1
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Wang X, You F, Xiong B, Chen L, Zhang X, Lian Z. Metal- and base-free tandem sulfonylation/cyclization of 1,5-dienes with aryldiazonium salts via the insertion of sulfur dioxide. RSC Adv 2022; 12:16745-16750. [PMID: 35754872 PMCID: PMC9170380 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03034a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A metal- and base-free 5-endo-trig sulfonylative cyclization between 1,5-dienes, aryldiazonium salts and SO2 (from SOgen) is presented. This method could successfully produce sulfonylated pyrrolin-2-ones in one pot with excellent regioselectivity and good-to-excellent yields. This strategy features mild reaction conditions and broad substrate scope. Moreover, a scale-up reaction and three synthetic applications demonstrate the practicality of this method. Lastly, control experiments indicate that the 5-endo-trig sulfonylative cyclization may proceed in a radical pathway. A new metal- and base-free method for synthesizing sulfonylated pyrrolin-2-ones from 1,5-dienes, aryldiazonium salts and SO2 is presented. This transformation features mild reaction conditions and broad substrate scope.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Fengzhi You
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Baojian Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Zhong Lian
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 China
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2
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Beran GJO, Wright SE, Greenwell C, Cruz-Cabeza AJ. The interplay of intra- and intermolecular errors in modeling conformational polymorphs. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:104112. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0088027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Conformational polymorphs of organic molecular crystals represent a challenging test for quantum chemistry because they require careful balancing of the intra- and intermolecular interactions. This study examines 54 molecular conformations from 20 sets of conformational polymorphs, along with the relative lattice energies and 173 dimer interactions taken from six of the polymorph sets. These systems are studied with a variety of van der Waals-inclusive density functionals theory models; dispersion-corrected spin-component-scaled second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (SCS-MP2D); and domain local pair natural orbital coupled cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples [DLPNO-CCSD(T)]. We investigate how delocalization error in conventional density functionals impacts monomer conformational energies, systematic errors in the intermolecular interactions, and the nature of error cancellation that occurs in the overall crystal. The density functionals B86bPBE-XDM, PBE-D4, PBE-MBD, PBE0-D4, and PBE0-MBD are found to exhibit sizable one-body and two-body errors vs DLPNO-CCSD(T) benchmarks, and the level of success in predicting the relative polymorph energies relies heavily on error cancellation between different types of intermolecular interactions or between intra- and intermolecular interactions. The SCS-MP2D and, to a lesser extent, ωB97M-V models exhibit smaller errors and rely less on error cancellation. Implications for crystal structure prediction of flexible compounds are discussed. Finally, the one-body and two-body DLPNO-CCSD(T) energies taken from these conformational polymorphs establish the CP1b and CP2b benchmark datasets that could be useful for testing quantum chemistry models in challenging real-world systems with complex interplay between intra- and intermolecular interactions, a number of which are significantly impacted by delocalization error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. O. Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Sarah E. Wright
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chandler Greenwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Aurora J. Cruz-Cabeza
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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3
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Zhang CY, Yu RJ, Wang LQ, Huang HY, Xiao MQ, Duan XM, Wang JT, Liao XW, Xiong YS. Synthesis and evaluation of sulfonyl-substituted ruthenium complex as potential antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02117j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new ruthenium complex was synthesized, which can effectively prevent the development of S. aureus drug-resistance and with high antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Ru-Jian Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Li-Qiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Hai-Yan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Meng-Qi Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Xue-Min Duan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Jin-Tao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Xiang-Wen Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
| | - Yan-Shi Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangxi Science & Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013, China
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4
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Batisai E. Solubility Enhancement of Antidiabetic Drugs Using a Co-Crystallization Approach. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1260-1268. [PMID: 34921592 PMCID: PMC8684040 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The co-crystallization approach has been used to enhance specific desirable properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) such as solubility, dissolution rate, and stability. Solubility is a fundamental property that affects the bioavailability and dosage of the API. The co-crystal approach is one of the emerging methods with the potential for improving the solubility of these drugs. This paper reviews the latest progress on improving the solubility of some antidiabetic drug molecules using the co-crystal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eustina Batisai
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of VendaP Bag X5050Thohoyandou0950South Africa
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5
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Weis E, Hayes MA, Johansson MJ, Martín-Matute B. Iridium-catalyzed C-H methylation and d 3-methylation of benzoic acids with application to late-stage functionalizations. iScience 2021; 24:102467. [PMID: 34027322 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) has over the past years emerged as a powerful approach in the drug discovery process. At its best, it allows for rapid access to new analogues from a single drug-like molecule, bypassing the need for de novo synthesis. To be successful, methods able to tolerate the diverse functional groups present in drug-like molecules that perform under mild conditions are required. C-H methylation is of particular interest due to the magic methyl effect in medicinal chemistry. Herein we report an iridium-catalyzed carboxylate-directed ortho C-H methylation and d 3-methylation of benzoic acids. The method uses commercially available reagents and precatalyst and requires no inert atmosphere or exclusion of moisture. Substrates bearing electron-rich and electron-poor groups were successfully methylated, including compounds with competing directing/coordinating groups. The method was also applied to the LSF of several marketed drugs, forming analogues with increased metabolic stability compared with the parent drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Weis
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden.,Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin A Hayes
- Hit Discovery, Discovery Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus J Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Belén Martín-Matute
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
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6
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Salnikova TV, Sabitov AA, Dmitriev MV, Maslivets AN, Rubin M. Substrate-dependent regiodivergent three-component condensation of 1H-pyrrole-2,3-diones, malononitrile and 4-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-ones. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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7
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Lucero-Borja D, Subirats X, Barbas R, Prohens R, Avdeef A, Ràfols C. Potentiometric CheqSol and standardized shake-flask solubility methods are complimentary tools in physicochemical profiling. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 148:105305. [PMID: 32184154 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The solubility of three drugs (glimepiride, pioglitazone, sibutramine) with different acid/base properties and expected supersaturation behavior was examined in detail using the shake-flask (SF) and potentiometric (CheqSol) methods. Both uncharged (free) species and hydrochloride salts were used as starting materials. On the one hand, the SF method provided information about the thermodynamic solubility at any pH value, including the counterion-dependent solubility of ionic species. Additionally, this method easily allowed the identification of the solid phase in equilibrated solutions by powder X-ray diffraction, and the detection and quantification of aggregation and complexation reactions. On the other hand, CheqSol method permitted the measurement of the equilibrium solubility of neutral species, the observation of changes in solid forms, and the extent and duration of supersaturation (kinetic solubility) for "chaser" compounds. The combined information from both methods gave an accurate picture of the solubility behavior of the studied drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lucero-Borja
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Subirats
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rafael Barbas
- Unitat de Polimorfisme i Calorimetria, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rafel Prohens
- Unitat de Polimorfisme i Calorimetria, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alex Avdeef
- in-ADME Research, 1732 First Avenue #102, New York, NY 10128, USA.
