1
|
Shahab S, Sheikhi M, Kvasyuk E, Sysa AG, Alnajjar R, Strogova A, Sirotsina K, Yurlevich H, Novik D. Geometry Optimization, UV/Vis, NBO, HOMO and LUMO, Excited State and Antioxidant Evaluation of Pyrimidine Derivatives. LETT ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570178617999200812133402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this research, the four pyrimidine derivatives have been studied by using density functional
theory (DFT/B3LYP/6-31G*) in solvent water for the first time. After quantum-chemical calculations,
the title compounds have been synthesized. The electronic spectra of the new derivatives in
solvent water were performed by the time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) method. The equilibrium geometry,
the HOMO and LUMO orbitals, MEP, excitation energies, natural charges, oscillator strengths for
the molecules have also been calculated. NBO analysis has been calculated in order to elucidate the intramolecular,
rehybridization and delocalization of electron density. These molecules have high antioxidant
potential due to the planarity and formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Antioxidant properties
of the title compounds have been investigated and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoome Sheikhi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran
| | | | | | - Radwan Alnajjar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | | | | | | | - Darya Novik
- Belarusian State University, ISEI BSU, Minsk, Belarus
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Novel cytomegalovirus-inhibitory compounds of the class pyrrolopyridines show a complex pattern of target binding that suggests an unusual mechanism of antiviral activity. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:84-94. [PMID: 30268914 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a major human pathogen with seropositivity rates in the adult population ranging between 40% and 95%. HCMV infection is associated with severe pathology, such as life-threatening courses of infection in immunocompromised individuals and neonates. Current standard therapy with valganciclovir has the disadvantage of adverse side effects and viral drug resistance. A novel anti-HCMV drug, letermovir, has been approved recently, so that improved therapy options are available. Nevertheless, even more so far unexploited classes of compounds and molecular modes of action will be required for a next generation of antiherpesviral treatment strategies. In this study, we focused on the analysis of the antiviral potency of a novel class of compounds, i.e. pyrrolopyridine analogs, and identified both hit compounds and their target protein candidates. In essence, we provide novel evidence as follows: (i) screening hit SC88941 is highly active in inhibiting HCMV replication in primary human fibroblasts with an EC50 value of 0.20 ± 0.01 μM in the absence of cytotoxicity, (ii) inhibition occurs at the early-late stage of viral protein production and shows reinforcing effects upon LMV cotreatment, (iii) among the viruses analyzed, antiviral activity was most pronounced against β-herpesviruses (HCMV, HHV-6A) and intermediate against adenovirus (HAdV-2), (iv) induction of SC88941 resistance was not detectable, thus differed from the induction of ganciclovir resistance, (v) a linker-coupled model compound was used for mass spectrometry-based target identification, thus yielding several drug-binding target proteins and (vi) a first confocal imaging approach used for addressing intracellular effects of SC88941 indicated qualitative and quantitative alteration of viral protein expression and localization. Thus, our findings suggest a multifaceted pattern of compound-target binding in connection with an unusual mode of action, opening up further opportunities of antiviral drug development.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ali A, Asif M, Alam P, Jane Alam M, Asif Sherwani M, Hasan Khan R, Ahmad S, Shamsuzzaman. DFT/B3LYP calculations, in vitro cytotoxicity and antioxidant activities of steroidal pyrimidines and their interaction with HSA using molecular docking and multispectroscopic techniques. Bioorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
4
|
Antiepileptic properties of novel 2-(substituted benzylidene)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(furan-2-yl)-2 H -thiazolo[3,2 -a ]pyrimidin-3(7 H )-one derivatives. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
5
|
Rassadin VA, Six Y. Ring-opening, cycloaddition and rearrangement reactions of nitrogen-substituted cyclopropane derivatives. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
6
|
Kobayashi K, Nakazawa K, Yuba S, Hiyoshi H, Umezu K. Synthesis of 7-Alkyl-6-amino-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carbonitriles by the Copper-Catalyzed Reaction of 4-(Alkylamino)-5-iodopyrimidines with Propanedinitrile. HETEROCYCLES 2015. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-s(k)5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
7
|
Kaur T, Wadhwa P, Sharma A. Arylsulfonylmethyl isocyanides: a novel paradigm in organic synthesis. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra07876h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
