1
|
Akai S, Hori S, Ishida S, Itoh G, Sugiyama K, Yuki C, Egi M, Yahata K, Ikawa T. Synthetic Studies on the Viridin Skeleton through Regio- and Stereoselective Functionalization of the AE-Ring Moiety. Synlett 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1527-3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisobenzofurans, corresponding to the AC(D)E ring structure of viridin and equipped with required substituents on the A-ring, were synthesized with high regio- and stereoselectivities via the Diels–Alder adduct of a furan derivative and maleic anhydride. The key steps of this work include the regioselective opening of a tetrahydrofuran ring, a stereoselective epoxidation, and an AlMe3-mediated regioselective epoxide opening followed by stereoselective C-methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Akai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Shuhei Hori
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Sho Ishida
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Go Itoh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Koji Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Chiharu Yuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Masahiro Egi
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kenzo Yahata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Takashi Ikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xue D, He H, Gao S. Strategies for the Total Synthesis of the Furanosteroids: wortmannin and viridin. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Xue
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Haibing He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| | - Shuanhu Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, East China Normal University, 3663N Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Senapati BK. Recent progress in the synthesis of the furanosteroid family of natural products. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01454k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on an overview of recent advances in the synthesis of furanosteroids and illustrates their applications in medicinal chemistry over the period of 2005–present.
Collapse
|
4
|
Biosynthetic pathway for furanosteroid demethoxyviridin and identification of an unusual pregnane side-chain cleavage. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1838. [PMID: 29743477 PMCID: PMC5943271 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Furanosteroids, represented by wortmannin, viridin, and demethoxyviridin, are a special group of fungal-derived, highly oxygenated steroids featured by an extra furan ring. They are well-known nanomolar-potency inhibitors of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and widely used in biological studies. Despite their importance, the biosyntheses of these molecules are poorly understood. Here, we report the identification of the biosynthetic gene cluster for demethoxyviridin, consisting of 19 genes, and among them 15 biosynthetic genes, including six cytochrome P450 monooxygenase genes, are deleted. As a result, 14 biosynthetic intermediates are isolated, and the biosynthetic pathway for demethoxyviridin is elucidated. Notably, the pregnane side-chain cleavage requires three enzymes: flavin-dependent Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, esterase, and dehydrogenase, in sharp contrast to the single cytochrome P450-mediated process in mammalian cells. Structure–activity analyses of these obtained biosynthetic intermediates reveal that the 3-keto group, the C1β–OH, and the aromatic ring C are important for the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Demethoxyviridin is a fungal steroid that inhibits a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, an enzyme contributing to tumor progression. Here, the authors elucidate the biosynthetic route that leads to the formation of demethoxyviridin in fungi.
Collapse
|
5
|
Del Bel M, Abela AR, Ng JD, Guerrero CA. Enantioselective Chemical Syntheses of the Furanosteroids (−)-Viridin and (−)-Viridiol. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6819-6822. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Del Bel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Alexander R. Abela
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Ng
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Carlos A. Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman
Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo Y, Quan T, Lu Y, Luo T. Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Wortmannin. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:6815-6818. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinliang Guo
- Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry
of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianfei Quan
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yandong Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry
of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tuoping Luo
- Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Ministry
of Education and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science,
College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking-Tsinghua
Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Onyango EO, Jacobi PA. Synthetic Studies on Furanosteroids: Construction of the Viridin Core Structure via Diels–Alder/retro-Diels–Alder and Vinylogous Mukaiyama Aldol-Type Reaction. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7411-27. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301232w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evans O. Onyango
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United
States
| | - Peter A. Jacobi
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Isosaki M, Nakayama H, Kyotani Y, Zhao J, Tomita S, Satoh H, Yoshizumi M. Prevention of the wortmannin-induced inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase by sulfhydryl reducing agents. Pharmacol Rep 2011; 63:733-9. [PMID: 21857084 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(11)70585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of the sulfhydryl reducing agents 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol on wortmannin-induced inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) were studied in order to examine whether the sulfhydryl reducing agents directly affect the wortmannin inhibition of PI3K. These reducing agents are commonly used to stabilize enzyme structures by maintaining protein sulfhydryl groups in the reduced state. Preincubation of wortmannin with millimolar levels of 2-mercaptoethanol, a sulfhydryl derivative of ethanol, markedly prevented subsequent wortmannin-induced inhibition of PI3K. In contrast, ethanol, 2-mercaptoethanol lacking sulfhydryl group, and 2-(methylthio)ethanol, a methyl derivative of the sulfhydryl group of 2-mercaptoethanol, had little effect on the wortmannin-induced inhibition of PI3K, which suggests that the prevention of wortmannin-induced inhibition by 2-mercaptoethanol occurs through the sulfhydryl group of this agent. Moreover, dithiothreitol, a second sulfhydryl reducing agent, also markedly prevented wortmannin-induced inhibition of PI3K. These results indicate that the wortmannin-induced inhibition of PI3K is markedly prevented by millimolar concentrations of sulfhydryl reducing agents such as 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol in the medium, presumably by the binding of wortmannin to the agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Isosaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara 634 8521, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Smith A, Blois J, Yuan H, Aikawa E, Ellson C, Figueiredo JL, Weissleder R, Kohler R, Yaffe MB, Cantley LC, Josephson L. The antiproliferative cytostatic effects of a self-activating viridin prodrug. Mol Cancer Ther 2009; 8:1666-75. [PMID: 19509266 PMCID: PMC2740925 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-1012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although viridins like wortmannin (Wm) have long been examined as anticancer agents, their ability to self-activate has only recently been recognized. Here, we describe the cytostatic effects of a self-activating viridin (SAV), which is an inactive, polymeric prodrug. SAV self-activates to generate a bioactive, fluorescent viridin NBD-Wm with a half-time of 9.2 hours. With cultured A549 cells, 10 micromol/L SAV caused growth arrest without inducing apoptosis or cell death, a cytostatic action markedly different from other chemotherapeutic agents (vinblastine, camptothecin, and paclitaxel). In vivo, a SAV dosing of 1 mg/kg once in 48 hours (i.p.) resulted in growth arrest of an A549 tumor xenograft, with growth resuming when dosing ceased. With a peak serum concentration of SAV of 2.36 micromol/L (at 2 hours post i.p. injection), the concentration of bioactive NBD-Wm was 41 nmol/L based on the partial inhibition of neutrophil respiratory burst. Therefore, SAV was present as an inactive prodrug in serum (peak = 2.36 micromol/L), which generated low concentrations of active viridin (41 nmol/L). SAV is a prodrug, the slow release and cytostatic activities of which suggest that it might be useful as a component of metronomic-based chemotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Smith
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Blois
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Christian Ellson
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jose-Luiz Figueiredo
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rainer Kohler
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Michael B. Yaffe
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School and Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lee Josephson
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yuan H, Pupo MT, Blois J, Smith A, Weissleder R, Clardy J, Josephson L. A stabilized demethoxyviridin derivative inhibits PI3 kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4223-7. [PMID: 19523825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.05.