficacy and diminish their toxicity. Some of these analogues are currently in clinical and preclinical development. Consequently, the recent researches showed yet 4-aminoquinoline scaffold is active moiety in new compounds with antiplasmodial activity. Hence, the aim of this review article is to introduce of the novel synthetic analogues of CQ and AQ, which may constitute the next generation of antimalarial drugs with the 4-aminoquinoline scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Rafiee Parhizgar
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azar Tahghighi
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Balasubramanian A, Teramoto T, Kulkarni AA, Bhattacharjee AK, Padmanabhan R. Antiviral activities of selected antimalarials against dengue virus type 2 and Zika virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 137:141-150. [PMID: 27889529 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, twelve antimalarial compounds, amodiaquine (AQ) and derivatives, were shown to have potent anti-dengue viral (DENV) activity by using the stable DENV2 Renilla luciferase reporter replicon expressing BHK-21 cells, infectivity (plaque), and the qRT-PCR assays. In this study, we performed molecular modeling on these compounds to determine their stereo-electronic properties required for optimal antiviral activity. Based on the similarity of calculated stereo-electronic profiles, specifically the electrostatic potential profiles of the compounds, and in silico screening of related compounds from literature, we identified three additional compounds, Quinacrine (QC), Mefloquine (MQ), and GSK369796. Analysis of their antiviral activities indicated that all three compounds have high anti-DENV activity in the DENV2 replicon expressing cells with EC50 values of 5.30 ± 1.31 μM (QC), 3.22 ± 0.37 μM (MQ), and 5.06 ± 0.86 μM (GSK369796). The infectivity assays revealed the EC50 values of 7.09 ± 1.67 μM (QC), 4.36 ± 0.31 μM (MQ) and 3.03 ± 0.35 μM (GSK369796). The mode of action of these compounds is through inhibition of autophagy, thereby affecting DENV2 replication. Moreover, these compounds also showed antiviral activity against the rapidly emerging Zika virus (ZIKV) with EC50 values of 2.27 ± 0.14 μM (QC), 3.95 ± 0.21 μM (MQ), and 2.57 ± 0.09 μM (GSK369796).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Balasubramanian
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Tadahisa Teramoto
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
| | - Amol A Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Howard University, Washington DC, USA
| | - Apurba K Bhattacharjee
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA.
| | - Radhakrishnan Padmanabhan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mishra M, Mishra VK, Kashaw V, Iyer AK, Kashaw SK. Comprehensive review on various strategies for antimalarial drug discovery. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 125:1300-1320. [PMID: 27886547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The resistance of malaria parasites to existing drugs carries on growing and progressively limiting our ability to manage this severe disease and finally lead to a massive global health burden. Till now, malaria control has relied upon the traditional quinoline, antifolate and artemisinin compounds. Very few new antimalarials were developed in the past 50 years. Among recent approaches, identification of novel chemotherapeutic targets, exploration of natural products with medicinal significance, covalent bitherapy having a dual mode of action into a single hybrid molecule and malaria vaccine development are explored heavily. The proper execution of these approaches and proper investment from international agencies will accelerate the discovery of drugs that provide new hope for the control or eventual eradication of this global infectious disease. This review explores various strategies for assessment and development of new antimalarial drugs. Current status and scientific value of previous approaches are systematically reviewed and new approaches provide a pragmatic forecast for future developments are introduced as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India
| | - Vikash K Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India
| | - Varsha Kashaw
- SVN Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SVN University, Sagar, MP, India
| | - Arun K Iyer
- Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar Kashaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, MP, India; Use-inspired Biomaterials & Integrated Nano Delivery (U-BiND) Systems Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Synthesis of New 4-Aminoquinolines and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Activity against Chloroquine-Sensitive and Chloroquine-Resistant Plasmodium falciparum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140878. [PMID: 26473363 PMCID: PMC4608832 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of chloroquine, once the drug of choice in the fight against Plasmodium falciparum, is now severely limited due to widespread resistance. Amodiaquine is one of the most potent antimalarial 4-aminoquinolines known and remains effective against chloroquine-resistant parasites, but toxicity issues linked to a quinone-imine metabolite limit its clinical use. In search of new compounds able to retain the antimalarial activity of amodiaquine while circumventing quinone-imine metabolite toxicity, we have synthesized five 4-aminoquinolines that feature rings lacking hydroxyl groups in the side chain of the molecules and are thus incapable of generating toxic quinone-imines. The new compounds displayed high in vitro potency (low nanomolar IC50), markedly superior to chloroquine and comparable to amodiaquine, against chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum, accompanied by low toxicity to L6 rat fibroblasts and MRC5 human lung cells, and metabolic stability comparable or higher than that of amodiaquine. Computational studies indicate a unique mode of binding of compound 4 to heme through the HOMO located on a biphenyl moeity, which may partly explain the high antiplasmodial activity observed for this compound.
