1
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Sahu SK, Behera PK, Choudhury P, Sethi M, Jena S, Rout L. Recent advances in [3+2] cycloaddition of allenes with 1,3-carbonyl ylides; Rh( ii)-catalyzed access to bridged polyoxocarbocyles. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02034j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study summarizes the stereochemical outcomes of [3+2] cycloaddition of allene molecules with 1,3-dipolar carbonyl ylides derived from Rh(ii) carbene-mediated diazo decomposition for the formation of highly diastereoselective poly oxacarbocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Satyaban Jena
- Dept. of Chemistry, Utkal University, Odisha-751004, India
| | - Laxmidhar Rout
- Dept. of Chemistry, Berhampur University, Odisha, 760007, India
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2
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Yu M, Liu X, Jiang Q, Du H. Expeditious synthesis of 9-allenylpurines via cesium carbonate catalyzed isomerization of 9-alkynylpurines. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2018.1436547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingwu Yu
- School of Chemical and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. of China
| | - Xiguang Liu
- School of Chemical and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. of China
| | - Qingsong Jiang
- School of Chemical and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, P.R. of China
| | - Hongguang Du
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, P.R. of China
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3
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Fernández-Cureses G, de Castro S, Jimeno ML, Balzarini J, Camarasa MJ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of unconventional aminopyrimidine, aminopurine, and amino-1,3,5-triazine methyloxynucleosides. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:321-35. [PMID: 25420933 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a class of unconventional nucleosides (methyloxynucleosides) that combine unconventional nucleobases such as substituted aminopyrimidines, aminopurines, or aminotriazines with unusual sugars in their structures. The allitollyl or altritollyl derivatives were pursued as ribonucleoside mimics, whereas the tetrahydrofuran analogues were pursued as their dideoxynucleoside analogues. The compounds showed poor, if any, activity against a broad range of RNA and DNA viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This inactivity may be due to lack of an efficient metabolic conversion into their corresponding 5'-triphosphates and poor affinity for their target enzymes (DNA/RNA polymerases). Several compounds showed cytostatic activity against proliferating human CD4(+) T-lymphocyte CEM cells and against several other tumor cell lines, including murine leukemia L1210 and human prostate PC3, kidney CAKI-1, and cervical carcinoma HeLa cells. A few compounds were inhibitory to Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) in C3H/3T3 cell cultures, with the 2,6-diaminotri-O-benzyl-D-allitolyl- and -D-altritolyl pyrimidine analogues being the most potent among them. This series of unconventional nucleosides may represent a novel family of potential antiproliferative agents.
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4
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Recent developments in the synthesis and reactivity of methylene- and alkylidenecyclopropane derivatives. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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5
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Brel’ VK, Gudkova YI. Synthesis of acyclic phosphonate nucleotide analogs having a 1,3-alkadiene skeleton. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428012040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Guo HM, Rao WH, Niu HY, Jiang LL, Liang L, Zhang Y, Qu GR. Chelation-assisted palladium-catalyzed high regioselective heck diarylation reaction of 9-allyl-9H-purine: synthesis of 9-(3,3-diaryl-allyl)-9H-purines. RSC Adv 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ra00410g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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7
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Audran G, Pellissier H. Synthesis of Methylene- and Alkylidenecyclopropane Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200900872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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8
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Oh CH, Hong JH. Short synthesis and antiviral evaluation of C-fluoro-branched cyclopropyl nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 26:403-11. [PMID: 17479435 DOI: 10.1080/15257770701297018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel fluorocyclopropyl nucleosides were synthesized using the Simmons-Smith reaction as a key reaction starting from 1,3-dihydroxyacetone. All the nucleosides synthesized were assayed against several viruses. Among the compounds synthesized, the 5-fluorouracil analogue 15 showed significant anti-HCMV activity (9.22 microM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Oh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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9
