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Zhang L, Abdullah R, Hu X, Bai H, Fan H, He L, Liang H, Zou J, Liu Y, Sun Y, Zhang X, Tan W. Engineering of Bioinspired, Size-Controllable, Self-Degradable Cancer-Targeting DNA Nanoflowers via the Incorporation of an Artificial Sandwich Base. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:4282-4290. [PMID: 30730715 PMCID: PMC6625512 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we used an artificial DNA base to manipulate the formation of DNA nanoflowers (NFs) to easily control their sizes and functionalities. Nanoflowers have been reported as the noncanonical self-assembly of multifunctional DNA nanostructures, assembled from long DNA building blocks generated by rolling circle replication (RCR). They could be incorporated with myriad functional moieties. However, the efficacy of these DNA NFs as potential nanocarriers delivering cargo in biomedicine is limited by the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of their cargo. Here we report the incorporation of metal-containing artificial analogues into DNA strands to control the size and the functions of NFs. We have engineered bioinspired, size-controllable, self-degradable cancer-targeting DNA nanoflowers (Sgc8-NFs-Fc) via the incorporation of an artificial sandwich base. More specifically, the introduction of a ferrocene base not only resulted in the size controllability of Sgc8-NFs-Fc from 1000 to 50 nm but also endowed Sgc8-NFs-Fc with self-degradability in the presence of H2O2 via Fenton's reaction. In vitro experiments confirmed that Sgc8-NFs-Fc/Dox could be selectively taken up by protein tyrosine kinase 7 (PTK7)-positive cancer cells and subsequently cleaved via Fenton's reaction, resulting in rapid release kinetics, nuclear accumulation, and enhanced cytotoxicity of their cargo. In vivo experiments further confirmed that Sgc8-NFs-Fc has good tumor-targeting ability and could significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin in a xenograft tumor model. On the basis of their tunable size and on-demand drug release kinetics upon H2O2 stimulation, the Sgc8-NFs-Fc nanocarriers possess promising potential in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Razack Abdullah
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Huarong Bai
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Huanhuan Fan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Lei He
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Jianmei Zou
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yanlan Liu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, and Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
- Institute of Molecular Medicine (IMM), Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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Abdullah R, Xie S, Wang R, Jin C, Du Y, Fu T, Li J, Tan J, Zhang L, Tan W. Artificial Sandwich Base for Monitoring Single-Nucleobase Changes and Charge-Transfer Rates in DNA. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2074-2078. [PMID: 30543105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Developing a convenient method to discriminate among different types of DNA nucleotides within a target sequence of the human genome is extremely challenging. We herein report an artificial ferrocene-base (Fe-base) that was synthesized and incorporated into different loci of a DNA strand. The Fe-base replacement on a nucleobase can interact with DNA bases and efficiently discriminate among A, T, G, and C DNA bases of the complementary locus on the basis of interacting electrochemical properties. Furthermore, cyclic-voltammetry (CV) studies demonstrated the electrochemical stability of DNA strands incorporated with Fe-bases and the reversibility of the incorporation. Square-wave voltammetry (SWV) was performed to measure current changes between Fe-bases and bases of interest in the DNA duplex. The changes in the charge-transfer rates appeared to be correlated with the position of the Fe-base in the DNA strand, allowing rapid and efficient sensing of single-nucleobase changes in DNA and showing promise for the design of Fe-oligomer chip technology as a tool for DNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razack Abdullah
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan 410082 , China
| | - Sitao Xie
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan 410082 , China
| | - Ruowen Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan 410082 , China
| | - Yulin Du
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan 410082 , China
| | - Ting Fu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan 410082 , China
| | - Juan Li
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan 410082 , China
| | - Jie Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan 410082 , China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan 410082 , China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240 , China.,Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province , Hunan University , Changsha , Hunan 410082 , China.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Health Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute and McKnight Brain Institute , University of Florida , Gainesville , Florida 32611-7200 , United States