Collapse
|
25
|
In vitro antiplasmodial activity of triazole-linked chloroquinoline derivatives synthesized from 7-chloro-N-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)quinolin-4-amine. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4163-4171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
26
|
Romero AH, Acosta ME, Gamboa N, Charris JE, Salazar J, López SE. Synthesis, β-hematin inhibition studies and antimalarial evaluation of dehydroxy isotebuquine derivatives against Plasmodium berghei. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4755-4762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
27
|
Ongarora DSB, Strydom N, Wicht K, Njoroge M, Wiesner L, Egan TJ, Wittlin S, Jurva U, Masimirembwa CM, Chibale K. Antimalarial benzoheterocyclic 4-aminoquinolines: Structure-activity relationship, in vivo evaluation, mechanistic and bioactivation studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5419-32. [PMID: 26264839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of benzoheterocyclic analogues of amodiaquine designed to avoid toxic reactive metabolite formation was synthesized and evaluated for antiplasmodial activity against K1 (multidrug resistant) and NF54 (sensitive) strains of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of highly promising analogues, the most potent of which had IC50s in the nanomolar range against both strains. The compounds further demonstrated good in vitro microsomal metabolic stability while those subjected to in vivo pharmacokinetic studies had desirable pharmacokinetic profiles. In vivo antimalarial efficacy in Plasmodium berghei infected mice was evaluated for four compounds, all of which showed good activity following oral administration. In particular, compound 19 completely cured treated mice at a low multiple dose of 4×10mg/kg. Mechanistic and bioactivation studies suggest hemozoin formation inhibition and a low likelihood of forming quinone-imine reactive metabolites, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis S B Ongarora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natasha Strydom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Kathryn Wicht
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tasso B, Novelli F, Tonelli M, Barteselli A, Basilico N, Parapini S, Taramelli D, Sparatore A, Sparatore F. Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Novel Chloroquine Analogues with Bulky Basic Side Chains. ChemMedChem 2015. [PMID: 26213237 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine is commonly used in the treatment and prevention of malaria, but Plasmodium falciparum, the main species responsible for malaria-related deaths, has developed resistance against this drug. Twenty-seven novel chloroquine (CQ) analogues characterized by a side chain terminated with a bulky basic head group, i.e., octahydro-2H-quinolizine and 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexahydro-1,5-methano-8H-pyrido[1,2-a][1,5]diazocin-8-one, were synthesized and tested for activity against D-10 (CQ-susceptible) and W-2 (CQ-resistant) strains of P. falciparum. Most compounds were found to be active against both strains with nanomolar or sub-micromolar IC50 values. Eleven compounds were found to be 2.7- to 13.4-fold more potent than CQ against the W-2 strain; among them, four cytisine derivatives appear to be of particular interest, as they combine high potency with low cytotoxicity against two human cell lines (HMEC-1 and HepG2) along with easier synthetic accessibility. Replacement of the 4-NH group with a sulfur bridge maintained antiplasmodial activity at a lower level, but produced an improvement in the resistance factor. These compounds warrant further investigation as potential drugs for use in the fight against malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tasso
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy).