| | - Clara Ràfols
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) and Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Guru MM, Thorve PR, Maji B. Boron-Catalyzed N-Alkylation of Arylamines and Arylamides with Benzylic Alcohols. J Org Chem 2019; 85:806-819. [PMID: 31804079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A sustainable boron-based catalytic approach for chemoselective N-alkylation of primary and secondary aromatic amines and amides with primary, secondary, and tertiary benzylic alcohols has been presented. The metal-free protocol operates at low catalyst loading, tolerates several functional groups, and generates H2O as the sole byproduct. Preliminary mechanistic studies were performed to demonstrate the crucial role of boron catalyst for the activation of the intermediate dibenzyl ether and to identify the rate-determining step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Mohan Guru
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Pradip Ramdas Thorve
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
| | - Biplab Maji
- Department of Chemical Sciences , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata , Mohanpur 741246 , India
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9
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Dong Y, Zhao T, Ai W, Zalloum WA, Kang D, Wu T, Liu X, Zhan P. Novel urate transporter 1 (URAT1) inhibitors: a review of recent patent literature (2016-2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:871-879. [PMID: 31593642 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1676727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Human urate transporter 1 (URAT1), which is an influx transporter protein, is located at the apical surface of renal tubular cells and presumed to be the major transporter responsible for the reabsorption of urate from blood. About 90% of patients develop hyperuricemia due to insufficient urate excretion; thus, it is important to develop URAT1 inhibitors that could enhance renal urate excretion by blocking the reabsorption of urate anion. Areas covered: In this review, the authors addressed the patent applications (2016-2019) about URAT1 inhibitors and some medicinal chemistry strategies employed in these patents. Expert opinion: Substituent decorating, bioisosterism, and scaffold hopping are three common medicinal chemistry strategies used in the discovery of URAT1 inhibitors. Meanwhile, the introduction of sulfonyl group into small molecules has become one of the important strategies for structural optimization of URAT1 inhibitors. Furthermore, developing drug candidates targeting both URAT1 and xanthine oxidase (XOD) has attracted lots of interest and attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
| | - Wei Ai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
| | - Waleed A Zalloum
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Science, American University of Madaba , Amman , Jordan
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
| | - Ting Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University , Jinan , Shandong , PR China
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10
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Wu JX, Ding D, Wang M, Chen L. Structural Insights into the Inhibitory Mechanism of Insulin Secretagogues on the Pancreatic ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channel. Biochemistry 2019; 59:18-25. [PMID: 31566370 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonylureas and glinides are commonly used oral insulin secretagogues (ISs) that act on the pancreatic ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel to promote insulin secretion in order to lower the blood glucose level. Physiologically, KATP channels are inhibited by intracellular ATP and activated by Mg-ADP. Therefore, they sense the cellular energy status to regulate the permeability of potassium ions across the plasma membrane. The pancreatic KATP channel is composed of the pore-forming Kir6.2 subunits and the regulatory SUR1 subunits. Previous electrophysiological studies have established that ISs bind to the SUR1 subunit and inhibit the channel activity primarily by two mechanisms. First, ISs prevent Mg-ADP activation. Second, ISs inhibit the channel activity of Kir6.2 directly. Several cryo-EM structures of the pancreatic KATP channel determined recently have provided remarkable structural insights into these two mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Dian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
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11
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Chen PK, Wong YF, Yang D, Pettus TRR. Nucleophilic Imines and Electrophilic o-Quinone Methides, a Three-Component Assembly of Assorted 3,4-Dihydro-2 H-1,3-benzoxazines. Org Lett 2019; 21:7746-7749. [PMID: 31532216 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A one-pot method for joining three separate components leading to an assortment of N-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazines is described. The method involves the addition of a Grignard reagent to an o-OBoc salicylaldehyde in the presence of an imine. With a variety of components, 15 examples are presented, including the diastereoselective incorporation of chiral imines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Kc Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106-9510 , United States
| | - Yuk Fai Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106-9510 , United States
| | - Derek Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106-9510 , United States
| | - Thomas R R Pettus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara , California 93106-9510 , United States
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12
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Synthesis of new arylsulfonylspiroimidazolidine-2ʹ,4ʹ-diones and study of their effect on stimulation of insulin release from MIN6 cell line, inhibition of human aldose reductase, sorbitol accumulations in various tissues and oxidative stress. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 168:154-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Bojarska J, Fruziński A, Sieroń L, Maniukiewicz W. The first insight into the supramolecular structures of popular drug repaglinide: Focus on intermolecular interactions in antidiabetic agents. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Hoshimoto Y, Kinoshita T, Hazra S, Ohashi M, Ogoshi S. Main-Group-Catalyzed Reductive Alkylation of Multiply Substituted Amines with Aldehydes Using H 2. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7292-7300. [PMID: 29790343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b03626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the growing demand for green and sustainable chemical processes, the catalytic reductive alkylation of amines with main-group catalysts of low toxicity and molecular hydrogen as the reductant would be an ideal method to functionalize amines. However, such a process remains challenging. Herein, a novel reductive alkylation system using H2 is presented, which proceeds via a tandem reaction that involves the B(2,6-Cl2C6H3)( p-HC6F4)2-catalyzed formation of an imine and the subsequent hydrogenation of this imine catalyzed by a frustrated Lewis pair (FLP). This reductive alkylation reaction generates H2O as the sole byproduct and directly functionalizes amines that bear a remarkably wide range of substituents including carboxyl, hydroxyl, additional amino, primary amide, and primary sulfonamide groups. The synthesis of isoindolinones and aminophthalic anhydrides has also been achieved by a one-pot process that consists of a combination of the present reductive alkylation with an intramolecular amidation and intramolecular dehydration reactions, respectively. The reaction showed a zeroth-order and a first-order dependence on the concentration of an imine intermediate and B(2,6-Cl2C6H3)( p-HC6F4)2, respectively. In addition, the reaction progress was significantly affected by the concentration of H2. These results suggest a possible mechanism in which the heterolysis of H2 is facilitated by the FLP comprising THF and B(2,6-Cl2C6H3)( p-HC6F4)2.
