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Mallidi K, Gundla R, Makam P, Katari NK, Jonnalagadda SB. Dual active pyrimidine-based carbocyclic nucleoside derivatives: synthesis, and in silico and in vitro anti-diabetic and anti-microbial studies. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9559-9569. [PMID: 38516166 PMCID: PMC10955399 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00304g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by high blood glucose levels, impairing glucose production in the body. Its prevalence has steadily risen over the past decades, leading to compromised immunity and heightened susceptibility to microbial infections. Immune dysfunction associated with diabetes raises vulnerability, while neuropathy dulls sensation in the extremities, reducing injury awareness. Hence, the development of novel chemical compounds for anti-diabetic and anti-infective treatments is imperative to mitigate adverse effects. In this study, we designed and synthesized pyrimidine-based carbocyclic nucleoside derivatives with C-4 substitution to assess their potential in inhibiting α-glucosidase for managing diabetes mellitus (DM) and microbial infections. Compounds 8b and 10a displayed promising IC50 values against α-glucosidase (43.292 nmol and 48.638 nmol, respectively) and noteworthy docking energies (-9.4 kcal mol-1 and -10.3 kcal mol-1, respectively). Additionally, compounds 10a and 10b exhibited better antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, with the zone of inhibition values of 2.2 ± 0.25 mm and 1.4 ± 0.1 mm at a 100 μl concentration, respectively. Compound 10a also exhibited a modest zone of inhibition of 1.2 ± 0.15 mm against Escherichia coli at 100 μl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Mallidi
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad Telangana 502329 India
| | - Rambabu Gundla
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad Telangana 502329 India
| | - Parameshwar Makam
- Department of Chemistry, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University Arcadia Grant, P.O. Chandanwari, Premnagar Dehradun Uttarakhand 248007 India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department of Chemistry, GITAM School of Science, GITAM Deemed to be University Hyderabad Telangana 502329 India
- School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, WestvilleCampus, University of KwaZulu-Natal P Bag X 54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Sreekantha Babu Jonnalagadda
- School of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering & Science, WestvilleCampus, University of KwaZulu-Natal P Bag X 54001 Durban 4000 South Africa
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2
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Cheng Z, Yang T, Li C, Deng Y, Zhang F, Chen P, Lin Z, Ma S, Liu G. Site-Selective sp 2 C-H Cyanation of Allenes via Copper-Catalyzed Radical Relay. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:25995-26002. [PMID: 38011726 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Compared with the extensively reported hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) at sp3 C-H, abstraction of hydrogen atoms at the sp2 carbon is extremely rare. Here, we communicate the site-selective cyanation of the sp2 C-H bond of allenes using the strategy of copper-catalyzed radical relay. The reactions afford various allenyl nitriles directly from simple allenes with a broad substrate scope and a remarkable functional group compatibility under mild conditions. These reactions exhibit excellent site-selectivity toward sp2 C-H, which can be attributed to the unique pocket created by the Cu-bound nitrogen-centered radical. The favorable HAT on sp2 C-H is due to crucial hydrogen bonding between the fluoride bonded to the Cu(II) center and the hydrogen atom at the allylic position. These features enable the late-stage functionalization of druglike bioactive molecules containing an allene motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tilong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yunshun Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fangjia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Pinhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shengming Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guosheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and Shanghai Hongkong Joint Laboratory in Chemical Synthesis, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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3
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Munir R, Zahoor AF, Javed S, Parveen B, Mansha A, Irfan A, Khan SG, Irfan A, Kotwica-Mojzych K, Mojzych M. Simmons-Smith Cyclopropanation: A Multifaceted Synthetic Protocol toward the Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:5651. [PMID: 37570621 PMCID: PMC10420228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation is a widely used reaction in organic synthesis for stereospecific conversion of alkenes into cyclopropane. The utility of this reaction can be realized by the fact that the cyclopropane motif is a privileged synthetic intermediate and a core structural unit of many biologically active natural compounds such as terpenoids, alkaloids, nucleosides, amino acids, fatty acids, polyketides and drugs. The modified form of Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation involves the employment of Et2Zn and CH2I2 (Furukawa reagent) toward the total synthesis of a variety of structurally complex natural products that possess broad range of biological activities including anticancer, antimicrobial and antiviral activities. This review aims to provide an intriguing glimpse of the Furukawa-modified Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation, within the year range of 2005 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramsha Munir
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Ameer Fawad Zahoor
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Sadia Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan;
| | - Bushra Parveen
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Asim Mansha
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Samreen Gul Khan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Ali Irfan
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan; (R.M.); (B.P.); (A.M.); (S.G.K.); (A.I.)
| | - Katarzyna Kotwica-Mojzych
- Laboratory of Experimental Cytology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Mariusz Mojzych
- Department of Chemistry, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, 3-go Maja 54, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
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Ojeda-Porras AC, Roy V, Agrofoglio LA. Chemical Approaches to Carbocyclic Nucleosides. CHEM REC 2022; 22:e202100307. [PMID: 35119191 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside analogues are at the forefront of antiviral therapy for last decades. To circumvent some of their limitations, based on their metabolism, and in order to improve their anti-viral potency and selectivity, several families of nucleoside analogues have been described through structural modifications at the sugar and heterocycles. The replacement of the oxygen of the nucleoside by a methylene has led to the family of carbocyclic (or cyclopentane) nucleoside analogues. Various potent anti-HIV and anti-HBV drugs belong to this family. Main syntheses of carbocyclic analogues of nucleosides used Diels-Alder reactions (in racemic or asymmetric series), but also started from carbohydrates (ribose, glucose), as a source of optically active compounds, which then had to be transformed into carbacycles under various conditions. The growing interest in carbocyclic nucleosides has led several groups, including ours, to develop new analogues and to explore novel routes. This article will review some of the recent chemistry developed on selected five-membered ring carbocyclic nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Ojeda-Porras
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Vincent Roy
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Luigi A Agrofoglio