| | - Federica Novelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy)
| | - Michele Tonelli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy)
| | - Anna Barteselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Pascal 36, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Pascal, 36, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano via C. Pascal, 36, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano (Italy)
| | - Fabio Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16131 Genova (Italy)
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
From hybrid compounds to targeted drug delivery in antimalarial therapy. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5120-30. [PMID: 25913864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of new drugs to treat malaria is a continuous effort for medicinal chemists due to the emergence and spread of resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum to nearly all used antimalarials. The rapid adaptation of the malaria parasite remains a major limitation to disease control. Development of hybrid antimalarial agents has been actively pursued as a promising strategy to overcome the emergence of resistant parasite strains. This review presents the journey that started with simple combinations of two active moieties into one chemical entity and progressed into a delivery/targeted system based on major antimalarial classes of drugs. The rationale for providing different mechanisms of action against a single or additional targets involved in the multiple stages of the parasite's life-cycle is highlighted. Finally, a perspective for this polypharmacologic approach is presented.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jiu-fu L, Hong-guang G, Hui Z, Jing-jing G, Shan-shan L, Juan S. Synthesis, Crystal and Biological Activity of 5-Chloro-3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-N -(3-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Methyl-6-Phenylpyrazolo[1,5-A]Pyrimidin-7-Amine. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14240937288831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of 5-chloro-3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-2-methyl-6-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine (C26H19Cl3N4O, Mr = 509.80) has been synthesised by chlorination and aminisation from 3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl-6-phenylpyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-5,7-diol. Its structure was confirmed by element analysis, IR, 1H NMR and X-ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to the triclinic system, space group P-1 with a = 10.979(2) Å, b= 11.339(2) Å, c= 11.646(2) Å, a= 98.58(3) °, β= 110.21(3) °, γ= 111.61 (3) °. In addition, the compound possesses moderate anticancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Jiu-fu
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Chemical engineering college, Hanzhong, 723001, P.R. China
| | - Ge Hong-guang
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Chemical engineering college, Hanzhong, 723001, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Hui
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Chemical engineering college, Hanzhong, 723001, P.R. China
| | - Guo Jing-jing
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Chemical engineering college, Hanzhong, 723001, P.R. China
| | - Liang Shan-shan
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Chemical engineering college, Hanzhong, 723001, P.R. China
| | - Shi Juan
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Chemical engineering college, Hanzhong, 723001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kumar S, Singh RK, Patial B, Goyal S, Bhardwaj TR. Recent advances in novel heterocyclic scaffolds for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2015; 31:173-86. [PMID: 25775094 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1016513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem all over the world, particularly in tropical and subtropical countries due to the development of resistance and most deadly infection is caused by Plasmodium falciparum. There is a direct need for the discovery of new drugs with unique structures and mechanism of action to treat sensitive and drug-resistant strains of various plasmodia for radical cure of this disease. Traditional compounds such as quinine and related derivatives represent a major source for the development of new drugs. This review presents recent modifications of 4-aminoquinoline and 8-aminoquinolone rings as leads to novel active molecules which are under clinical trials. The review also encompasses the other heterocyclic compounds emerged as potential antimalarial agents with promising results such as acridinediones and acridinone analogues, pyridines and quinolones as antimalarials. Miscellaneous heterocyclics such as tetroxane derivatives, indole derivatives, imidazolopiperazine derivatives, biscationic choline-based compounds and polymer-linked combined antimalarial drugs are also discussed. At last brief introduction to heterocyclics in natural products is also reviewed. Most of them have been under clinical trials and found to be promising in the treatment of drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium and others can be explored for the same purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Kumar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India .,b Faculty of Pharmacy , Punjab Technical University , Jalandhar, Kapurthala , India
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- c Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Shivalik College of Pharmacy , Nangal, Dist. Rupnagar , Punjab , India , and
| | - Babita Patial
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | - Sachin Goyal
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India
| | - T R Bhardwaj
