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Vargas DA, Santiago CC, Cánepa AS. Synthesis of Complex Ureas with Brominated Heterocyclic Intermediates. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darío A. Vargas
- Centro de Estudio de Compuestos Orgánicos (CEDECOR) Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) 47 y 115 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - Cintia C. Santiago
- Centro de Estudio de Compuestos Orgánicos (CEDECOR) Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) 47 y 115 1900 La Plata Argentina
| | - Alicia S. Cánepa
- Centro de Estudio de Compuestos Orgánicos (CEDECOR) Departamento de Química Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) 47 y 115 1900 La Plata Argentina
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2
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Saebang Y, Kaeobamrung J, Rukachaisirikul V. Synthesis of eleven-membered cyclic urea-fused quinazolinones. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1793-1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Straightforward synthesis of quinazolinones having N-fused medium-sized ring urea was accomplished. Key intermediates were tert-butyl(2-(4-oxo-2-(4-oxopentyl)quinazolin-3(4H)-yl)ethyl)carbamates derived from copper-catalyzed domino reaction of tert-butyl(2-(2-iodobenzamido)ethyl)carbamates and cyclic enaminones. Steric hindrance of cyclic enaminones played important role in the formation of quinazolinone ring. The eleven-membered ring urea moiety was readily achieved by direct cyclization using 1,1’-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) of diamino intermediate generated by readily reductive amination and deprotection of tert-butyl(2-(4-oxo-2-(4-oxopentyl)quinazolin-3(4H)-yl)ethyl)carbamates.
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3
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Sharma S, Bhatia V. Appraisal of the Role of In silico Methods in Pyrazole Based Drug Design. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 21:204-216. [PMID: 32875985 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520666200901184146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazole and its derivatives are a pharmacologically and significantly active scaffolds that have innumerable physiological and pharmacological activities. They can be very good targets for the discovery of novel anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-tubercular, antiviral, antioxidant, antidepressant, anti-convulsant and neuroprotective drugs. This review focuses on the importance of in silico manipulations of pyrazole and its derivatives for medicinal chemistry. The authors have discussed currently available information on the use of computational techniques like molecular docking, structure-based virtual screening (SBVS), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) to drug design using pyrazole moieties. Pyrazole based drug design is mainly dependent on the integration of experimental and computational approaches. The authors feel that more studies need to be done to fully explore the pharmacological potential of the pyrazole moiety and in silico method can be of great help.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, India
| | - Vinayak Bhatia
- ICARE Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute, U.P., Noida, India
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4
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Kumar D, Sharma P, Shabu, Kaur R, Lobe MMM, Gupta GK, Ntie-Kang F. In search of therapeutic candidates for HIV/AIDS: rational approaches, design strategies, structure-activity relationship and mechanistic insights. RSC Adv 2021; 11:17936-17964. [PMID: 35480193 PMCID: PMC9033207 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10655k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic is a serious threat to the health and development of mankind, which has affected about 37.9 million people worldwide. The increasing negative health, economic and social impacts of this disease have led to the search for new therapeutic candidates for the mitigation of AIDS/HIV. However, to date, there is still no treatment that can cure this disease. Furthermore, the clinically available drugs have numerous severe side effects. Hence, the synthesis of novel agents from natural leads is one of the rational approaches to obtain new drugs in modern medicinal chemistry. This review article is an effort to summarize recent developments with regards to the discovery of novel analogs with promising biological potential against HIV/AIDS. Herein, we also aim to discuss prospective directions on the progress of more credible and specific analogues. Besides presenting design strategies, the present communication also highlights the structure-activity relationship together with the structural features of the most promising molecules, their IC50 values, mechanistic insights and some interesting key findings revealed during their biological evaluation. The interactions with the amino acid residues of the enzymes responsible for HIV-1 inhibition are also discussed. This collection will be of great interest for researchers working in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Kumar
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Manawala Amritsar-143001 Punjab India +91-9988902489
| | - Pooja Sharma
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Manawala Amritsar-143001 Punjab India +91-9988902489
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University Patiala India
| | - Shabu
- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (CSIR-IIIM) Canal Road Jammu 180001 India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Manawala Amritsar-143001 Punjab India +91-9988902489
| | - Maloba M M Lobe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea P. O. Box 63 Buea Cameroon +237 685625811
| | - Girish K Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sai College of Pharmacy Badhani Pathankot-145001 Punjab India
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea P. O. Box 63 Buea Cameroon +237 685625811
- Institute for Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany +49 3455525043
- Institute of Botany, Technical University of Dresden Zellescher Weg 20b 01062 Dresden Germany
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5
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Smolobochkin AV, Gazizov AS, Burilov AR, Pudovik MA, Sinyashin OG. Advances in the synthesis of heterocycles bearing an endocyclic urea moiety. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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6
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Malki Y, Martinez J, Masurier N. 1,3-Diazepine: A privileged scaffold in medicinal chemistry. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:2247-2315. [PMID: 33645848 DOI: 10.1002/med.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Privileged structures have been widely used as effective templates for drug discovery. While benzo-1,4-diazepine constitutes the first historical example of such a structure, the 1,3 analogue is just as rich in terms of applications in medicinal chemistry. The 1,3-diazepine moiety is present in numerous biological active compounds including natural products, and is used to design compounds displaying a large range of biological activities. It is present in the clinically used anticancer compound pentostatin, in several recent FDA approved β-lactamase inhibitors (e.g., avibactam) and also in coformycin, a natural product known as a ring-expanded purine analogue displaying antiviral and anticancer activities. Several other 1,3-diazepine containing compounds have entered into clinical trials. This heterocyclic structure has been and is still widely used in medicinal chemistry to design enzyme inhibitors, GPCR ligands, and so forth. This review endeavours to highlight the main use of the 1,3-diazepine scaffold and its derivatives, and their applications in medicinal chemistry, drug design, and therapy. We will focus more particularly on the development of enzyme inhibitors incorporating this scaffold, with a strong emphasis on the molecular interactions involved in the inhibition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Malki
