1
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Fu D, Xu J. Tf 2O/2-Chloropyridine-Triggered Synthesis of Benzo[ b]thiophene 1,1-Dioxides from Sulfonium α-Acyl Sulfonylmethylides. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3072-3083. [PMID: 38357895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Triflic anhydride and 2-chloropyridine-comediated tandem activation, intramolecular aromatic electrophilic addition, and 1,2-sulfonyl shift via spirocyclic intermediates of sulfonium α-acyl sulfonylmethylides realize the efficient synthesis of 2-alkyl/arylthiobenzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxides. The deactivated sulfonyl group determines the site-selectivity of the electrophilic addition via the ipso-attack, while the following S-migration controls the regioselectivity. Some of 2-methylthiobenzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxides show fluorescence properties in the solid state and in their solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
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2
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Lin Q, Yang W, Yao Y, Li Y, Wang L, Yang D. Copper-Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Heterobicyclic Alkenes with Diaryl Disulfides to Synthesize Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4193-4204. [PMID: 33621086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c03034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel copper-catalyzed cycloaddition of diaryl disulfides to heterobicyclic alkenes has been developed. The C-S and C-C bonds can be formed simultaneously on the C═C bond of the olefins via a single-step cycloaddition to afford a series of 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]thiophene derivatives. This reaction exhibits excellent diastereoselectivity and relatively broad substrate scope. Various functional groups attached to the substrates are tolerated in this protocol to give the corresponding exo adducts in moderate yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China.,College of Marine Sciences, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingqiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
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3
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Hatial I, Das J, Ghosh AK, Basak A. Base-Induced Cyclization of Propargyl Alkenylsulfones: A High-Yielding Synthesis of 4,5-Disubstituted 2H-Thiopyran 1,1-Dioxides. European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201500633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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4
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Santo RDDE, Simas RC, Magalhães A, Santos VGD, Regiani T, Isler AC, Martins NG, Eberlin MN, González ERP. Experimental NMR and MS study of benzoylguanidines. Investigation ofE/Zisomerism. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosineide Costa Simas
- Laboratório ThoMSon de Espectrometria de Massas; Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas; 13083-970; São Paulo; Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Gonçalves dos Santos
- Laboratório ThoMSon de Espectrometria de Massas; Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas; 13083-970; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Thais Regiani
- Laboratório ThoMSon de Espectrometria de Massas; Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas; 13083-970; São Paulo; Brazil
| | | | - Natiza Graziele Martins
- Laboratório de Química Orgânica Fina, Departamento de Física, Química e Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de Presidente Prudente; 19060-900; São Paulo; Brazil
| | - Marcos Nogueira Eberlin
- Laboratório ThoMSon de Espectrometria de Massas; Instituto de Química, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP); Campinas; 13083-970; São Paulo; Brazil
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5
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Yadav DB, Morgans GL, Aderibigbe BA, Madeley LG, Fernandes MA, Michael JP, de Koning CB, van Otterlo WA. Application of an isomerization-ring-closing metathesis strategy to the synthesis of unsaturated seven-membered, benzo-fused heterocycles containing two heteroatoms. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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6
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A new route to thiopyran S,S-dioxide derivatives via an overall ring-enlargement protocol from 3-nitrothiophene. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Lee YM, Lee JJ, Shen MY, Hsiao G, Sheu JR. Inhibitory mechanisms of activated matrix metalloproteinase-9 on platelet activation. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 537:52-8. [PMID: 16624282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2005] [Revised: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular mechanisms underlying the signaling pathways of activated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in platelets are not yet completely understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further examine the effects of activated MMP-9 in preventing platelet aggregation. In this study, activated MMP-9 time-dependently (3-60 min) inhibited platelet aggregation in washed human platelet suspensions stimulated by agonists. However, activated MMP-9 had no significant effect on the binding of FITC-triflavin to the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex. Triflavin is a specific antagonist of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex purified from snake venom. Moreover, activated MMP-9 (21 and 90 ng/ml) markedly decreased the fluorescence intensity of platelet membranes tagged with diphenylhexatriene. The thrombin-evoked increase in pHi was inhibited in the presence of activated MMP-9 (21 and 90 ng/ml). In addition, activated MMP-9 (21 and 90 ng/ml) markedly reduced the electron spin resonance (ESR) signal intensity of hydroxyl radicals in collagen (1 mug/ml)-activated platelets. These results indicate that the antiplatelet activity of activated MMP-9 may involve the following pathways: (1) activated MMP-9 may initially induce conformational changes in platelet membranes and hydroxyl radical formation, leading to inhibition of platelet aggregation; and (2) activated MMP-9 also inhibits the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger, leading to reduced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and ultimately to inhibition of platelet aggregation. This study further provides new insights concerning the effects of activated MMP-9 on platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Ming Lee
- Department of Surgery, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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8
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Chou DS, Chan CH, Hsiao G, Shen MY, Tsai YJ, Chen TF, Sheu JR. Inhibitory mechanisms of low concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on platelet aggregation. J Biomed Sci 2005; 13:333-43. [PMID: 16283430 DOI: 10.1007/s11373-005-9042-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 10/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular mechanisms underlying oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-signaling pathways in platelets are not yet completely understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further examine the effects of oxLDL in prevention of platelet aggregation. In this study, oxLDL concentration-dependently (40-120 microg/ml) inhibited platelet aggregation in human platelet-rich plasma stimulated by agonists. Moreover, oxLDL (40 and 80 microg/ml) markedly decreased the fluorescence intensity of platelet membranes tagged with diphenylhexatriene. Rapid phosphorylation of a protein of Mr 47,000 (P47), a marker of protein kinase C activation, was triggered by PDBu (150 nM). This phosphorylation was markedly inhibited by oxLDL (40 and 80 microg/ml) in phosphorus-32-labeled platelets. In addition, oxLDL (40 and 80 microg/ml) markedly increased levels of cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP-induced vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) Ser(157) phosphorylation. The thrombin-evoked increase in pHi was inhibited in the presence of oxLDL (40 and 80 microg/ml). These results indicate that the antiplatelet activity of oxLDL may involve the following pathways. (1) oxLDL may initially induce conformational changes in platelet membranes, leading to inhibition of the activation of protein kinase C, followed by inhibition of P47 protein phosphorylation, and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization. (2) oxLDL also activated formation of cyclic AMP and cyclic AMP-induced VASP Ser(157) phosphorylation, resulting in inhibition of the Na(+)/H(+)exchanger; this leads to reduced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and ultimately to inhibition of platelet aggregation. This study further provides new insights concerning the effects of low concentrations of oxLDL on platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duen-Suey Chou
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, ROC
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9
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Dambrova M, Liepinsh E, Kirjanova O, Petrovska R, Pugovich O, Baumane L, Uhlen S, Kalvinsh I, Oliver D, Wikberg JES. Investigations on the pharmacology of the cardioprotective guanidine ME10092. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2005; 44:178-86. [PMID: 15243298 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200408000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The guanidine compound ME10092 (1-(3,4-dimethoxy-2-chlorobenzylideneamino)-guanidine), which possesses a strong cardioprotective effect to ischemia-reperfusion, was assessed for different pharmacological actions that may underlie its cardioprotective effect. In the living rat ME10092 decreased the blood pressure and heart rate in a dose-dependent manner. We found ME10092 to bind to alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoreceptors with moderate affinity (Ki values 1-4 microM), and to block adrenaline-elicited contractile responses in isolated guinea pig aortas. Our results indicate that ME10092 possesses a certain anti-oxidant profile. Thus, in a competitive manner and with low affinity it inhibited the bovine milk xanthine oxidase enzyme, as well as NAD(P)H oxidase driven oxyradical formation in membrane fractions isolated from the rat brain. By using electron paramagnetic resonance we here show that, after its systemic administration, ME10092 modulates the nitric oxide (NO) content in several tissues of the rat in a time-dependent manner. However, in vitro ME10092 inhibited the activities of nitric oxide synthases nNOS and eNOS, but not that of iNOS. Our data give evidence that the cardioprotective effect of ME10092 could be mediated through pharmacological mechanisms that include some modulation of NO production, as well as possible inhibition of radical formation during ischemia-reperfusion.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/cytology
