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The First 5′-Phosphorylated 1,2,3-Triazolyl Nucleoside Analogues with Uracil and Quinazoline-2,4-Dione Moieties: A Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196214. [PMID: 36234748 PMCID: PMC9573387 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 5′-phosphorylated (dialkyl phosphates, diaryl phosphates, phosphoramidates, H-phosphonates, phosphates) 1,2,3-triazolyl nucleoside analogues in which the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranose fragment is attached via a methylene group or a butylene chain to the N-1 atom of the heterocycle moiety (uracil or quinazoline-2,4-dione) was synthesized. All compounds were evaluated for antiviral activity against influenza virus A/PR/8/34/(H1N1). Antiviral assays revealed three compounds, 13b, 14b, and 17a, which showed moderate activity against influenza virus A (H1N1) with IC50 values of 17.9 μM, 51 μM, and 25 μM, respectively. In the first two compounds, the quinazoline-2,4-dione moiety is attached via a methylene or a butylene linker, respectively, to the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranosyl fragment possessing a 5′-diphenyl phosphate substituent. In compound 17a, the uracil moiety is attached via the methylene unit to the 1,2,3-triazole-4-yl-β-D-ribofuranosyl fragment possessing a 5′-(phenyl methoxy-L-alaninyl)phosphate substituent. The remaining compounds appeared to be inactive against influenza virus A/PR/8/34/(H1N1). The results of molecular docking simulations indirectly confirmed the literature data that the inhibition of viral replication is carried out not by nucleoside analogues themselves, but by their 5′-triphosphate derivatives.
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Kataev VE, Garifullin BF. Antiviral nucleoside analogs. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021; 57:326-341. [PMID: 34007086 PMCID: PMC8118684 DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02912-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The minireview surveys the modification of native nucleosides as a result of which huge libraries of nucleoside analogs of various structures were synthesized. Particular attention is paid to the synthesis of the so-called prodrug forms of nucleoside analogs which ensure their penetration into the cell and metabolism to active 5'-triphosphate derivatives. All the best known antiviral cyclic nucleoside analogs approved for the treatment of HIV infections, hepatitis B, C, and influenza since the 1960s, as well as those in various stages of clinical trials in recent years, are listed. Nucleoside analogs that have shown the ability to inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are discussed, including remdesivir, approved by the FDA for emergency use in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir E. Kataev
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
| | - Bulat F. Garifullin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 8 Akademika Arbuzova St., Kazan, 420088 Tatarstan Russia
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Yoshimura Y, Saito Y, Natori Y, Wakamatsu H. Synthesis of 4'-Thionucleosides as Antitumor and Antiviral Agents. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2018; 66:139-146. [PMID: 29386464 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c17-00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to synthesize structurally novel nucleoside derivatives in order to identify effective compounds for the treatment of tumors and virus-caused disease. At our laboratories, as part of our efforts to synthesize 4'-thionucleosides, we have identified and characterized biologically active nucleosides. During the course of our synthetic study, we developed the Pummerer-type thioglycosylation reaction. As a result, we synthesized a potent antineoplastic nucleoside, 1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-4-thio-arabino-furanosyl)cytosine (4'-thioFAC), and several novel 4'-thionucleosides that possess antiherpes virus activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yukako Saito
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Yoshihiro Natori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Hideaki Wakamatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
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Fluorinated nucleosides as an important class of anticancer and antiviral agents. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1809-1833. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-containing nucleoside analogs (NAs) represent a significant class of the US FDA-approved chemotherapeutics widely used in the clinic. The incorporation of fluorine into drug-like agents modulates lipophilic, electronic and steric parameters, thus influencing pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Fluorine can block oxidative metabolism of drugs and the formation of undesired metabolites by changing H-bonding interactions. In this review, we focus our attention on chemical fluorination reagents and methods used in the NAs field, including positron emission tomography radiochemistry. We briefly discuss both the cellular biology and clinical properties of FDA-approved and fluorine-containing nucleoside/nucleotide analogs in development as well as common resistance mechanisms associated with their use. Finally, we emphasize pronucleotide strategies used to improve therapeutic outcome of NAs in the clinic.