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Martinez
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Masurier
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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7
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Smolobochkin AV, Gazizov AS, Otegen NK, Voronina JK, Strelnik AG, Samigullina AI, Burilov AR, Pudovik MA. Nucleophilic Cyclization/Electrophilic Substitution of (2,2-Dialkoxyethyl)ureas: Highly Regioselective Access to Novel 4-(Het)arylimidazolidinones and Benzo[d][1,3]diazepinones. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1707864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Imidazolidin-2-one and 1,3-benzodiazepin-2-one scaffolds are structural motifs of many biologically active compounds. Herein, we report a highly regioselective acid-catalyzed intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization/intermolecular electrophilic substitution reaction sequence of (2,2-dialkoxyethyl)ureas. The reaction benefits from readily available starting materials, a simple workup procedure, moderate to high yields of target compounds, and provides a convenient entry to previously unknown 4-(het)arylimidazolidinones and 5-(het)arylbenzodiazepinones. The proposed mechanism of the reaction is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V. Smolobochkin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Almir S. Gazizov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | | | - Julia K. Voronina
- N.S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences
- G.V. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
| | - Anna G. Strelnik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Aida I. Samigullina
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Alexander R. Burilov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Michail A. Pudovik
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
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8
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Devi P, Lambu MR, Baskaran S. A novel one-pot method for the stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyrimidinones in a low melting mixture. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4164-4168. [PMID: 32436516 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A direct and metal free one-pot method has been developed for the stereoselective synthesis of tetrahydropyrimidinone derivatives from a vinyl arene and formaldehyde using a tartaric acid-dimethylurea (TA : DMU) melt as a green reaction medium. The substrate scope of this method is very general and the tetrahydropyrimidinone (THPM) derivatives are synthesized in good yields with a high degree of diastereoselectivity. In this reaction, the melt plays a triple role as the solvent, catalyst and reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
| | | | - Sundarababu Baskaran
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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9
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Wang X, Wei Y, Tian WY, Sakharkar MK, Liu Q, Yang X, Zhou YZ, Mou CL, Cai GL, Yang J. Characterization of Nine Compounds Isolated from the Acid Hydrolysate of Lonicera fulvotomentosa Hsu et S. C. Cheng and Evaluation of Their In Vitro Activity towards HIV Protease. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244526. [PMID: 31835661 PMCID: PMC6943440 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we isolated nine compounds from the acid hydrolysate of the flower buds of Lonicera fulvotomentosa Hsu et S. C. Cheng and characterized their chemical structures using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and electron ionization mass spectroscopy (EI-MS). These compounds were identified as β-sitosterol (1), 5,5′-dibutoxy-2,2′-bifuran (2), nonacosane-10-ol (3), ethyl (3β)-3,23-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-oate (4), oleanolic acid (5), ethyl caffeate (6), caffeic acid (7), isovanillin (8), and hederagenin (9), with 4 as a new triterpene compound. Inhibitory activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease was also evaluated for the compounds, and only ethyl caffeate, caffeic acid, and isovanillin (6, 7, and 8) exhibited inhibitory effects, with IC50 values of 1.0 μM, 1.5 μM, and 3.5 μM, respectively. Molecular docking with energy minimization and subsequent molecular dynamic (MD) simulation showed that ethyl caffeate and caffeic acid bound to the active site of HIV protease, while isovanillin drifted out from the active site and dissociated into bulk water during MD simulations, and most of the binding residues of HIV protease have been previously identified for HIV protease inhibitors. These results suggest that caffeic acid derivatives may possess inhibitory activities towards HIV protease other than previously reported inhibitory activities against HIV integrase, and thus ethyl caffeate and caffeic acid could be used as lead compounds in developing potential HIV protease inhibitors, and possibly even dual-function inhibitors against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South of Dongqing Road, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; (X.W.); (W.-Y.T.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (C.-L.M.); (G.-L.C.)
| | - Ying Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South of Dongqing Road, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; (X.W.); (W.-Y.T.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (C.-L.M.); (G.-L.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.Y.)
| | - Wei-Yi Tian
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South of Dongqing Road, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; (X.W.); (W.-Y.T.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (C.-L.M.); (G.-L.C.)
| | - Meena Kishore Sakharkar
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South of Dongqing Road, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; (X.W.); (W.-Y.T.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (C.-L.M.); (G.-L.C.)
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South of Dongqing Road, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; (X.W.); (W.-Y.T.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (C.-L.M.); (G.-L.C.)
| | - Yan-Zi Zhou
- Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China;
| | - Cheng-Li Mou
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South of Dongqing Road, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; (X.W.); (W.-Y.T.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (C.-L.M.); (G.-L.C.)
| | - Gui-Lan Cai
- College of Pharmacy, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, South of Dongqing Road, Guiyang 550025, Guizhou Province, China; (X.W.); (W.-Y.T.); (Q.L.); (X.Y.); (C.-L.M.); (G.-L.C.)
| | - Jian Yang
- Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada;
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (J.Y.)