p-Tosylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC), an α-acidic isocyanide has emerged as a privileged reagent to access biologically relevant fused heterocycles and some natural products like (−)-ushikulide A, variolin B, porphobilinogen and mansouramycin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Preeti Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| | - Anuj Sharma
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
- Roorkee-247667
- India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
DNA binding, docking studies, artificial nuclease activity and in vitro cytotoxicity of newly synthesized steroidal 1H–pyrimidines. CR CHIM 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
9
|
Sung GH, Kim BR, Ryu KE, Yoon YJ. Functionalization of 4,5-Dichloropyridazin-3(2H)-one. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY-DAEHAN HWAHAK HOE JEE 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/jkcs.2014.58.1.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
10
|
Shamsuzzaman, Dar AM, Yaseen Z, Alam K, Hussain A, Gatoo MA. Steroidal pyrimidines: Synthesis, characterization, molecular docking studies with DNA and in vitro cytotoxicity. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
11
|
Al-Issa SA. Synthesis and anticancer activity of some fused pyrimidines and related heterocycles. Saudi Pharm J 2012; 21:305-16. [PMID: 23960847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
On account of the reported anticancer of pyrimidine and condensed pyrimidine, a new pyrimido [3,2-b]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine 3a , b , 5c , d , 6, 9, pyrimido [3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazine 10, 11, pyrimido [3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazole 12 and pyrimidine derivatives 1,2a , b , 4c , d , 8, 13, 14, 15 and 16 were synthesized through different chemical reactions. Structures of all synthesized compounds were supported by spectral and elemental analyses. The obtained compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity against human liver cancer cell line (HEPG2).
Collapse
Key Words
- Anticancer
- Pyrimidine derivatives
- Pyrimido[3,2-b]-1,2,4,5-tetrazine
- Pyrimido[3,2-b]-1,2,4-triazole
- Pyrimido[3,2-b]1,2,4-triazine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A Al-Issa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nora Bint, AbdulRahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jakubkiene V, Cepla V, Burbuliene MM, Vainilavicius P. Synthesis and Functionalization of 8-Methyl-2h-pyrimido [2,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-3,6(1h,4h)-dione. J Heterocycl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Virginija Jakubkiene
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Vilnius University; LT-03225; Vilnius; Lithuania
| | - Vytautas Cepla
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Vilnius University; LT-03225; Vilnius; Lithuania
| | - Milda M. Burbuliene
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Vilnius University; LT-03225; Vilnius; Lithuania
| | - Povilas Vainilavicius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry; Vilnius University; LT-03225; Vilnius; Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hanna MM. New pyrimido[5,4-e]pyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidines: Synthesis, 2D-QSAR, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and ulcerogenicity studies. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 55:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
14
|
Adhikari A, Kalluraya B, Sujith KV, Gouthamchandra K, Jairam R, Mahmood R, Sankolli R. Synthesis, characterization and pharmacological study of 4,5-dihydropyrazolines carrying pyrimidine moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 55:467-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Muzychka LV, Verves EV, Yaremchuk IO, Smolii OB. Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with 3-amino-2-hydroxypropyl substituents. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-012-1019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
16
|
Total synthesis of a marine alkaloid--rigidin E. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1412-1421. [PMID: 22822382 PMCID: PMC3397449 DOI: 10.3390/md10061412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present paper, we report an efficient total synthesis of a marine alkaloid, rigidin E. The key tetrasubstituted 2-amino-3-carboxamidepyrrole intermediate was synthesized by cascade Michael addition/intramolecular cyclization between N-(2-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-oxoethyl)methanesulfonamide and 3-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-cyano-N-methylacrylamide. Subsequent carbonylation with triphosgene catalyzed by I(2) and deprotection of benzyl groups afforded rigidin E in 21% overall yield. This strategy has the merits of metal-free reactions, low cost, mild reaction protocols, and easy access to diversity-oriented derivatives for potential structure-activity relationship investigation.