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Chen H, Wang J, Wu J, Kuang Y, Wu F. Synthesis of α,α-difluorobenzoyl oxygen heterocycles via the radical reaction of 2-iodo-2,2-difluoroacetophenones with unsaturated acids or unsaturated alcohols. J Fluor Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yoshimura Y. Development of a Glycosylation Reaction: A Key to Accessing Structurally Unique Nucleosides. HETEROCYCLES 2017. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-17-865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Wang JX, Wu JJ, Chen H, Zhang SW, Wu FH. Synthesis of difluoroalkyl- γ -butyrolactones from iododifluoromethyl ketones and 4-pentenoic acids. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lunau N, Seelhorst K, Kahl S, Tscherch K, Stacke C, Rohn S, Thiem J, Hahn U, Meier C. Fluorescently Labeled Substrates for Monitoring α1,3‐Fucosyltransferase IX Activity. Chemistry 2013; 19:17379-90. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201302601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lunau
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐5592
| | - Katrin Seelhorst
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐2848
| | - Stefanie Kahl
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐5592
| | - Kathrin Tscherch
- Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Christina Stacke
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐2848
| | - Sascha Rohn
- Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Joachim Thiem
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐5592
| | - Ulrich Hahn
- Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐2848
| | - Chris Meier
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Hamburg University, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg (Germany), Fax: (+49) 40‐42838‐5592
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Kortylewicz ZP, Kimura Y, Inoue K, Mack E, Baranowska-Kortylewicz J. Radiolabeled cyclosaligenyl monophosphates of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-iodo-3'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, and 3'-fluorothymidine for molecular radiotherapy of cancer: synthesis and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2649-71. [PMID: 22339166 PMCID: PMC3328401 DOI: 10.1021/jm201482p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Targeted molecular radiotherapy opens unprecedented opportunities to eradicate cancer cells with minimal irradiation of normal tissues. Described in this study are radioactive cyclosaligenyl monophosphates designed to deliver lethal doses of radiation to cancer cells. These compounds can be radiolabeled with SPECT- and PET-compatible radionuclides as well as radionuclides suitable for Auger electron therapies. This characteristic provides an avenue for the personalized and comprehensive treatment strategy that comprises diagnostic imaging to identify sites of disease, followed by the targeted molecular radiotherapy based on the imaging results. The developed radiosynthetic methods produce no-carrier-added products with high radiochemical yield and purity. The interaction of these compounds with their target, butyrylcholinesterase, depends on the stereochemistry around the P atom. IC(50) values are in the nanomolar range. In vitro studies indicate that radiation doses delivered to the cell nucleus are sufficient to kill cells of several difficult to treat malignancies including glioblastoma and ovarian and colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew P. Kortylewicz
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henrisken Cancer Research Laboratories, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6850
| | - Yu Kimura
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henrisken Cancer Research Laboratories, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6850
| | - Kotaro Inoue
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henrisken Cancer Research Laboratories, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6850
| | - Elizabeth Mack
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henrisken Cancer Research Laboratories, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6850
| | - Janina Baranowska-Kortylewicz
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, J. Bruce Henrisken Cancer Research Laboratories, 986850 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6850
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Fourrière G, Leclerc E, Quirion JC, Pannecoucke X. Synthesis of exo-methylenedifluorocyclopentanes as precursors of fluorinated carbasugars by 5-exo-dig radical cyclization. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2011.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Alexandrova LA. 4′-C-nucleoside derivatives: Synthesis and antiviral properties. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2011; 37:723-44. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162011060021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Morales EHR, Román CA, Thomann JO, Meier C. Linear Synthesis of Chiral cycloSal-Pronucleotides. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rios Morales EH, Balzarini J, Meier C. Diastereoselective synthesis of cyclosaligenyl-nucleosyl-phosphotriesters. Chemistry 2010; 17:1649-59. [PMID: 21268168 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A diastereoselective synthesis of cycloSal-phosphotriesters (cycloSal=cycloSaligenyl) based on chiral auxiliaries has been developed that allows the synthesis of single diastereomers of the cycloSal-pronucleotides. In previously described synthesis routes, the cycloSal-compounds were always obtained as 1:1 diastereomeric mixtures that could be separated in only rare cases. However, it was shown that the diastereomers have different antiviral activity, toxicity, and hydrolysis stabilities. Here, first a chiral thiazoline derivative was used to prepare nonsubstituted and 5-methyl-cycloSal-phosphotriesters in 48 and ≥95% de (de=diastereomeric excess). However, this approach failed to give the important group of 3-substituted cycloSal-nucleotides. Therefore, two other chiral groups were discovered that allowed the synthesis of (R(P))- and (S(P))-3-methyl-cycloSal-phosphotriesters as well. The antiviral activity was found to be five- to 20-fold different between the two individual diastereomers, which proved the importance of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwuin H Rios Morales