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10
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Voshavar C. Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of HIV/AIDS: Recent Advances and Future Challenges. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1571-1598. [PMID: 31237209 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190619115243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic disease characterized by multiple life-threatening illnesses caused by a retro-virus, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). HIV infection slowly destroys the immune system and increases the risk of various other infections and diseases. Although, there is no immediate cure for HIV infection/AIDS, several drugs targeting various cruxes of HIV infection are used to slow down the progress of the disease and to boost the immune system. One of the key therapeutic strategies is Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) or ' AIDS cocktail' in a general sense, which is a customized combination of anti-retroviral drugs designed to combat the HIV infection. Since HAART's inception in 1995, this treatment was found to be effective in improving the life expectancy of HIV patients over two decades. Among various classes of HAART treatment regimen, Protease Inhibitors (PIs) are known to be widely used as a major component and found to be effective in treating HIV infection/AIDS. For the past several years, a variety of protease inhibitors have been reported. This review outlines the drug design strategies of PIs, chemical and pharmacological characteristics of some mechanism-based inhibitors, summarizes the recent developments in small molecule based drug discovery with HIV protease as a drug target. Further discussed are the pharmacology, PI drug resistance on HIV PR, adverse effects of HIV PIs and challenges/impediments in the successful application of HIV PIs as an important class of drugs in HAART regimen for the effective treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrashekhar Voshavar
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, United States
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11
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Xu M, Jupp AR, Ong MSE, Burton KI, Chitnis SS, Stephan DW. Synthesis of Urea Derivatives from CO
2
and Silylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201900058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Xu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Andrew R. Jupp
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Maegan S. E. Ong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Katherine I. Burton
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Saurabh S. Chitnis
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Toronto 80 St. George St. Toronto Ontario M5S3H6 Canada
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12
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Synthesis of Urea Derivatives from CO
2
and Silylamines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:5707-5711. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201900058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Swain SP, Mohanty S. Imidazolidinones and Imidazolidine‐2,4‐diones as Antiviral Agents. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:291-302. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharada Prasanna Swain
- Department of Process ChemistryDr. Reddy's Lab Ltd. CTO-III, IDA, Bollaram Hyderabad 502325 India
| | - Sandeep Mohanty
- Department of Process ChemistryDr. Reddy's Lab Ltd. CTO-III, IDA, Bollaram Hyderabad 502325 India
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14
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Montanaro S, Wright IA, Batsanov AS, Bryce MR. Synthesis of Tetracyclic 2,3-Dihydro-1,3-diazepines from a Dinitrodibenzothiophene Derivative. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12320-12326. [PMID: 30247912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Triply fused 1,3-diazepine derivatives have been obtained by acidic reduction of rotationally locked and sterically hindered nitro groups in the presence of an aldehyde or ketone. The nitro groups are sited on adjacent rings of a dicyanodibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide, which also displays fully reversible two-electron-accepting behavior. The synthesis, crystallographically determined molecular structures, and aspects of the electronic properties of these new molecules are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Montanaro
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , Durham , DH1 3LE , United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry , Loughborough University , Loughborough , LE11 3TU , United Kingdom
| | - Iain A Wright
- Department of Chemistry , Loughborough University , Loughborough , LE11 3TU , United Kingdom
| | - Andrei S Batsanov
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , Durham , DH1 3LE , United Kingdom
| | - Martin R Bryce
- Department of Chemistry , Durham University , Durham , DH1 3LE , United Kingdom
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15
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Meanwell NA. Drug-target interactions that involve the replacement or displacement of magnesium ions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:5355-5372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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Xu M, Jupp AR, Stephan DW. Stoichiometric Reactions of CO2
and Indium-Silylamides and Catalytic Synthesis of Ureas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201708921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Xu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Andrew R. Jupp
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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17
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Xu M, Jupp AR, Stephan DW. Stoichiometric Reactions of CO2
and Indium-Silylamides and Catalytic Synthesis of Ureas. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14277-14281. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201708921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maotong Xu
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Andrew R. Jupp
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
| | - Douglas W. Stephan
- Department of Chemistry; University of Toronto; 80 St. George St Toronto Ontario M5S 3H6 Canada
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18
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Axen SD, Huang XP, Cáceres EL, Gendelev L, Roth BL, Keiser MJ. A Simple Representation of Three-Dimensional Molecular Structure. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7393-7409. [PMID: 28731335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Statistical and machine learning approaches predict drug-to-target relationships from 2D small-molecule topology patterns. One might expect 3D information to improve these calculations. Here we apply the logic of the extended connectivity fingerprint (ECFP) to develop a rapid, alignment-invariant 3D representation of molecular conformers, the extended three-dimensional fingerprint (E3FP). By integrating E3FP with the similarity ensemble approach (SEA), we achieve higher precision-recall performance relative to SEA with ECFP on ChEMBL20 and equivalent receiver operating characteristic performance. We identify classes of molecules for which E3FP is a better predictor of similarity in bioactivity than is ECFP. Finally, we report novel drug-to-target binding predictions inaccessible by 2D fingerprints and confirm three of them experimentally with ligand efficiencies from 0.442-0.637 kcal/mol/heavy atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Axen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Xi-Ping Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Elena L Cáceres
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Leo Gendelev