- ICOA, Univ. Orléans, CNRS UMR 7311, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, 45067, Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Chaudhary AP, Shukla AK, Kant P. Design, synthesis, antibacterial evaluation, molecular docking and computational study of 4-alkoxy/aryloxyphenyl cyclopropyl methane oxime derivatives. Comput Biol Chem 2021; 91:107434. [PMID: 33514494 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2021.107434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 4-alkoxy/aryloxyphenyl cyclopropyl methane oxime derivatives 2(a-k) were synthesized and fully characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and Mass spectrometry techniques. All the synthesized compounds 2(a-k) were assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity against a selected bacterial strain and the compound (2 h) and (2k) exerted excellent activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi strains. The potency of inhibitors and possible interaction mechanism of synthetic oxime (2k) with 1GQN enzyme on Salmonella typhi was explored by molecular docking method. Amongst the all synthesized compounds, the quantum chemical calculations were done for Cyclopropyl(4-(pyridin-3-ylmethoxy)phenyl)methanone oxime (2k). The first hyperpolarizability calculation performed in different solvent such as CHCl3, CH2Cl2 and DMSO and compared to the reference compound urea. In addition, natural bond orbital analysis (NBO), local reactivity descriptors, thermodynamic properties, Mulliken charges, molecular electrostatic potential (MEP), frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) analysis were explored using theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddh Prasad Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Udai Pratap College, Varanasi, 221002, India; Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, 226025, UP, India
| | - Padam Kant
- Department of Chemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
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Hagen NR, Nguyen ML, Williams JD, Bowlin TL, Gentry BG. Pentostatin antagonizes the antiviral activity of MBX-2168 by inhibiting the biosynthesis of the active compound. Antiviral Res 2021; 187:105018. [PMID: 33476709 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
MBX-2168 has a mechanism of action similar to that of acyclovir (ACV) and ganciclovir (GCV), but two unique steps differentiate this drug from ACV/GCV. First, MBX-2168 is, at least partially, phosphorylated by the endogenous cellular kinase TAOK3 to a monophosphate. The second involves the removal of a moiety at the 6-position of MBX-2168-MP by adenosine deaminase like protein-1 (ADAL-1). It has been previously demonstrated that co-incubation with pentostatin (dCF), an ADAL-1 inhibitor, antagonizes the anti-viral activity of MBX-2168. We therefore hypothesize that inhibiting ADAL-1 results in a reduction of active compound produced in virus-infected cells. To test this, we examined the effect dCF has on the conversion of MBX-2168 to a triphosphate in HSV-1 and HCMV-infected cells. Our results demonstrate incubation of MBX-2168 alone or with dCF in HCMV-infected cells resulted in 53.1 ± 0.7 and 39.4 ± 1.5 pmol triphosphate/106 cells at 120 h, respectively. Incubation of MBX-2168 alone or with dCF in Vero cells resulted in 12.8 ± 0.1 and 6.7 ± 0.7 pmol triphosphate/106 cells at 24 h, respectively. HSV-1-infected Vero cells demonstrated no statistical difference in triphosphate accumulation at 24 h (13.1 ± 0.3 pmol triphosphate/106 cells). As expected, incubation with dCF resulted in the accumulation of MBX-2168-MP in both HFF (9.8 ± 0.9 pmol MBX-2168-MP/106 cells at 120 h) and Vero cells (4.7 ± 0.3 pmol MBX-2168-MP/106 cells at 24 h) while no detectable levels of monophosphate were observed in cultures not incubated with dCF. We conclude that dCF antagonizes the anti-viral effect of MBX-2168 by inhibiting the production of triphosphate, the active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R Hagen
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA
| | - Marie L Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA
| | | | | | - Brian G Gentry
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA.
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7
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Shen GH, Hong JH. Chemical Synthesis of Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogs Linked with Cyclic Systems between the Phosphonate and the Base Moieties. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5918-5948. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190620100217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate (ANP) analogs linked with cyclic systems
are described in the present review. The purpose of the review is to report the methodology of
ANP analogs and to give an idea on the synthesis of a therapeutic structural feature of such analogs.
The cyclopropane systems were mainly prepared by diazomethane cyclopropanation catalyzed by
Pd(OAc)2, intramolecular alkylation, Kulinkovich cyclopropanation, and use of difluorocyclopropane,
and so forth. The preparation of methylenecyclopropane system was made by diazoacetate
cyclopropanation catalyzed by Rhodium followed by addition-elimination reactions. For the preparation
of a variety of tethered 1,2,3-triazole systems, 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between azidealkylphosphonates
and propargylated nucleobases was mainly applied. The formation of various
phosphonate moieties was achieved via phosphonylation of alkoxide, cross-coupling between
BrZnCF2P (O)(OEt)2 with iodoalkens catalyzed by CuBr, Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction with phosphite,
and Rh(II)-catalyzed O-H insertion, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Huan Shen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Drug Prevention and Treatment for Senile Diseases, College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Joon Hee Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Korea
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Tate PM, Mastrodomenico V, Mounce BC. Ribavirin Induces Polyamine Depletion via Nucleotide Depletion to Limit Virus Replication. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2620-2633.e4. [PMID: 31484073 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Common antivirals include nucleoside or nucleotide analogs with base prodrugs. The antiviral ribavirin, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved nucleoside antimetabolite, halts guanine production, mutagenizes viral genomes, and activates interferon signaling. Here, we find that ribavirin induces spermidine-spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SAT1), a polyamine catabolic enzyme. Polyamines are small, positively charged molecules involved in cellular functions such as transcription and translation. Previous work showed that SAT1 activation and polyamine depletion interfere with RNA virus replication. We show ribavirin depletes polyamines via SAT1, in conjunction with its known mechanisms. SAT1 transcripts, protein, and activity are induced in a dose-dependent manner, which depletes polyamine levels and reduces viral titers. Inhibition of SAT1 activity, pharmacologically or genetically, reduces ribavirin's effectiveness against three virus infection models. Additionally, ribavirin-mediated polyamine depletion results from nucleotide pool depletion. These data demonstrate another mechanism of ribavirin that inform its clinical effectiveness, which may provide insight for improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Tate
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Vincent Mastrodomenico
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Bryan C Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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Sauer HE, Nguyen ML, Williams JD, Bowlin TL, Gentry BG. Biosynthesis and half-life of MBX-2168-triphosphate in herpes virus-infected cells. Antiviral Res 2020; 175:104713. [PMID: 31968222 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The third generation of methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogs (MCPNAs) elicit an anti-viral effect against all three sub-classes of herpes viruses without inducing cytotoxicity in vitro. It has been previously established that the mechanism of action of MCPNAs is similar to that of ganciclovir (GCV) or acyclovir (ACV). However, the activation of MBX-2168, a third generation MCPNA, involves additional and unique enzymatic steps and this process has not been examined in virus-infected cells. To that end, herpes virus-infected cells were incubated with MBX-2168, synguanol, GCV, or ACV. Incubation of HCMV-infected cells with five times the EC50 of MBX-2168 (4.0 μM), synguanol (10.5 μM), or GCV (25 μM) resulted in a time-dependent increase in triphosphate accumulation reaching a maximum of 48.1 ± 5.5, 45.5 ± 2.5, and 42.6 ± 3.7 pmol/106 cells at 120 h, respectively. Additionally, half-lives of these compounds were similar in HCMV-infected cells (GCV-TP = 25.5 ± 2.7 h; MBX-2168-TP/synguanol-TP = 23.0 ± 1.4 h). HSV-1-infected cells incubated with five times the EC50 of MBX-2168 (33.5 μM) or ACV (5.0 μM) demonstrated a time-dependent increase in triphosphate levels reaching a maximum of 12.3 ± 1.5 and 11.6 ± 0.7 pmol/106 cells at 24 h, respectively. ACV-TP and MBX-2168-TP also had similar half-lives under these conditions (27.3 ± 4.8 h and 22.2 ± 2.2 h, respectively). We therefore conclude that although MBX-2168 does not follow the classical route of nucleoside analog activation, the metabolic profile of MBX-2168 is similar to other nucleoside analogs such as GCV and ACV that do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E Sauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA.
| | - Marie L Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA.
| | | | | | - Brian G Gentry
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Drake University, Des Moines, IA, 50311, USA.