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The viridins like demethoxyviridin (Dmv) and wortmannin (Wm) are nanomolar inhibitors of the PI3 kinases, a family of enzymes that play key roles in a host of regulatory processes. Central to the use of these compounds to investigate the role of PI3 kinase in biological systems, or as scaffolds for drug development, are the interrelated issues of stability, chemical reactivity, and bioactivity as inhibitors of PI3 kinase. We found that Dmv was an even more potent inhibitor of PI3 kinase than Wm. However, Dmv was notably less stable than Wm in PBS, with a half-life of 26min versus Wm's half-life of 3470min. Dmv, like Wm, disappeared in culture media with a half-life of less than 1min. To overcome Dmv's instability, it was esterified at the C1 position, and then reacted with glycine at the C20 position. The resulting Dmv derivative, termed SA-DmvC20-Gly had a half-life of 218min in PBS and 64min in culture media. SA-DmvC20-Gly underwent an exchange reaction at the C20 position with N-acetyl lysine in a manner similar to a WmC20 derivative, WmC20-Proline. SA-DmvC20-Gly inhibited PI3 kinase with an IC(50) of 44nM, compared to Wm's IC(50) of 12nM. These results indicate that the stability of Dmv can be manipulated by reactions at the C1 and C20 positions, while substantially maintaining its ability to inhibit PI3 kinase. Our results indicate it may be possible to obtain stabilized Dmv derivatives for use as PI3 kinase inhibitors in biological systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Blois J, Yuan H, Smith A, Pacold ME, Weissleder R, Cantley LC, Josephson L. Slow self-activation enhances the potency of viridin prodrugs. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4699-707. [PMID: 18630894 DOI: 10.1021/jm800374f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
When the viridin wortmannin (Wm) is modified by reaction with certain nucleophiles at the C20 position, the compounds obtained exhibit an improved antiproliferative activity even though a covalent reaction between C20 and a lysine in the active site of PI3 kinase is essential to Wm's ability to inhibit this enzyme. Here we show that this improved potency results from an intramolecular attack by the C6 hydroxyl group that slowly converts these inactive prodrugs to the active species Wm over the 48 h duration of the antiproliferative assay. Our results provide a guide for selecting Wm-like compounds to maximize kinase inhibition with the variety of protocols used to assess the role of PI3 kinase in biological systems, or for achieving optimal therapeutic effects in vivo . In addition, the slow self-activation of WmC20 derivatives provides a mechanism that can be exploited to obtain kinase inhibitors endowed with physical and pharmacokinetic properties far different from man-made kinase inhibitors because they do not bind to kinase active sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Blois
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Barnes KR, Blois J, Smith A, Yuan H, Reynolds F, Weissleder R, Cantley LC, Josephson L. Fate of a bioactive fluorescent wortmannin derivative in cells. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 19:130-7. [PMID: 17988080 DOI: 10.1021/bc7002204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report on NBD-Wm, a fluorescent wortmannin (Wm) probe that maintains the bioactivity of Wm as an inhibitor of PI3 kinase and as an antiproliferative agent. The attachment of the NBD fluorochrome permits NBD-Wm in cells to be monitored by NBD fluorescence-based methods such as FACS or fluorescence microscopy or with an anti-NBD antibody. The fluorescence of NBD-Wm treated cells reached a peak at 1.5 h and then decreased because of the extrusion of a fluorescent compound into the culture media. Cells accumulated NBD-Wm to levels about 30-fold higher than those in the media. NBD-Wm modified five major proteins, with the modification of the catalytic subunit of PI3 kinase being a minor band. The bioactivity of NBD-Wm, coupled with a variety of techniques available for determining its disposition, suggest that NBD-Wm can be a useful tool in understanding the mechanism of action of viridins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Barnes
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149, 13th Street, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Palanki MSS, Dneprovskaia E, Doukas J, Fine RM, Hood J, Kang X, Lohse D, Martin M, Noronha G, Soll RM, Wrasidlo W, Yee S, Zhu H. Discovery of 3,3'-(2,4-diaminopteridine-6,7-diyl)diphenol as an isozyme-selective inhibitor of PI3K for the treatment of ischemia reperfusion injury associated with myocardial infarction. J Med Chem 2007; 50:4279-94. [PMID: 17685602 DOI: 10.1021/jm051056c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In studies aimed toward identifying effective and safe inhibitors of kinase signaling cascades that underlie ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, we synthesized a series of pteridines and pyridopyrazines. The design strategy was inspired by the examination of naturally occurring PI3K inhibitors such as wortmannin and quercetin, and building a pharmacophore-based model used for optimization. Structural modifications led to hybrid molecules which incorporated aminopyrimidine and aminopyridine moieties with ATP mimetic characteristics into the pharmacophore motifs to modulate kinase affinity and selectivity. Elaborations involving substitutions of the 2 and 4 positions of the pyrimidine or pyridine ring and the 6 and 7 positions of the central pyrazine ring resulted in in vivo activity profiles which identified potent inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced vascular leakage. Pathway analysis identified a diaminopteridine-diphenol as a potent and selective phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. The structure-activity relationship studies of various analogues of diaminopteridine-diphenol-based on biochemical assays resulted in potent inhibitors of PI3K.