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15
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Rani D, Goyal P, Chadha R. Conformational flexibility and packing plausibility of repaglinide polymorphs. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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17
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Kancherla P, Keesari S, Alegete P, Khagga M, Das P. Identification, isolation, and synthesis of seven novel impurities of anti-diabetic drug Repaglinide. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:212-221. [PMID: 28421713 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Seven unknown impurities in Repaglinide bulk drug batches at below 0.1% (ranging from 0.05 to 0.10%) were detected by an ultra-performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method. These impurities were isolated from the crude sample of Repaglinide using preparative high performance liquid chromatography (prep-HPLC). Based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS) study, the chemical structures of seven new impurities (8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, and 16) were presumed and characterized as 4-(cyanomethyl)-2-ethoxybenzoic acid (8), 4-(cyanomethyl)-2-ethoxy-N-(3-methyl-1-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)butyl)benzamide (9), 4-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-2-ethoxy-N-(3-methyl-1-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)butyl) benzamide (10) and 2-(3-ethoxy-4-((3-methyl-1-(2-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl)butyl) carbamoyl) phenyl) acetic acid (11) and 4-(cyanomethyl)-N-cyclohexyl-2-ethoxybenzamide (13), 2-(4-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-3-ethoxyphenyl) acetic acid (14) and N-cyclohexyl-4-(2-(cyclohexylamino)-2-oxoethyl)-2-ethoxybenzamide (16). The complete spectral analysis, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR), 13 C NMR, MS, and infrared (IR) confirmed the proposed chemical structures of impurities. Identification, structural characterization, formation, and their synthesis was first reported in this study. The impurity 11 was crystallized and structure was solved by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasad Kancherla
- Institute of Science &Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India.,Green Evolution Laboratories, Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500017, India
| | - Srinivas Keesari
- Green Evolution Laboratories, Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500017, India
| | - Pallavi Alegete
- Institute of Science &Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India.,Green Evolution Laboratories, Nacharam, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500017, India
| | - Mukkanti Khagga
- Institute of Science &Technology, JNT University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500085, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Medicinal Chemistry Divison, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
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18
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Zhang Y, Liu T, Niu Z, Fu Y, Yang J, Song Y, Zhao S. A New Route for the Synthesis of the Repaglinide Key Intermediate 3-Ethoxy-4-Ethoxycarbonylphenylacetic Acid. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14682401870800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new method is described for manufacturing 3-ethoxy-4-ethoxycarbonylphenylacetic acid, which is a key intermediate of the antidiabetic drug repaglinide, starting from 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and involving esterification, formylation, oxidation, etherification and selective hydrolysis. The effect of reaction temperature, time, solvent and substrate ratios on the yield were studied in detail and the optimal conditions are presented in the paper. The new method makes the scale-up operation easier and the environmental problems are fewer. The impurities in the intermediate of the new route were also determined. Characterisation of the product and intermediates involved was achieved by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HRMS and DSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P.R. China
- Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang, 050018, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Chemistry for Drug, Shijiazhuang, 050018, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Liu
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohuan Niu
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P.R. China
| | - Yajing Fu
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P.R. China
| | - Jixia Yang
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P.R. China
| | - Yongxing Song
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P.R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhao
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, P.R. China
- Hebei Research Center of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering, Shijiazhuang, 050018, P.R. China
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Sundaram DTSS, Mitra J, Rajesh C, Islam A, Prabahar KJ, Rao BV, Douglas SP. Synthesis of Repaglinide Congeners. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2015.1064139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanraj T. S. S. Sundaram
- Chemical Research and Development, APL Research Center II, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Indrakaran (V), Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Jayati Mitra
- Chemical Research and Development, APL Research Center II, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Indrakaran (V), Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - C. Rajesh
- Chemical Research and Development, APL Research Center II, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Indrakaran (V), Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Aminul Islam
- Chemical Research and Development, APL Research Center II, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Indrakaran (V), Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Koilpillai Joseph Prabahar
- Chemical Research and Development, APL Research Center II, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Indrakaran (V), Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Battula Venkateswara Rao
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sanasi Paul Douglas
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Andhra University College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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20