Collapse
|
17
|
Hilmy KMH. Synthesis of Non-Nucleosides: 7- and 1,3-Substituents of New Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones on Antiviral Activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:174-81. [PMID: 16586425 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200500162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of non-nucleosides 9-47 were synthesized. Compounds 1-4 were reacted with formic acid (85%) to afford compounds 5-8. Then, the latter compounds were reacted with alkyl halides a-f (2-bromopropane, 2-bromobutane, benzyl bromide, benzyl chloromethyl ether, chloromethyl ethyl ether, phenacyl bromide) in the presence of NaH in dry DMF to give the desired compounds 9-47, which were evaluated for activity against herpes simplex virus type-II (HSV-II).
Collapse
|
18
|
Volovenko YM, Volovnenko TA. Nucleophilic substitution in 1-alkyl-4,5-dichloro-3-nitropyridazin-6-ones. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-006-0115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
Synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diones by sunlight photolysis of N-(5-vinyluracil-6-yl)sulfilimines. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
20
|
Evers DL, Komazin G, Ptak RG, Shin D, Emmer BT, Townsend LB, Drach JC. Inhibition of human cytomegalovirus replication by benzimidazole nucleosides involves three distinct mechanisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:3918-27. [PMID: 15388453 PMCID: PMC521925 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.10.3918-3927.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The benzimidazole nucleosides 2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (BDCRB) and 2-isopropylamino-5,6-dichloro-1-(beta-l-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (1263W94, or maribavir) are potent and selective inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) replication. These inhibitors act by two different mechanisms: BDCRB blocks the processing and maturation of viral DNA, whereas maribavir prevents viral DNA synthesis and capsid nuclear egress. In order to determine by which of these two mechanisms other benzimidazole nucleosides acted, we performed time-of-addition studies and other experiments with selected new analogs. We found that the erythrofuranosyl analog and the alpha-lyxofuranosyl analog acted late in the viral replication cycle, similar to BDCRB. In marked contrast, the alpha-5'-deoxylyxofuranosyl analog of 2,5,6-trichloro-1-(beta-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (compound UMJD1311) acted early in the replication cycle, too early to be consistent with either mechanism. Similar to other reports on early acting inhibitors of herpesviruses, compound 1311 was multiplicity of infection dependent, an observation that could not be reproduced with UV-inactivated virus. HCMV isolates resistant to BDCRB and maribavir were sensitive to compound 1311, as were viruses resistant to ganciclovir, cidofovir, and foscarnet. The preincubation of host cells with compound 1311 and removal prior to the addition of HCMV did not produce an antiviral cellular response. We conclude that this newly discovered early mode of action occurs at a stage of viral replication after entry to cells but prior to viral DNA synthesis, thereby strongly suggesting that the trisubstituted benzimidazole nucleoside series possesses three distinct biochemical modes of action for inhibition of HCMV replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Evers
- School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
North TW, Sequar G, Townsend LB, Drach JC, Barry PA. Rhesus cytomegalovirus is similar to human cytomegalovirus in susceptibility to benzimidazole nucleosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:2760-5. [PMID: 15215146 PMCID: PMC434194 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.7.2760-2765.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus and human cytomegalovirus (RhCMV and HCMV, respectively) exhibit comparable inhibition by benzimidazole nucleosides, including 2,5,6-trichloro-(1-beta-d-ribofuranosyl)benzimidazole (TCRB), and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. The two HCMV protein targets of TCRB, UL89 and UL56, are highly conserved with their RhCMV homologues. These data indicate that infection of rhesus macaques with RhCMV represents a useful model to test novel anti-HCMV drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W North
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Evers DL, Breitenbach JM, Borysko KZ, Townsend LB, Drach JC. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 by purines and pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines does not correlate with antiviral activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:2470-6. [PMID: 12121920 PMCID: PMC127371 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.8.2470-2476.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that a series of nonnucleoside pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines selectively inhibit the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). These compounds act at the immediate-early or early stage of HCMV replication and have antiviral properties somewhat similar to those of roscovitine and olomoucine, specific inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). In the present study we examine the hypothesis that pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines exert their antiviral effects by inhibition of cellular cdks. Much higher concentrations of a panel of pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity were required to inhibit recombinant cdk1/cyclin B compared to the submicromolar concentrations required to inhibit HCMV and HSV-1 replication. 