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP), University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Michael J Keiser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, and Institute for Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco , 675 Nelson Rising Lane NS 416A, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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Min J, Guillen VS, Sharma A, Zhao Y, Ziegler Y, Gong P, Mayne CG, Srinivasan S, Kim SH, Carlson KE, Nettles KW, Katzenellenbogen BS, Katzenellenbogen JA. Adamantyl Antiestrogens with Novel Side Chains Reveal a Spectrum of Activities in Suppressing Estrogen Receptor Mediated Activities in Breast Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6321-6336. [PMID: 28657320 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To search for new antiestrogens more effective in treating breast cancers, we explored alternatives to the acrylic acid side chain used in many antiestrogens. To facilitate our search, we used a simple adamantyl ligand core that by avoiding stereochemical issues enabled rapid synthesis of acrylate ketone, ester, and amide analogs. All compounds were high affinity estrogen receptor α (ERα) ligands but displayed a range of efficacies and potencies as antiproliferative and ERα-downregulating agents. There were large differences in activity between compounds having minor structural changes, but antiproliferative and ERα-downregulating efficacies generally paralleled one another. Some compounds with side chain polar groups had particularly high affinities. The secondary carboxamides had the best cellular activities, and the 3-hydroxypropylamide was as efficacious as fulvestrant in suppressing cell proliferation and gene expression. This study has produced structurally novel antiestrogens based on a simple adamantyl core structure with acrylate side chains optimized for cellular antagonist activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sathish Srinivasan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | | | | | - Kendall W Nettles
- Department of Cancer Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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20
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Lee XA, Verma C, Sim AY. Designing dual inhibitors of Mdm2/MdmX: Unexpected coupling of water with gatekeeper Y100/99. Proteins 2017; 85:1493-1506. [DOI: 10.1002/prot.25310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiong An Lee
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Matrix 138671 Singapore
| | - Chandra Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Matrix 138671 Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences; National University of Singapore; 117543 Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; 637551 Singapore
| | - Adelene Y.L Sim
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR); Matrix 138671 Singapore
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21
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Popović-Djordjević JB, Jevtić II, Grozdanić ND, Šegan SB, Zlatović MV, Ivanović MD, Stanojković TP. α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity and cytotoxic effects of some cyclic urea and carbamate derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:298-303. [PMID: 28100083 PMCID: PMC6010093 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2016.1250754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory activities of selected cyclic urea and carbamate derivatives (1-13) toward α-glucosidase (α-Gls) in in vitro assay were examined in this study. All examined compounds showed higher inhibitory activity (IC50) against α-Gls compared to standard antidiabetic drug acarbose. The most potent was benzyl (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)carbamate (12) with IC50 = 49.85 ± 0.10 µM. In vitro cytotoxicity of the investigated compounds was tested on three human cancer cell lines HeLa, A549 and MDA-MB-453 using MTT assay. The best antitumour activity was achieved with compound 2 (trans-5-phenethyl-1-phenylhexahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-2(3H)-one) against MDA-MB-453 human breast cancer cell line (IC50 = 83.41 ± 1.60 µM). Cyclic ureas and carbamates showed promising anti-α-glucosidase activity and should be further tested as potential antidiabetic drugs. The PLS model of preliminary QSAR study indicated that, in planing the future synthesis of more potent compounds, the newly designed should have the substituents capable of polar interactions with receptor sites in various positions, while avoiding the increase of their lipophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivana I Jevtić
- b Faculty of Chemistry , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | | | - Sandra B Šegan
- d Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Mario V Zlatović
- b Faculty of Chemistry , University of Belgrade , Belgrade , Serbia
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22
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Louis JM, Deshmukh L, Sayer JM, Aniana A, Clore GM. Mutations Proximal to Sites of Autoproteolysis and the α-Helix That Co-evolve under Drug Pressure Modulate the Autoprocessing and Vitality of HIV-1 Protease. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5414-24. [PMID: 26266692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
N-Terminal self-cleavage (autoprocessing) of the HIV-1 protease precursor is crucial for liberating the active dimer. Under drug pressure, evolving mutations are predicted to modulate autoprocessing, and the reduced catalytic activity of the mature protease (PR) is likely compensated by enhanced conformational/dimer stability and reduced susceptibility to self-degradation (autoproteolysis). One such highly evolved, multidrug resistant protease, PR20, bears 19 mutations contiguous to sites of autoproteolysis in retroviral proteases, namely clusters 1-3 comprising residues 30-37, 60-67, and 88-95, respectively, accounting for 11 of the 19 mutations. By systematically replacing corresponding clusters in PR with those of PR20, and vice versa, we assess their influence on the properties mentioned above and observe no strict correlation. A 10-35-fold decrease in the cleavage efficiency of peptide substrates by PR20, relative to PR, is reflected by an only ∼4-fold decrease in the rate of Gag processing with no change in cleavage order. Importantly, optimal N-terminal autoprocessing requires all 19 PR20 mutations as evaluated in vitro using the model precursor TFR-PR20 in which PR is flanked by the transframe region. Substituting PR20 cluster 3 into TFR-PR (TFR-PR(PR20-3)) requires the presence of PR20 cluster 1 and/or 2 for autoprocessing. In accordance, substituting PR clusters 1 and 2 into TFR-PR20 affects the rate of autoprocessing more drastically (>300-fold) compared to that of TFR-PR(PR20-3) because of the cumulative effect of eight noncluster mutations present in TFR-PR20(PR-12). Overall, these studies imply that drug resistance involves a complex synchronized selection of mutations modulating all of the properties mentioned above governing PR regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Louis
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lalit Deshmukh
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jane M Sayer
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Annie Aniana
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - G Marius Clore
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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23
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Lancefield CS, Slawin AMZ, Westwood NJ, Lebl T. The use of residual dipolar coupling for conformational analysis of structurally related natural products. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:467-75. [PMID: 25854705 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Determining the conformational preferences of molecules in solution remains a considerable challenge. Recently, the use of residual dipolar coupling (RDC) analysis has emerged as a key method to address this. Whilst to date the majority of the applications have focused on biomolecules including proteins and DNA, the use of RDCs for studying small molecules is gaining popularity. Having said that, the method continues to develop, and here, we describe an early case study of the quantification of conformer populations in small molecules using RDC analysis. Having been inspired to study conformational preferences by unexpected differences in the NMR spectra and the reactivity of related natural products, we showed that the use of more established techniques was unsatisfactory in explaining the experimental observations. The use of RDCs provided an improved understanding that, following use of methods to quantify conformer populations using RDCs, culminated in a rationalisation of the contrasting diastereoselectivities observed in a ketone reduction reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Nicholas J Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Tomas Lebl