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Kim A, Hong JH. Synthesis and antiviral activity of C-fluoro-branched cyclopropyl nucleosides. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 42:487-93. [PMID: 17188402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 10/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel fluorocyclopropyl nucleosides were synthesized starting from acetol using the Simmons-Smith reaction as a key reaction. All the nucleosides synthesized were assayed against several viruses. Among the compounds synthesized, the uracil analogue 22 showed moderate anti-HCMV activity (10.61 microg/mL, in AD-169).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
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10
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Kim A, Hong JH, Oh CH. Synthesis and anti-HCMV activity of novel cyclopropyl phosphonic acid nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 25:1399-406. [PMID: 17067961 DOI: 10.1080/15257770600918920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthetic route for novel acyclic phosphonate nucleosides is described. The characteristic cyclopropyl moiety 8 was constructed employing the Simmons-Smith reaction as key step starting from simple acyclic 2-butene-1,4-diol. The condensation of the mesylate 11 with natural nucleosidic bases (A,C,T,U) under nucleophilic substitution conditions (K2CO3, 18-Crown-6, DMF) and hydrolysis afforded the target nucleosides 16, 17, 18, and 19. In addition, the antiviral evaluations against various viruses were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju, Republic of Korea
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11
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Zemlicka J. Methylenecyclopropane Analogues of Nucleosides as Anti-herpes Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(06)05003-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
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12
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Hyun Oh C, Hong JH. Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Novel Cyclopropyl Nucleosides, Phosphonate Nucleosides and Phosphonic Acid Nucleosides. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2006; 339:507-12. [PMID: 16795106 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200600031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Novel phenyl-branched cyclopropyl nucleosides, phosphonates, and phosphonic acid analogues were designed and synthesized as potential antiviral agents. Coupling of the mesylate 10 with natural bases (U, T, C, A) and desilylation/hydrolysis afforded a series of novel cyclopropyl nucleosides 15-18. Phosphonate and phosphonic acid nucleosides 22-29 were also readily synthesized from the mesylate 21. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiviral activity against various viruses such as HIV-1, HSV-1, HSV-2, and HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Oh
- Medicinal Chemistry Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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13
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Kim JW, Ko OH, Hong JH. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of novel methyl branched cyclopropyl phosphonic acid nucleosides. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 28:745-9. [PMID: 16114485 DOI: 10.1007/bf02977336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple synthetic route for the synthesis of novel methyl branched cyclopropyl phosphonic acid nucleosides is described. The characteristic cyclopropyl moiety 8 was constructed by employing Simmons-Smith reaction as a key step. The condensation of mesylate 11 with natural nucleosidic bases (A,C,T,U) under standard nucleophilic substitution conditions (K2CO3, 18-Crown-6, DMF) and after subsequent hydrolysis resulted in the formation of target nucleosides, 16, 17, 18, and 19. In addition, the antiviral evaluations of the synthesized nucleotides against various viruses were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, Korea
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14
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Wu Y, Hong JH. Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of novel phenyl branched cyclopropyl nucleosides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 60:739-44. [PMID: 16038909 DOI: 10.1016/j.farmac.2005.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel phenyl branched cyclopropyl nucleoside analogues were designed and synthesized as potential antiviral agents. Cyclopropanation was performed via classical Simmons-Smith reaction using Zn(Et)2 and CH2I2. Coupling of the mesylates 11 and 12 with natural bases (A,C,T,U) and desilylation afforded a series of novel cyclopropyl nucleosides 21-28. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiviral and antitumor activity against various viruses such as HIV, HSV-1, HSV-2 and HCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Kwangju 501-759, South Korea
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15