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Asamizu T, Henderson W, Nicholson BK. Investigations into the synthesis of ferrocenylalkyl-selenols. J Organomet Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kowalski K, Hikisz P, Szczupak Ł, Therrien B, Koceva-Chyła A. Ferrocenyl and dicobalt hexacarbonyl chromones – New organometallics inducing oxidative stress and arresting human cancer cells in G2/M phase. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 81:289-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Martini M, Albelda MT, Inclán M, Valle-Algarra FM, García-España E, Doménech-Carbó A. Voltammetry of microparticles, scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy applied to the study of dsDNA binding and damage by scorpiand-like polyamine receptors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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6
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Asamizu T, Henderson W, Nicholson BK, Hey-Hawkins E. Extending the range of stabilised, primary and secondary phosphanes containing ferrocenyl or ruthenocenyl groups. Inorganica Chim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2014.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Duprey JLHA, Tucker JHR. Metal–Carbon Bonds in Biopolymer Conjugates: Bioorganometallic Nucleic Acid Chemistry. CHEM LETT 2014. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.131019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abd-El-Aziz AS, Agatemor C, Etkin N. Sandwich complex-containing macromolecules: property tunability through versatile synthesis. Macromol Rapid Commun 2014; 35:513-59. [PMID: 24474608 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sandwich complexes feature unique properties as the physical and electronic properties of a hydrocarbon ligand or its derivative are integrated into the physical, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of a metal. Incorporation of these complexes into macromolecules results in intriguing physical, electrical, and optical properties that were hitherto unknown in organic-based macromolecules. These properties are tunable through well-designed synthetic strategies. This review surveys many of the synthetic approaches that have resulted in tuning the properties of sandwich complex-containing macromolecules. While the past two decades have seen an ever-growing number of research publications in this field, gaps remain to be filled. Thus, we expect this review to stimulate research interest towards bridging these gaps, which include the insolubility of some of these macromolecules as well as expanding the scope of the sandwich complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa S Abd-El-Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, C1A 4P3, Canada
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Dolai S, Dass A, Sardar R. Photophysical and redox properties of molecule-like CdSe nanoclusters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6187-6193. [PMID: 23621327 DOI: 10.1021/la401437r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Advancing our understanding of the photophysical and electrochemical properties of semiconductor nanoclusters with a molecule-like HOMO-LUMO energy level will help lead to their application in photovoltaic devices and photocatalysts. Here we describe an approach to the synthesis and isolation of molecule-like CdSe nanoclusters, which displayed sharp transitions at 347 nm (3.57 eV) and 362 nm (3.43 eV) in the optical spectrum with a lower energy band extinction coefficient of ~121,000 M(-1) cm(-1). Mass spectrometry showed a single nanocluster molecular weight of 8502. From this mass and various spectroscopic analyses, the nanoclusters are determined to be of the single molecular composition Cd34Se20(SPh)28, which is a new nonstiochiometric nanocluster. Their reversible electrochemical band gap determined in Bu4NPF6/CH3CN was found to be 4.0 V. There was a 0.57 eV Coulombic interaction energy of the electron-hole pair involved. The scan rate dependent electrochemistry suggested diffusion-limited transport of nanoclusters to the electrode. The nanocluster diffusion coefficient (D = 5.4 × 10 (-4) cm(2)/s) in acetonitrile solution was determined from cyclic voltammetry, which suggested Cd34Se20(SPh)28 acts as a multielectron donor or acceptor. We also present a working model of the energy level structure of the newly discovered nanocluster based on its photophysical and redox properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanta Dolai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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10
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Ripert M, Farre C, Chaix C. Selective functionalization of Au electrodes by electrochemical activation of the “click” reaction catalyst. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Ikhile MI, Bala MD, Nyamori VO, Ngila JC. Application of ferrocenylimidazolium salts as catalysts for the transfer hydrogenation of ketones. Appl Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monisola I. Ikhile
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Muhammad D. Bala
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Vincent O. Nyamori
- School of Chemistry and Physics; University of KwaZulu-Natal; Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - J. Catherine Ngila
- Department of Applied Chemistry; University of Johannesburg; Doornfontein 2028 Johannesburg South Africa
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12