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, UK
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24
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Beno BR, Yeung KS, Bartberger MD, Pennington LD, Meanwell NA. A Survey of the Role of Noncovalent Sulfur Interactions in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2015; 58:4383-438. [DOI: 10.1021/jm501853m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett R. Beno
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Kap-Sun Yeung
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
| | - Michael D. Bartberger
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320, United States
| | - Lewis D. Pennington
- Department of Therapeutic Discovery, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive Thousand Oaks California 91320, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway Wallingford Connecticut 06492, United States
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25
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Minić A, Stevanović D, Damljanović I, Pejović A, Vukićević M, Bogdanović GA, Radulović NS, Vukićević RD. Synthesis of ferrocene-containing six-membered cyclic ureas via α-ferrocenyl carbocations. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01383f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A convenient method for the synthesis of ferrocene-containing six membered cyclic ureas was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Minić
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Dragana Stevanović
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Ivan Damljanović
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Anka Pejović
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Mirjana Vukićević
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Medicinal Sciences
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
| | - Goran A. Bogdanović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences
- University of Belgrade
- 11001 Belgrade
- Serbia
| | - Niko S. Radulović
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Mathematics
- University of Niš
- 18000 Niš
- Serbia
| | - Rastko D. Vukićević
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Kragujevac
- 34000 Kragujevac
- Serbia
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26
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Sekhar KC, Syed R, Golla M, Kumar M V J, Yellapu NK, Chippada AR, Chamarthi NR. Novel heteroaryl phosphonicdiamides PTPs inhibitors as anti-hyperglycemic agents. Daru 2014; 22:76. [PMID: 25542373 PMCID: PMC4305230 DOI: 10.1186/s40199-014-0076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic and oral administration of benzylamine improves glucose tolerance. Picolylamine is a selective functional antagonist of the human adenosine A2B receptor. Phosphonic diamide derivatives enhance the cellular permeability and in turn their biological activities. METHODS A series of heteroaryl phosphonicdiamide derivatives were designed as therapeutics to control and manage type2 diabetes. Initially defined Lipinski parameters encouraged them as safer drugs. Molecular docking of these compounds against Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), the potential therapeutic target of type 2 diabetes, revealed their potential binding ability explaining their anti-diabetic activity in terms of PTP inhibition. Human intestinal absorption, Caco-2 cell permeability, MDCK cell permeability, BBB penetration, skin permeability and plasma protein binding abilities of the title compounds were calculated by PreADMET server. A convenient method has been developed for the synthesis of title compounds through the formation of 1-ethoxy-N,N'-bis(4-fluorobenzyl/pyridin-3-ylmethyl)phosphinediamine by the reaction of 4-fluorobenzylamine/ 3-picolylamine with ethyldichlorophosphite, subsequently reacted with heteroaryl halides using lanthanum(III) chloride as a catalyst. RESULTS All the compounds exhibited significant in vitro anti-oxidant activity and in vivo evaluation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat models revealed that the normal glycemic levels were observed on 12(th) day by 9a and 20(th) day by 5b, 5c, 9e and 9f. The remaining compounds also exhibited normal glycemic levels by 25(th) day. CONCLUSION The results from molecular modeling, in vitro and in vivo studies are suggesting them as safer and effective therapeutic agents against type2 diabetes. Graphical Abstract Development of PTPs inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rasheed Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India.
| | - Madhava Golla
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India.
| | - Jyothi Kumar M V
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India.
| | - Nanda Kumar Yellapu
- Biomedical informatics Center, Vector Control Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Puducherry, 605006, India.
| | - Appa Rao Chippada
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India.
| | - Naga Raju Chamarthi
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, 517 502, India.
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27
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McGee TD, Edwards J, Roitberg AE. pH-REMD Simulations Indicate That the Catalytic Aspartates of HIV-1 Protease Exist Primarily in a Monoprotonated State. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:12577-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jp504011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Dwight McGee
- Department
of Chemistry, Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Jesse Edwards
- Department
of Chemistry, Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307, United States
| | - Adrian E. Roitberg
- Department
of Chemistry, Quantum Theory Project, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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28
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Meanwell NA. The Influence of Bioisosteres in Drug Design: Tactical Applications to Address Developability Problems. TACTICS IN CONTEMPORARY DRUG DESIGN 2014; 9. [PMCID: PMC7416817 DOI: 10.1007/7355_2013_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of bioisosteres in drug discovery is a well-established design concept that has demonstrated utility as an approach to solving a range of problems that affect candidate optimization, progression, and durability. In this chapter, the application of isosteric substitution is explored in a fashion that focuses on the development of practical solutions to problems that are encountered in typical optimization campaigns. The role of bioisosteres to affect intrinsic potency and selectivity, influence conformation, solve problems associated with drug developability, including P-glycoprotein recognition, modulating basicity, solubility, and lipophilicity, and to address issues associated with metabolism and toxicity is used as the underlying theme to capture a spectrum of creative applications of structural emulation in the design of drug candidates.
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29