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Activation of 6-Alkoxy-Substituted Methylenecyclopropane Nucleoside Analogs Requires Enzymatic Modification by Adenosine Deaminase-Like Protein 1. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01301-19. [PMID: 31332074 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01301-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine the mechanism of action of third-generation methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogs (MCPNAs), DNA sequencing of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) isolates resistant to third-generation MCPNAs resulted in the discovery of G841S and N815S mutations in HSV-1 UL30. Purified HSV-1 UL30 or human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL54 was then subjected to increasing concentrations of MBX-2168-triphosphate (TP), with results demonstrating a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of ∼200 μM, indicating that MBX-2168-TP does not inhibit the viral DNA polymerase. Further metabolic studies showed the removal of a moiety on the guanine ring of MBX-2168. Therefore, we hypothesized that enzymatic removal of a moiety at the 6-position of the guanine ring of third-generation MCPNAs is an essential step in activation. To test this hypothesis, pentostatin (deoxycoformycin [dCF]), an adenosine deaminase-like protein 1 (ADAL-1) inhibitor, was coincubated with MBX-2168. The results showed that dCF antagonized the effect of MBX-2168, with a >40-fold increase in the 50% effective concentration (EC50) at 50 μM dCF (EC50 of 63.1 ± 8.7 μM), compared with MBX-2168 alone (EC50 of 0.2 ± 0.1 μM). Purified ADAL-1 demonstrated time-dependent removal of the moiety on the guanine ring of MBX-2168-monophosphate (MP), with a Km of 17.5 ± 2.4 μM and a V max of 0.12 ± 0.04 nmol min-1 Finally, synguanol-TP demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of HSV-1 UL30 and HCMV UL54, with IC50s of 0.33 ± 0.16 and 0.38 ± 0.11 μM, respectively. We conclude that ADAL-1 is the enzyme responsible for removing the moiety from the guanine ring of MBX-2168-MP prior to conversion to a TP, the active compound that inhibits the viral DNA polymerase.
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Tănase CI, Drăghici C, Hanganu A, Pintilie L, Maganu M, Volobueva A, Sinegubova E, Zarubaev VV, Neyts J, Jochmans D, Slita AV. New HSV-1 Anti-Viral 1'-Homocarbocyclic Nucleoside Analogs with an Optically Active Substituted Bicyclo[2.2.1]Heptane Fragment as a Glycoside Moiety. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24132446. [PMID: 31277334 PMCID: PMC6651170 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24132446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New 1′-homocarbanucleoside analogs with an optically active substituted bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane skeleton as sugar moiety were synthesized. The pyrimidine analogs with uracil, 5-fluorouracil, thymine and cytosine and key intermediate with 6-chloropurine (5) as nucleobases were synthesized by a selective Mitsunobu reaction on the primary hydroxymethyl group in the presence of 5-endo-hydroxyl group. Adenine and 6-substituted adenine homonucleosides were obtained by the substitution of the 6-chlorine atom of the key intermediate 5 with ammonia and selected amines, and 6-methoxy- and 6-ethoxy substituted purine homonucleosides by reaction with the corresponding alkoxides. No derivatives appeared active against entero, yellow fever, chikungunya, and adeno type 1viruses. Two compounds (6j and 6d) had lower IC50 (15 ± 2 and 21 ± 4 µM) and compound 6f had an identical value of IC50 (28 ± 4 µM) to that of acyclovir, suggesting that the bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane skeleton could be further studied to find a candidate for sugar moiety of the nucleosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantin I Tănase
- National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Department of bioactive substances and pharmaceutical technologies, 112 Vitan Av., 031299 Bucharest-3, Romania.
| | - Constantin Drăghici
- Organic Chemistry Center "C.D.Nenitescu", Spectroscopy Laboratory, 202 B Splaiul Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anamaria Hanganu
- Organic Chemistry Center "C.D.Nenitescu", Spectroscopy Laboratory, 202 B Splaiul Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucia Pintilie
- National Institute for Chemical-Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Department of bioactive substances and pharmaceutical technologies, 112 Vitan Av., 031299 Bucharest-3, Romania
| | - Maria Maganu
- Organic Chemistry Center "C.D.Nenitescu", Spectroscopy Laboratory, 202 B Splaiul Independentei, 060023 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alexandrina Volobueva
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sinegubova
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Zarubaev
- Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Micobiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Jochmans
- KU Leuven Department of Micobiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander V Slita
- KU Leuven Department of Micobiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Britt WJ, Prichard MN. New therapies for human cytomegalovirus infections. Antiviral Res 2018; 159:153-174. [PMID: 30227153 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent approval of letermovir marks a new era of therapy for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections, particularly for the prevention of HCMV disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. For almost 30 years ganciclovir has been the therapy of choice for these infections and by today's standards this drug exhibits only modest antiviral activity that is often insufficient to completely suppress viral replication, and drives the selection of drug-resistant variants that continue to replicate and contribute to disease. While ganciclovir remains the therapy of choice, additional drugs that inhibit novel molecular targets, such as letermovir, will be required as highly effective combination therapies are developed not only for the treatment of immunocompromised hosts, but also for congenitally infected infants. Sustained efforts, largely in the biotech industry and academia, have identified additional highly active lead compounds that have progressed into clinical studies with varying levels of success and at least two have the potential to be approved in the near future. Some of the new drugs in the pipeline inhibit new molecular targets, remain effective against isolates that have developed resistance to existing therapies, and promise to augment existing therapeutic regimens. Here, we will describe some of the unique features of HCMV biology and discuss their effect on therapeutic needs. Existing drugs will also be discussed and some of the more promising candidates will be reviewed with an emphasis on those progressing through clinical studies. The in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity, spectrum of antiviral activity, and mechanism of action of new compounds will be reviewed to provide an update on potential new therapies for HCMV infections that have progressed significantly in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Britt
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham AL 35233-1711, USA
| | - Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham AL 35233-1711, USA.
