1
|
Horváth Á, Benkő Z. Phthalazine as a Diene in Diels-Alder Reactions With P- and As-Containing Anionic Dienophiles: Comparison of Possible Reaction Channels. Chempluschem 2024:e202400140. [PMID: 38819996 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Phthalazine can behave as a diene in Diels-Alder (DA) cycloadditions, typically at the pyridazine ring, however, its application is somewhat limited because these reactions usually require harsh conditions or sophisticated catalysts. As an unconventional example, phthalazine was reported to undergo cycloaddition with the [PCO]- anion without any catalyst. In this computational study, we scrutinise the mechanism of the DA reactions between phthalazine and the so far known [ECX]- (E: P, As; X: O, S, Se) anions as dienophiles. In principle, the attack of an [ECX]- anion may occur at two different sites of phthalazine, either at the benzene or the pyridazine ring, and both of these possible reaction channels were juxtaposed on the basis of energetic aspects. In all of the investigated cases, the analysis of the energy profiles reveals a clear regioselectivity that favours the attack at the pyridazine ring. As a result, so far unprecedented 2-pnictanaphth-3-olate analogues seem achievable as final products. Comparing the characteristics of these pathways allowed us to clarify the source of this regioselectivity: The pyridazine ring of phthalazine exhibits lower aromaticity than the benzene subring; therefore, in the DA step, the former ring shows a higher affinity toward a dienophile than the latter, leading to lower activation barriers. To further map the electronic and structural features of the cycloaddition steps, the local interactions evolving in the transition states were analysed and compared using global and local descriptors. In most aspects, the characteristics of both pathways were found to be rather similar, in contrast to the markedly differing activation barriers on the two routes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Horváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-BME Computation Driven Chemistry Research Group, Műegyetem rkp 3., H-1111, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang D, Zhu M, Wang T, He Y, Xie L, Zhang J, Cheng B. Catalyst-free inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction of 4,4-dicyano-2-methylenebut-3-enoates and 1,3,5-triazinanes: access to polysubstituted tetrahydropyridines. Org Biomol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37334910 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
An inverse-electron-demand aza-Diels-Alder reaction between 4,4-dicyano-2-methylenebut-3-enoates and 1,3,5-triazinanes under catalyst-free and additive-free conditions was developed, which provided a highly convenient and straightforward method to construct a series of polyfunctionalized tetrahydropyridines in high yields. This strategy features numerous advantages, including high efficiency, good functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and environmentally friendly conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dezhi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine/Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Meng Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine/Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Taimin Wang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine/Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yixuan He
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine/Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Lang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine/Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jiayong Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine/Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Bin Cheng
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine/Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gamper M, Gstach H, Schantl JG. First Diels–Alder reaction of a N-nitrogen-substituted iminium ion as dienophile furnishing N-amino-substituted 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-023-03054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe exploratory and preliminary work on the reaction of 1-(methoxydiphenylmethyl)-2-methyldiazene with 1,3-dienes reveals a remarkable dichotomy furnishing different heterocyclic Diels–Alder products depending on the presence or absence of water. In contrast to the acid-induced hydrolysis of the N,O-ketal starting material with 1,3-dienes furnishing 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridazines (preceding communication), the same acid-promoted reaction albeit under exclusion of water affords N-(methyleneamino)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines. The serendipitous discovery of the novel 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridines was corroborated by an alternative and independent synthesis providing the in situ generated formaldehyde benzophenone azine and its conjugate acid, 2-(diphenylmethylene)-1-methylenehydrazin-1-ium ion. The protonated azine serving as the putative dienophile resembles the first example of an N-nitrogen-substituted iminium ion employed as a dienophile in a bona fide normal electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction.