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Indo-Soviet Friendship (I.S.F.) College of Pharmacy , Moga , Punjab , India .,d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Roman G. Mannich bases in medicinal chemistry and drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 89:743-816. [PMID: 25462280 PMCID: PMC7115492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The biological activity of Mannich bases, a structurally heterogeneous class of chemical compounds that are generated from various substrates through the introduction of an aminomethyl function by means of the Mannich reaction, is surveyed, with emphasis on the relationship between structure and biological activity. The review covers extensively the literature reports that have disclosed Mannich bases as anticancer and cytotoxic agents, or compounds with potential antibacterial and antifungal activity in the last decade. The most relevant studies on the activity of Mannich bases as antimycobacterial agents, antimalarials, or antiviral candidates have been included as well. The review contains also a thorough coverage of anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of Mannich bases. In addition, several minor biological activities of Mannich bases, such as their ability to regulate blood pressure or inhibit platelet aggregation, their antiparasitic and anti-ulcer effects, as well as their use as agents for the treatment of mental disorders have been presented. The review gives in the end a brief overview of the potential of Mannich bases as inhibitors of various enzymes or ligands for several receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Roman
- Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Inorganic Polymers, 41A Aleea Gr. Ghica Vodă, Iaşi 700487, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ju L, Hong-Guang G, Jiu-Fu L. Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Biological Activity of Diethyl-2-[5-(4-Fluorophenyl)-7-(Trifluoromethyl)Pyrazolo[1,5-a] Pyrimidine-3-Carboxamido]Pentanedioate. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3184/174751915x14206280982837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, diethyl-2-[5-(4-fluorophenyl)-7-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine-3-carboxamido]pentanedioate (C23H22F4N4O5, Mr = 510.45) was synthesised and structurally characterised by element analysis, IR, 1H NMR and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal belongs to the monoclinic system, space group C121 with a=27001(3) Å, b=7.161(1) Å, c = 12.0900 Å, α=90.00 °, β=92.379 (7) °, λ=90.00 °. In the crystal structure, the dihedral angles between the benzene ring and pyrazolopyrimidine are 53.618(162)°. Through C-H…F and C-H…O weak hydrogen bonds among molecules, the whole molecule is stacked into a three-dimensional structure. In addition, the compound possesses a moderate antituberculosis activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liu Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang, 110036,Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Ge Hong-Guang
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Chemical Engineering College, Hanzhong, 723001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Jiu-Fu
- Shaanxi University of Technology, Chemical Engineering College, Hanzhong, 723001, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Reemergence of chloroquine (CQ) analogs as multi-targeting antimalarial agents: a review. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 90:280-95. [PMID: 25461328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Amongst several communicable diseases (CDs), malaria is one of the deadliest parasitic disease all over the world, particularly in African and Asian countries. To curb this menace, numbers of antimalarial agents are being sold as over the counter (OTC) drugs. Chloroquine (CQ) is one of them and is one of the oldest, cheapest, and easily available synthetic agents used to curb malaria. Unfortunately, after the reports of CQ-resistance against different strains of malarial parasite strains worldwide, scientist are continuously modifying the core structure of CQ to get an efficient drug. Interestingly, several new drugs have been emerged in due course having unique and enhanced properties (like dual stage inhibitors, resistance reversing ability etc.) and are ready to enter into the clinical trial. In this course, some new agents have also been discovered which are; though inactive against CQS strain, highly active against CQR strains. The present article describes the role of modification of the core structure of CQ and its effects on the biological activities. Moreover, the attempt has also been made to predict the future prospects of such drugs to reemerge as antimalarial agents.
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- David S Barnett
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
JPC-2997, a new aminomethylphenol with high in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities against blood stages of Plasmodium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:170-7. [PMID: 25331702 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03762-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
4-(tert-Butyl)-2-((tert-butylamino)methyl)-6-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-phenol (JPC-2997) is a new aminomethylphenol compound that is highly active in vitro against the chloroquine-sensitive D6, the chloroquine-resistant W2, and the multidrug-resistant TM90-C2B Plasmodium falciparum lines, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 7 nM to 34 nM. JPC-2997 is >2,500 times less cytotoxic (IC50s > 35 μM) to human (HepG2 and HEK293) and rodent (BHK) cell lines than the D6 parasite line. In comparison to the chemically related WR-194,965, a drug that had advanced to clinical studies, JPC-2997 was 2-fold more active in vitro against P. falciparum lines and 3-fold less cytotoxic. The compound possesses potent in vivo suppression activity against Plasmodium berghei, with a 50% effective dose (ED50) of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight/day following oral dosing in the Peters 4-day test. The radical curative dose of JPC-2997 was remarkably low, at a total dose of 24 mg/kg, using the modified Thompson test. JPC-2997 was effective in curing three Aotus monkeys infected with a chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strain of Plasmodium vivax at a dose of 20 mg/kg daily for 3 days. At the doses administered, JPC-2997 appeared to be well tolerated in mice and monkeys. Preliminary studies of JPC-2997 in mice show linear pharmacokinetics over the range 2.5 to 40 mg/kg, a low clearance of 0.22 liters/h/kg, a volume of distribution of 15.6 liters/kg, and an elimination half-life of 49.8 h. The high in vivo potency data and lengthy elimination half-life of JPC-2997 suggest that it is worthy of further preclinical assessment as a partner drug.