- Aorta/drug effects
- Blood Pressure/drug effects
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/metabolism
- COS Cells
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods
- Guanidines/pharmacology
- Guanidines/therapeutic use
- Guinea Pigs
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Humans
- Ileum/cytology
- Ileum/drug effects
- Injections, Intravenous
- Liver/chemistry
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Myocardial Ischemia/complications
- Myocardial Ischemia/drug therapy
- NAD/metabolism
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/drug effects
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/drug effects
- Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/classification
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha/drug effects
- Reperfusion Injury/complications
- Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy
- Xanthine Oxidase/chemistry
- Xanthine Oxidase/metabolism
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10
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Karmazyn M. Inhibitors of sodium-hydrogen exchange as therapeutic agents for the treatment of heart disease. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.13.9.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Bianchi L, Dell'Erba C, Maccagno M, Morganti S, Novi M, Petrillo G, Rizzato E, Sancassan F, Severi E, Spinelli D, Tavani C. Easy access to 4-nitrothiochroman S,S-dioxides via ring-enlargement from 3-nitrobenzo[b]thiophene. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Clements-Jewery H, Sutherland FJ, Allen MC, Tracey WR, Avkiran M. Cardioprotective efficacy of zoniporide, a potent and selective inhibitor of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1, in an experimental model of cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:57-66. [PMID: 15037516 PMCID: PMC1574931 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We determined (1) the inhibitory potency of zoniporide against the native Na(+)/H(+) exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) that is expressed in adult rat ventricular myocytes and platelets, and (2) the cardioprotective efficacy of zoniporide in isolated, blood-perfused adult rat hearts subjected to cardioplegic arrest, hypothermic ischaemia (150 min at 25 degrees C) and normothermic reperfusion (60 min at 37 degrees C). 2. In isolated myocytes, in which NHE1 activity was determined directly by measurement of H(+) efflux rate following intracellular acidification, zoniporide produced a dose-dependent inhibition of such activity (IC(50) 73 nm at 25 degrees C). A comparable NHE1-inhibitory potency was retained at 37 degrees C. 3. In platelets, in which the rate of cell swelling was used as a surrogate index of NHE1 activity, this was again inhibited by zoniporide (IC(50) 67 nm at 25 degrees C). 4. In the isolated heart model, administration of zoniporide (loading bolus of 1 mg kg(-1) i.v. plus continuous infusion at 1.98 mg kg(-1) h(-1) i.v.) to the support animal achieved a free plasma drug concentration of >/=1 microm. At this dose, zoniporide afforded significant cardioprotective benefit relative to vehicle treatment, with improved preservation of left ventricular end-diastolic and developed pressures and coronary perfusion pressure during reperfusion. Myocardial myeloperoxidase activity was also attenuated by zoniporide treatment, indicating reduced neutrophil accumulation. 5. These data show that zoniporide (1) is a potent inhibitor of native NHE1 activity in ventricular myocytes and platelets, and (2) affords significant cardioprotective benefit during ischaemia and reperfusion in an experimental model that mimics several distinctive features of human cardioplegic arrest with cardiopulmonary bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Clements-Jewery
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London
| | - Fiona J Sutherland
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London
| | - Mary C Allen
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, U.S.A
| | - W Ross Tracey
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT, U.S.A
| | - Metin Avkiran
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas' Hospital, London
- Author for correspondence:
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13