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Spácilová P, Naus P, Pohl R, Votruba I, Snásel J, Zábranská H, Pichová I, Ameral R, Birkus G, Cihlár T, Hocek M. CycloSal-phosphate pronucleotides of cytostatic 6-(Het)aryl-7-deazapurine ribonucleosides: Synthesis, cytostatic activity, and inhibition of adenosine kinases. ChemMedChem 2010; 5:1386-96. [PMID: 20533504 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A series of cycloSal-phosphate prodrugs of a recently described new class of nucleoside cytostatics (6-hetaryl-7-deazapurine ribonucleosides) was prepared. The corresponding 2',3'-isopropylidene 6-chloro-7-deazapurine nucleosides were converted into 5-O'-cycloSal-phosphates. These underwent a series of Stille or Suzuki cross-couplings with diverse (het)arylstannanes or -boronic acids to yield the protected 6-(het)aryl-7-deazapurine pronucleotides that were subsequently deprotected to give 12 derivatives of free pronucleotides. The in vitro cytostatic effect of the pronucleotides was compared with parent nucleoside analogues. In most cases, the activity of the pronucleotide was similar to or somewhat lower than that of the corresponding parent nucleosides, with the exception of 7-fluoro pronucleotides 13 a, 13 b, and 13 d, which had exhibited GIC(50) values that were improved by one order of magnitude (to the low nanomolar range). The presence of a cycloSal-phosphate group also influenced selectivity toward various cell lines. Several pronucleotides were found which strongly inhibit human adenosine kinase but only weakly inhibit the MTB adenosine kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Spácilová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Gilead Sciences & IOCB Research Center, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Nifantiev EE, Khrebtova SB, Kulikova YV, Predvoditelv DA, Kukhareva TS, Petrovskii PV, Rose M, Meier C. Formation of Benzooxaphosphole Oxide Heterocyclic System by the Ring-Contractive Arbuzov-Michaelis Isomerization of Alkoxy-Substituted Benzodioxaphosphorins. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10426500210234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard E. Nifantiev
- a Chemistry Department , Moscow Pedagogical State University , Moscow, 119021, Russia
- b Russian Academy of Sciences , A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds , Moscow, 117813, Russia
| | - Svetlana B. Khrebtova
- a Chemistry Department , Moscow Pedagogical State University , Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - Yulia V. Kulikova
- a Chemistry Department , Moscow Pedagogical State University , Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | | | - Tat′yana S. Kukhareva
- a Chemistry Department , Moscow Pedagogical State University , Moscow, 119021, Russia
| | - Pavel V. Petrovskii
- b Russian Academy of Sciences , A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds , Moscow, 117813, Russia
| | - Mirjam Rose
- c Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Hamburg, 20146, Germany
| | - Chris Meier
- c Institute of Organic Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Hamburg, 20146, Germany
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Fourrière G, Van Hijfte N, Lalot J, Dutech G, Fragnet B, Coadou G, Quirion JC, Leclerc E. Synthesis of difluorinated carbocyclic analogues of 5-deoxypentofuranoses and 1-amino-5-deoxypentofuranoses: en route to fluorinated carbanucleosides. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.03.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Wolf S, Zismann T, Lunau N, Warnecke S, Wendicke S, Meier C. A convenient synthesis of nucleoside diphosphate glycopyranoses and other polyphosphorylated bioconjugates. Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 89:63-75. [PMID: 20045214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize results obtained using a conceptionally new chemical synthesis of NDP-sugars based on cycloSaligenyl (cycloSal) nucleotides as starting material (cycloSal technique). The cycloSal technique not only leads to stereoisomerically defined NDP-sugars in high yield, but the same principle provides very efficient routes towards nucleoside di- and -triphosphates. Moreover, sugar-nucleotides such as CMP-Neu5Ac and dinucleoside polyphosphates are available. Thus, the method offers a nearly universal chemical access towards a large number of highly interesting bioconjugates and biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Wolf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Fourrière G, Lalot J, Hijfte NV, Quirion JC, Leclerc E. Synthesis of difluorinated carbocyclic analogues of 5-deoxypentofuranoses. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.09.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wolf S, Zismann T, Lunau N, Meier C. Reliable synthesis of various nucleoside diphosphate glycopyranoses. Chemistry 2009; 15:7656-64. [PMID: 19569136 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A reliable and high yielding synthetic pathway for the synthesis of the biologically highly important class of nucleoside diphosphate sugars (NDP-sugars) was developed by using various cycloSal-nucleotides 1 and 9 as active ester building blocks. The reaction with anomerically pure pyranosyl-1-phosphates 2 led to the target NDP-sugars 20-45 in a nucleophilic displacement reaction, which cleaves the cycloSal moiety in anomerically pure forms. As nucleosides cytidine, uridine, thymidine, adenosine, 2'-deoxy-guanosine and 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine were used while the phosphates of D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-NAc-glucosamine, D-NAc-galactosamine, D-fucose, L-fucose as well as 6-deoxy-D-gulose were introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Wolf