Collapse
|
15
|
Yuan H, Barnes KR, Weissleder R, Cantley L, Josephson L. Covalent reactions of wortmannin under physiological conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:321-8. [PMID: 17379147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Wortmannin (Wm), a steroid-like molecule of 428.4 Da, appears to be unstable in biological fluids (apparent chemical instability), yet it exhibits an antiproliferative activity in assays employing a 48 hr incubation period (prolonged bioactivity), a situation we refer to as the "wortmannin paradox." Under physiological conditions, Wm covalently reacts with nucleophiles such as the side chains of cysteine, N-methyl hexanoic acid, lysine, or proline at the C20 position on the furan ring. Like Wm, WmC20 amino acid derivatives had significant antiproliferative activities. Three Wm derivatives, WmC20-proline, WmC20-cysteine, and a WmC20-N-methyl hexanoic acid, generated Wm that then reacted with lysine in an exchange-type reaction. This unusual, reversible, covalent reaction of Wm with nucleophiles under physiological conditions provides an explanation for the wortmannin paradox.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhu T, Gu J, Yu K, Lucas J, Cai P, Tsao R, Gong Y, Li F, Chaudhary I, Desai P, Ruppen M, Fawzi M, Gibbons J, Ayral-Kaloustian S, Skotnicki J, Mansour T, Zask A. Pegylated wortmannin and 17-hydroxywortmannin conjugates as phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors active in human tumor xenograft models. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1373-8. [PMID: 16480272 DOI: 10.1021/jm050901o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is an important target for cancer chemotherapy due to the deregulation of its signaling pathway in a wide spectrum of human tumors. Wortmannin and its analogues are potent PI3K inhibitors whose therapeutic use has been impeded by inherent defects such as instability and toxicity. Pegylation of wortmannin and 17-hydroxywortmannin gives rise to conjugates with improved properties, including a higher therapeutic index. Pegylated 17-hydroxywortmannin (8, PWT-458) has been selected for further development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianmin Zhu
- Preclinical Development, Wyeth Research, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yuan H, Luo J, Weissleder R, Cantley L, Josephson L. Wortmannin-C20 conjugates generate wortmannin. J Med Chem 2006; 49:740-7. [PMID: 16420059 DOI: 10.1021/jm050699p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on C20-6-(N-methylamino)hexanoic conjugates of wortmannin featuring a tertiary enamine attached to the C20 that inhibit phosphoinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) by producing wortmannin (Wm) through an intramolecular attack. The generation of Wm by these conjugates permits the design of Wm based PI3K inhibitors that need not fit into the ATP pocket of PI3K, including Wm conjugates of BSA, IgG, or beads. Wm generating WmC20-N(Me)-hexanoate conjugates offer an approach to the design of targeted or slow release forms of Wm which may inhibit PI3K in tissues more selectively than the parent Wm, a compound which has desirable anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative activities but which also has a variety of toxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Giner JL, Kehbein KA, Cook JA, Smith MC, Vlahos CJ, Badwey JA. Synthesis of fluorescent derivatives of wortmannin and demethoxyviridin as probes for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:2518-21. [PMID: 16464575 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent analogs were synthesized of the potent PI 3-kinase inhibitors, wortmannin and demethoxyviridin. The esterification of 11-deacetylwortmannin, 17-hydroxywortmannin, and demethoxyviridin with the fluorescent carboxylic acids NBD-sarcosine and 7-dimethylaminocoumarin-4-acetic acid generated six novel fluorescent esters. Potent inhibition of PI 3-kinase-alpha was observed for the derivatives of 11-desacetylwortmannin and demethoxyviridin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José-Luis Giner
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yee MC, Fas SC, Stohlmeyer MM, Wandless TJ, Cimprich KA. A Cell-permeable, Activity-based Probe for Protein and Lipid Kinases. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:29053-9. [PMID: 15975929 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504730200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein and lipid kinases are two important classes of biomedically relevant enzymes. The expression and activity of many kinases are known to be dysregulated in a variety of diseases, and proteomic tools that can assess the presence and activity of these enzymes are likely to be useful for their evaluation. Because many of the mechanisms by which protein kinases can become unregulated involve post-translational modifications or changes in protein localization, they can only be detected by examining protein activity, sometimes within the context of the living cell. Wortmannin is a steroid-derived fungal metabolite that covalently inhibits both protein and lipid kinases. Here we describe the synthesis of three wortmannin derivatives, biotin-wortmannin, BODIPY-wortmannin, and tetramethylrhodamine-wortmannin. We demonstrate that these reagents exhibit reactivity similarly as wortmannin and react with members of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and PI3-kinase related kinase families in cellular lysates. Moreover, in some cases these reagents can differentiate between the active and inactive forms of the enzyme, indicating that they are activity-based probes. The reagents also exhibit complementary properties. The biotin-wortmannin reagent is effective in the isolation of labeled proteins; all three can be used for protein labeling, and BODIPY-wortmannin is cell-permeable and can be used to label proteins within cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muh-Ching Yee