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Synthesis, characterization, hypoglycemic and aldose reductase inhibition activity of arylsulfonylspiro[fluorene-9,5′-imidazolidine]-2′,4′-diones. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 98:127-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Salari S, Ghasemi M, Fahanik-Babaei J, Saghiri R, Sauve R, Eliassi A. Evidence for a KATP Channel in Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rerKATP Channel) of Rat Hepatocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125798. [PMID: 25950903 PMCID: PMC4423865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We report in a previous study the presence of a large conductance K+ channel in the membrane of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) from rat hepatocytes incorporated into lipid bilayers. Channel activity in this case was found to decrease in presence of ATP 100 µM on the cytoplasmic side and was totally inhibited at ATP concentrations greater than 0.25 mM. Although such features would be compatible with the presence of a KATP channel in the RER, recent data obtained from a brain mitochondrial inner membrane preparation have provided evidence for a Maxi-K channel which could also be blocked by ATP within the mM concentration range. A series of channel incorporation experiments was thus undertaken to determine if the ATP-sensitive channel originally observed in the RER corresponds to KATP channel. Our results indicate that the gating and permeation properties of this channel are unaffected by the addition of 800 nM charybdotoxin and 1 µM iberiotoxin, but appeared sensitive to 10 mM TEA and 2.5 mM ATP. Furthermore, adding 100 µM glibenclamide at positive potentials and 400 µM tolbutamide at negative or positive voltages caused a strong inhibition of channel activity. Finally Western blot analyses provided evidence for Kir6.2, SUR1 and/or SUR2B, and SUR2A expression in our RER fractions. It was concluded on the basis of these observations that the channel previously characterized in RER membranes corresponds to KATP, suggesting that opening of this channel may enhance Ca2+ releases, alter the dynamics of the Ca2+ transient and prevent accumulation of Ca2+ in the ER during Ca2+ overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Salari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maedeh Ghasemi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Fahanik-Babaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Saghiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Remy Sauve
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Membrane Protein Research Group, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Eliassi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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22
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Devaraneni PK, Martin GM, Olson EM, Zhou Q, Shyng SL. Structurally distinct ligands rescue biogenesis defects of the KATP channel complex via a converging mechanism. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7980-91. [PMID: 25637631 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.634576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules that correct protein misfolding and misprocessing defects offer a potential therapy for numerous human diseases. However, mechanisms underlying pharmacological correction of such defects, especially in heteromeric complexes with structurally diverse constituent proteins, are not well understood. Here we investigate how two chemically distinct compounds, glibenclamide and carbamazepine, correct biogenesis defects in ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels composed of sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) and Kir6.2. We present evidence that despite structural differences, carbamazepine and glibenclamide compete for binding to KATP channels, and both drugs share a binding pocket in SUR1 to exert their effects. Moreover, both compounds engage Kir6.2, in particular the distal N terminus of Kir6.2, which is involved in normal channel biogenesis, for their chaperoning effects on SUR1 mutants. Conversely, both drugs can correct channel biogenesis defects caused by Kir6.2 mutations in a SUR1-dependent manner. Using an unnatural, photocross-linkable amino acid, azidophenylalanine, genetically encoded in Kir6.2, we demonstrate in living cells that both drugs promote interactions between the distal N terminus of Kir6.2 and SUR1. These findings reveal a converging pharmacological chaperoning mechanism wherein glibenclamide and carbamazepine stabilize the heteromeric subunit interface critical for channel biogenesis to overcome defective biogenesis caused by mutations in individual subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna K Devaraneni
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Gregory M Martin
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Erik M Olson
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Qing Zhou
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Show-Ling Shyng
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
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23
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Preparation, characterization and in vivo evaluation of formulation of repaglinide with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin. Int J Pharm 2014; 477:159-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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24
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Rajendiran C, Nagarajan P, Naidu A, Dubey PK. Reversal Diastereoselectivity Between the Organomagnesium and Organolithium Reagents on Chiral N- Tert-Butylsulfinylaldimines for the Preparation of Chiral Amines. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.909487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Periyandi Nagarajan
- a Suven Life Sciences Ltd., Research and Development Center , Hyderabad , India
| | - A. Naidu
- b Department of Chemistry , J.N.T. University , Hyderabad , India
| | - P. K. Dubey
- b Department of Chemistry , J.N.T. University , Hyderabad , India
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25
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Optical control of insulin release using a photoswitchable sulfonylurea. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5116. [PMID: 25311795 PMCID: PMC4208094 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfonylureas are widely prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Through their actions on ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels, sulfonylureas boost insulin release from the pancreatic beta cell mass to restore glucose homeostasis. A limitation of these compounds is the elevated risk of developing hypoglycemia and cardiovascular disease, both potentially fatal complications. Here, we describe the design and development of a photoswitchable sulfonylurea, JB253, which reversibly and repeatedly blocks KATP channel activity following exposure to violet-blue light. Using in situ imaging and hormone assays, we further show that JB253 bestows light sensitivity upon rodent and human pancreatic beta cell function. Thus, JB253 enables the optical control of insulin release and may offer a valuable research tool for the interrogation of KATP channel function in health and T2DM.