4,6-Diamino-5-cyano-7-(2-phenylethyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (compound 1369) was the best inhibitor of cdk1 and cyclin B, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50); 14 microM) similar to that of roscovitine; it was competitive with respect to ATP (K(i) = 14 microM). The potency of compound 1369 against cdk1 and cyclin B was similar to its cytotoxicity (IC(50)s, 32 to 100 microM) but not its antiviral efficacy (IC(50)s, 0.02 to 0.3 microM). Thus, our results indicated the null hypothesis. In contrast, roscovitine was only weakly active against HSV-1 (IC(50), 38 microM) and HCMV (IC(50), 40 microM). These values were similar to those derived by cytotoxicity and cell growth inhibition assays, thereby suggesting that roscovitine is not a selective antiviral. Therefore, we propose that inhibition of cdk1 and cyclin B is not responsible for selective antiviral activity and that pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines constitute novel pharmacophores which compete with ATP to inhibit cdk1 and cyclin B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Evers
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Martinez A, Castro A, Gil C, Perez C. Recent strategies in the development of new human cytomegalovirus inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2001; 21:227-44. [PMID: 11301412 DOI: 10.1002/med.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in immunucompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients and organ transplant recipients, and is the most frequent congenital viral infection in humans. Despite a reduction of the incidence of AIDS-related opportunistic infections in patients under highly active antiretroviral treatment, attention should be paid to the HCMV risk factor in these individuals. Furthermore, HCMV may have an important role in atherosclerosis. Existing antiviral treatments for the HCMV infection suffer from poor bioavailability, toxicity, and limited effectiveness, mainly due to the development of drug resistance. Fortunately there are novel and potentially very effective new compounds undergoing pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. This review provides an overview in the last five years of new HCMV inhibitors (chemical structures, SAR, and new mechanisms of action) with the aim to provide new clues for the development of future drugs against this opportunistic virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Martinez
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Park JW, Kweon DH, Kang YJ, Lee WS, Cho SD, Yoon YJ. Synthesis of novel acyclonucleosides containing pyridazine. J Heterocycl Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570370102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
25
|
Jacobson JG, Renau TE, Nassiri MR, Sweier DG, Breitenbach JM, Townsend LB, Drach JC. Nonnucleoside pyrrolopyrimidines with a unique mechanism of action against human cytomegalovirus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:1888-94. [PMID: 10428908 PMCID: PMC89386 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.8.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Based upon a prior study which evaluated a series of nonnucleoside pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines as inhibitors of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), we have selected three active analogs for detailed study. In an HCMV plaque-reduction assay, compounds 828, 951, and 1028 had 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)s) of 0.4 to 1.0 microM. Similar results were obtained when 828 and 951 were examined by HCMV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IC(50)s = 1.9 and 0.4 microM, respectively) and when 828 was tested in a viral DNA-DNA hybridization assay (IC(50) = 1.3 microM). In yield-reduction assays with a low multiplicity of infection (MOI), all three compounds caused multiple log(10) reductions in virus titer, and the activities of these compounds were comparable to the activity of ganciclovir (GCV; IC(90) = 0.2 microM). In contrast to the reduction of viral titers by GCV, the reduction of viral titers by 828, 951, and 1028 decreased with increasing MOI. Cytotoxicity in human foreskin fibroblasts and KB cells ranged from 32 to >100 microM. In addition, 828 (the only compound tested) was less toxic against human bone marrow progenitor cells than GCV. Time-of-addition and time-of-removal studies established that the three pyrrolopyrimidines inhibited HCMV replication before GCV had an effect on viral DNA synthesis but after viral adsorption. Compound 828 was equally effective against GCV-sensitive and GCV-resistant HCMV clinical isolates. Combination studies with 828 and GCV showed that the effects of the two compounds on HCMV were additive but not synergistic. Taken together, the data indicate that these pyrrolopyrimidines target a viral protein that is required in an MOI-dependent manner and that is expressed early in the HCMV replication cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J G Jacobson
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1078, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Porcari AR, Townsend LB. An Improved Synthesis of the Versatile Heterocycle, 4-Amino-6-Bromo-5-Cyanopyrrolo[2,3-d]Pyrimidine. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/00397919808004937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|