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Brel V, Belsky V, Stash A, Zavodnik V, Stang P. Synthesis and Molecular Structure of New Unsaturated Analogues of Nucleotides Containing Six-Membered Rings. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200400523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Kushner NL, Williams SL, Hartline CB, Harden EA, Bidanset DJ, Chen X, Zemlicka J, Kern ER. Efficacy of methylenecyclopropane analogs of nucleosides against herpesvirus replication in vitro. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 22:2105-19. [PMID: 14714760 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120026633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We have reported previously that purine methylenecyclopropane analogs are potent agents against cytomegaloviruses. In an attempt to extend the activity of these compounds, the 2-amino-6-cyclopropylaminopurine analog, QYL-1064, was selected for further study by modifying the purine 6 substituent. A total of 22 analogs were tested against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6) and human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8). Ten of the analogs had activity against at least one of the viruses tested. One compound had moderate activity against HSV-1 and six had activity against VZV. All but one compound was active against HCMV with a mean EC50 of 2.1 +/- 0.6 microM, compared with a mean EC50 of 3.9 +/- 0.8 microM for ganciclovir. Of special interest was the fact that eight of the ten compounds were active against both HHV-6A and HHV-6B with mean EC50 values of 6.0 +/- 5.2 mciroM and <2.4 +/- 1.5 microM, respectively. Only two compounds had activity against EBV, whereas all but one compound was active against HHV-8 with a mean EC50 of 3.1 +/- 1.7 microM. These results indicate that members of this series of methylenecyclopropane analogs are highly active against HCMV, HHV-6, and HHV-8 but are less active against HSV, VZV, and EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L Kushner
- The University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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17
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Dzolić Z, Kristafor V, Cetina M, Nagl A, Hergold-Brundić A, Mrvos-Sermek D, Burgemeister T, Grdisa M, Slade N, Pavelić K, Balzarini J, De Clercq E, Mintas M. Synthesis, structural studies, and biological evaluation of some purine substituted 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acids and 1-amino-1-hydroxymethylcyclopropanes. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2003; 22:373-89. [PMID: 12885120 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120022029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The novel purine derivatives of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (8 and 9) and 1-amino-1-hydroxymethylcyclopropane (12 and 13) with methylene spacer between the base and the cyclopropane ring were prepared by multistep synthetic route involving alkylation of adenine and 6-(N-pyrrolyl)purine with 2-hydroxy-methyl-1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid derivative 3 as a key reaction. All novel compounds were racemic. The N-9 substitution of the purine ring and the Z-configuration of the cyclopropane ring in 4-13 were deduced from their 1H and 13C NMR spectra by analyses of chemical shifts, H-H coupling constants and connectivities in two-dimensional homo- and heteronuclear correlation spectra. An unequivocal proof of the stereostructure of 1, 4 and 5 was obtained by their X-ray structure analysis. The novel compounds were evaluated on cytostatic and antiviral activities in several cell lines. The 6-(N-pyrrolyl)purine derivative of 1,2-aminocyclopropane alcohol 12 exhibited a more pronounced inhibitory activity against the proliferation of cervical carcinoma (HeLa) and human fibroblast (WI-38) cells than other types of tumor cell lines. None of the compounds showed inhibitory activities against cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus or other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Dzolić
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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18
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Kook MC, Kim G, Kwak EY, Hong JH, Lee CK, Choi BG. Synthesis and antiviral activity of novel exomethylene cyclopropyl pyrimidine nucleosides. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25:790-4. [PMID: 12510827 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel exomethylene cyclopropyl nucleosides have been synthesized starting from Feist's acid. Classical nucleophilic substitution conditions (K2CO3, 18-crown-6) of the tosylate 2 as well as Mitsunobu reaction (DEAD, PPh3) of alcohol 1 with pyrimidine bases afforded a series of novel cyclopropyl nucleosides. Compound 4b displayed moderate anti-HBV activity without any cytotoxicity up to 100 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chul Kook
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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19
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Martinez A, Castro A, Gil C, Perez C. Recent strategies in the development of new human cytomegalovirus inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2001; 21:227-44. [PMID: 11301412 DOI: 10.1002/med.1008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is one of the most common opportunistic infections in immunucompromised individuals, such as AIDS patients and organ transplant recipients, and is the most frequent congenital viral infection in humans. Despite a reduction of the incidence of AIDS-related opportunistic infections in patients under highly active antiretroviral treatment, attention should be paid to the HCMV risk factor in these individuals. Furthermore, HCMV may have an important role in atherosclerosis. Existing antiviral treatments for the HCMV infection suffer from poor bioavailability, toxicity, and limited effectiveness, mainly due to the development of drug resistance. Fortunately there are novel and potentially very effective new compounds undergoing pre-clinical and clinical evaluation. This review provides an overview in the last five years of new HCMV inhibitors (chemical structures, SAR, and new mechanisms of action) with the aim to provide new clues for the development of future drugs against this opportunistic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martinez