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13
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Seley-Radtke KL, Yates MK. The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:66-86. [PMID: 29649496 PMCID: PMC6396324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment. This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs. It is written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, and for chemists unfamiliar with the field. Numerous modifications have been made to the nucleoside scaffold in order to impart therapeutic benefits. Nucleoside modifications led to the development of potent antivirals such as acyclovir, entecavir, and tenofovir. We examine thought processes, progress in synthetic chemistry and results of antiviral testing that led to approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Yates
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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14
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Qiu YL, Ptak RG, Breitenbach JM, Lin JS, Cheng YC, Kern ER, Drach JC, Zemlicka J. (Z)- and (E)-2-(Hydroxymethylcyclopropylidene)-Methylpurines and Pyrimidines as Antiviral Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029800900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Several Z- and E-methylenecyclopropane nucleoside analogues were synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity. Reaction of the Z- and E-2-amino-6-chloropurine methylenecyclopropanes with ammonia or cyclopropylamine gave 2,6-diamino or 2-amino-6-cyclopropylamino analogues. Alkylation elimination of N4-acetylcytosine with ethyl Z- and E-2-bromo-2-bromomethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates gave a mixture of the Z-and E-methylenecyclopropane derivatives of cytosine. Reduction furnished a mixture of syncytol and the E isomer. Benzoylation led to the respective N4-benzoyl derivatives which were separated by chromatography. Debenzoylation afforded pure syncytol and the E isomer. Alkylation of 2,4-bis-O-trimethylsilylthymine with ethyl Z- and E-2-bromo-2-bromomethylcyclopropane-1-carboxylates gave the corresponding Z- and E-1-bromo-cyclopropylmethylderivatives of thymine. Base-catalysed elimination of HBr gave Z- and E-methylenecyclopropane carboxylic esters. Reduction furnished, after chromatographic separation, synthymol and the E isomer. The Z/E isomeric assignment of the obtained products followed from 1H NMR spectroscopy. The methylenecyclopropane analogues were tested for antiviral activity in vitro against human and murine cytomegalovirus (HCMV, MCMV), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The Z-2-amino-6-cyclopropylaminopurine analogue was the most effective agent against HCMV (EC50 or EC90 0.4–2 μM) followed by syncytol and the Z-2,6-diaminopurine analogues (EC50 or EC90 3.4–29 and 11–24 μM, respectively). The latter compound was also a strong inhibitor of MCMV (EC50 0.6 μM). Syncytol was the most potent against EBV (EC50 <0.41 and 2.5 μM) followed by the Z-2,6-diaminopurine (EC50 1.5 and 6.9 μM) and the Z-2-amino-6-cyclopropylaminopurine derivative (EC50 11.8 μM). Syncytol was also most effective against VZV (EC50 3.6 μM). Activity against HSV-1, HSV-2 and HHV-6 was generally lower; synthymol had an EC50 of 2 μM against HSV-1 (ELISA) and 1.3 μM against EBV in Daudi cells but was inactive in other assays. The 2-amino-6-cyclopropylamino analogue displayed EC50 values between 215 and >74 μM in HSV-1 and HSV-2 assays. 2-Amino-6-cyclopropylaminopurine and 2,6-diaminopurine derivatives were effective against HBV (EC50 2 and 10 μM, respectively), whereas none of the analogues inhibited HIV-1 at a higher virus load. Syncytol and the E isomer were equipotent against EBV in Daudi cells but the E isomer was much less effective in DNA hybridization assays. The E-2,6-diaminopurine analogue and E isomer of synthymol were devoid of antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-L Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Experimental and Clinical Chemotherapy Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201-1379, USA
| | - RG Ptak
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - JM Breitenbach
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - J-S Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8066, USA
| | - Y-C Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510-8066, USA
| | - ER Kern
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - JC Drach
- Department of Biologic and Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48019, USA
| | - J Zemlicka
- Department of Chemistry, Experimental and Clinical Chemotherapy Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201-1379, USA
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15
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Clavier H, Buono G. [2+1] Cycloaddition Affording Methylene- and Vinylidenecyclopropane Derivatives: A Journey around the Reactivity of Metal-Phosphinito-Phosphinous Acid Complexes. CHEM REC 2016; 17:399-414. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Clavier
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS; Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
| | - Gérard Buono
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS; Centrale Marseille, iSm2 Marseille France
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16
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Potency and Stereoselectivity of Cyclopropavir Triphosphate Action on Human Cytomegalovirus DNA Polymerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:4176-82. [PMID: 27139481 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00449-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclopropavir (CPV) is a promising antiviral drug against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). As with ganciclovir (GCV), the current standard for HCMV treatment, activation of CPV requires multiple steps of phosphorylation and is enantioselective. We hypothesized that the resulting CPV triphosphate (CPV-TP) would stereoselectively target HCMV DNA polymerase and terminate DNA synthesis. To test this hypothesis, we synthesized both enantiomers of CPV-TP [(+) and (-)] and investigated their action on HCMV polymerase. Both enantiomers inhibited HCMV polymerase competitively with dGTP, with (+)-CPV-TP exhibiting a more than 20-fold lower apparent Ki than (-)-CPV-TP. Moreover, (+)-CPV-TP was a more potent inhibitor than GCV-TP. (+)-CPV-TP also exhibited substantially lower apparent Km and somewhat higher apparent kcat values than (-)-CPV-TP and GCV-TP for incorporation into DNA by the viral polymerase. As is the case for GCV-TP, both CPV-TP enantiomers behaved as nonobligate chain terminators, with the polymerase terminating DNA synthesis after incorporation of one additional nucleotide. These results elucidate how CPV-TP acts on HCMV DNA polymerase and help explain why CPV is more potent against HCMV replication than GCV.
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17
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Fernández-Cureses G, de Castro S, Jimeno ML, Balzarini J, Camarasa MJ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of unconventional aminopyrimidine, aminopurine, and amino-1,3,5-triazine methyloxynucleosides. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:321-35. [PMID: 25420933 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a class of unconventional nucleosides (methyloxynucleosides) that combine unconventional nucleobases such as substituted aminopyrimidines, aminopurines, or aminotriazines with unusual sugars in their structures. The allitollyl or altritollyl derivatives were pursued as ribonucleoside mimics, whereas the tetrahydrofuran analogues were pursued as their dideoxynucleoside analogues. The compounds showed poor, if any, activity against a broad range of RNA and DNA viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This inactivity may be due to lack of an efficient metabolic conversion into their corresponding 5'-triphosphates and poor affinity for their target enzymes (DNA/RNA polymerases). Several compounds showed cytostatic activity against proliferating human CD4(+) T-lymphocyte CEM cells and against several other tumor cell lines, including murine leukemia L1210 and human prostate PC3, kidney CAKI-1, and cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. A few compounds were inhibitory to Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) in C3H/3T3 cell cultures, with the 2,6-diaminotri-O-benzyl-D-allitolyl- and -D-altritolyl pyrimidine analogues being the most potent among them. This series of unconventional nucleosides may represent a novel family of potential antiproliferative agents.