Graphical abstract
Collapse
|
4
|
Horváth Á, Benkő Z. Understanding the Mechanism of Diels-Alder Reactions with Anionic Dienophiles: A Systematic Comparison of [ECX] - (E = P, As; X = O, S, Se) Anions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7922-7934. [PMID: 35533395 PMCID: PMC9131451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
While Diels–Alder
(DA) reactions involving neutral or cationic
dienophiles are well-known, the characteristics of the analogous reactions
with anionic dienophiles are practically unexplored. Herein we present
the first comparative computational investigations on the characteristics
of DA cycloadditions with anionic dienophiles on the basis of the
reactions of [ECX]− anions (E = P, As; X = O, S,
Se) with 2H-pyran-2-one. All of these reactions were
found to be both kinetically and thermodynamically feasible, enabling
synthetic access toward 2-phosphaphenolate and arsaphenolate derivatives
in the future. This study also reveals that the [ECO]− anions show clear regioselectivity, while for [ECS]− and [ECSe]− anions, the two possible reaction
channels have very similar energetics. Additionally, the activation
barriers for the [ECO]− anions are lower than those
of the heavier analogues. The observed differences can be traced back
to the starkly differing nucleophilic character of the pnictogen center
in the anions, leading to a barrier-lowering effect in the case of
the [ECO]− anions. Furthermore, analysis of the
geometries and electron distributions of the corresponding transition
states revealed structure–property relationships, and thus
a direct comparison of the cycloaddition reactivity of these anions
was achieved. Along one of the two pathways, a good correlation was
found between the activation barriers and suitable nucleophilicity
descriptors (nucleophilic Parr function and global nucleophilicity).
Additionally, the tendency of the reaction energies can be explained
by the changing aromaticity of the products. In contrast to the phosphaethynolate [PCO]− anion, the cycloaddition reactivity of the heavier congeners ([ECX]−, where E = P, As and X = O, S, Se) is unexplored.
In this computational study, the Diels−Alder reaction between
the known [ECX]− anions and 2-pyrone was employed
to compare the reactivity patterns. The first activation barrier of
these reactions correlates with the nucleophilicity of the anions,
indicating a barrier-lowering effect. The feasibility of the studied
reactions, leading to P and As heterocycles, was also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Horváth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benkő
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Müegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest H-1111, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Domingo LR, Ríos-Gutiérrez M, Aurell MJ. Unveiling the Ionic Diels-Alder Reactions within the Molecular Electron Density Theory. Molecules 2021; 26:3638. [PMID: 34198640 PMCID: PMC8232178 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ionic Diels-Alder (I-DA) reactions of a series of six iminium cations with cyclopentadiene have been studied within the Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT). The superelectrophilic character of iminium cations, ω > 8.20 eV, accounts for the high reactivity of these species participating in I-DA reactions. The activation energies are found to be between 13 and 20 kcal·mol-1 lower in energy than those associated with the corresponding Diels-Alder (DA) reactions of neutral imines. These reactions are low endo selective as a consequence of the cationic character of the TSs, but highly regioselective. Solvents have poor effects on the relative energies, and an unappreciable effect on the geometries. In acetonitrile, the activation energies increase slightly as a consequence of the better solvation of the iminium cations than the cationic TSs. Electron localization function (ELF) topological analysis of the bonding changes along the I-DA reactions shows that they are very similar to those in polar DA reactions. The present MEDT study establishes that the global electron density transfer (GEDT) taking place at the TSs of I-DA reactions, and not steric (Pauli) repulsions such as have been recently proposed, are responsible for the features of these types of DA reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (M.J.A.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Werr M, Kaifer E, Himmel H. Hetero Diels-Alder Reactions with a Dicationic Urea Azine Derived Azo Dienophile and Their Use for the Synthesis of an Electron-Rich Pentacene. Chemistry 2020; 26:12328-12332. [PMID: 32201982 PMCID: PMC7589293 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the first hetero Diels-Alder (DA) reactions with a stable, dicationic urea azine derived azo dienophile, synthesized by two-electron oxidation of a neutral urea azine are reported. Several charged DA products were synthesized in good yield and fully characterized. The DA adduct of anthracene is in thermal equilibrium with the reactants at room temperature, and the reaction enthalpy and entropy were determined from the temperature-dependent equilibrium constant. Furthermore, base addition to solutions of the pentacene DA product led to deprotonation, cleavage of the N-N bond, and formation of an electron-rich 6,13-bisguanidinyl-substituted pentacene. The redox and optical properties of this new pentacene derivative were studied. Furthermore, the dication resulting from its two-electron oxidation was synthesized and fully characterized. The results disclose a new elegant route to electron-rich pentacene derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Werr