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Hsiao G, Shen MY, Chou DS, Lin CH, Chen TF, Sheu JR. Involvement of the antiplatelet activity of magnesium sulfate in suppression of protein kinase C and the Na+/H+ exchanger. J Biomed Sci 2004; 11:19-26. [PMID: 14730206 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2003] [Accepted: 08/12/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium sulfate is widely used to prevent seizures in pregnant women with hypertension. The aim of this study was to examine the inhibitory mechanisms of magnesium sulfate in platelet aggregation in vitro. In this study, magnesium sulfate concentration-dependently (0.6-3.0 mM) inhibited platelet aggregation in human platelets stimulated by agonists. Magnesium sulfate (1.5 and 3.0 mM) also concentration-dependently inhibited phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca+2 mobilization in human platelets stimulated by thrombin. Rapid phosphorylation of a platelet protein of M(r) 47,000 (P47), a marker of protein kinase C activation, was triggered by phorbol-12-13-dibutyrate (PDBu, 50 nM). This phosphorylation was markedly inhibited by magnesium sulfate (3.0 mM). Magnesium sulfate (1.5 and 3.0 mM) further inhibited PDBu-stimulated platelet aggregation in human platelets. The thrombin-evoked increase in pHi was markedly inhibited in the presence of magnesium sulfate (3.0 mM). In conclusion, these results indicate that the antiplatelet activity of magnesium sulfate may be involved in the following two pathways: (1) Magnesium sulfate may inhibit the activation of protein kinase C, followed by inhibition of phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca+2 mobilization, thereby leading to inhibition of the phosphorylation of P47. (2) On the other hand, magnesium sulfate inhibits the Na+/H+ exchanger, leading to reduced intracellular Ca+2 mobilization, and ultimately to inhibition of platelet aggregation and the ATP-release reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, No. 250 Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei 110, Taiwan
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14
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Enders D, Del Signore G. Asymmetric Synthesis of Heterocyclic β-Aminosulfones via Nucleophilic 1,2-Addition of 2-Lithiobenzo[b]thiophene to Aldehyde-SAMP-hydrazones. HETEROCYCLES 2004. [DOI: 10.3987/com-04-s(p)3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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ten Hove M, van Emous JG, van Echteld CJA. Na+ overload during ischemia and reperfusion in rat hearts: comparison of the Na+/H+ exchange blockers EIPA, cariporide and eniporide. Mol Cell Biochem 2003; 250:47-54. [PMID: 12962142 DOI: 10.1023/a:1024985931797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular myocardial Na+ overload during ischemia is an important cause of reperfusion injury via reversed Na+/Ca2+ exchange. Prevention of this Na+ overload can be accomplished by blocking the different Na+ influx routes. In this study the effect of ischemic inhibition of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) on [Na+]i, pH, and post-ischemic contractile recovery was tested, using three different NHE-blockers: EIPA, cariporide and eniporide. pHi and [Na+]i were measured using simultaneous 31P and 23Na NMR spectroscopy, respectively, in paced (5 Hz) isolated, Langendorff perfused rat hearts while contractility was assessed by an intraventricular balloon. NHE-blockers (3 microM) were administered during 5 min prior to 30 min of global ischemia followed by 30 min drug-free reperfusion. NHE blockade markedly reduced ischemic Na+ overload; after 30 min of ischemia [Na+]i had increased to 293 +/- 26, 212 +/- 6, 157 +/- 5 and 146 +/- 6% of baseline values in untreated and EIPA (p < 0.01 vs. untreated), cariporide (p < 0.01 vs. untreated) and eniporide (p < 0.01 vs. untreated) treated hearts, respectively. Ischemic acidosis did not differ significantly between groups. During reperfusion, however, recovery of pH, was significantly delayed in treated hearts. The rate pressure product recovered to 12.0 +/- 1.9, 12.1 +/- 2.1, 19.5 +/- 2.8 and 20.4 +/- 2.5 x 10(3) mmHg/min in untreated and EIPA, cariporide (p < 0.01 vs. untreated) and eniporide (p < 0.01 vs. untreated) treated hearts, respectively. In conclusion, blocking the NHE reduced ischemic Na+ overload and improved post-ischemic contractile recovery. EIPA, however, was less effective and exhibited more side effects than cariporide and eniporide in the concentrations used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel ten Hove
- Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands, Utrecht
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16
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Camara AKS, An J, Chen Q, Novalija E, Varadarajan SG, Schelling P, Stowe DF. Na+/H+ exchange inhibition with cardioplegia reduces cytosolic [Ca2+] and myocardial damage after cold ischemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 41:686-98. [PMID: 12717098 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200305000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cold cardioplegia protects against reperfusion damage. Blocking Na+/H+ exchange may be as protective as cardioplegia by improving the left ventricular pressure (LVP)-[Ca2+] relationship after cold ischemia. In guinea pig isolated hearts subjected to cold ischemia (4 h, 17 degrees C) and reperfusion, the cardioprotective effects of a Krebs-Ringer (KR) solution, a cardioplegia solution, a KR solution containing the Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor eniporide (1 microM), and a cardioplegia solution containing eniporide were compared. Treatments were given before and initially after cold ischemia. Systolic and diastolic [Ca2+] were calculated from indo-1 fluorescence transients recorded at the LV free wall. During ischemia, diastolic [Ca2+] increased in each group