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26
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Chernyshev VV, Efimov SY, Paseshnichenko KA, Shiryaev AA. Two polymorphs of 2-ethyl-3-hydroxy-6-methylpyridinium hydrogenN-acetyl-L-glutamate from powder diffraction data. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:1549-52. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270113031557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title salt, C8H12NO+·C7H10NO5−, crystallizes in two polymorphic modifications,viz.monoclinic (M) and orthorhombic (O). The crystal structures of both polymorphic modifications have been established from laboratory powder diffraction data. The crystal packing motifs in the two polymorphs are different, but the conformations of the anions are generally similar. InM, the anions are linked by pairs of hydrogen bonds of the N—H...O and O—H...O types into chains along theb-axis direction, and neighbouring molecules within the chain are related by the 21screw axis. The cations link these chainsviaO—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds into layers parallel to (001). InO, the anions are linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds into helices along [001], and neighbouring molecules within the helix are related by the 21screw axis. The neighbouring helical turns are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The cations link the helicesviaO—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds, thus forming a three-dimensional network.
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27
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Bambi-Nyanguile SM, Mangwala Kimpende P, Pirotte B, Van Meervelt L. N- tert-Butyl- N′-[5-cyano-2-(4-methylphenoxy)phenylsulfonyl]urea, a new TXA 2receptor antagonist. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:901-3. [DOI: 10.1107/s010827011301771x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound, C19H21N3O4S, crystallizes in the space groupP2/cwith two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The conformation of both molecules is very similar and is mainly determined by an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond between a urea N atom and a sulfonyl O atom. The O and second N atom of the urea groups are involved in dimer formationviaN—H...O hydrogen bonds. The intramolecular hydrogen-bonding motif and conformation of the C—SO2—NH(C=O)—NH—C fragment are explored and compared using the Cambridge Structural Database and theoretical calculations. The crystal packing is characterized by π–π stacking between the 5-cyanobenzene rings.
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28
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Shadrick WR, Ndjomou J, Kolli R, Mukherjee S, Hanson AM, Frick DN. Discovering new medicines targeting helicases: challenges and recent progress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:761-81. [PMID: 23536547 PMCID: PMC4427233 DOI: 10.1177/1087057113482586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicases are ubiquitous motor proteins that separate and/or rearrange nucleic acid duplexes in reactions fueled by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. Helicases encoded by bacteria, viruses, and human cells are widely studied targets for new antiviral, antibiotic, and anticancer drugs. This review summarizes the biochemistry of frequently targeted helicases. These proteins include viral enzymes from herpes simplex virus, papillomaviruses, polyomaviruses, coronaviruses, the hepatitis C virus, and various flaviviruses. Bacterial targets examined include DnaB-like and RecBCD-like helicases. The human DEAD-box protein DDX3 is the cellular antiviral target discussed, and cellular anticancer drug targets discussed are the human RecQ-like helicases and eIF4A. We also review assays used for helicase inhibitor discovery and the most promising and common helicase inhibitor chemotypes, such as nucleotide analogues, polyphenyls, metal ion chelators, flavones, polycyclic aromatic polymers, coumarins, and various DNA binding pharmacophores. Also discussed are common complications encountered while searching for potent helicase inhibitors and possible solutions for these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Shadrick
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA
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29
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Synthesis of novel β-amino ketones containing a p-aminobenzoic acid moiety and evaluation of their antidiabetic activities. Sci China Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-012-4816-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Joshi SS, Nahire RR, Shastri NR, Surendranath KV, Satish J. Validated stability-indicating RP-HPLC UV method for simultaneous determination of metformin and repaglinide. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.24.2012.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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31
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Funktionalisierung von C-H-Bindungen: neue Synthesemethoden für Naturstoffe und Pharmazeutika. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 756] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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32
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Yamaguchi J, Yamaguchi AD, Itami K. CH Bond Functionalization: Emerging Synthetic Tools for Natural Products and Pharmaceuticals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8960-9009. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2423] [Impact Index Per Article: 201.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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33
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Vliegen M, Haspeslagh P, Verluyten W. Alternative efficient tritium labeling of repaglinide. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Small molecule inhibitors of the human papillomavirus E1-E2 interaction. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2011; 348:61-88. [PMID: 20676971 DOI: 10.1007/82_2010_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses are responsible for multiple human diseases, including cervical cancer caused by multiple high-risk types and genital warts caused by the low-risk types 6 and 11. Based on the research indicating that low-risk HPV could be successfully targeted by inhibitors of viral DNA replication, we carried out several high-throughput screens for inhibitors of DNA replication activities. Two series were identified in screens for inhibitors of the interaction between the viral proteins E1 and E2. The two series were demonstrated to bind to overlapping sites on the transactivation domain of E2, at the E1-binding interface, by a series of biochemical and biophysical experiments. A member of the first series was also cocrystallized with the E2 transactivation domain. For both series, structure-activity investigations are described, which resulted in several hundred fold improvements in activity. The best compounds in each series had low nanomolar activity against the HPV11 E1-E2 interaction, and EC(50) values in cellular DNA replication assays of approximately 1 μM. Binding modes for the two series are compared, and some general conclusions about the discovery of protein-protein interaction inhibitors are drawn from the work described.
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35
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Gelbrich T, Haddow MF, Griesser UJ. Gliquidone. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2011; 67:o1343. [PMID: 21754738 PMCID: PMC3120417 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536811016680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The title compound {systematic name: N-cyclohexylcarbamoyl-4-[2-(7-methoxy-4,4-dimethyl-1,3-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)ethyl]benzenesulfonamide}, C27H33N3O6S, displays an intramolecular N—H⋯O=S interaction, as well as intermolecular N—H⋯O=C hydrogen bonds. The latter interactions lead to the formation of hydrogen-bonded chains parallel to the c axis. The conformation of the sulfonylurea fragment is in agreement with a recent theoretical study [Kasetti et al. (2010 ▶). J. Phys. Chem. B, 114, 11603–11610].