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Warnecke S, Meier C. Synthesis of nucleoside Di- and triphosphates and dinucleoside polyphosphates with cycloSal-nucleotides. J Org Chem 2009; 74:3024-30. [PMID: 19320463 DOI: 10.1021/jo802348h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A new and efficient method for the synthesis of nucleoside di- and triphosphates as well as dinucleoside polyphosphates (Np(n)N') is described. 5-Acceptor-substituted (5-nitro and 5-chloro) cycloSal-nucleotides are used as starting material that were reacted with a variety of phosphate nucleophiles as pyrophosphate or nucleotides to the corresponding products in short times and very good yields. After consumption of the starting cycloSal-phosphate triester, first the protecting groups were cleaved and finally the products were isolated after RP-column chromatography. Examples are shown for all five pyrimidine and purine bases found in natural nucleosides as well as one non-natural pyrimidine base to prove that the method can be applied generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Warnecke
- Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Smith DB, Kalayanov G, Sund C, Winqvist A, Maltseva T, Leveque VJP, Rajyaguru S, Le Pogam S, Najera I, Benkestock K, Zhou XX, Kaiser AC, Maag H, Cammack N, Martin JA, Swallow S, Johansson NG, Klumpp K, Smith M. The design, synthesis, and antiviral activity of monofluoro and difluoro analogues of 4'-azidocytidine against hepatitis C virus replication: the discovery of 4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-fluorocytidine and 4'-azido-2'-dideoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2971-8. [PMID: 19341305 DOI: 10.1021/jm801595c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of 4'-azidocytidine (3) (R1479) (J. Biol. Chem. 2006, 281, 3793; Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2007, 17, 2570) as a potent inhibitor of RNA synthesis by NS5B (EC(50) = 1.28 microM), the RNA polymerase encoded by hepatitis C virus (HCV), has led to the synthesis and biological evaluation of several monofluoro and difluoro derivatives of 4'-azidocytidine. The most potent compounds in this series were 4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2',2'-difluorocytidine and 4'-azido-2'-deoxy-2'-fluoroarabinocytidine with antiviral EC(50) of 66 nM and 24 nM in the HCV replicon system, respectively. The structure-activity relationships within this series were discussed, which led to the discovery of these novel nucleoside analogues with the most potent compound, showing more than a 50-fold increase in antiviral potency as compared to 4'-azidocytidine (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Smith
- Roche Palo Alto LLC, 3431 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
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Wendicke S, Warnecke S, Meier C. Efficient synthesis of nucleoside diphosphate glycopyranoses. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1500-2. [PMID: 18033710 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200703237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Wendicke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Wendicke S, Warnecke S, Meier C. Effiziente Synthese von Nucleosiddiphosphat-Glycopyranosen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200703237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Denton RW, Tony KA, Hernández-Gay JJ, Cañada FJ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Mootoo DR. Synthesis and conformational behavior of the difluoromethylene linked C-glycoside analog of beta-galactopyranosyl-(1<-->1)-alpha-mannopyranoside. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1624-35. [PMID: 17601514 PMCID: PMC2084073 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2007] [Revised: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
C-Glycosides in which the pseudoglycosidic substituent is a methylene group have been advertised as hydrolytically stable mimetics of their parent O-glycosides. While this substitution assures greater stability, the lower polarity and increased conformational flexibility in the intersaccharide linker brought about by this change may compromise biological mimicry. In this regard, C-glycosides, in which the pseudoanomeric methylene is replaced with a difluoromethylene group, are interesting because the CF2 group is more of an isopolar replacement for oxygen than CH2. In addition, the CF2 residue is expected to instill conformational bias into the intersaccharide torsions. Herein is described the synthesis and conformational behavior of the difluoromethylene linked C-glycoside of beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1<-->1)-alpha-D-mannopyranoside. The synthesis centers on the formation of the galactose residue via an oxocarbenium ion-enol ether cyclization. Conformational analysis, using a combination of molecular mechanics, dynamics, and NMR spectroscopy, suggests that the difluoro-C-glycoside populates the non-exo-Gal/exo-Man conformer to a major extent (ca 50%), with a minor contribution ( approximately 15%) from the exo-Gal/exo-Man conformer that corresponds to the ground sate of the parent O-glycoside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Denton
- Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, 695 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Meier C, Balzarini J. Application of the cycloSal-prodrug approach for improving the biological potential of phosphorylated biomolecules. Antiviral Res 2006; 71:282-92. [PMID: 16735066 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pronucleotides represent a promising tool to improve the biological activity of nucleoside analogs in antiviral and cancer chemotherapy. The cycloSal-approach is one of several conceptually different pronucleotide systems. This approach can be applied to various nucleoside analogs. A salicyl alcohol as a cyclic bifunctional masking unit is used, and shown to afford a chemically driven release of the particular nucleotide from the lipophilic phosphate triester precursor molecule. A conceptual extension of the cycloSal-approach results in the design of "lock-in"-cycloSal-derivatives. The cycloSal-approach is not restricted to the delivery of bioactive nucleotides but also useful for the intracellular delivery of hexose-1-phosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Sauerbrei A, Meier C, Meerbach A, Wutzler P. Inhibitory efficacy of cyclosal-nucleoside monophosphates of aciclovir and brivudin on DNA synthesis of orthopoxvi ruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2006; 17:25-31. [PMID: 16542003 DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that cycloSaligenyl-monophosphate (cycloSal-MP) derivatives of aciclovir (ACV), penciclovir (PCV) and brivudin (BVDU) can act as inhibitors of vaccinia virus and cowpox virus replication in vitro. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the inhibatory efficacy on DNA synthesis in vaccinia and cowpox viruses of several cycloSal-pro-nucleotides of ACV and BVDU, which have proven activity against pox viruses. Viral DNA was quantified in treated and non-treated virus-infected cells by semi-quantitative PCR on the basis of the haemagglutinin protein gene of orthopoxviruses. As result, an inhibitory efficacy on vaccinia and cowpox virus DNA replication could be demonstrated for 3-methyl-cycloSal-ACVMP, 5-H-cycloSal-ACVMP, 6-chloro-7-ECM-cycloSal-3'-OH-BVDUMP, and 6-chloro-7-methyl-cycloSal-3'-OH-BVDUMP. At concentrations of 32-128 mg/ml, 3-methyl-cyc/oSal-ACVMP and 6-chloro-7-ECM-cycloSal-3'OH-BVDUMP inhibited synthesis of viral DNA to a similar extent as the well-known inhibitors of pox viruses, cidofovir and 5-iodo-dUrd (deoxyuridine). When concentrations of 128 mg/ml were administered, both test substances diminished the amount of viral genome copies by > or =4 log10 corresponding to > or =99.99% reduction. In conclusion, selected cycloSal-pro-nucleotide derivatives of ACV and BVDU can inhibit orthopoxviral DNA synthesis. The high inhibitory efficacy on both replication of viral DNA and infectious viral particles in cell cultures makes these compounds promising candidates for in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sauerbrei
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, University of Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Meier C. cyclo
Sal Phosphates as Chemical Trojan Horses for Intracellular Nucleotide and Glycosylmonophosphate Delivery — Chemistry Meets Biology. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin‐Luther‐King‐Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany, Fax: +49‐40‐42838‐2495
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Ludek OR, Balzarini J, Meier C. Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of Carbocyclic 3′-Azidothymidine (AZT) Analogues and TheircycloSal-Phosphate Triesters. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Meier C, Ducho C, Jessen H, Vukadinović-Tenter D, Balzarini J. Second-GenerationcycloSal-d4TMP Pronucleotides Bearing Esterase-Cleavable Sites — The “Trapping” Concept. European J Org Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Tenza K, Northen JS, O'Hagan D, Slawin AMZ. Stereoselective alpha-fluoroamide and alpha-fluoro-gamma-lactone synthesis by an asymmetric zwitterionic aza-Claisen rearrangement. Beilstein J Org Chem 2005; 1:13. [PMID: 16542024 PMCID: PMC1399461 DOI: 10.1186/1860-5397-1-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asymmetric introduction of fluorine alpha-to a carbonyl has become popular recently, largely because the direct fluorination of enolates by asymmetric electrophilic fluorinating reagents has improved, and as a result such compounds are becoming attractive synthons. We have sought an alternative but straightforward asymmetric method to this class of compounds, utilising the zwitterionic aza-Claisen rearrangement by reacting alpha-fluoroacid chlorides and homochiral N-allylpyrrolidines as starting materials. RESULTS Treatment of N-allylmorpholine with 2-fluoropropionyl chloride under Yb(OTf)3 catalysis generated the zwitterionic aza-Claisen rearrangement product in good yield and demonstrated the chemical feasibility of the approach. For the asymmetric reaction, N-allyl-(S)-2-(methoxymethyl)pyrrolidine was treated with either 2-fluoropropionyl chloride or 2-fluorophenylacetic acid chloride under similar conditions and resulted in N-(alpha-fluoro-gamma-vinylamide)pyrrolidine products as homochiral materials in 99% de. These products were readily converted to their corresponding alpha-fluoro-gamma-lactones by iodolactonisation and in good diastereoselectivity. CONCLUSION Molecules which have fluorine at a stereogeneic centre are finding increasing utility in pharmaceutical, fine chemicals and materials research. The zwitterionic aza-Claisen rearrangement proved to be an effective and competitive complement to asymmetric electrophilic fluorination strategies and provides access to versatile synthetic intermediates with fluorine at the stereogenic centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Tenza
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK KY16 9ST
| | - Julian S Northen
- Onyx Scientific Ltd., Units 97/98 Silverbriar, Sunderland Enterprise Park East, Sunderland UK, SR5 2TQ
| | - David O'Hagan
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK KY16 9ST
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, UK KY16 9ST