but more so in the KR group. Peak systolic and diastolic [Ca2+] on initial reperfusion were highest after KR and smallest after cardioplegia + eniporide. After reperfusion, systolic-diastolic LVP (% of baseline) and infarct size (%), respectively, were KR, 47 +/- 3%, 37 +/- 4%; cardioplegia, 71 +/- 5%*, 20 +/- 2.2%*; KR + eniporide, 73 +/- 5%*, 11 +/- 3%* dagger; and cardioplegia + eniporide 77 +/- 3%*, 10 +/- 1.4%* dagger (*P </= 0.05 vs KR; dagger P </= 0.05 vs cardioplegia). Ca2+ overload was reduced in each treated group, and most in the cardioplegia + eniporide group, and was associated with the improved function. Inhibition of Na+/H+ exchange was as effective as cardioplegia in restoring function and better than cardioplegia in reducing infarct size after hypothermic ischemia. The combination of cardioplegia and Na+/H+ exchange inhibition did not produce additive protective effects but caused a larger decrease in Ca2+ loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadou K S Camara
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Center, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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17
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Mentzer RM, Lasley RD, Jessel A, Karmazyn M. Intracellular sodium hydrogen exchange inhibition and clinical myocardial protection. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 75:S700-8. [PMID: 12607715 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)04700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms underlying ischemia/reperfusion injury remain elusive, evidence supports the etiologic role of intracellular calcium overload and oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species. Activation of the sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE) is associated with intracellular calcium accumulation. Inhibition of the NHE-1 isoform may attenuate the consequences of this injury. Although there is strong preclinical and early clinical evidence that NHE inhibitors may be cardioprotective, definitive proof of this concept in humans awaits the results of ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Mentzer
- Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
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18
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19
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Avkiran M, Marber MS. Na(+)/H(+) exchange inhibitors for cardioprotective therapy: progress, problems and prospects. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39:747-53. [PMID: 11869836 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Extensive pre-clinical work indicates that inhibition of the sarcolemmal Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) affords significant protection to myocardium subjected to ischemia and reperfusion, predominantly through reduced intracellular accumulation of Na(+) and consequently Ca(2+). In contrast, recent clinical studies with the NHE inhibitors cariporide and eniporide in patients with evolving myocardial infarction (MI) and those at risk of MI have provided mixed and somewhat contradictory data. The experimental evidence suggests that the key mechanism through which NHE inhibitors afford protection consists in slowing the progression of myocardial injury during ischemia and thereby enhancing myocardial salvage by reperfusion. It follows from this that, to obtain maximum cardioprotective benefit, 1) the NHE inhibitor must be present in jeopardized myocardium, at a concentration sufficient to inhibit NHE activity, before (or as soon as possible after) the onset of ischemia, and 2) ischemia must be terminated by timely reperfusion. Thus, in the GUARDIAN trial, the cardioprotective efficacy of cariporide was limited to the subset of high-risk patients who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery, in whom both prerequisites could be readily fulfilled. In contrast, no cardioprotective benefit was observed in the ESCAMI trial, in which eniporide was administered late as an adjunct to reperfusion therapy in patients with evolving MI. Ongoing clinical studies will determine whether NHE inhibition will find therapeutic application in the setting of cardiac surgery, while pre-clinical investigations continue to test the potential of NHE inhibitors in the treatment of other cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metin Avkiran
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine and Department of Cardiology, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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Padmanabhan S, Lavin RC, Thakker PM, Guo J, Zhang L, Moore D, Perlman ME, Kirk C, Daly D, Burke-Howie KJ, Wolcott T, Chari S, Berlove D, Fischer JB, Holt WF, Durant GJ, McBurney RN. Solution-phase, parallel synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of acylguanidine derivatives as potential sodium channel blockers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:3151-5. [PMID: 11720863 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Solution-phase synthesis of various acylguanidine derivatives and the evaluation of a small library of compounds as potential sodium channel blockers are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Padmanabhan
- CeNeS Pharmaceuticals Inc., 333 Providence Highway, Norwood, MA 02062, USA.
