1
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Al Noman MA, Cuellar RAD, Kyzer JL, Chung SSW, Cheryala N, Holth TAD, Maitra S, Naqvi T, Wong HL, Schönbrunn E, Hawkinson JE, Wolgemuth DJ, Georg GI. Strategies for developing retinoic acid receptor alpha-selective antagonists as novel agents for male contraception. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115821. [PMID: 37776573 PMCID: PMC10841505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Reported here are the synthesis and in vitro evaluation of a series of 26 retinoic acid analogs based on dihydronaphthalene and chromene scaffolds using a transactivation assay. Chromene amide analog 21 was the most potent and selective retinoic acid receptor α antagonist identified from this series. In vitro evaluation indicated that 21 has favorable physicochemical properties and a favorable pharmacokinetic PK profile in vivo with significant oral bioavailability, metabolic stability, and testes exposure. Compound 21 was evaluated for its effects on spermatogenesis and disruption of fertility in a mouse model. Oral administration of compound 21 at low doses showed reproducibly characteristic albeit modest effects on spermatogenesis, but no effects on fertility were observed in mating studies. The inhibition of spermatogenesis could not be enhanced by raising the dose and lengthening the duration of dosing. Thus, 21 may not be a good candidate to pursue further for effects on male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdullah Al Noman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Rebecca A D Cuellar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Jillian L Kyzer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | | | - Narsihmulu Cheryala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Trinh A D Holth
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Soma Maitra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Tahmina Naqvi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Henry L Wong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Department of Drug Discovery, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Jon E Hawkinson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA
| | - Debra J Wolgemuth
- Department of Genetics and Development, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, USA; The Institute of Human Nutrition, USA; The Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150 St. Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Gunda I Georg
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55414, USA.
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2
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Abstract
This chapter has been conceived as an introductory text to aid in the understanding of the key design strategies for the development of synthetic analogs of endogenous retinoids as ligands for the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). The structure and binding characteristics of the endogenous retinoids are first explained to put the main chemical design challenges in context. Existing biochemical and structural data is then used to describe the guiding principles used to develop agonists and antagonists of the RARs and RXRs. In light of the increasing proliferation of biophysical methods that employ fluorescence measurements or molecular tags, we also examine the application of retinoids as probes and the chemical principles required to develop these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
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3
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Haffez H, Chisholm DR, Valentine R, Pohl E, Redfern C, Whiting A. The molecular basis of the interactions between synthetic retinoic acid analogues and the retinoic acid receptors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:578-592. [PMID: 30108774 PMCID: PMC6072416 DOI: 10.1039/c6md00680a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and its synthetic analogues EC23 and EC19 direct cellular differentiation by interacting as ligands for the retinoic acid receptor (RARα, β and γ) family of nuclear receptor proteins. To date, a number of crystal structures of natural and synthetic ligands complexed to their target proteins have been solved, providing molecular level snap-shots of ligand binding. However, a deeper understanding of receptor and ligand flexibility and conformational freedom is required to develop stable and effective ATRA analogues for clinical use. Therefore, we have used molecular modelling techniques to define RAR interactions with ATRA and two synthetic analogues, EC19 and EC23, and compared their predicted biochemical activities to experimental measurements of relative ligand affinity and recruitment of coactivator proteins. A comprehensive molecular docking approach that explored the conformational space of the ligands indicated that ATRA is able to bind the three RAR proteins in a number of conformations with one extended structure being favoured. In contrast the biologically-distinct isomer, 9-cis-retinoic acid (; 9CRA), showed significantly less conformational flexibility in the RAR binding pockets. These findings were used to inform docking studies of the synthetic retinoids EC23 and EC19, and their respective methyl esters. EC23 was found to be an excellent mimic for ATRA, and occupied similar binding modes to ATRA in all three target RAR proteins. In comparison, EC19 exhibited an alternative binding mode which reduces the strength of key polar interactions in RARα/γ but is well-suited to the larger RARβ binding pocket. In contrast, docking of the corresponding esters revealed the loss of key polar interactions which may explain the much reduced biological activity. Our computational results were complemented using an in vitro binding assay based on FRET measurements, which showed that EC23 was a strongly binding, pan-agonist of the RARs, while EC19 exhibited specificity for RARβ, as predicted by the docking studies. These findings can account for the distinct behaviour of EC23 and EC19 in cellular differentiation assays, and additionally, the methods described herein can be further applied to the understanding of the molecular basis for the selectivity of different retinoids to RARα, β and γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Haffez
- Department of Chemistry Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
- Department of Biosciences & Biophysical Sciences , Institute Durham University , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research , Medical School , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE2 4HH , UK
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Pharmacy College , Helwan University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - David R Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
| | - Roy Valentine
- High Force Research Ltd. , Bowburn North Industrial Estate , Bowburn , Durham , DH6 5PF , UK
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Biosciences & Biophysical Sciences , Institute Durham University , South Road , Durham DH1 3LE , UK
| | - Christopher Redfern
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research , Medical School , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , NE2 4HH , UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry Durham University , South Road , Durham , DH1 3LE , UK .