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Mandal D, Deb P, Mondal B, Thakur A, Ponniah S J, Ghosh S. Synthesis and sensing properties of 1,1′-disubstituted unsymmetrical ferrocene-triazole derivatives: a multichannel probe for Hg(ii) ion. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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13
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Tran TK, Bricaud Q, Oçafrain M, Blanchard P, Roncali J, Lenfant S, Godey S, Vuillaume D, Rondeau D. Thiolate Chemistry: A Powerful and Versatile Synthetic Tool for Immobilization/Functionalization of Oligothiophenes on a Gold Surface. Chemistry 2011; 17:5628-40. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201003687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Chatelain G, Meyer A, Morvan F, Vasseur JJ, Chaix C. Electrochemical detection of nucleic acids using pentaferrocenyl phosphoramidate α-oligonucleotides. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00902d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Hür D, Ekti SF, Dal H. N-ferrocenoyl benzotriazole: A convenient tool for the synthesis of ferrocenoyl esters. J Organomet Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Sardar R, Beasley CA, Murray RW. Interfacial Ion Transfers between a Monolayer Phase of Cationic Au Nanoparticles and Contacting Organic Solvent. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:2058-63. [DOI: 10.1021/ja909584p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Sardar
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Christopher A. Beasley
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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Sardar R, Beasley CA, Murray RW. Ferrocenated Au Nanoparticle Monolayer Adsorption on Self-Assembled Monolayer-Coated Electrodes. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6960-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9010364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Sardar
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Christopher A. Beasley
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
| | - Royce W. Murray
- Kenan Laboratories of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599
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Ami T, Fujimoto K. Click chemistry as an efficient method for preparing a sensitive DNA probe for photochemical ligation. Chembiochem 2009; 9:2071-4. [PMID: 18666308 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ami
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
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20
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Tran T, Oçafrain M, Karpe S, Blanchard P, Roncali J, Lenfant S, Godey S, Vuillaume D. Structural Control of the Horizontal Double Fixation of Oligothiophenes on Gold. Chemistry 2008; 14:6237-46. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lynam JM. Nucleobase-containing transition metal complexes as building blocks for biological markers and supramolecular structures. Dalton Trans 2008:4067-78. [PMID: 18688423 DOI: 10.1039/b802347f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of metal complexes into nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides has provided a focus for the development of many novel compounds with a wide range of applications. In this perspective article the different methods to incorporate transition metal complexes into these species will be described. Applications of these compounds as biological markers, catalysts and how the hydrogen bonding properties may be employed in directing supramolecular assembly in both the solid state and solution will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UKYO10 5DD.
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Brázdilová P, Vrábel M, Pohl R, Pivonková H, Havran L, Hocek M, Fojta M. Ferrocenylethynyl derivatives of nucleoside triphosphates: synthesis, incorporation, electrochemistry, and bioanalytical applications. Chemistry 2008; 13:9527-33. [PMID: 17896337 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200701249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Modified dATP (2'-deoxyadenosine-5'-triphosphate) and dUTP (2'-deoxyuridine-5'-triphosphate) bearing ferrocene (Fc) labels linked via a conjugate acetylene spacer were prepared by single-step aqueous-phase cross-coupling reactions of 7-iodo-7-deaza-dATP or 5-iodo-dUTP with ethynylferrocene. The Fc-labeled dNTPs were good substrates for DNA polymerases and were efficiently incorporated to DNA by primer extension (PEX). Electrochemical analysis of the 2'-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) and PEX products revealed significant differences in redox potentials of the Fc label bound either to U or to 7-deazaA and between isolated dNTPs and conjugates incorporated to DNA. Prospective bioanalytical applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Brázdilová
- Institute of Biophysics, v.v.i. Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Kralovopolska 135, 61265 Brno, Czech Republic
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Sassolas
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Biomoléculaire, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, UMR5246, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifque, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69622, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69622, France, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, École d'Ingénieurs, Villeurbanne F-69621, France, and École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon,
| | - Béatrice D. Leca-Bouvier