Collapse
|
37
|
Teixeira C, Vale N, Pérez B, Gomes A, Gomes JRB, Gomes P. "Recycling" classical drugs for malaria. Chem Rev 2014; 114:11164-220. [PMID: 25329927 DOI: 10.1021/cr500123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Teixeira
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal.,CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro , P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bianca Pérez
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - José R B Gomes
- CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro , P-3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto , P-4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Highly regioselective C4-hydrazinylation of 2,4-dichloroquinolines: expedient synthesis of aminoquinoline substituted pyrrolidin-2,5-diones via hydrazinylquinolines. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
39
|
Hubin TJ, Amoyaw PNA, Roewe KD, Simpson NC, Maples RD, Carder Freeman TN, Cain AN, Le JG, Archibald SJ, Khan SI, Tekwani BL, Khan MOF. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of metal complexes of cross-bridged tetraazamacrocyclic ligands. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:3239-44. [PMID: 24857776 PMCID: PMC4119818 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Using transition metals such as manganese(II), iron(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), and zinc(II), several new metal complexes of cross-bridged tetraazamacrocyclic chelators namely, cyclen- and cyclam-analogs with benzyl groups, were synthesized and screened for in vitro antimalarial activity against chloroquine-resistant (W2) and chloroquine-sensitive (D6) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. The metal-free chelators tested showed little or no antimalarial activity. All the metal complexes of the dibenzyl cross-bridged cyclam ligand exhibited potent antimalarial activity. The Mn(2+) complex of this ligand was the most potent with IC50s of 0.127 and 0.157μM against the chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) P. falciparum strains, respectively. In general, the dibenzyl hydrophobic ligands showed better anti-malarial activity compared to the activity of monobenzyl ligands, potentially because of their higher lipophilicity and thus better cell penetration ability. The higher antimalarial activity displayed by the manganese complex for the cyclam ligand in comparison to that of the cyclen, correlates with the larger pocket of cyclam compared to that of cyclen which produces a more stable complex with the Mn(2+). Few of the Cu(2+) and Fe(2+) complexes also showed improvement in activity but Ni(2+), Co(2+) and Zn(2+) complexes did not show any improvement in activity upon the metal-free ligands for anti-malarial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Hubin
- Department of Chemistry, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
| | - Prince N. -A. Amoyaw
- College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
| | - Kimberly D. Roewe
- Department of Chemistry, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
| | - Natalie C. Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
| | - Randall D. Maples
- Department of Chemistry, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
| | - TaRynn N. Carder Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
| | - Amy N. Cain
- Department of Chemistry, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
| | - Justin G. Le
- Department of Chemistry, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
| | - Stephen J. Archibald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - Babu L. Tekwani
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677
| | - M. O. Faruk Khan
- College of Pharmacy, Southwestern Oklahoma State University. 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, Ok 73096
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Paulo A, Figueiras M, Machado M, Charneira C, Lavrado J, Santos SA, Lopes D, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Nogueira F, Moreira R. Bis-alkylamine Indolo[3,2-b]quinolines as Hemozoin Ligands: Implications for Antimalarial Cytostatic and Cytocidal Activities. J Med Chem 2014; 57:3295-313. [DOI: 10.1021/jm500075d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Paulo
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Figueiras
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Machado
- UEI
Malaria, Centro da Malária e Doenças Tropicais, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Charneira
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Lavrado
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia A. Santos
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Dinora Lopes
- UEI
Malaria, Centro da Malária e Doenças Tropicais, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department
of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department
of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, Box 0811, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- UEI
Malaria, Centro da Malária e Doenças Tropicais, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira, 100, P-1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto
de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade
de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Polonini HC, Dias RM, Souza IO, Gonçalves KM, Gomes TB, Raposo NR, da Silva AD. Quinolines derivatives as novel sunscreening agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4506-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|
42
|