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4
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Porté S, Xavier Ruiz F, Giménez J, Molist I, Alvarez S, Domínguez M, Alvarez R, de Lera AR, Parés X, Farrés J. Aldo-keto reductases in retinoid metabolism: search for substrate specificity and inhibitor selectivity. Chem Biol Interact 2012; 202:186-94. [PMID: 23220004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biological activity of natural retinoids requires the oxidation of retinol to retinoic acid (RA) and its binding to specific nuclear receptors in target tissues. The first step of this pathway, the reversible oxidoreduction of retinol to retinaldehyde, is essential to control RA levels. The enzymes of retinol oxidation are NAD-dependent dehydrogenases of the cytosolic medium-chain (MDR) and the membrane-bound short-chain (SDR) dehydrogenases/reductases. Retinaldehyde reduction can be performed by SDR and aldo-keto reductases (AKR), while its oxidation to RA is carried out by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH). In contrast to SDR, AKR and ALDH are cytosolic. A common property of these enzymes is that they only use free retinoid, but not retinoid bound to cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP). The relative contribution of each enzyme type in retinoid metabolism is discussed in terms of the different subcellular localization, topology of membrane-bound enzymes, kinetic constants, binding affinity of CRBP for retinol and retinaldehyde, and partition of retinoid pools between membranes and cytoplasm. The development of selective inhibitors for AKR enzymes 1B1 and 1B10, of clinical relevance in diabetes and cancer, granted the investigation of some structure-activity relationships. Kinetics with the 4-methyl derivatives of retinaldehyde isomers was performed to identify structural features for substrate specificity. Hydrophilic derivatives were better substrates than the more hydrophobic compounds. We also explored the inhibitory properties of some synthetic retinoids, known for binding to retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors (RXR). Consistent with its substrate specificity towards retinaldehyde, AKR1B10 was more effectively inhibited by synthetic retinoids than AKR1B1. A RARβ/γ agonist (UVI2008) inhibited AKR1B10 with the highest potency and selectivity, and docking simulations predicted that its carboxyl group binds to the anion-binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Porté
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Barnard JH, Collings JC, Whiting A, Przyborski SA, Marder TB. Synthetic retinoids: structure-activity relationships. Chemistry 2010; 15:11430-42. [PMID: 19821467 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid signalling pathways are involved in numerous processes in cells, particularly those mediating differentiation and apoptosis. The endogenous ligands that bind to the retinoid receptors, namely all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and 9-cis-retinoic acid, are prone to double-bond isomerisation and to oxidation by metabolic enzymes, which can have significant and deleterious effects on their activities and selectivities. Many of these problems can be overcome through the use of synthetic retinoids, which are often much more stable, as well as being more active. Modification of their molecular structures can result in retinoids that act as antagonists, rather than agonists, or exhibit a large degree of selectivity for particular retinoid-receptor isotypes. Several such selective retinoids are likely to be of value as pharmaceutical agents with reduced toxicities, particularly in cancer therapy, as reagents for controlling cell differentiation, and as tools for elucidating the precise roles that specific retinoid signalling pathways play within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Barnard
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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6
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Prus E, Chandraratna RAS, Fibach E. Retinoic Acid Receptor Antagonist Inhibits CD38 Antigen Expression on Human Hematopoietic CellsIn Vitro. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 45:1025-35. [PMID: 15291363 DOI: 10.1080/10428190310001645924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The CD34+ CD38- subset of human hematopoietic stem cells are crucial for long-term ex-vivo expansion; conditions that decreased this specific sub-population reduced the self-renewal capacity and shortened the duration of the proliferative phase of the culture. Retinoids, such as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), have been shown to induce CD38 expression. ATRA present in serum may be responsible for the high CD38 of cells grown in serum-containing medium. In the present study we analyzed the effects of AGN 194310, a retinoic acid receptor pan-antagonist, on CD38 expression of human hematopoietic cells. Normal cells (cord blood derived CD34+ cells) and abnormal cells (myeloid leukemic lines) were studied when grown in either serum-containing or serum-free media. The results showed that both serum and ATRA enhanced differentiation and, thereby, reduced the proportion of CD34+ CD38- cells and total CD34+ cell expansion. AGN reversed these effects of serum and ATRA: it delayed differentiation and increased CD34+ CD38- cells. These results suggest that physiological ATRA levels in serum may prevent efficient cell expansion. AGN, by neutralizing ATRA, improves cell expansion in serum-containing cultures, thus making AGN a useful agent for ex vivo expansion of stem cells and other specific sub-populations for research and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Prus