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Biomoléculaire, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, UMR5246, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifque, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69622, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69622, France, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, École d'Ingénieurs, Villeurbanne F-69621, France, and École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon,
| | - Loïc J. Blum
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Biomoléculaire, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires, 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, UMR5246, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifque, Villeurbanne F-69622, France, Université de Lyon, Lyon F-69622, France, Université Lyon 1, Lyon F-69622, France, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, École d'Ingénieurs, Villeurbanne F-69621, France, and École Supérieure Chimie Physique Électronique de Lyon,
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Zatsepin TS, Romanova EA, Oretskaya TS. Synthesis of 2'-O-alkylnucleosides. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc2002v071n06abeh000714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zhuang Q, Jia R, Tu S, Zhang J, Jiang B, Zhang Y, Yao C. Green chemistry approach to the synthesis of 2-amino-4-aryl-6-ferrocenyl-pyridine derivatives by a one-pot reaction in aqueous medium. J Heterocycl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570440424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Cowley MJ, Lynam JM, Whitwood AC. Transition metal vinylidene complexes as supramolecular building blocks: nucleobase-mediated self-assembly of crystals with hexagonal symmetry. Dalton Trans 2007:4427-38. [PMID: 17909654 DOI: 10.1039/b709483c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the ruthenium half sandwich compound RuCl(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(PPh(3))(2) with the uracil (Ur) substituted alkyne HC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CUr in the presence of halide scavengers NH(4)X (X = PF(6), BF(4), OTf) results in the formation of the vinylidene complexes [Ru([double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]CHUr)(eta(5)-C(5)H(5))(PPh(3))(2)][X] which crystallize in the hexagonal space group P6(3)/m. The hexagonal symmetry inherent to the system is due to the formation of a hydrogen bonded array mediated by the two sets of donor-acceptor units on the uracil, resulting in the formation of a cyclic "rosette" containing six ruthenium cations. In solution the (1)H and (31)P{(1)H} NMR spectra of the vinylidene complexes are both concentration and temperature dependent, in accord with the presence of monomer-dimer equilibria in which the rate of rotation of the vinylidene group is fast on the NMR timescale in the monomeric species, but slow in the dimers. The isoelectronic molybdenum-containing vinylidene complex [Mo(eta(7)-C(7)H(7))(dppe)([double bond, length as m-dash]C[double bond, length as m-dash]CHUr)][BF(4)] (dppe = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) has also been prepared, but forms symmetric dimers in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Cowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, UKYO10 5DD
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Mukumoto K, Nojima T, Sato S, Waki M, Takenaka S. Direct Modification of mRNA by Ferrocenyl Carbodiimide and Its Application to Electrochemical Detection of mRNA. ANAL SCI 2007; 23:115-9. [PMID: 17213635 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.23.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocenyl carbodiimide (1) could be used for the direct labeling of synthetic RNA and expressed mRNA in vitro with the electrochemically active ferrocene moieties. These RNAs modified by 1 could be detected electrochemically coupled with a DNA probe-immobilized electrode. After hybridization of 1.1 Kb mRNA modified by 1 with the DNA probe-immobilized electrode, the peak charge observed by an Osteryoung square wave voltammetry (SWV) measurement correlated well with the concentration of mRNA, having a detection limit at the sub nanogram level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Mukumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Brisset H, Navarro AE, Spinelli N, Chaix C, Mandrand B. The first automated synthesis of ferrocene-labelled phosphorothioate DNA probe: a new potential tool for the fabrication of DNA microarrays. Biotechnol J 2006; 1:95-8. [PMID: 16892230 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and the characterisation of the first electroactive ferrocene-labelled oligonucleotide phosphorothioate (ODN-Fc-Ps) probe obtained by automated synthesis. The grafting of ODN-Fc-Ps probe on gold electrode resulted in the appearance of the ferrocene redox couple in cyclic voltammetry confirming the effectiveness of the ODN grafting. The electrochemical response of the modified electrode was analysed in aqueous media before and after hybridisation with ODN target. The hybridisation with ODN target induces a large conformational change in the surface-confined DNA structure monitored by cyclic voltammetry of the ferrocene marker which confirms the potential of ferrocene-labelled oligonucleotide phosphorothioate to develop electrochemical DNA chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Brisset
- Gruope de Orgnique et Matériaux Moléculairs, GCOM 2 -UMR CNRS 6114, Marseille, France.
