1
|
Inhibitory Effects of a Novel μ-Opioid Receptor Nonpeptide Antagonist, UD-030, on Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043351. [PMID: 36834763 PMCID: PMC9961271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although opioids are widely used to treat moderate to severe pain, opioid addiction and the opioid overdose epidemic are becoming more serious. Although opioid receptor antagonists/partial agonists, such as naltrexone and buprenorphine, have relatively low selectivity for the μ-opioid receptor (MOP), they have been used for the management of opioid use disorder. The utility of highly selective MOP antagonists remains to be evaluated. Here, we biologically and pharmacologically evaluated a novel nonpeptide ligand, UD-030, as a selective MOP antagonist. UD-030 had more than 100-fold higher binding affinity for the human MOP (Ki = 3.1 nM) than for δ-opioid, κ-opioid, and nociceptin receptors (Ki = 1800, 460, and 1800 nM, respectively) in competitive binding assays. The [35S]-GTPγS binding assay showed that UD-030 acts as a selective MOP full antagonist. The oral administration of UD-030 dose-dependently suppressed the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in C57BL/6J mice, and its effects were comparable to naltrexone. These results indicate the UD-030 may be a new candidate for the treatment of opioid use disorder, with characteristics that differ from traditional medications that are in clinical use.
Collapse
|
2
|
Mader S, Maji MS, Atodiresei I, Rueping M. Brønsted acid catalyzed enantioselective addition of hydrazones to 3-indolylmethanols. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00840h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free synthesis of enantiopure β-substituted tryptophan derivatives was developed. A chiral Brønsted acid enabled the addition of donor-substituted hydrazones to 3-indolylmethanols in excellent yields and enantioselectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mader
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Modhu Sudan Maji
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Iuliana Atodiresei
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nicke L, Horx P, Harms K, Geyer A. Directed C(sp 3)-H arylation of tryptophan: transformation of the directing group into an activated amide. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8634-8641. [PMID: 31803437 PMCID: PMC6844298 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03440d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aminoquinoline-directed C–H activation was used to synthezise unnatural tryptophans for solid phase peptide synthesis for the first time.
The 8-aminoquinoline (8AQ) directed C(sp3)–H functionalization was applied in the synthesis of β-arylated tryptophan derivatives. The laborious protecting group reorganization towards α-amino acids compatible for solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) was cut short by the transformation of the directing group into an activated amide, which was either used directly in peptide coupling or in the gram scale synthesis of storable Fmoc-protected amino acids for SPPS. In this work, directed C–H activation and nonplanar amide chemistry complement each other for the synthesis of hybrids between phenylalanine and tryptophan with restricted side chain mobility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Nicke
- Philipps-Universität Marburg , Fachbereich Chemie , Hans Meerwein Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany .
| | - Philip Horx
- Philipps-Universität Marburg , Fachbereich Chemie , Hans Meerwein Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany .
| | - Klaus Harms
- Philipps-Universität Marburg , Fachbereich Chemie , Hans Meerwein Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany .
| | - Armin Geyer
- Philipps-Universität Marburg , Fachbereich Chemie , Hans Meerwein Straße , 35032 Marburg , Germany .
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Base-Promoted Synthesis of β-Substituted-Tryptophans via a Simple and Convenient Three-Component Condensation of Nickel(II) Glycinate. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22050695. [PMID: 28448432 PMCID: PMC6154671 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22050695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A three-component reaction of nickel(II) glycinate was conducted for the convenient synthesis of β-substituted-tryptophans. The reaction worked smoothly under mild conditions and the procedure was simple and easy to handle.