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Blundell CD, Packer MJ, Almond A. Quantification of free ligand conformational preferences by NMR and their relationship to the bioactive conformation. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:4976-87. [PMID: 23886813 PMCID: PMC3744816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurate unbound solution 3D-structures of ligands provide unique opportunities for medicinal chemistry and, in particular, a context to understand binding thermodynamics and kinetics. Previous methods of deriving these 3D-structures have had neither the accuracy nor resolution needed for drug design and have not yet realized their potential. Here, we describe and apply a NMR methodology to the aminoglycoside streptomycin that can accurately quantify accessible 3D-space and rank the occupancy of observed conformers to a resolution that enables medicinal chemistry understanding and design. Importantly, it is based upon conventional small molecule NMR techniques and can be performed in physiologically-relevant solvents. The methodology uses multiple datasets, an order of magnitude more experimental data than previous NMR approaches and a dynamic model during refinement, is independent of computational chemistry and avoids the problem of virtual conformations. The refined set of solution 3D-shapes for streptomycin can be grouped into two major families, of which the most populated is almost identical to the 30S ribosomal subunit bioactive shape. We therefore propose that accurate unbound ligand solution conformations may, in some cases, provide a subsidiary route to bioactive shape without crystallography. This experimental technique opens up new opportunities for drug design and more so when complemented with protein co-crystal structures, SAR data and pharmacophore modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D Blundell
- C4X Discovery Ltd, Unit 310 Ducie House, Ducie Street, Manchester M1 2JW, UK
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30
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Docking and 3-D QSAR studies on the binding of tetrahydropyrimid-2-one HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Glass DC, Krishnan M, Smith JC, Baudry J. Three entropic classes of side chain in a globular protein. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:3127-34. [PMID: 23421556 DOI: 10.1021/jp400564q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the NMR methyl group axial order parameter and the side chain conformational entropy is investigated in inhibitor-bound and apo human HIV protease using molecular dynamics simulation. Three distinct entropic classes of methyl-bearing side chains, determined by the topological distance of the methyl group from the protein backbone (i.e., the number of χ-bonds between the Cα and the carbon of the CH3 group), are revealed by atomistic trajectory analyses performed in the local frame of reference of individual methyl probes. The results demonstrate that topologically equivalent methyl groups experience similar nonbonded microenvironments regardless of the type of residues to which they are attached. Similarly, methyl groups that belong to the same side chain but that are not topologically equivalent exhibit different thermodynamic and dynamic properties. The two-parameter classification (based upon entropy and methyl axial order parameter) of side chains described here permits improved estimates of the conformational entropies of proteins from NMR motional parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Glass
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008 Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6309, United States
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32
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Oehme DP, Brownlee RTC, Wilson DJD. Can cyclic HIV protease inhibitors bind in a non-preferred form? An ab initio, DFT and MM-PB(GB)SA study. J Mol Model 2013; 19:1125-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Kondaskar A, Kondaskar S, Fishbein JC, Carter-Cooper BA, Lapidus RG, Sadowska M, Edelman MJ, Hosmane RS. Structure-based drug design and potent anti-cancer activity of tricyclic 5:7:5-fused diimidazo[4,5-d:4',5'-f][1,3]diazepines. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 21:618-31. [PMID: 23290252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Revised: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Judicial structural modifications of 5:7-fused ring-expanded nucleosides (RENs), based on molecular modeling studies with one of its known targets, human RNA helicase (hDDX3), led to the lead, novel, 5:7-5-fused tricyclic heterocycle (1). The latter exhibited promising broad-spectrum in vitro anti-cancer activity against a number of cancer cell lines screened. This paper describes our systematic, albeit limited, structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies on this lead compound, which produced a number of analogs with broad-spectrum in vitro anti-cancer activities against lung, breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer cell lines, in particular compounds 15i, 15j, 15m and 15n which showed IC(50) values in submicromolar to micromolar range, and are worthy of further explorations. The SAR data also enabled us to propose a tentative SAR model for future SAR efforts for ultimate realization of optimally active and minimally toxic anti-cancer compounds based on the diimidazo[4,5-d:4',5'-f][1,3]diazepine structural skeleton of the lead compound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kondaskar
- Laboratory for Drug Design & Synthesis, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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Chang SK, So SM, Lee SM, Kim MK, Seol KM, Kim SM, Kang JS, Choo DJ, Lee JY, Kim BM. From L-Ascorbic Acid to Protease Inhibitors: Practical Synthesis of Key Chiral Epoxide Intermediates for Aspartyl Proteases. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.7.2213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Singh N, Frushicheva MP, Warshel A. Validating the vitality strategy for fighting drug resistance. Proteins 2012; 80:1110-22. [PMID: 22275047 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The current challenge in designing effective drugs against HIV-1 is to find novel candidates with high potency, but with a lower susceptibility to mutations associated with drug resistance. Trying to address this challenge, we developed in our previous study (Ishikita and Warshel, Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:697-700) a novel computational strategy for fighting drug resistance by predicting the likely moves of the virus through constraints on binding and catalysis. This has been based on calculating the ratio between the vitality values ((K(i) k(cat)/K(M))(mutant)/(K(i) k(cat)/K(M))(wild-type)) and using it as a guide for predicting the moves of the virus. The corresponding calculations of the binding affinity, K(i), were carried out using the semi-macroscopic version of the protein dipole Langevin dipole (PDLD/S) in its linear response approximation (LRA) in its β version (PDLD/S-LRA/β). We also calculate the proteolytic efficiency, k(cat)/K(M), by evaluating the transition state (TS) binding free energies using the PDLD/S-LRA/β method. Here we provide an extensive validation of our strategy by calculating the vitality of six existing clinical and experimental drug candidates. It is found that the computationally determined vitalities correlate reasonably well with those derived from the corresponding experimental data. This indicates that the calculated vitality may be used to identify mutations that would be most effective for the survival of the virus. Thus, it should be possible to use our approach in screening for mutations that would provide the most effective resistance to any proposed antiviral drug. This ability should be very useful in guiding the design of drug molecules that will lead to the slowest resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-1062, USA
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36
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Protein conformational dynamics in the mechanism of HIV-1 protease catalysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20982-7. [PMID: 22158985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1111202108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used chemical protein synthesis and advanced physical methods to probe dynamics-function correlations for the HIV-1 protease, an enzyme that has received considerable attention as a target for the treatment of AIDS. Chemical synthesis was used to prepare a series of unique analogues of the HIV-1 protease in which the flexibility of the "flap" structures (residues 37-61 in each monomer of the homodimeric protein molecule) was systematically varied. These analogue enzymes were further studied by X-ray crystallography, NMR relaxation, and pulse-EPR methods, in conjunction with molecular dynamics simulations. We show that conformational isomerization in the flaps is correlated with structural reorganization of residues in the active site, and that it is preorganization of the active site that is a rate-limiting factor in catalysis.