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
M Ribeiro FW, Rodrigues-Oliveira AF, C Correra T. Benzoxazine Formation Mechanism Evaluation by Direct Observation of Reaction Intermediates. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8179-8187. [PMID: 31483645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Benzoxazine formation is a fundamental step in the preparation of polybenzoxazine resins, and a detailed description of the mechanism governing the formation of benzoxazine and side products is vital for improving the properties and performance of these resins. Determination of the nature and properties of reaction intermediates is not trivial. Therefore, a Mannich-type condensation of aniline, formaldehyde, and phenol was evaluated as a potential method to form benzoxazine. Coupling positive mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI(+)-MS) with infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy allowed unambiguous determination of an iminium-based mechanism and the direct observation of iminium intermediates. The benzoxazine formation mechanism was indirectly confirmed by the observation of side products that are relevant to the polymerization step, and directly confirmed by the identification of four distinct reaction intermediates that were completely characterized by IRMPD spectroscopy. The benzoxazine monomer was also shown to undergo isomerization under standard ESI-MS analysis conditions, suggesting the presence of a mixture of three isomers during their usual ESI-MS analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco W M Ribeiro
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - André F Rodrigues-Oliveira
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Thiago C Correra
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of São Paulo Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, Cidade Universitária , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sampaio-Dias IE, Silva-Reis SC, Pinto da Silva L, García-Mera X, Maestro MA, Rodríguez-Borges JE. Mechanistic insights for the transprotection of tertiary amines with Boc2O via charged carbamates: access to both enantiomers of 2-azanorbornane-3-exo-carboxylic acids. Org Chem Front 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00957d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Development of a synthetic methodology for the selective transprotection in hindered tertiary amines using Boc2O under N–C hydrogenolysis catalyzed by Pd/C: access to both enantiomers of 2-azanorbornane-3-exo-carboxylates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivo E. Sampaio-Dias
- LAQV/REQUIMTE
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
| | - Sara C. Silva-Reis
- LAQV/REQUIMTE
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
| | - Luís Pinto da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
- Portugal
| | - Xerardo García-Mera
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of Santiago de Compostela
- Santiago de Compostela
- Spain
| | - Miguel A. Maestro
- Department of Chemistry-CICA
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Coruña
- A Coruña
- Spain
| | - José E. Rodríguez-Borges
- LAQV/REQUIMTE
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Faculty of Sciences
- University of Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Salavati-fard T, Caratzoulas S, Doren DJ. DFT Study of Solvent Effects in Acid-Catalyzed Diels–Alder Cycloadditions of 2,5-Dimethylfuran and Maleic Anhydride. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:9834-43. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b05060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taha Salavati-fard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Catalysis Center
for Energy Innovation
(CCEI), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stavros Caratzoulas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Catalysis Center
for Energy Innovation
(CCEI), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Douglas J Doren
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, ‡Catalysis Center
for Energy Innovation
(CCEI), Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hong J, Wang Z, Levin A, Emge TJ, Floyd DM, Knapp S. Dimerization and comments on the reactivity of homophthalic anhydride. Tetrahedron Lett 2015; 56:3001-3004. [PMID: 26124537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Homophthalic anhydride (HPA) dimerizes under the influence of base to provide, sequentially, the (3-4')-C-acyl dimer, a pair of chiral diastereomeric bis(lactones), 3-(2-carboxybenzyl)isocoumarin-4-carboxylic acid, and finally, 3-(2-carboxybenzyl)isocoumarin. The structures of the bis(lactones) were misassigned in 1970 based on the (presumed) cis thermal decarboxylative elimination reaction of the lower melting one. The preferred pathway should be trans-anti, however, and crystallographic analysis of one of the bis(lactones) reverses the earlier assignment. The formal cycloaddition reaction of HPA with imines occurs in preference to HPA dimerization; the mechanistic implications of this reactivity difference are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Aaron Levin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Thomas J Emge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - David M Floyd
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Spencer Knapp