Tukulula M, Njoroge M, Mugumbate GC, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Barteau S, Streckfuss J, Heudi O, Kameni-Tcheudji J, Chibale K. Tetrazole-based deoxyamodiaquines: synthesis, ADME/PK profiling and pharmacological evaluation as potential antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4904-13. [PMID: 23896611 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of new deoxyamodiaquine-based compounds was synthesized via the modified TMSN3-Ugi multi-component reaction and evaluated in vitro for antiplasmodial activity. The most potent compounds, 6b, 6c and 6j, showed IC50 values in the range of 6-77nM against chloroquine-resistant K1- and W2-strains of Plasmodium falciparum. In vitro ADME characterization of frontrunner compounds 6b and 6c indicates that these two compounds are rapidly metabolized and have a high clearance rate in human and rat liver microsomes. This result correlated well with an in vivo pharmacokinetics study, which showed low bioavailability of 6c in rats. Tentative metabolite identification was determined by LC-MS and suggested metabolic lability of groups attached to the tertiary nitrogen. Preliminary studies on 6b and 6c suggested strong inhibitory activity against the major CYP450 enzymes. In silico docking studies were used to rationalize strong inhibition of CYP3A4 by 6c. Full characterization and biological evaluation of the metabolites is currently underway in our laboratories.
Collapse
|
43
|
Biamonte MA, Wanner J, Le Roch KG. Recent advances in malaria drug discovery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2829-43. [PMID: 23587422 PMCID: PMC3762334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This digest covers some of the most relevant progress in malaria drug discovery published between 2010 and 2012. There is an urgent need to develop new antimalarial drugs. Such drugs can target the blood stage of the disease to alleviate the symptoms, the liver stage to prevent relapses, and the transmission stage to protect other humans. The pipeline for the blood stage is becoming robust, but this should not be a source of complacency, as the current therapies set a high standard. Drug discovery efforts directed towards the liver and transmission stages are in their infancy but are receiving increasing attention as targeting these stages could be instrumental in eradicating malaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Biamonte
- Drug Discovery for Tropical Diseases, Suite 230, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Miller LH, Ackerman HC, Su XZ, Wellems TE. Malaria biology and disease pathogenesis: insights for new treatments. Nat Med 2013; 19:156-67. [PMID: 23389616 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria, an infectious disease caused by a parasitic protozoan, claims the lives of nearly a million children each year in Africa alone and is a top public health concern. Evidence is accumulating that resistance to artemisinin derivatives, the frontline therapy for the asexual blood stage of the infection, is developing in southeast Asia. Renewed initiatives to eliminate malaria will benefit from an expanded repertoire of antimalarials, including new drugs that kill circulating P. falciparum gametocytes, thereby preventing transmission. Our current understanding of the biology of asexual blood-stage parasites and gametocytes and the ability to culture them in vitro lends optimism that high-throughput screenings of large chemical libraries will produce a new generation of antimalarial drugs. There is also a need for new therapies to reduce the high mortality of severe malaria. An understanding of the pathophysiology of severe disease may identify rational targets for drugs that improve survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis H Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Calderón F, Wilson DM, Gamo FJ. Antimalarial drug discovery: recent progress and future directions. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2013; 52:97-151. [PMID: 23384667 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62652-3.00003-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Félix Calderón
- Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, Diseases of the Developing World, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Stepan AF, Mascitti V, Beaumont K, Kalgutkar AS. Metabolism-guided drug design. MEDCHEMCOMM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20317k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
47
|
Gemma S, Camodeca C, Brindisi M, Brogi S, Kukreja G, Kunjir S, Gabellieri E, Lucantoni L, Habluetzel A, Taramelli D, Basilico N, Gualdani R, Tadini-Buoninsegni F, Bartolommei G, Moncelli MR, Martin RE, Summers RL, Lamponi S, Savini L, Fiorini I, Valoti M, Novellino E, Campiani G, Butini S. Mimicking the Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Modeling of Benzoxazines and Quinazolines as Potential Antimalarial Agents. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10387-404. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300831b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Caterina Camodeca
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Margherita Brindisi
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gagan Kukreja
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sanil Kunjir
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gabellieri
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Lucantoni
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco
e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, 62032
Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Annette Habluetzel
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
- Scuola di Scienze del Farmaco