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Meier C, Ruppel MFH, Vukadinović D, Balzarini J. Second generation of cycloSal-pronucleotides with esterase-cleavable sites: the "lock-in"-concept. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2004; 23:89-115. [PMID: 15043139 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-120027820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A conceptual extension of the cycloSal-pronucleotide approach is presented. The characteristic feature of the new cycloSal-derivatives of the anti-HIV active nucleoside analogue d4T 1 is the incorporation of an enzymatically cleavable carboxylic ester moiety with the intention to trap the triesters inside cells ("lock-in"-concept). CycloSal-triesters bearing different ester groups in the 3-or 5-position of the cycloSal-moiety are described. Surprisingly, only acetyl-and levulinyl esters are cleaved readily in CEM cell extracts while alkyl esters were found to be stable. Nevertheless, in in-vitro anti-HIV assays most of the compounds achieve the thymidine-kinase bypass, thus proving that they act at least as nucleotide delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Mackman RL, Cihlar T. Prodrug Strategies in the Design of Nucleoside and Nucleotide Antiviral Therapeutics. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Abstract
Bioactivatable protecting groups represent an enormously powerful tool to increase bioavailability or to generally help deliver drugs to cells. This approach is particularly valuable in the case of biologically active phosphates because of the high intrinsic hydrophilicity and the multitude of biological functions phosphate esters exhibit inside cells. Here, the most prominent masking groups used so far are introduced. The stability and toxicology of the resulting prodrugs is discussed. Finally, this review tries to cover briefly some of the work that describes the usefulness and efficiency of the approach in various application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schultz
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstr. 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Meier C. cycloSal-Pronucleotides—Design of the Concept, Chemistry, and Antiviral Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1075-8593(03)04006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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38
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Lee HJ, Cooperwood JS, You Z, Ko DH. Prodrug and antedrug: two diametrical approaches in designing safer drugs. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25:111-36. [PMID: 12009024 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The prodrug and antedrug concepts, which were developed to overcome the physical and pharmacological shortcomings of various therapeutic classes of agents, employ diametrically different metabolic transformations. The prodrug undergoes a predictable metabolic activation prior to exhibiting its pharmacological effects in a target tissue while the antedrug undergoes metabolic deactivation in the systemic circulation upon leaving a target tissue. An increased therapeutic index is the aspiration for both approaches in designing as well as evaluation criteria. The recent research endeavors of prodrugs include the gene-directed and antibody-directed enzymatic activation of a molecule in a targeted tissue, organ specific delivery, improved bioavailabilities of nucleosides and cellular penetration of nucleotides. As for antedrugs, emphasis in research has been based upon the design and synthesis of systemically inactive molecule by incorporating a metabolically labile functional group into an active molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee 32307, USA.
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Meier C, Muus U, Renze J, Naesens L, De Clercq E, Balzarini J. Comparative study of bis(benzyl)phosphate triesters of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine (d4T) and cyclosal-d4TMP--hydrolysis, mechanistic insights and anti-HIV activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2002; 13:101-14. [PMID: 12238528 DOI: 10.1177/095632020201300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A comparative study of three cycloSal-d4TMP 1, 2 and 3 and a variety of bis(benzyl) phosphate triester 4-8 of the antivirally active nucleoside analogue 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine (d4T) will be described. This study has been initiated by the observation that the introduction of a simple 7-methyl group in the cycloSal-structure (2) led to a completely different hydrolysis pattern as compared to the prototype cycloSal-d4TMP 1. Instead of the selective formation of d4TMP, a phenyl phosphate diester was formed in the case of the 7-methyl-substituted compound 2. The difference in degradation pathway was caused by a change of the reaction mechanism. The phenyl phosphate diester was chemically and enzymatically inert to further cleavage to yield d4TMP. For comparison bis(benzyl)-d4TMP 4, bis(alpha-methylbenzyl)-d4TMP 5, bis(alpha-methoxycarbonylmethyl [MCM]-benzyl)-d4TMP 6 as well as the enzyme-cleavable bis(4-acetoxybenzyl)-d4TMP [bis(AB)-d4TMP(7 and bis(alpha-methoxycarbonylmethyl-4-acetoxybenzyl)-d4TMP [bis(alpha-MCM-AB)-d4TMP] 8 were synthesized. Chemical hydrolysis studies proved that all bis(benzyl) triesters hydrolyze to give the intermediate benzyl phosphate diesters. Moreover, the latter two triesters 7,8 and cycloSal-d4TMPs 1 and 3 led finally to the delivery of d4TMP. The chemical hydrolysis studies allowed a detailed mechanistic interpretation of the degradation pathways of triesters 1-8. Cell extract studies of the bis(benzyl) triesters 4-8 confirmed that only triesters 7 and 8 released d4TMP although with a considerable increase of the reaction rate. Anti-HIV evaluation of the compounds showed that cycloSal-d4TMP 1 and the bis(AB) triesters 7,8 were entirely independent of the presence of cellular thymidine kinase (TK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Meier
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Germany.