Collapse
|
5
|
Torres-García C, Pulido D, Albericio F, Royo M, Nicolás E. Triazene as a powerful tool for solid-phase derivatization of phenylalanine containing peptides: zygosporamide analogues as a proof of concept. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11409-15. [PMID: 25384234 DOI: 10.1021/jo501830w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel method for the synthesis of para-substituted phenylalanine containing cyclic peptides is described. The main features of this strategy are the coupling of phenylalanine to the solid support through its side chain via a triazene linkage, on-resin cyclization of the peptide chain, cleavage of the cyclic peptide from the resin under mild acidic conditions and further transformation of the resulting diazonium salt. The usefulness of this approach is exemplified by the solid-phase synthesis of some derivatives of the naturally occurring cyclic depsipeptide zygosporamide.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gao Y, Huo Y, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhang H. Complete NMR assignment of cyclic octapeptide CTAP. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2014; 52:467-469. [PMID: 24911419 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
A DFT and semiempirical model-based study of opioid receptor affinity and selectivity in a group of molecules with a morphine structural core. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2012; 2012:682495. [PMID: 25379287 PMCID: PMC4207423 DOI: 10.1155/2012/682495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of a search for model-based relationships between mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor binding affinity and molecular structure for a group of molecules having in common a morphine structural core. The wave functions and local reactivity indices were obtained at the ZINDO/1 and B3LYP/6-31G∗∗ levels of theory for comparison. New developments in the expression for the drug-receptor interaction energy expression allowed several local atomic reactivity indices to be included, such as local electronic chemical potential, local hardness, and local electrophilicity. These indices, together with a new proposal for the ordering of the independent variables, were incorporated in the statistical study. We found and discussed several statistically significant relationships for mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptor binding affinity at both levels of theory. Some of the new local reactivity indices incorporated in the theory appear in several equations for the first time in the history of model-based equations. Interaction pharmacophores were generated for mu, delta, and kappa receptors. We discuss possible differences regulating binding and selectivity in opioid receptor subtypes. This study, contrarily to the statistically backed ones, is able to provide a microscopic insight of the mechanisms involved in the binding process.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yuan Y, Li G, He H, Stevens DL, Kozak P, Scoggins KL, Mitra P, Gerk PM, Selley DE, Dewey WL, Zhang Y. Characterization of 6α- and 6β-N-heterocyclic substituted naltrexamine derivatives as novel leads to development of mu opioid receptor selective antagonists. ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:346-51. [PMID: 22816021 DOI: 10.1021/cn2000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
As important pharmacological probes, highly selective opioid receptor antagonists are essential in opioid receptor structural characterization and opioid agonist functional studies. At present, a nonpeptidyl, highly selective, and reversible mu opioid receptor antagonist is still not available. Among a series of novel naltrexamine derivatives that have been designed and synthesized following molecular modeling studies, two compounds, NAP and NAQ, were identified as leads based on the results of in vitro and in vivo pharmacological assays. Both of them displayed high binding affinity and selectivity to the mu opioid receptor. Further pharmacokinetic and functional characterization revealed that NAP seems to be a peripheral nervous system agent while NAQ seems to be a central one. Such characteristics provide two distinguished potential application routes for these two agents and their derivatives. These results also supported our hypothesis that they may serve as leads to develop more potent and selective antagonists for the mu opioid receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Yuan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Guo Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Hengjun He
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - David L. Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Patrick Kozak
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Krista L. Scoggins
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Pallabi Mitra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Phillip M. Gerk
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Dana E. Selley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - William L. Dewey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 410 North 12th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 East Leigh Street, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, Zhou S, Lin D, Ding X, Jiang H, Liu H. Highly diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of syn-β-substituted tryptophans via asymmetric Michael addition of a chiral equivalent of nucleophilic glycine and sulfonylindoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:8355-7. [PMID: 21695312 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc12619a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng BH, Ding CH, Hou XL, Dai LX. Ag-Catalyzed Diastereo- and Enantioselective Synthesis of β-Substituted Tryptophans from Sulfonylindoles. Org Lett 2010; 12:1688-91. [DOI: 10.1021/ol100161n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chang-Hua Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xue-Long Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li-Xin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Broda MA, Buczek A, Siodłak D, Rzeszotarska B. The effect of beta-methylation on the conformation of alpha, beta-dehydrophenylalanine: a DFT study. J Pept Sci 2009; 15:465-73. [PMID: 19408247 DOI: 10.1002/psc.1137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroamino acids are non-coded amino acids that offer unique conformational properties. Dehydrophenylalanine (DeltaPhe) is most commonly used to modify bioactive peptides to constrain the topography of the phenyl ring in the side chain, which commonly serves as a pharmacophore. The Ramachandran maps (in the gas phase and in CHCl(3) mimicking environments) of DeltaPhe analogues with methyl groups at the beta position of the side chain as well as at the C-terminal amide were calculated using the B3LYP/6-31 + G** method. Unexpectedly, beta-methylation alone results in an increase of conformational freedom of the affected DeltaPhe residue. However, further modification by introducing an additional methyl group at C-terminal methyl amide results in a steric crowding that fixes the torsion angle psi of all conformers to the value 123 degrees , regardless of the Z or E position of the phenyl ring. The number of conformers is reduced and the accessible conformational space of the residues is very limited. In particular, (Z)-Delta(betaMe)Phe with the tertiary C-terminal amide can be classified as the amino acid derivative that has a single conformational state as it seems to adopt only the beta conformation.