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18
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Pradere U, Garnier-Amblard E, Coats SJ, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Synthesis of nucleoside phosphate and phosphonate prodrugs. Chem Rev 2014; 114:9154-218. [PMID: 25144792 PMCID: PMC4173794 DOI: 10.1021/cr5002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Pradere
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | | | | | - Franck Amblard
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F. Schinazi
- Center
for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department
of Pediatrics, Emory University School of
Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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19
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Recent developments in the synthesis and reactivity of methylene- and alkylidenecyclopropane derivatives. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Prichard MN, Williams JD, Komazin-Meredith G, Khan AR, Price NB, Jefferson GM, Harden EA, Hartline CB, Peet NP, Bowlin TL. Synthesis and antiviral activities of methylenecyclopropane analogs with 6-alkoxy and 6-alkylthio substitutions that exhibit broad-spectrum antiviral activity against human herpesviruses. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3518-27. [PMID: 23669381 PMCID: PMC3719742 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00429-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylenecyclopropane nucleosides have been reported to be active against many of the human herpesviruses. The most active compound of this class is cyclopropavir (CPV), which exhibits good antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus, both variants of human herpesvirus 6, and human herpesvirus 8. CPV has two hydroxymethyl groups on the methylenecyclopropane ring, but analogs with a single hydroxymethyl group, such as the prototypical (S)-synguanol, are also active and exhibit a broader spectrum of antiviral activity that also includes hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Here, a large set of monohydroxymethyl compounds with ether and thioether substituents at the 6 position of the purine was synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity against a range of human herpesviruses. Some of these analogs had a broader spectrum of antiviral activity than CPV, in that they also inhibited the replication of herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 and varicella-zoster virus. Interestingly, the antiviral activity of these compounds appeared to be dependent on the activity of the HCMV UL97 kinase but was relatively unaffected by the absence of thymidine kinase activity in HSV. These data taken together indicate that the mechanism of action of these analogs is distinct from that of CPV. They also suggest that they might be useful as broad-spectrum antiherpesvirus agents and may be effective in the treatment of resistant virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Prichard
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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21
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Clavier H, Lepronier A, Bengobesse-Mintsa N, Gatineau D, Pellissier H, Giordano L, Tenaglia A, Buono G. Palladium-Mediated [2+1] Cycloaddition of Norbornene Derivatives with Ynamides. Adv Synth Catal 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201200903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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22
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Williams JD, Khan AR, Harden EA, Hartline CB, Jefferson GM, Keith KA, Prichard MN, Zemlicka J, Peet NP, Bowlin TL. Synthesis and antiviral activity of certain second generation methylenecyclopropane nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3710-8. [PMID: 22607883 PMCID: PMC3509806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A second-generation series of substituted methylenecyclopropane nucleosides (MCPNs) has been synthesized and evaluated for antiviral activity against a panel of human herpesviruses, and for cytotoxicity. Although alkylated 2,6-diaminopurine analogs showed little antiviral activity, the compounds containing ether and thioether substituents at the 6-position of the purine did demonstrate potent and selective antiviral activity against several different human herpesviruses. In the 6-alkoxy series, antiviral activity depended on the length of the ether carbon chain, with the optimum chain length being about four carbon units long. For the corresponding thioethers, compounds containing secondary thioethers were more potent than those with primary thioethers.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Williams
- Microbiotix, Inc., One Innovation Drive, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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23
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Guo HM, Rao WH, Niu HY, Jiang LL, Liang L, Zhang Y, Qu GR. Chelation-assisted palladium-catalyzed high regioselective heck diarylation reaction of 9-allyl-9H-purine: synthesis of 9-(3,3-diaryl-allyl)-9H-purines. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00410g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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24
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Prichard MN, Kern ER. The search for new therapies for human cytomegalovirus infections. Virus Res 2010; 157:212-21. [PMID: 21095209 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ganciclovir (GCV), the therapy of choice for human cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections and foscarnet, a drug used to treat GCV-resistant CMV infections was approved more than twenty years ago. Although cidofovir and a prodrug of GCV have since been added to the armamentarium, a highly effective drug without significant toxicities has yet to be approved. Such a therapeutic agent is required for treatment of immunocompromised hosts and infants, which bear the greatest burden of disease. The modest antiviral activity of existing drugs is insufficient to completely suppress viral replication, which results in the selection of drug-resistant variants that remain pathogenic, continue to replicate, and contribute to disease. Sustained efforts, largely in the biotech industry and academia, have identified highly active lead compounds that have progressed into clinical studies with varying levels of success. A few of these compounds inhibit new molecular targets, remain effective against isolates that have developed resistance to existing therapies, and promise to augment existing therapies. Some of the more promising drugs will be discussed with an emphasis on those progressing to clinical studies. Their antiviral activity both in vitro and in vivo, spectrum of antiviral activity, and mechanism of action will be reviewed to provide an update on the progress of potential new therapies for CMV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Prichard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35233-1711, USA.
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25
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Stereoselective phosphorylation of cyclopropavir by pUL97 and competitive inhibition by maribavir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3093-8. [PMID: 20547817 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00468-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread pathogen that can cause severe disease in immunologically immature and immunocompromised individuals. Cyclopropavir (CPV) is a guanine nucleoside analog active against human and murine cytomegaloviruses in cell culture and efficacious in mice by oral administration. Previous studies established that the mechanism of action of CPV involves inhibition of viral DNA synthesis. Based upon this action and the structural similarity of CPV to ganciclovir (GCV), we hypothesized that CPV must be phosphorylated to a triphosphate to inhibit HCMV DNA synthesis and that pUL97 is the enzyme responsible for the initial phosphorylation of CPV to a monophosphate (CPV-MP). We found that purified pUL97 phosphorylated CPV 45-fold more extensively than GCV, a known pUL97 substrate and the current standard of treatment for HCMV infections. Kinetic studies with CPV as the substrate for pUL97 demonstrated a Km of 1,750+/-210 microM. Introduction of 1.0 or 10 nM maribavir, a known pUL97 inhibitor, and subsequent Lineweaver-Burk analysis demonstrated competitive inhibition of CPV phosphorylation, with a Ki of 3.0+/-0.3 nM. Incubation of CPV with pUL97 combined with GMP kinase [known to preferentially phosphorylate the (+)-enantiomer of CPV-MP] established that pUL97 stereoselectively phosphorylates CPV to its (+)-monophosphate. These results elucidate the mechanism of CPV phosphorylation and help explain its selective antiviral action.