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Abbiati G, Casoni A, Canevari V, Nava D, Rossi E. TiCl4/t-BuNH2-Promoted Hydroamination/Annulation of δ-Keto-acetylenes: Synthesis of Novel Pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-2-carbaldehydes. Org Lett 2006; 8:4839-42. [PMID: 17020316 DOI: 10.1021/ol061872u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] An original TiCl(4)/t-BuNH(2)-mediated hydroamination/annulation domino reaction of delta-keto-acetylenes is described. The synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]indole-2-carbaldehydes, starting from 2-carbonyl-1-propargyl-1H-indoles runs under mild reaction conditions. A conceivable mechanism is also discussed. TiCl(4) has proved to be an effective multiactivity reagent: catalyst/Lewis acid/water scavenger. Some unpublished 2-carbonyl-1-propargyl-1H-indoles are prepared by means of Suzuki- and Negishi-type reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Abbiati
- Istituto di Chimica Organica "Alessandro Marchesini", Facoltà di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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8
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Tisserand S, Baati R, Nicolas M, Mioskowski C. Expedient Total Syntheses of Rhein and Diacerhein via Fries Rearrangement. J Org Chem 2004; 69:8982-3. [PMID: 15575790 DOI: 10.1021/jo049228l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Short and practical total syntheses of rhein (1) and diacerhein (2) have been achieved via a Fries rearrangement and bis-carbonylation strategy followed by cyclization in molten salt, starting from dibromoester 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Tisserand
- Université Louis Pasteur, Faculté de Pharmacie, UMR 7514, Laboratoire de Synthèse Bio-Organique, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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9
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Zusi FC, Lorenzi MV, Vivat-Hannah V. Selective retinoids and rexinoids in cancer therapy and chemoprevention. Drug Discov Today 2002; 7:1165-74. [PMID: 12547017 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(02)02526-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural and synthetic retinoids are effective inhibitors of tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. However, the toxicity of natural derivatives of vitamin A limits their therapeutic use. Recently, synthetic compounds selective for the different retinoid receptor isotypes have been generated that circumvent pan-retinoid toxicity. The tumor-suppressive activity of selective retinoid and/or rexinoid ligands has been established preclinically, and emerging clinical trials are supportive of the chemotherapeutic and chemopreventive potential of these compounds in multiple oncology indications, with reduced toxicity. Moreover, the combination of retinoids and/or rexinoids with chemotherapeutic agents for the synergistic modulation of specific pathways could also be of benefit in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Christopher Zusi
- Wallingford Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 03492-1996, USA
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10
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Kobayashi N, Kaku Y, Higurashi K, Yamauchi T, Ishibashi A, Okamoto Y. A library construction of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole compounds by using solid/solution-phase syntheses. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:1747-50. [PMID: 12067552 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00255-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Using solid- and solution-phase synthesis, a library of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole compounds was constructed. This is the first report that Stetter reaction was applied to the solid-phase synthesis for C-C bond formation. Some of 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole compounds showed the inhibitory activity of LPS-induced mouse B-lymphocyte proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Kobayashi
- Discovery Technology Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 1-3, Tokodai 5-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 300-2635, Japan.