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Ducho C, Balzarini J, Naesens L, De Clercq E, Meier C. Aryl-substituted and benzo-annulated cyc/osal-derivatives of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine monophosphate--correlation of structure, hydrolysis properties and anti-HIV activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2002; 13:129-41. [PMID: 12238530 DOI: 10.1177/095632020201300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of phenyl-substituted and benzoannulated cycloSal phosphate triesters of the nucleoside analogue 2',3'-dideoxy-2',3'-didehydrothymidine (d4T, Zerit) as lipophilic, membrane-soluble pronucleotides is described. The cycloSal moiety was introduced by using cyclic chlorophosphite agents prepared from phenyl-substituted saligenin derivatives and ortho-hydroxymethylated naphthols, respectively. Hydrolysis studies (HPLC analysis) of the triesters 2, 3 showed a range of hydrolytic stability from 1.4 h up to 5.1 h and the stability could be correlated with the substitution pattern in the cycloSal moiety. A slight decrease of their stability was observed, if phenyl-substituted derivatives were hydrolyzed in human CEM/O cell extracts. D4T and thymine, possible products of enzymatic cleavage of the pronucleotides, were not detected in the cell extracts. A further investigation of the hydrolysis process was performed by 31P-NMR spectroscopy. This technique allowed a precise monitoring of the degradation products and the exact determination of the product ratio. Finally, the newly synthesized compounds were tested concerning their antiviral activity against HIV in vitro. A strong correlation of the hydrolysis properties and the antiviral activity was found. 3-phenyl-cycloSal-d4TMP showed a threefold increase in its anti-HIV-1 activity and retained full activity in thymidine kinase (TK) deficient cells, indicative of a successful TK-bypass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ducho
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Germany
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Balzarini J, Haller-Meier F, De Clercq E, Meier C. Antiviral activity of cyclosaligenyl prodrugs of acyclovir, carbovir and abacavir. Antivir Chem Chemother 2001; 12:301-6. [PMID: 11900349 DOI: 10.1177/095632020101200505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclosaligenyl (cycloSal) derivatives of the monophosphates of three acyclic or carbocyclic guanosine analogues, for example, acyclovir (ACV), carbovir (CBV) and abacavir (ABC), were investigated for their activity against retrovirus (HIV, Moloney sarcoma virus) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) activity in cell culture. The extent of the antiviral potency of the prodrugs depended on the nature of the nucleoside, the substituent on the cycloSal moiety and the virus investigated. Most notably, and unlike the parent compound ACV, cycloSal-ACV monophosphate (MP) prodrugs retained pronounced activity against ACV-resistant (thymidine kinase-deficient) HSV-1 and also gained anti-HIV activity. While the cycloSal-CBVMP prodrugs did not show enhanced activity compared with the parent compound CBV, the cycloSal-ABCMP prodrugs afforded markedly increased potency against both HSV and HIV. Our data indicate that the cycloSal prodrug approach can be useful to deliver directly the MP derivatives of nucleoside analogues into the intact, virus-infected cells, thus improving and extending the antiviral potency and spectrum of the drugs against retro- and herpesvirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Belgium.
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Meier C, Lomp A, Meerbach A, Wutzler P. cycloSaligenyl-5-[(E)-2-bromovinyl]-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate (cycloSal-BVDUMP) pronucleotides active against Epstein-Barr virus. Chembiochem 2001; 2:283-5. [PMID: 11828456 DOI: 10.1002/1439-7633(20010401)2:4<283::aid-cbic283>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Meier
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Meier C, Lomp A, Meerbach A, Wutzler P. Synthesis, hydrolysis and anti-EBV activity of a series of 3'-modified cycloSal-BVDUMP pronucleotides. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:307-14. [PMID: 11563042 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A series of cycloSal-BVDUMP phosphate triesters has been prepared. The prototype compound was 3-methyl-cycloSal-BVDUMP 2. Furthermore, a series of 3'-O-acyl-modified derivatives having carboxylic acids with different lipophilicity or a L-configurated alpha-amino acid (phenylalanine) was prepared. The hydrolysis properties in phosphate buffer PBS as well as in PBS containing pig liver esterase (PLE) will be described. Finally, the biological activity against EBV has been determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Meier
- University of Hamburg, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, D 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Balzarini J, Aquaro S, Knispel T, Rampazzo C, Bianchi V, Perno CF, De Clercq E, Meier C. Cyclosaligenyl-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine monophosphate: efficient intracellular delivery of d4TMP. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 58:928-35. [PMID: 11040039 DOI: 10.1124/mol.58.5.