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21
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Hoshino K, Avkiran M. Effects of moderate hypothermia on sarcolemmal Na(+)/H(+) exchanger activity and its inhibition by cariporide in cardiac ventricular myocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 134:1587-95. [PMID: 11724767 PMCID: PMC1573089 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Specific inhibitors of the sarcolemmal Na(+)/H(+) exchanger (NHE) such as cariporide are being evaluated for cardioprotective therapy during cardiac surgery. We determined the effects of moderate hypothermia (25 degrees C), as occurs during cardiac surgery, on (1) sarcolemmal NHE activity and (2) the NHE-inhibitory potency of cariporide, in isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes. 2. As the index of NHE activity, trans-sarcolemmal acid efflux rate (J(H)) was determined by microepifluorescence in single cells (n = 8 to 11 per group), during recovery from intracellular acidosis in bicarbonate-free conditions. 3. Initially, myocytes were subjected to two consecutive acid pulses; these both occurred at 37 degrees C in the normothermic control group but the second pulse was at 25 degrees C in the moderate hypothermia group. J(H) values obtained after the first pulse were superimposed in both groups, indicating comparable cell populations. However, after the second pulse, J(H) values in the moderate hypothermia group were approximately 50% of those in the normothermic control group over the pH(i) range 6.80 - 7.10. 4. Similar results were obtained in cells subjected to a single acid pulse at 37 or 25 degrees C, with J(H) values in the latter group measuring approximately 60% of those in the former over the pH(i) range 6.80-7.10. 5. Cariporide (0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 microM), present during recovery from a single acid pulse, reduced J(H) in a concentration-dependent manner, with IC(50) values of 150 and 130 nM at 37 and 25 degrees C, respectively. 6. We conclude that moderate hypothermia produces (1) a significant, but partial, inhibition of sarcolemmal NHE activity, and (2) no significant effect on the NHE-inhibitory potency of cariporide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimihiko Hoshino
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Metin Avkiran
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- Author for correspondence:
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22
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Karmazyn M, Sostaric JV, Gan XT. The myocardial Na+/H+ exchanger: a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of myocardial ischaemic and reperfusion injury and attenuation of postinfarction heart failure. Drugs 2001; 61:375-89. [PMID: 11293648 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200161030-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The myocardial Na+/H+ exchange (NHE) represents a major mechanism for pH regulation during normal physiological processes but especially during ischaemia and early reperfusion. However, there is now very compelling evidence that its activation contributes to paradoxical induction of cell injury. The mechanism for this most probably reflects the fact that activation of the exchanger is closely coupled to Na+ influx and therefore to elevation in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations through the Na+/Ca2+ exchange. The NHE is exquisitely sensitive to intracellular acidosis; however, other factors can also exhibit stimulatory effects via phosphorylation-dependent processes. These generally represent various autocrine and paracrine as well as hormonal factors such as endothelin-1, angiotensin II and alpha1-adrenoceptor agonists, which probably act through receptor-signal transduction processes. Thus far, 6 NHE isoforms have been identified and designated as NHE1 through NHE6. All except NHE6, which is located intracellularly, are restricted to the sarcolemmal membrane. In the mammalian myocardium the NHE1 subtype is the predominant isoform, although NHE6 has also been identified in the heart. The predominance of NHE1 in the myocardium is of some importance since, as discussed in this review, pharmacological development of NHE inhibitors for cardiac therapeutics has concentrated specifically on those agents which are selective for NHE1. These agents, as well as the earlier nonspecific amiloride derivatives have now been extensively demonstrated to possess excellent cardioprotective properties, which appear to be superior to other strategies, including the extensively studied phenomenon of ischaemic preconditioning. Moreover, the salutary effects of NHE inhibitors have been demonstrated using a variety of experimental models as well as animal species suggesting that the role of the NHE in mediating injury is not species specific. The success of NHE inhibitors in experimental studies has led to clinical trials for the evaluation of these agents in high risk patients with coronary artery disease as well as in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). Recent evidence also suggests that NHE inhibition may be conducive to attenuating the remodelling process after MI, independently of infarct size reduction, and attenuation of subsequent postinfarction heart failure. As such, inhibitors of NHE offer substantial promise for clinical development for attenuation of both acute responses to myocardial as well as chronic postinfarction responses resulting in the evolution to heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karmazyn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.