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11
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Beard RL, Klein ES, Standeven AM, Escobar M, Chandraratna RA. Phenylcyclohexene and phenylcyclohexadiene substituted compounds having retinoid antagonist activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:765-8. [PMID: 11277515 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Retinoids are natural and synthetic analogues of the hormone retinoic acid. Systemic retinoid agonist therapy is usually associated with toxic side effects, such as mucocutaneous toxicity, which may be alleviated by the use of topical retinoid antagonists. We report the synthesis and biological activity of a new series of potent, RAR-specific antagonists substituted with phenylcyclohexene and phenylcyclohexadiene groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Beard
- Department of Chemistry, Retinoid Research, Allergan Incorporated, Irvine, CA 92623-9534, USA
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12
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Massaro GD, Massaro D, Chan WY, Clerch LB, Ghyselinck N, Chambon P, Chandraratna RA. Retinoic acid receptor-beta: an endogenous inhibitor of the perinatal formation of pulmonary alveoli. Physiol Genomics 2000; 4:51-7. [PMID: 11074013 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.2000.4.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary alveoli are formed, in part, by subdivision (septation) of the gas-exchange saccules of the immature lung. Septation is developmentally regulated, and failure to septate at the appropriate time is not followed by delayed spontaneous septation. We report retinoic acid receptor (RAR) beta knockout mice exhibit premature septation; in addition, they form alveoli twice as fast as wild-type mice during the period of septation but at the same rate as wild-type mice thereafter. Consistent with the perinatal effect of RARbeta knockout, RARbeta agonist treatment of newborn rats impairs septation. These results 1) identify RARbeta as the first recognized endogenous signaling that inhibits septation, 2) demonstrate premature onset of septation may be induced, and 3) show the molecular signaling regulating alveolus formation differs during and after the period of septation. Suppressing perinatal RARbeta signaling by RARbeta antagonists may offer a novel, nonsurgical, means of preventing, or remediating, failed septation in prematurely born children.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Massaro
- Lung Biology Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington District of Columbia 20007-2197, USA.
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13
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Yoshimura H, Kikuchi K, Hibi S, Tagami K, Satoh T, Yamauchi T, Ishibahi A, Tai K, Hida T, Tokuhara N, Nagai M. Discovery of novel and potent retinoic acid receptor alpha agonists: syntheses and evaluation of benzofuranyl-pyrrole and benzothiophenyl-pyrrole derivatives. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2929-37. [PMID: 10956201 DOI: 10.1021/jm000098s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the course of our studies on retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists, we have designed and synthesized a series of benzofuran and benzothiophene derivatives. Some of these compounds (1a,b,e,f,j) markedly inhibited LPS-induced B-lymphocyte proliferation and exerted RARalpha selectivity. One of them, 4-[5-(4,7-dimethylbenzofuran-2-yl)pyrrol-2-yl]benzoic acid (1b), when orally administered significantly inhibited mouse antibody production and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses from a dose of 0.1 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yoshimura
- Tsukuba Basic Research Laboratories for Drug Discovery, Eisai Company, Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
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14
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Kikuchi K, Hibi S, Yoshimura H, Tai K, Hida T, Tokuhara N, Yamauchi T, Nagai M. Novel retinoic acid receptor alpha agonists: syntheses and evaluation of pyrazole derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2000; 10:619-22. [PMID: 10762038 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)00066-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized a series of pyrazole derivatives as candidate retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists. One of them, 4-[5-(1, 5-diisopropyl-1H-3-pyrazolyl)-1H-2-pyrrolyl]benzoic acid (11b), which possesses a 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole moiety, showed selective transactivation activity for the RAR alpha receptor, and had highly potent cell-differentiating activity on HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kikuchi
- Tsukuba Basic Research Laboratories for Drug Discovery, Eisai Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan
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15