- Instituto de Química Médica (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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20
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Choi BG, Kwak EY, Hong JH, Lee CK. Synthesis and antiviral activity of novel exomethylene cyclopropyl nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:1059-62. [PMID: 11562958 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Novel cyclopropyl nucleosides were synthesized as potential antiviral agents. The key intermediate 5, prepared from Feist's acid 1 was condensed with purine derivatives by the SN2 type reaction. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Choi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwangju 500-757, Korea
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21
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Wang R, Ksebati MB, Drach JC, Zemlicka J. Synthesis and antiviral activity of methylenedifluorocyclopropane analogues of nucleosides. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:329-32. [PMID: 11563045 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis and antiviral activity of methylenedifluorocyclopropane analogues 8a, 8b and 9a, 9b are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1379, USA
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22
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Kwak EY, Hong JH, Lee CK, Choi BG. Synthesis and antiviral activity of novel methylene cyclopropyl nucleosides. Arch Pharm Res 2000; 23:559-63. [PMID: 11156174 DOI: 10.1007/bf02975240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Novel exomethylene cyclopropyl nucleosides were synthesized as potential antiviral agents. The key intermediate 5 was synthesized in 4 steps, from Feists acid 1 and was condensed with purine derivatives by the SN2 type reaction to give some cyclopropyl nucleosides. The synthesized nucleosides did not showed any significant antiviral activity against HSV-1, HSV-2, HCMV, HIV-1, HIV-2, and HBV up to 100 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Kwak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Kwangju, Korea
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23
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Rybak RJ, Hartline CB, Qiu YL, Zemlicka J, Harden E, Marshall G, Sommadossi JP, Kern ER. In vitro activities of methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleosides and their phosphoralaninate prodrugs against cytomegalovirus and other herpesvirus infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44:1506-11. [PMID: 10817700 PMCID: PMC89904 DOI: 10.1128/aac.44.6.1506-1511.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection does not generally cause problems in the immunocompetent adult but can result in severe clinical disease in the fetus, neonate, and immunocompromised host. Ganciclovir (GCV), the agent currently used to treat most HCMV infections, has resulted in much therapeutic success; however, efficacy remains suboptimal. Therefore, there is still a need to develop new compounds for use against HCMV infections. In the present study, several Z- and E-series methylenecyclopropane analogues and their phosphoroalaninate prodrugs were tested initially for activity against HCMV, strain AD169, and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in vitro. Many were found to exhibit efficacy comparable to that of GCV against HCMV in plaque assays and were active against MCMV as well. The compounds were also tested for efficacy against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus, and some had levels of activity that were comparable to that of acyclovir. In addition, the compounds synguanol (QYL-438) and 2-amino-6-cyclopropylamino analogue (QYL-769) were chosen for further evaluation and were found to be effective against additional laboratory and clinical isolates of HCMV and GCV-resistant isolates. QYL-438 and QYL-769 were found to be nontoxic in human and mouse fibroblasts and were considerably less toxic than GCV in granulocyte macrophage CFUs and erythroid burst-forming units. These results provide evidence for the high activity of some of these methylenecyclopropane analogues against various herpesviruses, particularly HCMV, in tissue culture and suggest that further evaluation is warranted to determine their potential for use in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Rybak
- University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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24