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26
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Audran G, Pellissier H. Synthesis of Methylene- and Alkylidenecyclopropane Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Wu Z, Zhou S, Zemlicka J. Stereoselective approach to the Z-isomers of methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleosides: a new synthesis of antiviral synguanol. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2009; 28:165-74. [PMID: 19333855 DOI: 10.1080/15257770902831060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stereoselective synthesis of antiviral synguanol (1) is described. Reaction of 6-benzyloxy-2-(dimethylaminomethyleneamino)purine (10) with ethyl (cis,trans)-2-chloro-2-(chloromethyl) cyclopropane-1-carboxylate (2c) under the conditions of alkylation-elimination gave (Z)-6- benzyloxy-2-formylamino-9-[(2-carbethoxycyclopropylidene)methyl]purine (11) but no E,N(9)-isomer. Minor amounts of (Z)-6-benzyloxy-2-formylamino-7-[(2-carbethoxy-cyclopropylidene)methyl]purine (13) were also obtained. Hydrolysis of compounds 11 and 13 in 80% acetic acid afforded (Z)-9-[2-(carbethoxycyclopropylidene)methyl]guanine (14) and (Z)-7-[2-(carbethoxy- cyclopropylidene)methyl]guanine (15). Reduction of 14 furnished synguanol (1). Reaction of N(4)-acetylcytosine (7) with ester 2c led to (Z,E)-1-(2-carbethoxycyclopropropylidenemethyl)cytosine (8, Z/E ratio 6.1:1). Basicity of purine base, lower reactivity of alkylation intermediates as well as interaction of the purine N(3) or cytosine O(2) atoms with the carbonyl group of ester moiety seem to be essential for the observed high stereoselectivity of the alkylation-elimination. The Z-selectivity is interpreted in terms of E1cB mechanism leading to a transitory "cyclic" cyclopropenes which undergo a cyclopropene-methylenecyclopropane rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimeng Wu
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1379, USA
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28
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Mhaske SB, Ksebati B, Prichard MN, Drach JC, Zemlicka J. Phosphonate analogues of cyclopropavir phosphates and their E-isomers. Synthesis and antiviral activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:3892-9. [PMID: 19410465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2009] [Accepted: 04/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Z- and E-Phosphonate analogues 12 and 13 derived from cyclopropavir and the corresponding cyclic phosphonates 14 and 15 were synthesized and their antiviral activity was investigated. The 2,2-bis(hydroxymethylmethylenecyclopropane acetate (17) was transformed to tetrahydropyranyl acetate 18. Deacetylation gave intermediate 19 which was converted to bromide 20. Alkylation with diisopropyl methylphosphonate afforded after protecting group exchange (21 to 22) acetylated phosphonate intermediate 22. Addition of bromine gave the dibromo derivative 16 which was used in the alkylation-elimination procedure with 2-amino-6-chloropurine to give Z- and E-isomers 23 and 24. Hydrolytic dechlorination coupled with removal of all protecting groups gave the guanine phosphonates 12 and 13. Cyclization afforded the cyclic phosphonates 14 and 15. Z-Phosphonate 12 was a potent and non-cytotoxic inhibitor of human and murine cytomegalovirus (HCMV and MCMV) with EC(50) 2.2-2.7 and 0.13 microM, respectively. It was also an effective agent against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV, EC(50) 3.1 microM). The cyclic phosphonate 14 inhibited HCMV (EC(50) 2.4-11.5 microM) and MCMV (EC(50) 0.4 microM) but it was ineffective against EBV. Both phosphonates 12 and 14 were as active against two HCMV Towne strains with mutations in UL97 as they were against wild-type HCMV thereby circumventing resistance due to such mutations. Z-Phosphonate 12 was a moderate inhibitor of replication of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) but it was a potent agent against varicella zoster virus (VZV, EC(50) 2.9 microM). The cyclic phosphonate 14 lacked significant potency against these viruses. E-isomers 13 and 15 were devoid of antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh B Mhaske
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201-1379, USA
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29
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Li H, Yoo JC, Hong JH. Novel synthesis and anti-HIV activity of 4'-branched exomethylene carbocyclic nucleosides using a ring-closing metathesis of triene. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2009; 27:1238-49. [PMID: 19003569 DOI: 10.1080/15257770802458246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The exomethylene of 6 was successfully constructed from the aldehyde 5 using Eschenmoser's reagents. A triene compound 7 was cyclized successfully using Grubbs' II catalyst to give an exomethylene carbocycle nucleus for the target compound. A Mitsunobu reaction was successfully used to condense the natural bases (adenine, thymine, uracil, and cytosine). The synthesized cytosine analogue 20 showed moderate anti-HIV activity (EC(50) = 10.67 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Li
- BK-21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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30
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He XX, Chen T, Lin JS, Chang Y, Ye BX. Inhibition of the replication of hepatitis B virus in vitro by a novel 2,6-diaminopurine analog, beta-LPA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 369:513-8. [PMID: 18284916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B remains a major clinical problem worldwide. Like lamivudine, nucleoside analogs have become the focus of investigation of anti-hepatitis B virus (anti-HBV) drugs. Here, beta-LPA is a novel 2,6-diaminopurine analog found to possess potent anti-HBV activity. In HepG2.2.15 cell line, beta-LPA had a 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) of 0.01 microM against HBV, as determined by analysis of secreted and intracellular episomal HBV DNA. Levels of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and e antigen (HBeAg) in drug-treated cultures revealed that beta-LPA had no significant inhibitory effects on HBsAg and HBeAg. beta-LPA didn't show any cytotoxicity up to 0.4 microM with a 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC(50)) of 50 microM. Furthermore, treatment with beta-LPA resulted in no apparent inhibitory effects on mitochondrial DNA content. Considering the potent inhibition of HBV DNA synthesis and no obvious toxicity of beta-LPA, this compound should be further explored for development as an anti-HBV drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xing He
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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31
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Kuchař M, Pohl R, Klepetářová B, Votruba I, Hocek M. Synthesis of substituted 6-cyclopropylpurine bases and nucleosides by cross-coupling reactions or cyclopropanations. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:2377-87. [DOI: 10.1039/b802833h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Oh CH, Hong JH. Short synthesis and antiviral evaluation of C-fluoro-branched cyclopropyl nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 26:403-11. [PMID: 17479435 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701297018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel fluorocyclopropyl nucleosides were synthesized using the Simmons-Smith reaction as a key reaction starting from 1,3-dihydroxyacetone. All the nucleosides synthesized were assayed against several viruses. Among the compounds synthesized, the 5-fluorouracil analogue 15 showed significant anti-HCMV activity (9.22 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Oh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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33
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Kim A, Hong JH. Synthesis and antiviral activity of C-fluoro-branched cyclopropyl nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:487-93. [PMID: 17188402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel fluorocyclopropyl nucleosides were synthesized starting from acetol using the Simmons-Smith reaction as a key reaction. All the nucleosides synthesized were assayed against several viruses. Among the compounds synthesized, the uracil analogue 22 showed moderate anti-HCMV activity (10.61 microg/mL, in AD-169).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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34
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Kim A, Hong JH, Oh CH. Synthesis and anti-HCMV activity of novel cyclopropyl phosphonic acid nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 25:1399-406. [PMID: 17067961 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600918920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthetic route for novel acyclic phosphonate nucleosides is described. The characteristic cyclopropyl moiety 8 was constructed employing the Simmons-Smith reaction as key step starting from simple acyclic 2-butene-1,4-diol. The condensation of the mesylate 11 with natural nucleosidic bases (A,C,T,U) under nucleophilic substitution conditions (K2CO3, 18-Crown-6, DMF) and hydrolysis afforded the target nucleosides 16, 17, 18, and 19. In addition, the antiviral evaluations against various viruses were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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35
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Zemlicka J. Methylenecyclopropane Analogues of Nucleosides as Anti-herpes Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(06)05003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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36