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Kikuchi K, Hibi S, Yoshimura H, Tokuhara N, Tai K, Hida T, Yamauchi T, Nagai M. Syntheses and structure-activity relationships of 5,6,7, 8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-quinoxaline derivatives with retinoic acid receptor alpha agonistic activity. J Med Chem 2000; 43:409-19. [PMID: 10669568 DOI: 10.1021/jm990063w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the course of our studies on retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists, we have designed and synthesized a series of quinoxaline derivatives. One of them, 4-[5-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8, 8-tetramethyl-2-quinoxalinyl)-1H-2-pyrrolyl]benzoic acid (3a), which possesses a 2,5-disubstituted pyrrole moiety, showed selectivity for the RARalpha receptor and exerted highly potent cell-differentiating activity on HL-60 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kikuchi
- Tsukuba Basic Research Laboratories for Drug Discovery, Eisai Co., Ltd., 1-3, Tokodai 5-chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan
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16
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Umemiya H, Fukasawa H, Ebisawa M, Eyrolles L, Kawachi E, Eisenmann G, Gronemeyer H, Hashimoto Y, Shudo K, Kagechika H. Regulation of retinoidal actions by diazepinylbenzoic acids. Retinoid synergists which activate the RXR-RAR heterodimers. J Med Chem 1997; 40:4222-34. [PMID: 9435893 DOI: 10.1021/jm9704309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In human HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells, diazepinylbenzoic acid derivatives can exhibit either antagonistic or synergistic effects on the differentiation-inducing activities of natural or synthetic retinoids, the activity depending largely on the nature of the substituents on the diazepine ring. Thus, a benzolog of the retinoid antagonist LE135 (6), 4-(13H-10,11,12,13-tetrahydro-10, 10,13,13,15-pentamethyldinaphtho[2,3-b][1,2-e]diazepin-7-yl) benzoic acid (LE540, 17), exhibits a 1 order of magnitude higher antagonistic potential than the parental LE135 (6). In contrast, 4-[5H-2,3-(2,5-dimethyl-2,5-hexano)-5-methyldibenzo[b,e] [1,4]diazepin-11-yl]-benzoic acid (HX600, 7), a structural isomer of the antagonistic LE135 (6), enhanced HL-60 cell differentiation induced by RAR agonists, such as Am80 (2). This synergistic effect was further increased for a thiazepine, HX630 (29), and an azepine derivative, HX640 (30); both synergized with Am80 (2) more potently than HX600 (7). Notably, the negative and positive effects of the azepine derivatives on retinoidal actions can be related to their RAR-antagonistic and RXR-agonistic properties, respectively, in the context of the RAR-RXR heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Umemiya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Beard RL, Teng M, Colon DF, Duong TT, Thacher SM, Arefieg T, Chandraratna RA. Synthesis and biological activity of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline and 3,4-(1H)-dihydroquinolin-2-one analogs of retinoic acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00435-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Standeven AM, Teng M, Chandraratna RA. Lack of involvement of retinoic acid receptor alpha in retinoid-induced skin irritation in hairless mice. Toxicol Lett 1997; 92:231-40. [PMID: 9334834 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(97)00065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that RAR gamma, the major retinoic acid receptor (RAR) subtype in skin, mediates retinoid-induced skin irritation. However, RAR alpha is also found in skin, and its role in retinoid-induced skin irritation has not been tested. In this study, RAR subtype-specific agonists and antagonists were used to test the possible contribution of RAR alpha to retinoid-induced skin irritation. Female hairless mice were treated topically on the dorsal skin for 5 days with various retinoids over a 2-log dose range, and cutaneous toxicity was scored by semiquantitative visual observations of skin flaking and abrasions daily up to 3 days post-treatment. Three RAR alpha-selective agonists were > or = 100-fold less potent as skin irritants than the structurally-related RAR pan-agonist, TTNPB. Skin irritation potency decreased in the following order: TTNPB > > Am580 > AGN 193835 > > 193836 and correlated with RAR beta and/or RAR gamma binding affinity rather than RAR alpha binding affinity. TTNPB-induced skin irritation was blocked in a dose-dependent fashion by co-treatment with the RAR pan-antagonist AGN 193109 but was not blocked by co-treatment with the RAR alpha-specific antagonist AGN 194301. In contrast, skin irritation induced by the RAR alpha-selective agonist AGN 193835 was almost completely blocked by co-treatment with AGN 193644, an RAR beta/gamma-selective antagonist. These data demonstrate that RAR alpha is not significantly involved in mediating retinoid-induced skin irritation in mice and suggest that RAR alpha-selective agonists may have reduced mucocutaneous side effects relative to other retinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Standeven
- Retinoid Research, Department of Biology, Allergan, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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