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Qiu YL, Geiser F, Kira T, Gullen E, Cheng YC, Ptak RG, Breitenbach JM, Drach JC, Hartline CB, Kern ER, Zemlicka J. Synthesis and enantioselectivity of the antiviral effects of (R,Z)-,(S,Z)-methylenecyclopropane analogues of purine nucleosides and phosphoralaninate prodrugs: influence of heterocyclic base, type of virus and host cells. Antivir Chem Chemother 2000; 11:191-202. [PMID: 10901290 DOI: 10.1177/095632020001100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of R and S enantiomers of 2-aminopurine methylenecyclopropane analogues of nucleosides was synthesized. Two diastereoisomeric lipophilic phosphate prodrugs derived from R and S enantiomers of 2,6-diaminopurine analogue were also prepared. Enantioselectivity (diastereoselectivity in case of prodrugs) of in vitro antiviral effects was investigated with human and murine cytomegalovirus (HCMV and MCMV, respectively), herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV). Strong differences in enantioselectivity were found between the R and S enantiomers of adenine analogue and enantiomeric 2-aminopurine analogues. Thus, the enantiomers of adenine analogue were equipotent against HCMV but not MCMV, where the S enantiomer is strongly preferred. The same S preference was found throughout the 2-aminopurine series for both HCMV and MCMV. In contrast, R-synadenol in HIV-1 assays was the best agent, whereas the S enantiomers of moderately effective 2-amino-6-cyclopropylamino and 2-amino-6-methoxypurine analogues were preferred. Little enantiomeric preference was found for R and S enantiomers of synadenol and the corresponding enantiomers of 2,6-diaminopurine analogue against HBV. A mixed pattern of enantioselectivity was observed for EBV depending on the type of host cells and assay. Against VZV, the R and S enantiomers of adenine analogue were equipotent or almost equipotent, but throughout the series of 2-aminopurine analogues a distinct preference for the S enantiomers was found. The stereoselectivity pattern of both diastereoisomeric prodrugs mostly followed enantioselectivity of the parent analogues. The varying enantioselectivities in the series of purine methylenecyclopropane analogues are probably a consequence of differences in the mechanisms of action in different virus/host cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Mich., USA
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25
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Maury G. The enantioselectivity of enzymes involved in current antiviral therapy using nucleoside analogues: a new strategy? Antivir Chem Chemother 2000; 11:165-89. [PMID: 10901289 DOI: 10.1177/095632020001100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is primarily intended for synthetic bio-organic chemists and enzymologists who are interested in new strategies in the design of virus inhibitors. It is an attempt to assess the importance of the enzymatic properties of L-nucleosides and their analogues, particularly those that are active against viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), etc. Only data obtained with purified enzymes have been considered and discussed. The examined enzymes include nucleoside- or nucleotide-phosphorylating enzymes, catabolic enzymes, viral target enzymes and cellular polymerases. The enantioselectivities of these enzymes were determined from existing data and are significant only when a sufficient number of enantiomeric pairs of substrates could be examined. The reported data emphasize the weak enantioselectivities of cellular or viral nucleoside kinases and some viral DNA polymerases. Thus, cellular deoxycytidine kinase has a considerably relaxed enantioselectivity with respect to a large number of nucleosides or their analogues, and it occupies a strategic position in the intracellular activation of the compounds. Similarly, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase often has a relatively weak enantioselectivity and can be inhibited by the 5-triphosphates of a large series of L-nucleosides and analogues. In contrast, degradation enzymes, such as adenosine or cytidine deaminases, generally demonstrate strict enantioselectivities favouring D-enantiomers and are used by chemists in asymmetric syntheses. The weak enantioselectivities of some enzymes involved in nucleoside metabolism are more or less pronounced, and one enantiomer or the other is favoured depending on the substrate. This suggests that the low enantioselectivity is fortuitous and does not result from evolutionary pressure, since these enzymes do not create or modify asymmetric centres in substrates. The combined enantioselectivities of the enzymes examined in this review strongly suggest that the field of L-nucleosides and their analogues should be systematically explored in the search for new virus inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maury
- UMR 5625 du CNRS, Université Montpellier II, France.
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Qui YL, Ksebati MB, Zemlicka J. Synthesis of (Z)- and (E)-9-[(2-hydroxyethylidene)cyclopropyl]adenine--new methylenecyclopropane analogues of adenosine and their substrate activity for adenosine deaminase. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2000; 19:31-7. [PMID: 10772701 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008032995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of Z- and E-methylenecyclopropane analogues of adenosine 3 and 4 by alkylation of adenine with novel alkylating agent 5 is described. The E-isomer 4 is a substrate for adenosine deaminase. Compounds 3 and 4 were tested for antiviral activity against HCMV, HSV-1, HSV-2, EBV, VZV, HBV and HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Qui
- Department of Chemistry, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201-1379, USA
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