Collapse
|
12
|
Li G, Aschenbach LC, Chen J, Cassidy MP, Stevens DL, Gabra BH, Selley DE, Dewey WL, Westkaemper RB, Zhang Y. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 6alpha- and 6beta-N-heterocyclic substituted naltrexamine derivatives as mu opioid receptor selective antagonists. J Med Chem 2009; 52:1416-27. [PMID: 19199782 PMCID: PMC2880636 DOI: 10.1021/jm801272c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Opioid receptor selective antagonists are important pharmacological probes in opioid receptor structural characterization and opioid agonist functional study. Thus far, a nonpeptidyl, highly selective and reversible mu opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist is unavailable. On the basis of our modeling studies, a series of novel naltrexamine derivatives have been designed and synthesized. Among them, two compounds were identified as leads based on the results of in vitro and in vivo assays. Both of them displayed high binding affinity for the MOR (K(i) = 0.37 and 0.55 nM). Compound 6 (NAP) showed over 700-fold selectivity for the MOR over the delta receptor (DOR) and more than 150-fold selectivity over the kappa receptor (KOR). Compound 9 (NAQ) showed over 200-fold selectivity for the MOR over the DOR and approximately 50-fold selectivity over the KOR. Thus these two novel ligands will serve as leads to further develop more potent and selective antagonists for the MOR.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Analgesics/chemical synthesis
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- CHO Cells
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Drug Design
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Morphinans/chemical synthesis
- Morphinans/pharmacology
- Morphine/antagonists & inhibitors
- Morphine/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/chemical synthesis
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Radioligand Assay
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Sequence Alignment
- Structure-Activity Relationship
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yan Zhang
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 804-828-0021. Fax: 804-828-7625.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Moore SB, Grant M, Rew Y, Bosa E, Fabbri M, Kumar U, Goodman M. Synthesis and biologic activity of conformationally constrained analogs of L-363,301. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 66:404-22. [PMID: 16316457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3011.2005.00309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis, biological activity and conformational analysis of analogs of the cyclic hexapeptide L-363,301, c[Pro6-Phe7-D-Trp8-Lys9-Thr10-Phe11] (numbering as in the native hormone somatostatin-14). The d-Trp in position 8 was replaced with (2R,3S)- and (2R,3R)-beta-MeTrp respectively, with an added methyl group in the beta position of Trp. The objective of our study was to determine the potency and selectivity generated by the added constraint in the beta position of the d-Trp upon binding to human somatostatin receptors hsst1-5. We synthesized the building blocks enantioselectively and incorporated them into the peptides by SPPS. Competition binding assays revealed that both compounds 2 and 3 were selective for hsst2 over hsst5. The (2R,3S) analog 2 was approximately 30 times more potent at hsst2 than the (2R,3R) analog 3. Interestingly, the (2R,3R) compound showed no binding affinity at hsst5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0343, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nogle LM, Mann CW, Watts WL, Zhang Y. Preparative separation and identification of derivatized β-methylphenylalanine enantiomers by chiral SFC, HPLC and NMR for development of new peptide ligand mimetics in drug discovery. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 40:901-9. [PMID: 16239092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2004] [Revised: 08/23/2005] [Accepted: 08/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A direct preparative purification of all four isomers of the unnatural amino acid beta-methylphenylalanine was achieved using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with stacked-injection. Final purification of the Cbz-methyl ester derived isomers was performed on a Daicel Chiralpak AD-H column (20 mm x 250 mm), using 50:50 methanol/ethanol as the organic modifier and resulted in purification of over 3.4 g of material in 6.25 h with >90% total recovery. The absolute stereochemical assignment of the purified amino acids was determined through a combination of chiral HPLC, NMR and optical rotation studies. To our knowledge, this is the first reported preparative approach that has yielded all four compounds in a single chromatographic run.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Nogle