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Kristafor V, Raić-Malić S, Cetina M, Kralj M, Suman L, Pavelić K, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Mintas M. Synthesis, X-ray crystal structural study, antiviral and cytostatic evaluations of the novel unsaturated acyclic and epoxide nucleoside analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8126-38. [PMID: 16889965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of the novel purine and pyrimidine nucleoside analogues were synthesised in which the sugar moiety was replaced by the 4-amino-2-butenyl (2-6 and 10-18) and oxiranyl (8 and 20) spacer. The Z- (2-6) and E-isomers (10-18) of unsaturated acyclic nucleoside analogues were synthesized by condensation of 2- and 6-substituted purine and 5-substituted uracil bases with Z- (1) or E-phthalimide (9) precursors. The oxiranyl nucleoside analogues (8 and 20) were obtained by epoxidation of 1 and 9 with m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid and subsequent coupling with adenine. The new compounds were evaluated for their antiviral and antitumor cell activities. Among the olefinic nucleoside analogues, Z-isomer of adenine containing 4-amino-2-butenyl side chain (6) exhibited the best cytostatic activities, particularly against colon carcinoma (SW 620, IC50 = 26 microM). Its E-isomer 15 did not show any antiproliferative activity against malignant tumor cell lines, except for a slight inhibition of colon carcinoma (SW 620, IC50 = 56.5 microM) cells. In general, Z-isomers showed better cytostatic activities than the corresponding E-isomers. (Z)-4-Amino-2-butenyl-adenine nucleoside analogue 6 showed albeit modest but selective activity against HIV-1 (EC50 = 4.83 microg mL(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Kristafor
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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37
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Hyun Oh C, Hong JH. Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Novel Cyclopropyl Nucleosides, Phosphonate Nucleosides and Phosphonic Acid Nucleosides. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:507-12. [PMID: 16795106 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200600031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Novel phenyl-branched cyclopropyl nucleosides, phosphonates, and phosphonic acid analogues were designed and synthesized as potential antiviral agents. Coupling of the mesylate 10 with natural bases (U, T, C, A) and desilylation/hydrolysis afforded a series of novel cyclopropyl nucleosides 15-18. Phosphonate and phosphonic acid nucleosides 22-29 were also readily synthesized from the mesylate 21. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activity against various viruses such as HIV-1, HSV-1, HSV-2, and HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Oh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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38
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Kim JW, Ko OH, Hong JH. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel methyl branched cyclopropyl phosphonic acid nucleosides. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 28:745-9. [PMID: 16114485 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthetic route for the synthesis of novel methyl branched cyclopropyl phosphonic acid nucleosides is described. The characteristic cyclopropyl moiety 8 was constructed by employing Simmons-Smith reaction as a key step. The condensation of mesylate 11 with natural nucleosidic bases (A,C,T,U) under standard nucleophilic substitution conditions (K2CO3, 18-Crown-6, DMF) and after subsequent hydrolysis resulted in the formation of target nucleosides, 16, 17, 18, and 19. In addition, the antiviral evaluations of the synthesized nucleotides against various viruses were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Korea
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39
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Ambrose A, Zemlicka J, Kern ER, Drach JC, Gullen E, Cheng YC. Phosphoralaninate pronucleotides of pyrimidine methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleosides: synthesis and antiviral activity. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2006; 24:1763-74. [PMID: 16438046 DOI: 10.1080/15257770500266867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Z- and E-thymine and cytosine pronucleotides 3d, 4d, 3e, and 4e of methylenecyclopropane nucleosides analogues were synthesized, evaluated for their antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HSV-1), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) and their potency was compared with the parent compounds 1d, 2d, 1e, and 2e. Prodrugs 3d and 4d were obtained by phosphorylation of parent analogues 1d or 2d with reagent 8. A similar phosphorylation of N4-benzoylcytosine methylenecyclopropanes 9a and 9b gave intermediates 11a and 11b. Deprotection with hydrazine in pyridine-acetic acid gave pronucleotides 3e and 4e. The Z-cytosine analogue 3e was active against HCMV and EBV The cytosine E-isomer 4e was moderately effective against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalraj Ambrose
- Department of Chemistry, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1379, USA
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40
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Yan Z, Zhou S, Kern ER, Zemlicka J. Synthesis of Methylenecyclopropane Analogues of Antiviral Nucleoside Phosphonates. Tetrahedron 2006; 62:2608-2615. [PMID: 16758001 PMCID: PMC1474140 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleoside phosphonates 6a, 6b, 7a and 7b is described. Cyclopropyl phosphonate 8 was transformed in four steps to methylenecyclopropane phosphonate 16. The latter intermediate was converted in seven steps to the key Z- and E-methylenecyclopropane alcohols 23 and 24 separated by chromatography. Selenoxide eliminations (15 --> 16 and 22 --> 23 + 24) were instrumental in the synthesis. The Z- and E-isomers 23 and 24 were transformed to bromides 25a and 25b which were used for alkylation of adenine and 2-amino-6-chloropurine to give intermediates 26a, 26b, 26c and 26d. Acid hydrolysis provided the adenine and guanine analogues 6a, 6b, 7a and 7b. Phosphonates 6b and 7b are potent inhibitors of replication of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
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41
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Qin X, Chen X, Wang K, Polin L, Kern ER, Drach JC, Gullen E, Cheng YC, Zemlicka J. Synthesis, antiviral, and antitumor activity of 2-substituted purine methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 14:1247-54. [PMID: 16242337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Z- and E-2-fluoro- and 2-chloropurine methylenecyclopropanes 9a,b and 10a,b as well as enantiomeric Z-isoguanine methylenecyclopropanes 11a,b and their phenyl phosphoralaninate pronucleotides 11c,d were synthesized and their antiviral activity against several viruses was evaluated. Fluoro analogues 9a and 10a were active against human cytomegalovirus but they were cytotoxic at approximately the same concentrations. Chloro derivatives 9b and 10b were non-cytotoxic and effective against Epstein-Barr virus in Daudi cells. Isoguanine analogues 11a-d lacked antiviral activity but pronucleotides 11c,d were substrates for porcine liver esterase. From the group of 9a,b and 10a,b, the fluoro analogues 9a and 10a exhibited antitumor activity but only the Z-isomer 9a had a selective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Qin
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201-1379, USA
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42
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Wu Y, Hong JH. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of novel phenyl branched cyclopropyl nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:739-44. [PMID: 16038909 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel phenyl branched cyclopropyl nucleoside analogues were designed and synthesized as potential antiviral agents. Cyclopropanation was performed via classical Simmons-Smith reaction using Zn(Et)2 and CH2I2. Coupling of the mesylates 11 and 12 with natural bases (A,C,T,U) and desilylation afforded a series of novel cyclopropyl nucleosides 21-28. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiviral and antitumor activity against various viruses such as HIV, HSV-1, HSV-2 and HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, South Korea
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43
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Zhou S, Zemlicka J. A New Alkylation-Elimination Method for Synthesis of Antiviral Fluoromethylenecyclopropane Analogues of Nucleosides. Tetrahedron 2005; 61:7112-7116. [PMID: 16801980 PMCID: PMC1482787 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A new method for the synthesis of fluoromethylenecyclopropane nucleosides by alkylation-elimination procedure is described. Fluorination of methylenecyclopropane carboxylate 6 gave fluoroester 7. Treatment of 7 with phenylselenenyl bromide afforded the desired ethyl (E)-2-bromomethyl-1-fluoro-2-phenylselenenylcyclopropane-1-carboxylate 11 in 85% yield. DIBALH reduction of 11 gave 13, which after acetylation to 14 was reacted with 2-amino-6-chloropurine to give the 9-alkylated product 15 in 87% yield. Se-oxydation of 15 with hydrogen peroxide afforded 16, which underwent smooth elimination in a mixture of THF-DMF at 60 degrees C giving rise to a Z,E mixture of protected nucleosides 17. Deacetylation gave Z-1a and E-1a which were separated on a silica gel column. Both Z-1a and E-1a were converted into the respective guanine analogues Z-1b and E-1b.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiri Zemlicka