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5441, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yuan H, Luo J, Field S, Weissleder R, Cantley L, Josephson L. Synthesis and Activity of C11-Modified Wortmannin Probes for PI3 Kinase. Bioconjug Chem 2005; 16:669-75. [PMID: 15898736 DOI: 10.1021/bc049714f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The key role played by PI3 kinase in cancer, hormone action, and a host of other biological functions suggests that specific inhibitors whose disposition could be ascertained in vivo would be useful in biological research or, potentially, for imaging PI3K in a clinical setting. Wortmannin (Wm, 1) is an inhibitor of PI3 kinase with high specificity for this enzyme. We synthesized three modified Wm probes, a biotinylated Wm (7a), a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenylated Wm, which was obtained both unlabeled (7b) and labeled with (125)I (8), and a fluoresceinated Wm (7c), through modification at C-11, and evaluated their inhibitive activity as inhibitors of PI3 kinase. Biotinylated (7a) and 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenylated Wm's (7b) had IC(50)s for PI3K of 6.11 and 11.02 nM, respectively, compared to an IC(50) for Wm of 1.63 nM. Fluoresceinated Wm (7c) lost considerably more activity than the other derivatives, with an IC(50) of 64.9 nM. The (125)I labeled 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenylated Wm (8) could be detected after reaction with an immunoprecipitate of PI3 kinase. The activity of these reporter Wm's is discussed in relationship to earlier findings on the pharmacological activity of Wm derivatives and the ability of inhibitors to fit into the ATP pocket of PI3 kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hushan Yuan
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Recent synthetic and biological studies of the viridin class of steroidal furans have revealed multiple opportunities for fundamental discoveries as well as advanced drug design. Wortmannin is a potent enzyme inhibitor that binds to the ATP site of important regulatory kinases such as PI-3 kinase and Polo-like kinase. The natural product shares a unique mechanism-based biological activation pathway with other viridins. Furthermore, while there have been several encouraging approaches toward the total synthesis of these compounds, there is still ample room for improvements in synthetic strategies and tactics, and the development of structurally simplified analogs that exert more specific biological effects and are devoid of toxicity issues that have thwarted the clinical development of the parent compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Drees BE, Mills GB, Rommel C, Prestwich GD. Therapeutic potential of phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.5.703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
23
|
Liu Y, Shreder KR, Gai W, Corral S, Ferris DK, Rosenblum JS. Wortmannin, a widely used phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor, also potently inhibits mammalian polo-like kinase. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2005; 12:99-107. [PMID: 15664519 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 10/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/05/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polo-like kinases (PLKs) play critical roles throughout mitosis. Here, we report that wortmannin, which was previously thought to be a highly selective inhibitor of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinases, is a potent inhibitor of mammalian PLK1. Observation of the wortmannin-PLK1 interaction was enabled by a tetramethylrhodamine-wortmannin conjugate (AX7503) that permits rapid detection of PLK1 activity and expression in complex proteomes. Importantly, we show that wortmannin inhibits PLK1 activity in an in vitro kinase assay with an IC(50) of 24 nM and when incubated with intact cells. Taken together, our results indicate that, at the concentrations of wortmannin commonly used to inhibit PI 3-kinases, PLK1 is also significantly inhibited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Liu