e dei Prodotti della Salute, Università di Camerino, 62032
Camerino (MC), Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Basilico
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberta Gualdani
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo
Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Bartolommei
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo
Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Rosa Moncelli
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo
Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rowena E. Martin
- Research School of Biology,
The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Robert L. Summers
- Research School of Biology,
The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Stefania Lamponi
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Savini
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Isabella Fiorini
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Valoti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze,
University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, Siena, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica
e Tossicologica, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano
49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for
Drug Discovery and Development (NatSynDrugs), University of Siena,
Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
- CIRM Centro Interuniversitario
di Ricerche sulla Malaria, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Okombo J, Kiara SM, Abdirahman A, Mwai L, Ohuma E, Borrmann S, Nzila A, Ward S. Antimalarial activity of isoquine against Kenyan Plasmodium falciparum clinical isolates and association with polymorphisms in pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 68:786-8. [PMID: 23169890 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of amodiaquine in prophylaxis is associated with serious toxicity, resulting from its metabolic conversion into a reactive quinone-imine metabolite by the hepatic cytochrome P450. To circumvent this toxicity, several amodiaquine analogues that lack the potential to form a quinone-imine derivative, while retaining antimalarial activity, have been designed. Isoquine is one of these promising molecules that has already reached Phase I clinical trials in humans. METHODS We analysed the in vitro activity of isoquine against 62 Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected in Kenya and the association of this activity with polymorphisms in pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes. RESULTS The median concentration of isoquine that inhibited 50% of parasite growth (IC50) was 9 nM, compared with 56 nM chloroquine, 8 nM amodiaquine, 10 nM desethylamodiaquine, 69 nM lumefantrine and 1 nM dihydroartemisinin. Isoquine activity was correlated with polymorphisms in pfcrt at codon 76, but not in pfmdr1 at codon 86. CONCLUSIONS The high activity of isoquine against field isolates, including chloroquine-resistant isolates, with IC50 <10 nM, warrants its further development as an antimalarial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Okombo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/Wellcome Trust Collaborative Research Program, PO Box 230, 80108 Kilifi, Kenya.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Schrader FC, Barho M, Steiner I, Ortmann R, Schlitzer M. The antimalarial pipeline – An update. Int J Med Microbiol 2012; 302:165-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
|
50
|
Anthony MP, Burrows JN, Duparc S, JMoehrle J, Wells TNC. The global pipeline of new medicines for the control and elimination of malaria. Malar J 2012; 11:316. [PMID: 22958514 PMCID: PMC3472257 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a transformation in the portfolio of medicines to combat malaria. New fixed-dose artemisinin combination therapy is available, with four different types having received approval from Stringent Regulatory Authorities or the World Health Organization (WHO). However, there is still scope for improvement. The Malaria Eradication Research agenda identified several gaps in the current portfolio. Simpler regimens, such as a single-dose cure are needed, compared with the current three-day treatment. In addition, new medicines that prevent transmission and also relapse are needed, but with better safety profiles than current medicines. There is also a big opportunity for new medicines to prevent reinfection and to provide chemoprotection. This study reviews the global portfolio of new medicines in development against malaria, as of the summer of 2012. Cell-based phenotypic screening, and 'fast followers' of clinically validated classes, mean that there are now many new classes of molecules starting in clinical development, especially for the blood stages of malaria. There remain significant gaps for medicines blocking transmission, preventing relapse, and long-duration molecules for chemoprotection. The nascent pipeline of new medicines is significantly stronger than five years ago. However, there are still risks ahead in clinical development and sustainable funding of clinical studies is vital if this early promise is going to be delivered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melinda P Anthony
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy N Burrows
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Duparc
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joerg JMoehrle
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Timothy NC Wells
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), 20 rte de Pré-Bois 1215, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|