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gelbrich
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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36
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Xiao B, Gong TJ, Xu J, Liu ZJ, Liu L. Palladium-catalyzed intermolecular directed C-H amidation of aromatic ketones. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:1466-74. [PMID: 21218796 DOI: 10.1021/ja108450m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pd-catalyzed directed ortho C-H amidation of aromatic ketones with both sulfonamides and amides has been accomplished. The use of an electron-deficient Pd complex, Pd(OTf)(2), is crucial for the success of this transformation. Some key intermediates of the reaction, that is, the cyclopalladation complexes of ketones, have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. Experimental analysis of these palladacycles and also the experimental results with N-methyl sulfonamides indicate that the new reaction does not seem to proceed through a nitrene intermediate. The utility of the newly developed reaction was demonstrated for the synthesis of useful organic intermediates such as 2- and 3-alkyl indoles and 2-aminophenyl ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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37
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Kasetti Y, Patel NK, Sundriyal S, Bharatam PV. Conformational polymorphism in sulfonylurea drugs: electronic structure analysis. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:11603-11. [PMID: 20718444 DOI: 10.1021/jp101327k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations have been performed using HF, B3LYP, and MP2 methods on the model sulfonylurea PhSO(2)NHC(=O)NHMe to understand the conformational and tautomeric preferences. The results indicate that a conformer with intramolecular hydrogen bond SLU-1 (hitherto not considered) is more stable than the conformer SLU-2 (which is generally considered) for sulfonylureas. The energy difference between these two conformers is about 4 kcal/mol in the gas phase; however, the energy differences between the two rotamers become negligible in the solvent phase. Iminol tautomeric forms of sulfonylurea (which were also not studied until now) are only about 5-6 kcal/mol higher in energy as per both gas-phase and solvent-phase analyses, indicating easy accessibility of tautomeric states in sulfonylureas. Quantum chemical analysis has also been carried out on the possible dimeric structures of these three important isomers of sulfonylurea, and correlations have been made to the known crystal structures of polymorphic states of sulfonylurea drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoganjaneyulu Kasetti
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S. A. S. Nagar 160 062, Punjab, India
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38
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Rais A, Ankati H, Biehl E. Preparation of 5-nitro-2-amino[b]thiophenes and 1-(2-amino-5-nitrophenyl)ethanonesviamicrowave irradiation. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Roth GJ, Heckel A, Colbatzky F, Handschuh S, Kley J, Lehmann-Lintz T, Lotz R, Tontsch-Grunt U, Walter R, Hilberg F. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Indolinones as Triple Angiokinase Inhibitors and the Discovery of a Highly Specific 6-Methoxycarbonyl-Substituted Indolinone (BIBF 1120). J Med Chem 2009; 52:4466-80. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ralf Lotz
- Department of Drug Discovery Support
| | | | | | - Frank Hilberg
- Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co. KG, A-1121 Vienna, Austria
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40
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He YY, Zhang R, Shao XY, Hu C, Wang CR, Lu JX, Bao YQ, Jia WP, Xiang KS. Association of KCNJ11 and ABCC8 genetic polymorphisms with response to repaglinide in Chinese diabetic patients. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:983-9. [PMID: 18664331 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to investigate the association of KCNJ11 E23K and ABCC8 exon16-3T/C with the therapeutic effect of repaglinide in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS A total of 100 Chinese patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were treated with repaglinide for 24 weeks. Arginine stimulation tests were performed to evaluate beta cell function. Gene variations were detected with PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Responders were defined by a greater than 25% decrease in fasting plasma glucose or a greater than 20% decrease in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values (or both) after the 24 week repaglinide treatment. RESULTS Both baseline HbA1c and the decrease of HbA1c were significantly higher in patients with E/K and K/K genotypes of the KCNJ11 E23K variant when compared with E/E homozygotes (P=0.0103 and 0.0221, respectively). The decrease in 2 h postprandial plasma glucose (2hPG) was significantly greater in E/K heterozygotes than E/E homozygotes (P=0.0367). There was a significant difference in the response rate to repaglinide treatment between the E and K alleles (68% vs 82%, P=0.0324). The changes in fasting insulin and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance were significantly greater in patients with ABCC8 exon16-3 C/C versus the T/C and T/T genotypes (P=0.0372 and 0.0274, respectively). CONCLUSION The KCNJ11 E23K variant was associated with the therapeutic effect of repaglinide. In addition, The C/C homozygotes of the ABCC8 exon16-3T/C variant responded better to repaglinide in insulin sensitivity than the T/C and T/T genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-yi He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200233, China
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41
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Synthesis and biological activity of imidazopyridine anticoccidial agents: Part II. Eur J Med Chem 2008; 43:1123-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Wei W, Hamamoto Y, Ukaji Y, Inomata K. Asymmetric addition of phenylzinc reagents to C-alkynyl nitrones. Enantiomeric enhancement by a product-like additive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Novel β-lactam condensed 3-thiaquinolines: an efficient synthesis and structural characterization. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Purvis T, Mattucci ME, Crisp MT, Johnston KP, Williams RO. Rapidly dissolving repaglinide powders produced by the ultra-rapid freezing process. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:E58. [PMID: 17915808 DOI: 10.1208/pt0803058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to produce rapidly dissolving formulations of the poorly water-soluble drug repaglinide using an innovative new technology, ultra-rapid freezing (URF), and to investigate the influence of excipient type on repaglinide stability. Repaglinide compositions containing different types and levels of excipients and different drug potencies (50%-86%) were produced by the URF technology. Repaglinide/excipient solutions were frozen on a cryogenic substrate, collected, and lyophilized to form a dry powder. Surfactants, including sodium dodecyl sulfate, and alkalizing agents such as diethanolamine (DEA) and tromethamine (TRIS) were incorporated into the compositions. Forced degradation of repaglinide was conducted under stressed conditions (eg, elevated temperature, exposure to peroxide) to determine the stability of the drug in such environments. The solubility of repaglinide increased as a function of increasing pH; therefore, incorporation of an alkalizing agent into the URF formulations increased the drug's solubility. Drug instability resulted when the drug was exposed to pH values above 9.0. URF formulations containing alkalizing agents showed no degradation or spontaneous recrystallization in the formulation, indicating that increased stability was afforded by processing. URF processing created nanostructured drug/excipient particles with higher dissolution rates than were achieved for unprocessed drug. Alkalizing agents such as TRIS and DEA, present at levels of 25% to 33% wt/wt in the formulations, did not cause degradation of the drug when processed using URF. URF processing, therefore, yielded fast-dissolving formulations that were physically and chemically stable, resistant to alkali degradation or spontaneous recrystallization in the formulation.