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclosaligenyl-2',3'-didehydro-2', 3'-dideoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate (cycloSal-d4TMP) is a potent and selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication in cell culture and differs from other nucleotide prodrug approaches in that it is designed to selectively deliver the nucleotide 5'-monophosphate by a controlled, chemically induced hydrolysis. Its antiviral efficacy in cell culture is at least as good as, if not superior to, that of d4T. CycloSal-d4TMP was found to lead to the efficient intracellular release of d4TMP in a variety of cell lines, including both wild-type CEM and thymidine kinase-deficient CEM/TK(-) cells. Under similar experimental conditions, exposure of CEM/TK(-) cells to d4T failed to result in significant d4TTP levels. The intracellular conversion of cycloSal-d4TMP proved to be both time and dose dependent. The half-life of d4TTP generated intracellularly from d4T- or cycloSal-d4TMP-treated CEM cells was approximately 3.5 h, and the intracellular ratios of d4TTP/d4TMP in cells exposed to cycloSal-d4TMP gradually increased from 1 to 3.4 upon prolonged incubation. Radiolabeled cycloSal-d4TMP could be separated as its two R(p) and S(p) diastereomers on high-performance liquid chromatography. The R(p) diastereomer of cycloSal-d4TMP was 3- to 7-fold more efficient in releasing d4TMP and generating d4TTP than the S(p) cycloSal-d4TMP diastereomer. This correlated well with the 5-fold more pronounced antiviral activity of the R(p) diastereomer versus the S(p) diastereomer. d4TMP is a poor substrate for the cytosolic 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase (V(max)/K(m) for d4TMP: 0.08 of V(max)/K(m) for dTMP) and is only slowly hydrolyzed to d4T. This contributes to the efficient conversion of the prodrug of d4TTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
To overcome the many hurdles preventing the use of antiviral and anticancer nucleosides as therapeutics, the development of a prodrug methodology (i.e., pronucleotide) for the in vivo delivery of nucleotides has been proposed as a solution. The ideal pronucleotide should be non-toxic, stable in plasma and blood, capable of being i. v. and/or orally dosed, and intracellularly convertible to the corresponding nucleotide. Although this goal has yet to be achieved, many clever and imaginative pronucleotide approaches have been developed, which are likely to be important pharmacological tools. This review will discuss the major advances and future directions of the emerging field of antiviral and anticancer pronucleotide design and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Wagner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
Virtually all the compounds that are currently used, or under advanced clinical trial, for the treatment of HIV infections, belong to one of the following classes: (i) nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), (ii) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and (iii) protease inhibitors (PIs). In addition to the reverse transcriptase and protease step, various other events in the HIV replicative cycle are potential targets for chemotherapeutic intervention: (i) viral adsorption, through binding to the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 (polysulphates, polysulphonates, polyoxometalates, zintevir, negatively charged albumins); (ii) viral entry, through blockade of the viral coreceptors CXCR4 and CCR5 [bicyclams (AMD3100), polyphemusins (T22), TAK-779]; (iii) virus-cell fusion, through binding to the viral glycoprotein gp41 [T-20 (DP-178), siamycins, betulinic acid derivatives]; (iv) viral assembly and disassembly, through NCp7 zinc finger-targeted agents [2,2'-dithiobisbenzamides (DIBAs), azadicarbonamide (ADA)]; (v) proviral DNA integration, through integrase inhibitors such as L-chicoric acid; (vi) viral mRNA transcription, through inhibitors of the transcription (transactivation) process (peptoid CGP64222, fluoroquinolone K-12, Streptomyces product EM2487). Also, in recent years new NRTIs, NNRTIs and PIs have been developed that possess, respectively, improved metabolic characteristics (i.e. phosphoramidate and cyclosaligenyl pronucleotides of d4T), or increased activity against NNRTI-resistant HIV strains, or, in the case of PIs, a different, non-peptidic scaffold. Given the multitude of molecular targets with which anti-HIV agents can interact, one should be cautious in extrapolating from cell-free enzymatic assays to the mode of action of these agents in intact cells. A number of compounds (i.e. zintevir and L-chicoric acid, on the one hand; and CGP64222 on the other hand) have recently been found to interact with virus-cell binding and viral entry in contrast to their proposed modes of action targeted at the integrase and transactivation process, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
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Tan X, Boudinot FD, Chu CK, Egron D, Perigaud C, Gosselin G, Imbach JL. Pharmacokinetics of bis(t-butyl-SATE)-AZTMP, a bispivaloylthioethyl prodrug for intracellular delivery of zidovudine monophosphate, in mice. Antivir Chem Chemother 2000; 11:203-11. [PMID: 10901291 DOI: 10.1177/095632020001100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics of a bispivaloylthioethyl prodrug of zidovudine monophosphate (AZTMP), bis(t-butyl-SATE)-AZTMP, and intracellular conversion of the prodrug to AZTMP were characterized following intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration of the prodrug to mice. Concentrations of bis(t-butyl-SATE)-AZTMP, AZTMP and zidovudine (AZT) in blood, red blood cells, plasma, brain and lymph nodes were determined by HPLC. Following i.v. administration of bis(t-butyl-SATE)-AZTMP, concentrations of the prodrug declined rapidly with low levels of the prodrug detected until 4 h. Both bis(t-butyl-SATE)-AZTMP and AZTMP were detected in brain 3 min after dosing. AZTMP was found in both plasma and peripheral red blood cells, peaking at approximately 30 min and remaining detectable until 2 h. No AZTMP was detected in lymph nodes. Compared to the pharmacokinetics of AZT following its i.v. administration, i.v. administration of bis(t-butyl-SATE)-AZTMP produced lower peak concentrations of AZT in plasma, peripheral red blood cells, brain and lymph nodes. However, terminal half-lives of AZT were significantly prolonged following administration of the prodrug. Following p.o. administration of bis(t-butyl-SATE)-AZTMP, neither the prodrug nor AZTMP were detectable in whole blood. The conversion of AZT from bis(t-butyl-SATE)-AZTMP in plasma and peripheral red blood cells following p.o administration was 12.1% of that following i.v. administration of the prodrug. Bis(t-butyl-SATE)-AZTMP demonstrated promising potential for intracellular delivery of AZTMP. The prodrug also prolonged the retention of AZT in mice, and particularly increased delivery of AZT to the lymphatic and central nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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