- Discovery Analytical Chemistry, Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Alı́as M, López MP, Cativiela C. An efficient and stereodivergent synthesis of threo- and erythro-β-methylphenylalanine. Resolution of each racemic pair by semipreparative HPLC. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
16
|
Boguslavsky V, Hruby VJ, O'Brien DF, Misicka A, Lipkowski AW. Effect of peptide conformation on membrane permeability. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2003; 61:287-97. [PMID: 12753376 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2003.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of peptide conformational constraint on the peptide permeation across the model membranes was examined by determining the permeability of pairs of cyclic and acyclic peptides related to c[d-Pen2, d-Pen5] enkephalin (DPDPE). The peptides were cyclized by formation of an intramolecular disulfide bridge between the second and fifth residues composed of either d-penicillamine or cysteine. In each case the acyclic peptide was three to seven times more permeable than corresponding cyclic peptide. The possibility that the differences in permeability of cyclic and acyclic peptides is based on the greater conformational freedom of the acyclic peptides in the presence of membrane was examined in more detail by isothermal titration calorimetric studies of Trp6-DPDPE and its acyclic analog. The membrane binding of the acyclic peptide is a more exothermic process than binding of its cyclic Trp6-DPDPE. The transfer of acyclic peptide from water to membrane is an enthalpy driven process, whereas the transfer of the cyclic peptide is driven by entropy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Boguslavsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xu PF, Chen YS, Lin SI, Lu TJ. Chiral tricyclic iminolactone derived from (1R)-(+)-camphor as a glycine equivalent for the asymmetric synthesis of alpha-amino acids. J Org Chem 2002; 67:2309-14. [PMID: 11925246 DOI: 10.1021/jo011139a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of a highly efficient and stereoselective methodology for the preparation of alpha-amino acids is described. The chiral template, tricyclic iminolactone 7, was synthesized from (1R)-(+)-camphor in five steps in 50% overall yield. Alkylation of iminolactone 7 afforded the alpha-monosubstituted products in good yields (74-96%) and excellent diastereoselectivities (>98%). Hydrolysis of the alkylated iminolactones furnished the desired alpha-amino acids in good yields and enantioselectivities with nearly quantitative recovery of the chiral auxiliary 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, PRC
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Janecka A, Zubrzycka M, Janecki T. Somatostatin analogs. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2001; 58:91-107. [PMID: 11532069 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2001.00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Somatostatin is a hypothalamic peptide hormone that inhibits the secretion of growth hormone, glucagon, insulin, gastrin and secretin, and also plays a role in neural transmission. Because of its wide range of possible clinical applications hundreds of somatostatin analogs have been synthesized and bioassayed to date. This review gives a historical perspective, summarizing approximately 30 years of research on somatostatin. The main focus is on the structure-activity relationships and conformational studies of the last generation of somatostatin agonists and their selectivity for five somatostatin receptor subtypes. Achievements in the synthesis of nonpeptide somatostatin analogs, as well as the first somatostatin antagonists, are also discussed. Finally, the use of a cyclic somatostatin scaffold to design ligands for other G-protein-coupled receptors, such as opioid and melanocortin receptors, is mentioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Janecka
- Department of General Chemistry, Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Nemes C, Jeannin L, Sapi J, Laronze M, Seghir H, Augé F, Laronze JY. A Convenient Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained β-Substituted Tryptophans. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00446-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|