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BROWN J, URATA TAKASHI, TAMURA TAKEYUKI, ARAI MIDORIA, KAWABATA TAKEO, AKUTSU TATSUYA. COMPOUND ANALYSIS VIA GRAPH KERNELS INCORPORATING CHIRALITY. J Bioinform Comput Biol 2011; 8 Suppl 1:63-81. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219720010005117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
High accuracy is paramount when predicting biochemical characteristics using Quantitative Structural-Property Relationships (QSPRs). Although existing graph-theoretic kernel methods combined with machine learning techniques are efficient for QSPR model construction, they cannot distinguish topologically identical chiral compounds which often exhibit different biological characteristics. In this paper, we propose a new method that extends the recently developed tree pattern graph kernel to accommodate stereoisomers. We show that Support Vector Regression (SVR) with a chiral graph kernel is useful for target property prediction by demonstrating its application to a set of human vitamin D receptor ligands currently under consideration for their potential anti-cancer effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.B. BROWN
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - TAKASHI URATA
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - TAKEYUKI TAMURA
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - MIDORI A. ARAI
- Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - TAKEO KAWABATA
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - TATSUYA AKUTSU
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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38
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Huggins DJ, Tidor B. Systematic placement of structural water molecules for improved scoring of protein-ligand interactions. Protein Eng Des Sel 2011; 24:777-89. [PMID: 21771870 PMCID: PMC3170077 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural water molecules are found in many protein-ligand complexes. They are known to be vital in mediating hydrogen-bonding interactions and, in some cases, key for facilitating tight binding. It is thus very important to consider water molecules when attempting to model protein-ligand interactions for cognate ligand identification, virtual screening and drug design. While the rigid treatment of water molecules present in structures is feasible, the more relevant task of treating all possible positions and orientations of water molecules with each possible ligand pose is computationally daunting. Current methods in molecular docking provide partial treatment for such water molecules, with modest success. Here we describe a new method employing dead-end elimination to place water molecules within a binding site, bridging interactions between protein and ligand. Dead-end elimination permits a thorough, though still incomplete, treatment of water placement. The results show that this method is able to place water molecules correctly within known complexes and to create physically reasonable hydrogen bonds. The approach has also been incorporated within an inverse molecular design approach, to model a variety of compounds in the process of de novo ligand design. The inclusion of structural water molecules, combined with ranking based on the electrostatic contribution to binding affinity, improves a number of otherwise poor energetic predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Huggins
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
| | - Bruce Tidor
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139–4307, USA
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Cappel D, Wahlström R, Brenk R, Sotriffer CA. Probing the Dynamic Nature of Water Molecules and Their Influences on Ligand Binding in a Model Binding Site. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2581-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ci200052j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cappel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rickard Wahlström
- College of Life Sciences, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Brenk
- College of Life Sciences, Division of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph A. Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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40
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Søndergaard CR, Olsson MHM, Rostkowski M, Jensen JH. Improved Treatment of Ligands and Coupling Effects in Empirical Calculation and Rationalization of pKa Values. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:2284-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ct200133y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1072] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chresten R. Søndergaard
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Molecular Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mats H. M. Olsson
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Molecular Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michał Rostkowski
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Molecular Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan H. Jensen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Computational Molecular Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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41
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Carbonylation of functionalized diamine diols to cyclic ureas: application to derivatives of DMP 450. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Sivan SK, Manga V. Multiple receptor conformation docking and dock pose clustering as tool for CoMFA and CoMSIA analysis - a case study on HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Mol Model 2011; 18:569-82. [PMID: 21547550 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple receptors conformation docking (MRCD) and clustering of dock poses allows seamless incorporation of receptor binding conformation of the molecules on wide range of ligands with varied structural scaffold. The accuracy of the approach was tested on a set of 120 cyclic urea molecules having HIV-1 protease inhibitory activity using 12 high resolution X-ray crystal structures and one NMR resolved conformation of HIV-1 protease extracted from protein data bank. A cross validation was performed on 25 non-cyclic urea HIV-1 protease inhibitor having varied structures. The comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) models were generated using 60 molecules in the training set by applying leave one out cross validation method, r (loo) (2) values of 0.598 and 0.674 for CoMFA and CoMSIA respectively and non-cross validated regression coefficient r(2) values of 0.983 and 0.985 were obtained for CoMFA and CoMSIA respectively. The predictive ability of these models was determined using a test set of 60 cyclic urea molecules that gave predictive correlation (r (pred) (2) ) of 0.684 and 0.64 respectively for CoMFA and CoMSIA indicating good internal predictive ability. Based on this information 25 non-cyclic urea molecules were taken as a test set to check the external predictive ability of these models. This gave remarkable out come with r (pred) (2) of 0.61 and 0.53 for CoMFA and CoMSIA respectively. The results invariably show that this method is useful for performing 3D QSAR analysis on molecules having different structural motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Kanth Sivan
- Department of Chemistry, Nizam College, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500001, India
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43
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Meanwell NA. Synopsis of Some Recent Tactical Application of Bioisosteres in Drug Design. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2529-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jm1013693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1876] [Impact Index Per Article: 144.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, United States
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44
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Chen W, Gilson MK, Webb SP, Potter MJ. Modeling Protein-Ligand Binding by Mining Minima. J Chem Theory Comput 2010; 6:3540-3557. [PMID: 22639555 DOI: 10.1021/ct100245n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We present the first application of the mining minima algorithm to protein-small molecule binding. This end-point approach use an empirical force field and implicit solvent models, treats the protein binding-site as fully flexible and estimates free energies as sums over local energy wells. The calculations are found to yield encouraging agreement with experiment for three sets of HIV-1protease inhibitors and a set of phosphodiesterase 10a inhibitors. The contributions of various aspects of the model to its accuracy are examined, and the Poisson-Boltzmann correction is found to be the most critical. Interestingly, the computed changes in configurational entropy upon binding fall roughly along the same entropy-energy correlation previously observed for smaller host-guest systems. Strengths and weaknesses of the method are discussed, as are the prospects for enhancing accuracy and speed.