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23
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Kovar A, Peters T, Beier N, Derendorf H. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of the NHE inhibitor eniporide. J Clin Pharmacol 2001; 41:139-48. [PMID: 11210393 DOI: 10.1177/00912700122009944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the new cardioprotective sodium/proton exchange (NHE-1) inhibitor eniporide in humans. Eniporide was administered intravenously to healthy volunteers in doses between 2.5 and 100 mg. Concentrations of parent drug and its metabolite were measured by HPLC, and the data were analyzed by noncompartmental and compartmental pharmacokinetic methods. Platelet-swelling time was determined in each subject as a biomarker to assess pharmacodynamic activity. Eniporide showed linear pharmacokinetics with an average half-life of approximately 2 hours. The mean total body clearance was 34.4 L/h. The mean volume of distribution (Vdss) was 77.5 L, and the mean residence time was 2.3 hours. An average of 43% of the dose was recovered unchanged from urine. A pharmacokinetic two-compartment model was found suitable to provide excellent curve fits of the measured plasma concentration profiles. Plasma concentrations of the major metabolite were lower than that of the parent drug. An average of 27% of the dose was found in urine as that metabolite. The effect on platelet swelling could be well characterized by a direct Emax model. The average concentration for half-maximum effect (IC50) was 12 ng/mL. Eniporide was found to have predictable linear pharmacokinetics in the investigated dose range. Platelet-swelling time was shown to be a reproducible individual biomarker for pharmacodynamic activity, with great potential for a surrogate that predicts clinical outcome, since this effect is mediated through the same mechanism of action (NHE-1 inhibition) as the desired cardioprotective activity. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling allowed a first estimate of the degree of NHE inhibition in the investigated dose range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kovar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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24
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Padmanabhan S, Lavin RC, Thakkar PM, Durant GJ. A GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ACYLGUANIDINES DERIVED FROM ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC AMINES. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2001. [DOI: 10.1081/scc-100105128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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25
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Lorrain J, Briand V, Favennec E, Duval N, Grosset A, Janiak P, Hoornaert C, Cremer G, Latham C, O'Connor SE. Pharmacological profile of SL 59.1227, a novel inhibitor of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 131:1188-94. [PMID: 11082127 PMCID: PMC1572429 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. The NHE1 isoform of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular pH and in cardiac cell injury caused by ischaemia and reperfusion. SL 59.1227 is a novel imidazolypiperidine Na(+)/H(+) antiport inhibitor which is structurally unrelated to previously described acylguanidine inhibitors such as cariporide. 2. Recovery of pH(i) following an intracellular acid load was measured in CCL39-derived PS120 variant cells, selectively expressing either NHE1 or NHE2 isoforms of the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. pH(i) recovery was potently and selectively slowed by SL 59.1227 in NHE1-expressing cells (IC(50) 3.3+/-1.3 nM) versus NHE2-expressing cells (2.3+/-1.0 microM). The respective IC(50) values for cariporide were 103+/-28 nM (NHE1) and 73+/-46 microM (NHE2). 3. In anaesthetized rats following left coronary artery occlusion (7 min) and reperfusion (10 min) SL 59.1227 (10 - 100 microg kg(-1) min(-1) i.v.) inhibited ischaemia-mediated ventricular tachycardia (71 - 100%) and reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation (75 - 87%) and prevented mortality. Bolus i.v. administration of SL 59.1227 (1 mg kg(-1)) produced anti-arrhythmic effects when administered either before or during ischaemia. 4. Cardiac infarct size was determined in anaesthetized rabbits following left coronary artery occlusion (30 min) and reperfusion (120 min). Infarct size measured as a percentage of the area at risk was 36.2+/-3.4% (control group) versus 15.3+/-3.9% (SL 59.1227 0.6 mg kg(-1) i.v.). 5. SL 59.1227 is the first example of a potent and NHE1-selective non-acylguanidine Na(+)/H(+) exchanger inhibitor. It possesses marked cardioprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lorrain
- Cardiovascular/Thrombosis Research Department, Sanofi-Synthélabo, 1 Avenue Pierre Brossolette, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin Cedex, France.
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