- ActivX Biosciences, Inc., 11025 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Boehr DD, Lane WS, Wright GD. Active site labeling of the gentamicin resistance enzyme AAC(6')-APH(2") by the lipid kinase inhibitor wortmannin. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2001; 8:791-800. [PMID: 11514228 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aminoglycoside antibiotic resistance is largely the result of the production of enzymes that covalently modify the drugs including kinases (APHs) with structural and functional similarity to protein and lipid kinases. One of the most important aminoglycoside resistance enzymes is AAC(6')-APH(2"), a bifunctional enzyme with both aminoglycoside acetyltransferase and kinase activities. Knowledge of enzyme active site structure is important in deciphering the molecular mechanism of antibiotic resistance and here we explored active site labeling techniques to study AAC(6')-APH(2") structure and function. RESULTS AAC(6')-APH(2") was irreversibly inactivated by wortmannin, a potent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, through the covalent modification of a conserved lysine in the ATP binding pocket. 5'-[p-(Fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl]adenosine, an electrophilic ATP analogue and known inactivator of other APH enzymes such as APH(3')-IIIa, did not inactivate AAC(6')-APH(2"), and reciprocally, wortmannin did not inactivate APH(3')-IIIa. CONCLUSIONS These distinct active site label sensitivities point to important differences in aminoglycoside kinase active site structures and suggest that design of broad range, ATP binding site-directed inhibitors against APHs will be difficult. Nonetheless, given the sensitivity of APH enzymes to both protein and lipid kinase inhibitors, potent lead inhibitors of this important resistance enzyme are likely to be found among the libraries of compounds directed against other pharmacologically important kinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D D Boehr
- Antimicrobial Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Varticovski L, Lu ZR, Mitchell K, de Aos I, Kopecek J. Water-soluble HPMA copolymer-wortmannin conjugate retains phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitory activity in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2001; 74:275-81. [PMID: 11489507 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-3659(01)00349-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide kinases and ATM-related genes play a central role in many physiological processes. Activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) is essential for signal transduction by many growth factors and oncogenes and may contribute to tumor progression. In the nanomolar range, Wortmannin (WM), a fungal metabolite, is a potent inhibitor of type I PI 3-kinase; it covalently modifies its catalytic subunit. Because WM is soluble only in organic solvents and unstable in water, there are difficulties in its use in vivo. To generate a water-soluble WM derivative, we used a conjugate of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymer and 11-O-desacetylwortmannin (DAWM), which has a slightly lower inhibitory activity than WM. We covalently attached DAWM to HPMA copolymer containing oligopeptide (GFLG) side-chains. The final product had an estimated molecular mass of 20 kDa and contained 2 wt.% of DAWM. The HPMA copolymer (PHPMA)-DAWM conjugate inhibited type I PI 3-kinase activity in vitro and growth factor-stimulated activation of Akt in vivo; it possessed approximately 50% of the inhibitory activity of DMSO solubilized WM. The specificity and stability of the PHPMA-DAWM conjugate is currently under investigation. The new water-soluble form of WM may be useful in investigations of the role of PI 3-kinase in tumor progression and other cellular biological functions in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Varticovski
- Department of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, TUSM, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Walker EH, Pacold ME, Perisic O, Stephens L, Hawkins PT, Wymann MP, Williams RL. Structural determinants of phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition by wortmannin, LY294002, quercetin, myricetin, and staurosporine. Mol Cell 2000; 6:909-19. [PMID: 11090628 DOI: 10.1016/s1097-2765(05)00089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 884] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The specific phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 have been invaluable tools for elucidating the roles of these enzymes in signal transduction pathways. The X-ray crystallographic structures of PI3Kgamma bound to these lipid kinase inhibitors and to the broad-spectrum protein kinase inhibitors quercetin, myricetin, and staurosporine reveal how these compounds fit into the ATP binding pocket. With a nanomolar IC50, wortmannin most closely fits and fills the active site and induces a conformational change in the catalytic domain. Surprisingly, LY294002 and the lead compound on which it was designed, quercetin, as well as the closely related flavonoid myricetin bind PI3K in remarkably different orientations that are related to each other by 180 degrees rotations. Staurosporine/PI3K interactions are reminiscent of low-affinity protein kinase/staurosporine complexes. These results provide a rich basis for development of isoform-specific PI3K inhibitors with therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E H Walker
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, MRC Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|