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Gangjee A, Yang J, McGuire JJ, Kisliuk RL. Synthesis and evaluation of a classical 2,4-diamino-5-substituted-furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as antifolates. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:8590-8. [PMID: 16990006 PMCID: PMC3850758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two classical antifolates, a 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine and a 2-amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine, were synthesized as potential inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thymidylate synthase (TS). The syntheses were accomplished by condensation of 2,6-diamino-3(H)-4-oxo-pyrimidine with alpha-chloro-ketone 21 to afford two key intermediates 23 and 24, followed by hydrolysis, coupling with l-glutamate diethyl ester and saponification of the diethyl ester to afford the classical antifolates 13 and 14. Compounds 13 and 14 with a single carbon atom bridge are both substrates for folylpoly-gamma-glutamate synthetase (FPGS), the enzyme responsible for forming critical poly-gamma-glutamate antifolate metabolites with increased potency and/or increased cell retention. Compound 14 is a highly efficient FPGS substrate demonstrating that 2,4-diamino-5-substituted furo[2,3-d]pyrimidines are important lead structures for the design of antifolates with FPGS substrate activity. It retains inhibitory potency for DHFR and TS compared to the two atom bridged analog 5. Compound 13 is a poor inhibitor of purified DHFR and TS, and both 13 and 14 are poor inhibitors of the growth of CCRF-CEM human leukemia cells in culture, indicating that single carbon bridged compounds in these series though conducive to FPGS substrate activity were not potent inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleem Gangjee
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 600 Forbes Avenue, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA.
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Vila-Carriles WH, Zhao G, Bryan J. Defining a binding pocket for sulfonylureas in ATP-sensitive potassium channels. FASEB J 2006; 21:18-25. [PMID: 17110465 DOI: 10.1096/fj.06-6730hyp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonylurea receptors SUR1 and SUR2 are the regulatory subunits of K(ATP) channels. Their differential affinity for hypoglycemic sulfonylureas provides a basis for the selectivity of these compounds for different K(ATP) channel isoforms. Sulfonylureas have a 100- to 1000-fold greater affinity for SUR1 vs. SUR2. Structure-activity studies suggested a bipartite binding pocket. Chimeric SUR1 approximately SUR2 receptors have shown TMD2, the third bundle of transmembrane helices, to be part of an "A" site that confers SUR1 selectivity for sulfonylureas. The purpose of this study is to determine the position of the "B" site. Previous photoaffinity labeling studies have placed the B site on the amino-terminal third of SUR and colabeled the associated K(IR). In our study, deletion of TMD0, the first bundle of transmembrane helices, did not compromise labeling. Further deletions into the cytoplasmic linker, L0, eliminated binding and labeling. Alanine substitutions in L0 identified a limited number of conserved residues, Y230 and W232, important for affinity labeling. A fragment of K(IR)6.2, missing M2 and the entire carboxyl terminal, assembles with SUR1 and is affinity labeled, while deletion of 10 or more amino-terminal residues compromises labeling. These studies indicate that the B site involves L0 and the K(IR) amino terminus, elements that are critical for control of channel gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda H Vila-Carriles
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Crane L, Anastassiadou M, El Hage S, Stigliani JL, Baziard-Mouysset G, Payard M, Leger JM, Bizot-Espiard JG, Ktorza A, Caignard DH, Renard P. Design and synthesis of novel imidazoline derivatives with potent antihyperglycemic activity in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:7419-33. [PMID: 16889967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Imidazoline derivatives have been reported to show antihyperglycemic activity in vivo. In the present study, we first showed that there was no correlation between the in vivo antidiabetic activity and the in vitro affinities for the I1/I2 binding sites for several substituted aryl imidazolines. Among these compounds, 2-(alpha-cyclohexyl-benzyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole 2 exhibited potent antihyperglycemic properties. It was then chosen as lead compound. Thirty-six new derivatives were synthesized by replacing the cyclohexyl/benzyl group by various cyclic systems or the imidazoline ring by isosteric heterocycles. These compounds were evaluated in vivo for their antihyperglycemic activity using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in a rat model of type-2 diabetes obtained by giving a single intravenous (iv) injection of a low dose of streptozotocin to rats (STZ rats) and in normal rats. Nine compounds with an imidazoline moiety, possibly substituted by a methyl group, had a potent effect on the glucose tolerance in normal or STZ-diabetic rats, after an oral (po) administration of the test compound at a dose of 30 or 10 mg kg(-1), without any hypoglycemia. Replacement of the imidazoline ring by isosteric heterocycles resulted in a total loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Crane
- Université Toulouse III, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Laboratoire de Chimie Pharmaceutique, F-31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France