- *Corresponding author. Tel.: 1-313-833-0715x2452; fax: 1-313-832-7294; e-mail:
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44
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Nair V, Bera S. Acyclic nucleosides bearing a furanyl scaffold. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2005; 24:37-43. [PMID: 15715197 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-46782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of acyclic nucleosides bearing a furanyl scaffold is described. The approach involved the construction of the base moiety onto a dihydrofuranyl intermediate. While the A and C analogues did exhibit some substrate activity toward deoxycytidine kinase, the compounds were devoid of any significant anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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45
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Kern ER, Kushner NL, Hartline CB, Williams-Aziz SL, Harden EA, Zhou S, Zemlicka J, Prichard MN. In vitro activity and mechanism of action of methylenecyclopropane analogs of nucleosides against herpesvirus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:1039-45. [PMID: 15728900 PMCID: PMC549243 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.3.1039-1045.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have reported previously that methylenecyclopropane analogs of nucleosides have excellent activity against certain members of the herpesvirus family. A second generation, the 2,2-bis-hydroxymethyl derivatives, were synthesized, and 18 compounds were tested for activity in vitro against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), human and murine cytomegalovirus (HCMV and MCMV), varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Selected analogs were also evaluated against human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) and HHV-8. None of the 18 compounds had activity against HSV-1 or HSV-2, but four were active against VZV by plaque reduction (PR) assay at 50% effective concentration (EC(50)) levels of < or =50 microM. Six of the 18 compounds were active against HCMV by cytopathic effect or PR assays with EC(50)s of 0.5 to 44 microM, and all were active against MCMV by PR (0.3 to 54 microM). Four of the compounds were active against EBV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (<0.3 to 4.4 microM). Four compounds with CMV activity were also active against HHV-6A and HHV-6B (0.7 to 28 microM), and three compounds were active against HHV-8 (5.5 to 16 microM). One of these, ZSM-I-62, had particularly good activity against CMV, HHV-6, and HHV-8, with EC(50)s of 0.7 to 8 microM. Toxicity was evaluated in adherent and nonadherent cells, and minimal cytotoxicity was observed. Mechanism of action studies with HCMV suggested that these compounds are phosphorylated by the ppUL97 phosphotransferase and are potent inhibitors of viral DNA synthesis. These results indicate that at least one of these compounds may have potential for use in treating CMV and other herpesvirus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl R Kern
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pediatrics, 128 Children's Harbor Building, 1600 6th Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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46
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Ivanov AV, Andronova BL, Galegov GA, Ias'ko MV. [Synthesis and antiherpetic activity of (Z)- and (E)-isomers of 9-(3-phosphonomethoxyprop-1-en-yl)adenine]. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005; 31:65-72. [PMID: 15787215 DOI: 10.1007/s11171-005-0007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
9-(3-Phosphonomethoxyprop-1-en-yl)adenine (Z)- and (E)-isomers were synthesized. The stereoselectivity of double bond formation was studied by variation of sulfonyl groups. The resulting phosphonates exhibited a moderate antiherpetic activity in a culture of Vero cells infected with herpes simplex type 1 virus. The Z-isomer was shown to be more effective inhibitor of virus reproduction in the case of both wild and acyclovir-resistant strain.
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47
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Kern ER, Bidanset DJ, Hartline CB, Yan Z, Zemlicka J, Quenelle DC. Oral activity of a methylenecyclopropane analog, cyclopropavir, in animal models for cytomegalovirus infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 48:4745-53. [PMID: 15561852 PMCID: PMC529216 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.12.4745-4753.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported previously that purine 2-(hydroxymethyl)methylenecyclopropane analogs have good activity against cytomegalovirus infection. A second-generation analog, (Z)-9-[[2,2-bis-(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropylidene]methyl]guanine (ZSM-I-62, cyclopropavir [CPV]), has particularly good activity against murine and human cytomegaloviruses (MCMV and HCMV) in vitro. To determine the oral activity of this compound in vivo, BALB/c or severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice infected with MCMV and two models using SCID mice implanted with human fetal tissue and subsequently infected with HCMV were used. In MCMV-infected normal mice, CPV at 10 mg/kg of body weight was highly effective in preventing mortality when administered at 24, 48, or 72 h post-viral inoculation and reduced titers of virus in tissues of SCID mice by 2 to 5 log10. In one HCMV model, human fetal retinal tissue was implanted into the anterior chamber of the mouse eye and inoculated with the Toledo strain of HCMV, and in the second, human fetal thymus and liver tissues were implanted under the kidney capsule of mice and then inoculated with HCMV. In general, replication of HCMV in both types of implant tissue increased from 7 through 21 to 28 days and then gradually decreased to undetectable levels by 8 weeks postinfection. Oral treatment with 45 or 15 mg of CPV/kg initiated 24 h after infection was highly effective in reducing replication to undetectable levels in both models and was generally more effective than ganciclovir. These data indicate that the methylenecyclopropane analog, CPV, was highly efficacious in these four animal models and should be evaluated for use in HCMV infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl R Kern
- University of Alabama School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA.
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48
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Kushner NL, Williams SL, Hartline CB, Harden EA, Bidanset DJ, Chen X, Zemlicka J, Kern ER. Efficacy of methylenecyclopropane analogs of nucleosides against herpesvirus replication in vitro. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 22:2105-19. [PMID: 14714760 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120026633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously that purine methylenecyclopropane analogs are potent agents against cytomegaloviruses. In an attempt to extend the activity of these compounds, the 2-amino-6-cyclopropylaminopurine analog, QYL-1064, was selected for further study by modifying the purine 6 substituent. A total of 22 analogs were tested against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) and human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8). Ten of the analogs had activity against at least one of the viruses tested. One compound had moderate activity against HSV-1 and six had activity against VZV. All but one compound was active against HCMV with a mean EC50 of 2.1 +/- 0.6 microM, compared with a mean EC50 of 3.9 +/- 0.8 microM for ganciclovir. Of special interest was the fact that eight of the ten compounds were active against both HHV-6A and HHV-6B with mean EC50 values of 6.0 +/- 5.2 mciroM and <2.4 +/- 1.5 microM, respectively. Only two compounds had activity against EBV, whereas all but one compound was active against HHV-8 with a mean EC50 of 3.1 +/- 1.7 microM. These results indicate that members of this series of methylenecyclopropane analogs are highly active against HCMV, HHV-6, and HHV-8 but are less active against HSV, VZV, and EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Kushner
- The University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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49
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Wang R, Chen X, Drach JC, Kern ER, Zemlicka J. Synthesis and biological activity of 2-aminopurine methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 22:813-5. [PMID: 14565285 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and biological activity of 7- and 9-isomers (Z+E) of methylenecyclopropane analogues of 2-aminopurine nucleosides is described. The (S,Z)-9-isomer is a substrate for xanthine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Wang
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1379, USA
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Kook MC, Choi BG. Synthesis and antiviral activity of noveltrans-2,2-dimethyl cyclopropyl nucleosides. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:887-91. [PMID: 14661851 DOI: 10.1007/bf02980194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Novel trans-2,2-dimethylcyclopropyl nucleosides were synthesized as potential antiviral agents. The key intermediate, 3, was synthesized via five steps from ethyl chrysanthemate and condensed with purine bases using the Mitsunobu reaction to give six cyclopropyl nucleosides. These synthesized nucleosides did not show any significant antiviral activity against HSV-1, HSV-2, EMCV, Cox B3, or VSV, at concentrations up to 100 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chul Kook
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, Korea
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