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45
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Garrec J, Cascella M, Rothlisberger U, Fleurat-Lessard P. Low Inhibiting Power of N···CO Based Peptidomimetic Compounds against HIV-1 Protease: Insights from a QM/MM Study. J Chem Theory Comput 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ct9004728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Garrec
- Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie − UMR 5182, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michele Cascella
- Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie − UMR 5182, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie − UMR 5182, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Fleurat-Lessard
- Université de Lyon, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Chimie − UMR 5182, 46 allée d’Italie, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland, and Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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46
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Ishima R, Gong Q, Tie Y, Weber IT, Louis JM. Highly conserved glycine 86 and arginine 87 residues contribute differently to the structure and activity of the mature HIV-1 protease. Proteins 2010; 78:1015-25. [PMID: 19899162 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The structural and functional role of conserved residue G86 in HIV-1 protease (PR) was investigated by NMR and crystallographic analyses of substitution mutations of glycine to alanine and serine (PR(G86A) and PR(G86S)). While PR(G86S) had undetectable catalytic activity, PR(G86A) exhibited approximately 6000-fold lower catalytic activity than PR. (1)H-(15)N NMR correlation spectra revealed that PR(G86A) and PR(G86S) are dimeric, exhibiting dimer dissociation constants (K(d)) of approximately 0.5 and approximately 3.2 muM, respectively, which are significantly lower than that seen for PR with R87K mutation (K(d) > 1 mM). Thus, the G86 mutants, despite being partially dimeric under the assay conditions, are defective in catalyzing substrate hydrolysis. NMR spectra revealed no changes in the chemical shifts even in the presence of excess substrate, indicating very poor binding of the substrate. Both NMR chemical shift data and crystal structures of PR(G86A) and PR(G86S) in the presence of active-site inhibitors indicated high structural similarity to previously described PR/inhibitor complexes, except for specific perturbations within the active site loop and around the mutation site. The crystal structures in the presence of the inhibitor showed that the region around residue 86 was connected to the active site by a conserved network of hydrogen bonds, and the two regions moved further apart in the mutants. Overall, in contrast to the role of R87 in contributing significantly to the dimer stability of PR, G86 is likely to play an important role in maintaining the correct geometry of the active site loop in the PR dimer for substrate binding and hydrolysis. Proteins 2010. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Ishima
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
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47
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Louis JM, Ishima R, Aniana A, Sayer JM. Revealing the dimer dissociation and existence of a folded monomer of the mature HIV-2 protease. Protein Sci 2010; 18:2442-53. [PMID: 19798742 DOI: 10.1002/pro.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Purification and in vitro protein-folding schemes were developed to produce monodisperse samples of the mature wild-type HIV-2 protease (PR2), enabling a comprehensive set of biochemical and biophysical studies to assess the dissociation of the dimeric protease. An E37K substitution in PR2 significantly retards autoproteolytic cleavage during expression. Furthermore, it permits convenient measurement of the dimer dissociation of PR2(E37K) (elevated K(d) approximately 20 nM) by enzyme kinetics. Differential scanning calorimetry reveals a T(m) of 60.5 for PR2 as compared with 65.7 degrees C for HIV-1 protease (PR1). Consistent with weaker binding of the clinical inhibitor darunavir (DRV) to PR2, the T(m) of PR2 increases by 14.8 degrees C in the presence of DRV as compared with 22.4 degrees C for PR1. Dimer interface mutations, such as a T26A substitution in the active site (PR2(T26A)) or a deletion of the C-terminal residues 96-99 (PR2(1-95)), drastically increase the K(d) (>10(5)-fold). PR2(T26A) and PR2(1-95) consist predominantly of folded monomers, as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle light scattering and refractive index measurements (SMR), whereas wild-type PR2 and its active-site mutant PR2(D25N) are folded dimers. Addition of twofold excess active-site inhibitor promotes dimerization of PR2(T26A) but not of PR2(1-95), indicating that subunit interactions involving the C-terminal residues are crucial for dimer formation. Use of SMR and NMR with PR2 facilitates probing for potential inhibitors that restrict protein folding and/or dimerization and, thus, may provide insights for the future design of inhibitors to circumvent drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Louis
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, USA.
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48
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Molecular docking and 3D-QSAR studies of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Mol Model 2010; 16:1251-68. [PMID: 20069323 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-009-0636-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease is an obligatory enzyme in the replication process of the HIV virus. The abundance of structural information on HIV-1PR has made the enzyme an attractive target for computer-aided drug design strategies. The daunting ability of the virus to rapidly generate resistant mutants suggests that there is an ongoing need for new HIV-1PR inhibitors with better efficacy profiles and reduced toxicity. In the present investigation, molecular modeling studies were performed on a series of 54 cyclic urea analogs with symmetric P2/P2' substituents. The binding modes of these inhibitors were determined by docking. The docking results also provided a reliable conformational superimposition scheme for the 3D-QSAR studies. To gain insight into the steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrogen-bonding properties of these molecules and their influence on the inhibitory activity, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) were performed. Two different alignment schemes viz. receptor-based and atom-fit alignment, were used in this study to build the QSAR models. The derived 3D-QSAR models were found to be robust with statistically significant r(2) and r(2)(pred) values and have led to the identification of regions important for steric, hydrophobic and electronic interactions. The predictive ability of the models was assessed on a set of molecules that were not included in the training set. Superimposition of the 3D-contour maps generated from these models onto the active site of enzyme provided additional insight into the structural requirements of these inhibitors. The CoMFA and CoMSIA models were used to design some new inhibitors with improved binding affinity. Pharmacokinetic and toxicity predictions were also carried out for these molecules to gauge their ADME and safety profile. The computational results may open up new avenues for synthesis of potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors.
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49
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Current and Novel Inhibitors of HIV Protease. Viruses 2009; 1:1209-39. [PMID: 21994591 PMCID: PMC3185513 DOI: 10.3390/v1031209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The design, development and clinical success of HIV protease inhibitors represent one of the most remarkable achievements of molecular medicine. This review describes all nine currently available FDA-approved protease inhibitors, discusses their pharmacokinetic properties, off-target activities, side-effects, and resistance profiles. The compounds in the various stages of clinical development are also introduced, as well as alternative approaches, aiming at other functional domains of HIV PR. The potential of these novel compounds to open new way to the rational drug design of human viruses is critically assessed.
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50
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Shi SH, Chen JZ, Hu GD, Yi CH, Zhang SL, Zhang QG. Molecular insight into the interaction mechanisms of inhibitors BEC and BEG with HIV-1 protease by using MM-PBSA method and molecular dynamics simulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2009.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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