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Rd., Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Domingo LR, Aurell MJ, Pérez P. The mechanism of ionic Diels–Alder reactions. A DFT study of the oxa-Povarov reaction. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47805j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Topological ELF analysis along these I-DA reactions indicates that both mechanisms present a similar C–C bond formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Universidad de Valencia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria J. Aurell
- Universidad de Valencia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Universidad Andrés Bello
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica
- 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Teixeira F, Melo A, Cordeiro MND. Aza-Diels–Alder addition of cyclopentadiene to propynyliminoglyoxylates. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
13
|
García-Mera X, Alves MJ, Goth A, do Vale ML, Rodríguez-Borges JE. Highly stereoselective cycloadditions of Danishefsky's diene to (−)-8-phenylmenthyl and (+)-8-phenylneomenthyl glyoxylate N-phenylethylimines. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
14
|
Memeo MG, Quadrelli P. Iminium Ions as Dienophiles in Aza-Diels-Alder Reactions: A Closer Look. Chemistry 2012; 18:12554-82. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
15
|
Shihab MS. Theoretical Study of the Mechanism of an Inverse-Demand Diels–Alder Reaction. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-011-0167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
16
|
Highly diastereoselective synthesis of 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene derivatives: Bronsted acid catalyzed aza-Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and imino-acetates with two chiral auxiliaries. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
17
|
Deuri S, Phukan P. Catalytic effect of molecular iodine in Diels–Alder reaction: a density functional theory study. Struct Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-011-9803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
18
|
Li X, Xu J. Theoretical insights into the metal-free and formal [2 + 2 + 2] cycloaddition strategy via intramolecular cascade propargylic ene/Diels–Alder reactions with tautomerization. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:5997-6003. [PMID: 21761068 DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05254c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Saha S, Roy RK, Pal S. CDASE—A reliable scheme to explain the reactivity sequence between Diels–Alder pairs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9328-38. [DOI: 10.1039/b925441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
20
|
Liang Y, Jiang X, Yu ZX. Mechanisms of Cascade Reactions in the Syntheses of Camptothecin-Family Alkaloids: Intramolecular [4+ + 2] Reactions of N-Arylimidates and Alkynes. Org Lett 2009; 11:5302-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902260a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xing Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Domingo LR, Sáez JA. Understanding the mechanism of polar Diels-Alder reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:3576-83. [PMID: 19675915 DOI: 10.1039/b909611f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A good correlation between the activation energy and the polar character of Diels-Alder reactions measured as the charge transfer at the transition state structure has been found. This electronic parameter controls the reaction rate to an even greater extent than other recognized structural features. The proposed polar mechanism, which is characterized by the electrophilic/nucleophilic interactions at the transition state structure, can be easily predicted by analyzing the electrophilicity/nucleophilicity indices defined within the conceptual density functional theory. Due to the significance of the polarity of the reaction, Diels-Alder reactions should be classified as non-polar (N), polar (P), and ionic (I).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R Domingo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, E-46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stereoselectivity of the aza-Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and protonated phenylethylimine derived from glyoxylates. A density functional theory study. Chem Phys Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
23
|
Yoon CW, Kusari U, Sneddon LG. Computational Studies of the Reactions of B10H13− with Alkynes and Olefins: Pathways for Dehydrogenative Alkyne-Insertion and Olefin-Hydroboration Reactions. Inorg Chem 2008; 47:9216-27. [DOI: 10.1021/ic8010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Won Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Upal Kusari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| | - Larry G. Sneddon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bansal RK, Gupta N, Kumawat SK, Dixit G. Diastereo- and regioselective Diels–Alder reactions of 2-phosphaindolizines. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
25
|
Iafe RG, Houk KN. Intramolecular Hetero-Diels−Alder Reactions of Imine and Iminium Dienophiles: Quantum Mechanical Exploration of Mechanisms and Stereoselectivities. J Org Chem 2008; 73:2679-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702576r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G. Iafe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lygo B, Kirton EHM, Lumley C. Stereocontrolled synthesis of lepadiformine A. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:3085-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b805951a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Pérez P, Domingo LR, Aizman A, Contreras R. Chapter 9 The electrophilicity index in organic chemistry. THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1380-7323(07)80010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