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Coutouli-Argyropoulou E, Sideris C, Kokkinidis G. Synthesis, structural characterization and electrochemical study of 1,1′-ferrocenylene labeled amino acids. J Organomet Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2006.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Pike AR, Ryder LC, Horrocks BR, Clegg W, Connolly BA, Houlton A. Ferrocenyl-modified DNA: synthesis, characterization and integration with semiconductor electrodes. Chemistry 2006; 11:344-53. [PMID: 15551318 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200400632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The ferrocenyl-nucleoside, 5-ethynylferrocenyl-2'-deoxycytidine (1) has been prepared by Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling between ethynylferrocene and 5-iodo-2'-deoxycytidine and incorporated into oligonucleotides by using automated solid-phase synthesis at both silica supports (CPG) and modified single-crystal silicon electrodes. Analysis of DNA oligonucleotides prepared and cleaved from conventional solid supports confirms that the ferrocenyl-nucleoside remains intact during synthesis and deprotection and that the resulting strands may be oxidised and reduced in a chemically reversible manner. Melting curve data show that the ferrocenyl-modified oligonucleotides form duplex structures with native complementary strands. The redox potential of fully solvated ferrocenyl 12-mers, 350 mV versus SCE, was shifted by +40 mV to a more positive potential upon treatment with the complement contrary to the anticipated negative shift based on a simple electrostatic basis. Automated solid-phase methods were also used to synthesise 12-mer ferrocenyl-containing oligonucleotides directly at chemically modified silicon <111> electrodes. Hybridisation to the surface-bound ferrocenyl-DNA caused a shift in the reduction potential of +34 mV to more positive values, indicating that, even when a ferrocenyl nucleoside is contained in a film, the increased density of anions from the phosphate backbone of the complement is still dominated by other factors, for example, the hydrophobic environment of the ferrocene moiety in the duplex or changes in the ferrocene-phosphate distances. The reduction potential is shifted >100 mV after hybridisation when the aqueous electrolyte is replaced by THF/LiClO(4), a solvent of much lower dielectric constant; this is consistent with an explanation based on conformation-induced changes in ferrocene-phosphate distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Pike
- Chemistry Laboratories, School of Natural Sciences Bedson Building, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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Fayolle M, Ionita M, Krishna S, Morin C, Patel AP. Probing structure/affinity relationships for the Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter with glucose derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:1267-71. [PMID: 16361099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2005] [Revised: 11/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-O-substituted glucose derivatives was prepared with alkyl, alkenyl, aromatic and ferrocenic substituents; to vary lipophilicity and hydrogen bonding ethylenedioxy and perfluorinated fragments were also introduced. Apparent affinities for the Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter (PfHT) were determined after heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes, with highest affinities for compounds with C8-C13 lipophilic chains. As no derivatives show significant affinity for the mammalian glucose transporter (GLUT1), these structure/affinity assays contribute to design of potent PfHT inhibitors and eventual development of antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Fayolle
- Laboratoire d'Etudes Dynamiques et Structurales de la Sélectivité (LEDSS), UMR 5616 (IFR 2607), Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble 1, 38402 St Martin d'Hères, France
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Mukumoto K, Nojima T, Takenaka S. Synthesis of ferrocenylcarbodiimide as a convenient electrochemically active labeling reagent for nucleic acids. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Baldoli C, Licandro E, Maiorana S, Resemini D, Rigamonti C, Falciola L, Longhi M, Mussini PR. Electrochemical activity of new ferrocene-labelled PNA monomers to be applied for DNA detection: Effects of the molecular structure and of the solvent. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2005.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Navarro AE, Fages F, Moustrou C, Brisset H, Spinelli N, Chaix C, Mandrand B. Characterization of PEDOT film functionalized with a series of automated synthesis ferrocenyl-containing oligonucleotides. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Takeda S, Tsukiji S, Nagamune T. A cysteine-appended deoxyuridine for the postsynthetic DNA modification using native chemical ligation. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Navarro AE, Spinelli N, Chaix C, Moustrou C, Mandrand B, Brisset H. Supported synthesis of ferrocene modified oligonucleotides as new electroactive DNA probes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:2439-41. [PMID: 15109628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2003] [Accepted: 03/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of 1-[3-O-(2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphor amidityl)propyl]ferrocene and 1-[3-O-dimethoxytrityl propyl]-1'-[3'-O-(2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylphosphoramidityl) propyl] ferrocene as reactive synthons for DNA/RNA synthesizer allows to generate ferrocene-labelled oligonucleotides with remarkable DNA detection properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude-Emmanuelle Navarro