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Yan FF, Casey J, Shyng SL. Sulfonylureas correct trafficking defects of disease-causing ATP-sensitive potassium channels by binding to the channel complex. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:33403-13. [PMID: 16956886 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m605195200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels mediate glucose-induced insulin secretion by coupling metabolic signals to beta-cell membrane potential and the secretory machinery. Reduced K(ATP) channel expression caused by mutations in the channel proteins: sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) and Kir6.2, results in loss of channel function as seen in congenital hyperinsulinism. Previously, we reported that sulfonylureas, oral hypoglycemic drugs widely used to treat type II diabetes, correct the endoplasmic reticulum to the plasma membrane trafficking defect caused by two SUR1 mutations, A116P and V187D. In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which sulfonylureas rescue these mutants. We found that glinides, another class of SUR-binding hypoglycemic drugs, also markedly increased surface expression of the trafficking mutants. Attenuating or abolishing the ability of mutant SUR1 to bind sulfonylureas or glinides by the following mutations: Y230A, S1238Y, or both, accordingly diminished the rescuing effects of the drugs. Interestingly, rescue of the trafficking defects requires mutant SUR1 to be co-expressed with Kir6.2, suggesting that the channel complex, rather than SUR1 alone, is the drug target. Observations that sulfonylureas also reverse trafficking defects caused by neonatal diabetes-associated Kir6.2 mutations in a way that is dependent on intact sulfonylurea binding sites in SUR1 further support this notion. Our results provide insight into the mechanistic and structural basis on which sulfonylureas rescue K(ATP) channel surface expression defects caused by channel mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Yan
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Stephan D, Winkler M, Kühner P, Russ U, Quast U. Selectivity of repaglinide and glibenclamide for the pancreatic over the cardiovascular K(ATP) channels. Diabetologia 2006; 49:2039-48. [PMID: 16865362 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-006-0307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Sulfonylureas and glinides close beta cell ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channels to increase insulin release; the concomitant closure of cardiovascular K(ATP) channels, however, leads to complications in patients with cardiac ischaemia. The insulinotrope repaglinide is successful in therapy, but has been reported to inhibit the recombinant K(ATP) channels of beta cells, cardiocytes and non-vascular smooth muscle cells with similar potencies, suggesting that the (patho-)physiological role of the cardiovascular K(ATP) channels may be overstated. We therefore re-examined repaglinide's potency at and affinity for the recombinant pancreatic, myocardial and vascular K(ATP) channels in comparison with glibenclamide. METHODS K(ATP) channel subunits (i.e. inwardly rectifying K(+) channels [Kir6.x] and sulfonylurea receptors [SURx]) were expressed in intact human embryonic kidney cells and assayed in whole-cell patch-clamp and [(3)H]glibenclamide binding experiments at 37 degrees C. RESULTS Repaglinide and glibenclamide, respectively, were >or=30 and >or=1,000 times more potent in closing the pancreatic than the cardiovascular channels and they did not lead to complete inhibition of the myocardial channel. Binding assays showed that the selectivity of glibenclamide was essentially based on high affinity for the pancreatic SUR, whereas binding of repaglinide to the SUR subtypes was rather non-selective. After coexpression with Kir6.x to form the assembled channels, however, the affinity of the pancreatic channel for repaglinide was increased 130-fold, an effect much larger than with the cardiovascular channels. This selective effect of coexpression depended on the piperidino substituent in repaglinide. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Repaglinide and glibenclamide show higher potency and efficacy in inhibiting the pancreatic than the cardiovascular K(ATP) channels, thus supporting their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stephan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Wilhelmstrasse 56, D-72074, Tübingen, Germany
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Rizzo MR, Barbieri M, Grella R, Passariello N, Paolisso G. Repaglinide has more beneficial effect on cardiovascular risk factors than glimepiride: data from meal-test study. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2005; 31:255-60. [PMID: 16142016 DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70192-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim our study is to compare the effects of repaglinide vs glimepiride administration on cardiovascular risk factors after meal test. Thus, after 2 weeks washout period, a 3-month randomised, cross-over parallel group trial of repaglinide (1 mg x 2/day) vs glimepiride (2 mg/day) in 14 patients with type 2 diabetes "naive" on diet treatment was made. Both treatments significantly declined plasma glucose, total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, PAI-1, PAP levels and increased HDL-cholesterol. Lowering in plasma PAI-1 and PAP levels was significantly greater in repaglinide group. Furthermore, repaglinide administration resulted in a significant decrease in fasting plasma free fatty acids, fibrinogen, thrombin-antithrombin complex and reaction product of malondialdehyde with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) levels, in absence of significant difference in fasting plasma insulin levels. Decrease in plasma TBARS levels correlated with the decrease in Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (r = 0.72; P < 0.003) and free fatty acids concentrations (r = 0.62; P < 0.01). Analysis of the insulin and glucose concentrations throughout the meal test revealed that AUC for glucose (758 +/- 19 vs 780 +/- 28 mg/Lxmin; P = 0.02) was significantly lower after repaglinide than glimepiride administration despite similar AUC for insulin (2327 +/- 269 vs 2148 +/- 292 mU/Lxmin; P = 0.105). At time 120' of meal test, repaglinide vs glimepiride administration was associated with a significant decline in plasma triglycerides, free fatty acids, fibrinogen, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1, plasmin-alpha(2)-antiplasmin complex, thrombin-antithrombin complex, TBARS levels and increase in plasma HDL-cholesterol levels. In repaglinide group a negative correlation between insulin secretion during 1st phase of meal-test and plasma TBARS levels (r = -0.55; P < 0.03) at time 120' was found. Such correlation was lost after adjusting for changes in postprandial hyperglycaemia (r = -0.48; P < 0.09). In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that repaglinide is more efficient than glimepiride on controlling for postprandial glucose excursion and may have beneficial effect on reducing cardiovascular risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Rizzo
- Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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