29
|
Tamilmani V, Daul C, Venuvanalingam P. Electrostatic control on endo/exo selectivity in ionic cycloaddition. Chem Phys Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
30
|
Bansal RK, Karaghiosoff K, Gupta N, Gandhi N, Kumawat SK. Diastereo- and regioselectivity in Diels–Alder reaction of [1,4,2]diazaphospholo[4,5-a]pyridines. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2005.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
31
|
Hermitage S, Howard JAK, Jay D, Pritchard RG, Probert MR, Whiting A. Mechanistic studies on the formal aza-Diels-Alder reactions of N-aryl imines: evidence for the non-concertedness under Lewis-acid catalysed conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2004; 2:2451-60. [PMID: 15326525 DOI: 10.1039/b407293f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of a para-methoxyaniline, ethyl glyoxalate-derived imine with a series of dienes has resulted in products, which initially suggest the operation of different modes of aza-Diels-Alder reaction. However, a more likely explanation is that a common reaction mechanism is operating, involving a step-wise Lewis-acid catalysed process, which only appears to behave similarly to alternative concerted cycloaddition reactions.
Collapse
|
32
|
Kiri S, Odo Y, Omar HI, Shimo T, Somekawa K. Origin of the Endo/Exo Stereoselectivity and Syn/Anti Face-Selectivity in Diels–Alder Reactions, Determined by Transition State Energy Partitioning. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2004. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.77.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
33
|
A theoretical study of the cycloaddition between cyclopentadiene and allylideneammonium cation: an AM1 study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-1280(02)00566-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
34
|
Domingo LR, Aurell MJ, Pérez P, Contreras R. Quantitative Characterization of the Local Electrophilicity of Organic Molecules. Understanding the Regioselectivity on Diels−Alder Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020715j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Domingo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, República 217, Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653-Santiago, Chile
| | - M. José Aurell
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, República 217, Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653-Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, República 217, Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653-Santiago, Chile
| | - Renato Contreras
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello, República 217, Santiago, Chile, and Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653-Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
García Ruano JL, Clemente FR, González Gutiérrez L, Gordillo R, Martín Castro AM, Rodríguez Ramos JH. Cyclic vinyl p-tolyl sulfilimines as chiral dienophiles: theoretical study on the stereoselectivity, Lewis acid catalysis, and solvent effects in their Diels-Alder reactions. J Org Chem 2002; 67:2926-33. [PMID: 11975548 DOI: 10.1021/jo016175o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The theoretical study reported in the present work deals with chiral cyclic vinyl sulfilimines and their reactivity as dienophiles in [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions, using B3LYP/6-31G(d)//AM1 and B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) model chemistries. Consideration of Lewis acid catalysis, illustrated by BF(3), decreases the activation energies of the cycloaddition process while the charge transfer from the diene to the sulfilimine is augmented. The [4 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of sulfilimines with both furan and cyclopentadiene occur in the gas phase with endo stereoselectivity, which is more pronounced with the latter diene. Endo-exo energy differences in the gas phase with the B3LYP/6-31+G(d)//B3LYP/6-31+G(d), B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/6-31G(d), and B3LYP/6-31G(d)//AM1 model chemistries are almost the same. Solvent effects are responsible for the inversion of the stereoselectivity in the reactions of sulfilimines with furan because of the great difference in the dipole moments in endo and exo approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José L García Ruano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Domingo LR. A density functional theory study for the Diels–Alder reaction between N-acyl-1-aza-1,3-butadienes and vinylamines. Lewis acid catalyst and solvent effects. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00326-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
37
|
Quantitative characterization of the global electrophilicity power of common diene/dienophile pairs in Diels–Alder reactions. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
38
|
Kuethe JT, Davies IW, Dormer PG, Reamer RA, Mathre DJ, Reider PJ. Asymmetric aza-Diels–Alder reactions of indole 2-carboxaldehydes. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)02070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|