- Groupe de Chimie Organique et Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 6114, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, case 901, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave R van Staveren
- Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Cai W, Peck JR, van der Weide DW, Hamers RJ. Direct electrical detection of hybridization at DNA-modified silicon surfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2004; 19:1013-9. [PMID: 15018956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2003] [Revised: 09/23/2003] [Accepted: 09/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was used to investigate the changes in interfacial electrical properties that arise when DNA-modified Si(111) surfaces are exposed to solution-phase DNA oligonucleotides with complementary and non-complementary sequences. The n- and p-type silicon(111) samples were covalently linked to DNA molecules via direct Si?C linkages without any intervening oxide layer. Exposure to solutions containing DNA oligonucleotides with the complementary sequence produced significant changes in both real and imaginary components of the electrical impedance, while exposure to DNA with non-complementary sequences generated negligible responses. These changes in electrical properties were corroborated with fluorescence measurements and were reproduced in multiple hybridization-denaturation cycles. The ability to detect DNA hybridization is strongly frequency-dependent. Modeling of the response and comparison of results on different silicon bulk doping shows that the sensitivity to DNA hybridization arises from DNA-induced changes in the resistance of the silicon substrate and the resistance of the molecular layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Navarro AE, Spinelli N, Moustrou C, Chaix C, Mandrand B, Brisset H. Automated synthesis of new ferrocenyl-modified oligonucleotides: study of their properties in solution. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:5310-9. [PMID: 15466597 PMCID: PMC521675 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed new ferrocenyl-modified oligonucleotide (ODN) probes for electrochemical DNA sensors. A monofunctional ferrocene containing phosphoramidite group has been prepared, and a new bisfunctional ferrocene containing phosphoramidite and dimethoxytrityl (DMT) groups has been developed. These ferrocenyl-phosphoramidites have been directly employed in an automated solid-phase DNA synthesizer using phosphoramidite chemistry. The advantages of this method are that it allows a non-specialist in nucleotide chemistry to access labeled ODNs and that it has demonstrated good results. ODNs modified at the 3' and/or 5' extremities have been prepared, with the incorporation of the ferrocenyl group into the chain. The 5' position appears to be more important due to its particular behavior. The thermal stability and electrochemical properties of these new ODN ferrocenes were analyzed before and after hybridization with different ODNs. The feasibility of using these new ferrocenyl-labeled ODNs in DNA sensors has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude-Emmanuelle Navarro
- Groupe de Chimie Organique Matériaux Moléculaires, UMR CNRS 6114, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, 163 avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
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de Champdoré M, Di Fabio G, Messere A, Montesarchio D, Piccialli G, Loddo R, La Colla M, La Colla P. In-water reactivity of nucleosides and nucleotides: one-step preparation and biological evaluation of novel ferrocenyl-derivatives. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Fc–ssDNA conjugate: electrochemical properties in a borate buffer and adsorption on gold electrode surfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bernacki SH, Farkas DH, Shi W, Chan V, Liu Y, Beck JC, Bailey KS, Pratt VM, Monaghan KG, Matteson KJ, Schaefer FV, Friez M, Shrimpton AE, Stenzel TT. Bioelectronic Sensor Technology for Detection of Cystic Fibrosis and Hereditary Hemochromatosis Mutations. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2003; 127:1565-72. [PMID: 14632577 DOI: 10.5858/2003-127-1565-bstfdo] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Context.—Bioelectronic sensors, which combine microchip and biological components, are an emerging technology in clinical diagnostic testing. An electronic detection platform using DNA biochip technology (eSensor) is under development for molecular diagnostic applications. Owing to the novelty of these devices, demonstrations of their successful use in practical diagnostic applications are limited.
Objective.—To assess the performance of the eSensor bioelectronic method in the validation of 6 Epstein-Barr virus–transformed blood lymphocyte cell lines with clinically important mutations for use as sources of genetic material for positive controls in clinical molecular genetic testing. Two cell lines carry mutations in the CFTR gene (cystic fibrosis), and 4 carry mutations in the HFE gene (hereditary hemochromatosis).
Design.—Samples from each cell line were sent for genotype determination to 6 different molecular genetic testing facilities, including the laboratory developing the DNA biochips. In addition to the bioelectronic method, at least 3 different molecular diagnostic methods were used in the analysis of each cell line. Detailed data were collected from the DNA biochip output, and the genetic results were compared with those obtained using the more established methods.
Results.—We report the successful use of 2 applications of the bioelectronic platform, one for detection of CFTR mutations and the other for detection of HFE mutations. In all cases, the results obtained with the DNA biochip were in concordance with those reported for the other methods. Electronic signal output from the DNA biochips clearly differentiated between mutated and wild-type alleles. This is the first report of the use of the cystic fibrosis detection platform.
Conclusions.—Bioelectronic sensors for the detection of disease-causing mutations performed well when used in a “real-life” situation, in this case, a validation study of positive control blood lymphocyte cell lines with mutations of public health importance. This study illustrates the practical potential of emerging bioelectronic DNA detection technologies for use in current molecular diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan H Bernacki
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Mandal HS, Kraatz HB. Ferrocene-histidine conjugates: N-ferrocenoyl-histidyl(imN-ferrocenoyl)methylester: synthesis and structure. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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44
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Fu NY, Yuan YF, Pang ML, Wang JT, Peppe C. Indium(III) halides-catalyzed preparation of ferrocene-dihydropyrimidinones. J Organomet Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-328x(03)00139-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Wlassoff WA, King GC. Ferrocene conjugates of dUTP for enzymatic redox labelling of DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2002; 30:e58. [PMID: 12060696 PMCID: PMC117300 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gnf058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two ferrocene-labelled analogues of dTTP, 5-(3-ferrocenecarboxamidopropenyl-1) 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (Fc1-dUTP) and 5-(3-ferroceneacet-amidopropenyl-1) 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (Fc2-dUTP) have been produced to demonstrate the incorporation of redox labels into DNA by polymerases. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that the ferrocenyl moieties display reversible redox behaviour in aqueous buffer with E(1/2) values of 398 (Fc1-dUTP) and 260 mV (Fc2-dUTP) versus Ag/AgCl. Primer extension by the proofreading enzymes Klenow fragment and T4 DNA polymerase shows that Fc1-dUTP is efficiently incorporated into DNA during synthesis, including incorporation of two successive modified nucleotides. Production of a 998 bp amplicon by Tth DNA polymerase demonstrates that Fc1-dUTP is also a satisfactory substrate for PCR. Despite its structural similarity, Fc2-dUTP acts predominantly as a terminator with the polymerases employed here. UV melting analysis of a 37mer duplex containing five Fc1-dU residues reveals that the labelled nucleotide introduces only a modest helix destabilisation, with T(m) = 71 versus 75 degrees C for the corresponding natural construct. Modified DNA is detected at femtomole levels using a HPLC system with a coulometric detector. The availability of simple and effective enzymatic labelling strategies should promote the further development of electrochemical detection in nucleic acid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wjatschesslaw A Wlassoff
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Bakker
- Department of Chemistry, Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
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